DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS WASHINGTON
FOURTEENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES FOREST PRODUCTS: 1919
f FOREST PRODUCTS CONSUMED IN THE MA.NVF ACTURE OF VENEERS, DYESTUFFS AND EXTRACTS AND IN TANNING AND WOOD DISTILLATION
Compiled in· cooperation with the UNI'fED STATES DEPARTMENT. OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE
CONTENTS Page. Page. Introduction...... 3 Forest products consumed in tanning-Continued. Wood consumed in tho manufacture ofveneers...... 3 Consumption of tanbark, wood, etc., by states...... 7 Compamtlvo consumption of wood, by states...... 3 Consumption of tanning extracts...... 8 Comparatlvo consumption, by kinds of wood .•...... ·· .. · ! Wood consumed in distlllatlon...... ••• 8 Consumption and cost, by kinds or wood ...... ····· Comparative consumption of wood...... • . • • . . 8 Consumption of wood, by method of manufacture...... 5 Hardwood distlllation.. •• • .. • ...... • . • . . . . . • . .. • . . • • . • . . •. . 9 Forest products consumed in the manufacture or dyestuffs and Consumption or wood, by states...... 9 extracts...... 5 Products...... 9 CJ011sumi1tlon otrnw forest products, by kinds ...... 5 Softwood dlstlllatlon... •• • • • . • • . • .• . • ...... • • ...... • •• • 9 Constunptlon ofmw forest products, by states...... 6 Consumption or wood, by states...... 9 Forest prodmits consumed in tanning ...... ·...... 6 Products...... 10 Comparntlve consmnptlon of vegetable tanning materials .. · .. · 6 Equipment...... 1U
'WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 . FOREST PRODUCTS CONSUMED IN THE q MANUFACTURE OF VENEERS, DYESTUFFS AND EXTRACTS, AND IN TANNING AND WOOD DISTILLATION.
INTRODUCTION, statement, which gives the cost at the place of con . This report p:esents sta.tistics for 1919 of the quan sumption of materials used during 1919. tity and cost of wood and other forest products con With the exception of veneers, these industries do sumed in the mn.nufocture of veneers, dyestuffs and not make a very great drain on the forest resources extracts, and in wood distillation; also of the quantity of the United States. The wood used in distilla and cost of vegetable timning materials consumed in tion in a large measure comes from slash.ings, mill the Unitecl Stntes during tlrnt year. Comparable sta waste, and timber not suitable for lumber. Vari tistics for other specified years are shown for all in ous barks are used to a great extent for tanning dustries except for the manufacture of dyestuffs and materials, and considerable quantities of forest-grown extracts. Figures showing the consumption of forest products used in the industry are imported, as are products in that industry for previous years are not also large quantities of those used for dyestuffs and available, as detailed data pertaining thereto have not extracts. been collected heretofore by this bureau. 1J.'he statistics of capital, employees, wages, and other items for these industries are shown in census WOOD ANil OTIIE!t FOREST PRODUCTS USED FOR- Cost. reports under separate classifications. 'I'he manufac ture of veneers is classed ·with the lumber and timber Veneer~ ...... : $25, 104, 164 DyestulTs und oxtm('ts ...... I 12, 133, 79!l group, and those for wood distillation and for dye Tanning 11111 t<1rlals ••...... •••.•....•...... •...•...... , I 12, 027,687 Wooc\ dlstlllutlon ...... : 9, 559,046 stuffs and extracts are presented in connection with ! the chemical group, while such data for the tanning The relative importance of these industries in the industry are included with those for the leather use of crndo forest products is shown in the preceding group.
WOOD CONSUMED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VENEERS. In the. t'arly history of the industry, veneers were received from 34 states and in.1911 from 33 states, all manufaetun"d from the best grades of cabinet woods of the principal timber sections in the United States nml used. for covering or veneering inferior woods, : being represented in the statistics. The data relate the species generally used being those that possessed a ! to 362 esta11lishments in 1919, 522 in 1911, and 637 in pleasing grain n.nd took a good finish. The tendency 1 1909. in the industry in more recent years, however, has , While the number of establishments shows a. de been to produce veneers from the more common crease for both of the periods covered, the quantity woods and to extend their use to cover a much wider of wood used increased 2 per cent from 1909 to 1911, · field. Veneers are known as rotary cut, sliced, or and 29.6 per cent from 1911 to 1919. The quantity sawed, according to the process by which they are of wood consumed in 1919 was greater than that for made. 'l'he process chosen is determined largely by ' any other year for wh.ich records are available. the kind o:f wood and the particular purpose for which The center of production has shifted according to the veneer is to be used. the available supply of timber, as for most other The schedule used in collecting these statistics for industries depending upon forest products. In 1909 1919 called :for the average cost of wood delivered at illinois was the leading state in the use of wood in the mill per thousand feet log scale, in addition to the the manufacture of veneers, while Arkansas led in quantity consumc~d. The average cost was generally 1911 and 1919. The principal reason for the promi reported, hut in n. few instances it has been necessary nence of Arkansa:i in th~s industry. is no doubt its to supply an average cost derived from other reports. large supply of srutable timber, .particularly red gum. Comp~rative consumption of wood, by states In 1919 th.i~ wood contribute~ 82.2 ~er cent _of the (Table 1).·--The veneer industry is widely distributed I total quantity of wood used m the mdustry m the in the United States. In 1919 i:tncl 1909 reports were state. (3) 802115 "22 4 FORE~T PUf)DUCTM.
'1',un,1> .t .-QUAN'l'JTY oF \Voo1> l.'11NHUM1m IN Tim MANlH'A<'Tmrn ol!' VrrnrrnHH, HY :"TA'I'I·:H: I!ll!l, l!lll, ANl> l!lOO.
(.!llAN'l'l'l'Y 01" \VOO(l 1•g11 CICNT lllS'.l'HI· llllAN'l'l'l'Y 01" Wnn11 (M ~·1rnr). BUT!llN. (M l"Im'l'), PF.ti CENT DISTRJ S'l'A1'Ji:, l\:INJJ 01" Wtll)}l, llUTION,
--~------llJlll !IHl 10011 10111 Hill 1009 llllll lllll IOOU tu HI 1911 1909
UJ1itocl States ..... _..... _... IOU. O 11Xl. 0 'l'Otl\J...... lllll. ll 100, 0 100. O "·""·"·'~~''··"'"''~"' Arlmnsns ...... l:l.•l 8. H 0.0 Domost;ic: == = Wisconsin .... _...... ~. H Ii.!! 7. :l ltn '.PA m,1'. 3 .--QuAN'l'I1~Y ANn Cowl' 011 Woon CONSUMED IN THE Comparative consumption, by kinds of wood ('l'able · },{ANUJIAC'l'UJrn ov V1rn1mm1, :nY Krnns no' Woon: 1919. 2).-In 1919, 37 facturo of vonom'R waR $8,977,510. Oompm·ed wHh tho Ash ...... 3,2fi 1t 114, 228 36, 10 ltml onk ...... · · ·• ·• :1, 101 1-16,577 46.37 cost :for 1909, 1;11.0 cost :for 1919 ineransod $l6,l2G,(ltJ8, Cyprosa ...... !, ll2·l 77,013 40.03 or 179.G per cont, tho grou.tost incroal::los being :for 8y(>QID!l!'O ..... , ...... •• 1,802 ·19, 803 27.67 'Vos Lorn plno ...... l,050 20 880 15.00 imported woods. 1'ho avorago cost por thousn,nd IIomlook ...... OHl a2; 122 35. 07 ~fl\gnnll11 ...... 20R 2,75'1 10.28 foot incren,sod 126.2 por eont for mahogany and 61.2 pm· All othm· 1...... 7S:I 28, 967 30, 09 cont :for Spanish cedar, while for walmrt, tho highnRt Jmportllll: M111\og11ny ...... 27,t\28 0,002, 375 220: 51 pricod nat;ivo wood, tho avern,go cosb .inereiisod 74.2 l:lpnnlsh ccclnr ..... , •... , ...... 4, 771. 708, 031 148.59 pol' cont, nnd for whito oak, 71.7 por cont,. All other 1...... 27 12, 700 470. 37 .,_,_,,~·--·---·-~ Tho cost of wood wn,s not roportl\cl for tho yonr l lncludcs l.luttomnt llllokberry, rmlwood, w11!\oo, white pine, holly, cherry, 1911. wlllow clloHLnut, Port l>rlord1 codnr, blnolc gnm, 11nd sng11rplno. 1 JnCl1 ndos Cin•nHshm wnlnnt rind rengl!sh onk, FOREST PRODUCTS. 5 Consumption of wood ' by method of manu f acture (Tab 1e 4) .-The rotary-cut method by wh' h 1 were ma~ufoctured by sawing in 1919. This was the ' 1c a og or bolt mounte d on a heavy lathe is turned · only native wood that showed a large percentage of · l 'f · agamst stat10nars: rm e, is employed to a greater extent than sawed veneers, but a considerable part of the Spanish any other m the manufacture of veneers. In 1919 cedar and Circassian walnut was also cut by this 8 3 2 process. per cent. of the wood. consumed in the i'ndu s t rywas ' cut· by this method, whwh ·was used in all of th t t . Th . e s a es rc- TABLE 4.-;9UANTITY W' :\'oou CONSUMED IN THE MANUFACTURE portmg. . e quantity of materials used f or ro t ary- OF \ ENEERS, BY STATES AND BY METHODS; 1919. cut v?neers . formed the greater part of the total quantity cut mto veneers for all states except Al b · . . I d' d a ama, I QUJ.NTITY OF 'WOOD (Y FEET). Illm01s, n iana, an New York. In Ark · . ansas, STATE. 1---··----·---· -- 0 S tl C 1 .r~gon,. ou 1 aroma, Texas, Vermont, and Vir 1 Total. I Rg~~'.Y I s~:i~-:a~:: g1ma this was the only method reported. In 1909 I ~9.7 per cent of the total quantity of wood consumed ------i---1United States...... ! 5i6,581 · 479,556 ,--;:-;;---;,; lll 1908 ~V) FOREST PRODUCTS CONSUMED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DYSTUFFS AND EXTRACTS. This report shows the quantity and value of crude extracts, _and it is impracticable to make a separation forest products consumed. in the Il).anufacture of dye of the materials used in the two branches of the stuffs and extracts in 1919 as reported by 53 estab industry. lislnnents in the United States. Data pertaining to Consumption of raw forest products, by kinds a number of other establishments engaged in the (Table 5) .-Chestnut wood is by far the most impor manufactm·e of natural dyestuffs and extracts from tant native material used in the manufacture of partially manufactured forest products or vegetable tanning extracts. The native chestnut-oak and hem materials are not included. The cost of all materials lock barks are also important materials used for tanning consumed, as well as other general and special statis extracts, .while black-oak bark is used for both dye tics for tho industry, are included in the report for the stuffs and tanning. Logwood and fustic, imported chemical group'. principally from Mexico, Central America, and the Tho schedule used for collecting these data called West Indies, are the most important woods used for for the quantities of raw materials in cords, tons, or coloring. Osage orange is a native tree growing pounds. '!'he quantities reported in pounds were principally in southern Arkansas, Oklahoma, and converted into tons of 2,000 pounds, but those which northern Texas and is used to some extent in the were reported in cords were left to stand as shown, manufacture of dyestuffs. on tho assumption that the ton and cord repre~ent Sumac is used for both dyestuffs and tanning ma substantially the same quantity for such materials. terials, while Brazilwoods and archil are used for dye The materials reported in cords were chestnut, larch, stuffs. Larch and quebracho woods, spruce rossings, tanbark-oak and wattle barks are used in the manu and Osage orange woods. . Some of the crude forest products reported were facture of tanning extracts, as are also divi-divi, gall used in the manufacture of both dyestuffs and tanning nuts, gambier, and myrobitlans. With the exception I 80265-22-2 I I 6 FOREST PRODUCTS. of liirch, Osage or11ngo, spruco, mul tnnlrnrk oak, nll of tho United States, and 28. 7 por cont of the hemlock the materials included under "Other" wore importod. hn.rk. Chestnut wood wns tho only i·aw mater· 1 rcporto< l m· consu· l orn)11 o qu11nt;1ty· m· North Carolinia 'l'Am E r; -PmNt:IrAr, RA w Fmrnwr l'Jw1>Ut:'J'H l ~ONHUM1m IN ·rm~ Ponnsylvnnitt led in tho eonsumption of hemlock an~ M~~Ul'~m·URB OP NA'I'UHAl• lhm-t'l'lTl•'FH AND EX'!'HAC'rH: mm. bln.ck-mtk h11rks, logwood, fuHtw, 1md Brazilwood 'l'ho principal m11torinJs consumod in West Virgin~~ q.unntHy woro chnHtnut; •ttnd 11trch wood;.:;, spruce rossings, and KINI>. (l.clllB), '1'ot11\. AY<'rll!lO elwst.~rnt;-on~.;: nnd lwmlock l~nrks. Now Jersey was pill' ton. prommont, m tho conHtunpt10n of logwood, fustic Tot11l...... ·· · ..... ···· $1~, 1:1:1, 7\lU $!~. 77 Brnzilwoods, nt1 1 Inclmlos l£1roh, Os11110 omng11, 111HI c\1whnwho womls, 11ml HJll'll<'O rosslngs, tun l'i, !lt\mhlt1r, H1'A'l'Jr., Quantity hnrk·o£1k nnd wnttlo lmrks, 111111 nrnhil, d Yl·dl g11llnuts, 111HI 1Uyroh11l1ms (Lons). Cost. Consumption of raw forest prodltets, by states ('.L'tthfo Unltl' 'rAm,E 7 .-VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS CONSUMED, BY KIXDS: lfll9 AXD lfJOfl. TANBARK, WOOD, ETC, EXTR.VC'J"S, ~1----·~ ICIND. 1919 1009 1919 I 1900 , ____I _____ I , ______Quantity Cost. Quantity Cost. Quantity I Quantitr i (tons). (tons). 1 (pounds). Cost. lp'1undsJ. 1 C()st. ----······· .. ····--······-···-·-···--·---- ·------1 ------... 1 I 'rotnl...... 609,130 I s12,027,6S7. 1,078,910 sn,125,750 ! 79·1,360,977) $:.H,579.l6'J I '.J·,Sl.>,~11,mo !--;~ 1 g~~~I~l~C::.::::::::::::: ·:::::::::::::::::.::::::: ·.:::: ·. ·. l ru1', 35231'9 ii 1 4, 389, 863 69R, 36/i i c., 434, 848 ! ·- 27 034 91:. 1• kU 14:l I ti) 00'' Hll I "71i -Li. • , t 5,076,35& 324,0711 il,5.'l:l,Sfl2 '., • '>1:&m;a~1 • ~.:m:-100 :i.g:4.1~;3y, I 7:it' z:.·.in Lies1 mit...... 32,020 300,681 18,527 (J.5,1.521 4:l2,120,247 w.~w.m1 f lxZ,818,'.!!IJ, :i.. "•79:im1 1 NK!i~8~!j'. :~: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : :: : : ::: : :: : ::: :: :·: ::: ~:~~~ ~~M~ 18,000 5.14,727 I ~· Yi~,:!lKi 'I ,oo. ~JO ', 1, l!Jl,31.X:l I '.l7, ;.71 , ···-········\···········-~-; l ..., 17-,t!I.~ dll, ,:rt ll····-···········1····-········- ~\~~~:.:'.1~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~,· 3_f.' ?H,195 ...... m1,:i20,51U, 10.741J,on< I H7,l!J9,443 I ;; ?:Ti.9,'J 3 8 203, 4.58 ...... 1...... ~ ...... 1 : 6, 669, 642 I a'SIJ, u:::1 ' .15fJ, .'i.15 I ' JI;. !li7 Mirngr 0 vc...... • ...... -...... 2, 078 125 750 18 925 al4 16Y \ 4 968 440 266 .137 I 1 4-01 (JO!> 4'l 500 ~o~w~od•...... 955 uo'.020 ...... : ...... : .... 1;.119;7911 2"5:3a7 1...... '... .'...... '.'.. .. a on u...... • ...... aoa 22, 303 • .. • .. .. • .. . • .. • • • • .. • • . .. 111, 504 I1 lo, 021 243, 536 1s, O'.(J 1 Gambler...... 189 51,034 ...... 1 4,129109 \ 647 572 2Ml 001 133 765 1 I ~~~;~·:::::: :::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ...... :~~- ...... :'.~~~. :::::::::::· ::··:·::::::··1 4g·lij~'.fil~ ~:~ /...... :... :...... :... . All othor...... 9, 32s 625, 1u 1,02a· •• • 42,992" ao; m;roo ) 1, m: 101 I.... "i;irnfrio· ...... 58;~i2 1 l Includos 33,917 tons of oak and chestnnt mixed, costing $649,0ll. a U scd for dyeing. 2 Inc.ludos 31,8,J0,009 pounds of mixed oak and chestnut extract, costing $1,219,620. Consumption of tanbark, wood, eto., by states bark in Virginia was 64,123 tons. These figures show (Table 8) .-In 1919, 298 establishments in 28 states a marked decrease when compared with 379,806 tons reported the consumption of tanbark, wood, etc. of hemlock consumed in Pennsylvania and 73,871 tons Pennsylvania, Michigu.n, Virginia, and' North Carolina of oak consumed in Virginia in 1905. · each reported a consumption of more than 50,000 tons. TABLE 8.-TANBARK, Wooo. ETC., Co~suMED, BY STATES: 1919 The total quantity consumed by these states con AND 1909. stituted 58.4 per cent of the total for the United States. 1919 1909 In 1909 Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, West Vjrginia, and I STATE. Michigan reported 60.5 per cent of the total consump ;~Q-tm-11-ti-ty-ll _C_'~'l-_t 1~~,:~.-;i;r ·-.····O-St- i (tous). , · I (ton>J. : · tion for that year. -,-1--1------Total...... : ...... : 009,130 $12,027,68i,1,0i8,QJO $11,125,7;,o Pennsylvania has been the leading state in the con 1 sumption of tanbark for all years for which records are available, while the relative importance of the ~~~~'.~~::·:·:·::::::::::::::::::! l~H~ I t~~:~ ~~~I i:~~:~ North Carolina ...... ; 6\, 745 i 002,201: 50,683: 445,621 other states has changed from year to year. 38, 624 I 527, r.o2 12f~ 015 l, 252,434 ==.:::::::::::::::::::::::::[ 35, 213 1, 002, 18.5 371120 74·!,768 In 1905 the consumption of tanbark; wood, etc., in ,,~ ±26 Massachusetts ...... _...... I 33, 947 ! 751, 913 31R, l:l3 West Virginia ...... 30, 857 I 498, 411 iii\; ~89 !l7.5,682 Pennsylvania was 428, 709 tons. This is the largest 1 1 Tennessee' ...... -.... -. ! 21, 495' . 343,957 25,·13S. 223,::!47 quantity of record consumed in a single state in any 21, 433 : 548,340 81, 711 srn, 885 one yea.r. ll, 186 ; 195,246 1~, 781 1:t!, ~Jr~~ ~4~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::\ 9, 810 ' lTi,835 16, 00.> lii, 839 Tho leadinO' states in the consumption of these 9, 710 ' 12(!,293 l"' 93:~ ' 106,.513 ~~~~:::: :: :: : : : : :: :::: :::::::::::I 8,513 177,42q '\ 19: fj2G 229,"'3'.! materials in 1g19 were Pennsylvania in hemlock, log 7, 93ft 142,Sn ! 4, 11>1 :J1~ 379 wood, mangrove, myrohalans, quebrac~o,. ~umac, Nti~~~~i: ::::::::: :: :: :: :::::::::: :' 7,388 132,f.lfJfl : lt1,1WJ I 167, 92tJ valonia, and "All other"; Michigan in divi-d1v1; N_ew 4 331 201, OfJil li.!.J.[!{1 ~2, 112 }';=·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::' 2;9n r.i!i,Othl 71f~.i~ s.t, 77£, Jersey in gambier; New York in spruce; North Carolina New Jersey ...... 2,91.1 I ].J;J, 787 10,:ir,s · 157j 425 All other stntes'...... ; 7, 211 Hl,iii:l 7,8JS 87, u:m in chestnut; and Virginia in oak. . . . •Includes Alabama, Connecticnt, Delaware, Louisi~na, Minneo;ota, ~ew Hamp The consumption of hemlock bark m Pei:-nsylvama shire, Oregon, Texas, and Vermont in 1919; Alabama, Connecticut, !\ew Hamp .in 1919 was 99,272 tons, and the consumption of oak shire, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington in 1909. 8 FOREST PllODUCTS. Illinois, Indiana, Mnryln.nd, Massachusetts, Missouri, Tho 1worftgo cost per pound of extract for 1907 w ' Now Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and Ohio 2.G c@ts; for 1909, 2.8 cents; and for 1919, 4.4 cent~~ in of tanbark in l!H 9 show gains the consumption over 'I'ABr,B H.·-'l'ANNING Ex'l'ltAC'l'H CnNRUMmi, BY S·rA'l'i'S' 101 that for 1905, but only three states---·Mass1iclrnsotts, moo. ' · 9 ANn Missouri, and North Cnrolina----show gains in rn1u as comparo1l with 1009, and in tlwso stn.tos tlw gnins llllO 19011 wore very small.· H1'A"l'J•:. q111rnl ity GoHt. Qunntlty Consumption of tanning extracts ('1.'nlilt1 U) .· 'l'ho (JHlllndsJ. (r>otrntls). Cost. consumpt.ion of tanning oxtmds was roportml by ao ---~---- states in HH9. Ponnsylvanin, .Michig1w, Nnw York, 'l'ot.111 •••••••••.•••••.. cc· '~~~l!_a!\!'!_ll~7 •. ~:1!~~711,~'.'.. -~o~~ $10, 779, 177 l'cm11sylvunltl...... ~lit1,.Hl2,H:Jll 111,riu(iii.! .__ i~:[7-;j2847 a oo 1 1 5 West Virginia, Now tforsoy, N orfih Cu.rolinn, mHl Ma1-1~ Mh•hlg11n...... H:l,:l(H,0:111 a,.Ha,.u~ 2:1 0118 343 ' 1 752'337942 Nciw York...... 70, uta, nm a, :mo, :.1~u ao' oori' 121 • 1 001 saclrnsotts, r1wking in tho orclor rntmod, u1-1nd 7G.O por WOHi. Vlrl(illlll...... fltl,fllll,KSll 2,302, Ill~ d05:l 815 857'oos360 N tiw Jornoy...... ·17, 77K, 121 2, :m1, 1111:1 1s; rioo; 877 ; cent of tho tot,nl quantity of oxt;rnets roportnd for tho 520 028 North C1wollnn •...... •tr., !LO, OHll I, Olll, 107 lll, 018, 038 326,284 Unitocl Stntos. Mt188nehumitts ...... '11,·l:\fi,7X:I :!, 7110, 7:1!1 28, lfi.l, 770 Konturky ...... at,:1ori,1m 823, 205 .1 1 mi, 2au rn, oori, 012 397,016 'l'ho consumption of tanning oxtrnct1:1 has gro1itly WIH1'011sin •••••••••••••••••• :U,Ofi~, tn2 t,82·1,8711 2:l, fiOfi, U:{3 725, 131 incronsod sineo 1905. In that yonr tho roporttHl con Vil'glnlti...... ao, xou, aHr. i, 2~~, ana 11, :112,oso 277, 408 Ohio .•.••••••••••.....••.•.• 27, :IHI, •Jn.I 1,:laH,!lMi 1-l, 7llfi,808 307, 157 sumption was l4H,Hl9,500 pounds; in 1907, :rn.1,8!J9,5:35 'l'Olllll1HHCO, ••• , ••••••••••••• 12, 7t7, rmn filll, 71111 ·l, 002,000 04, 429 llllnols ...... 7,filH,·1:1:1 Ill~, 2.~H ·l,fiHJ, 07:1 1'1-11433 pounds; in Hl09, aso,817,895 pounds; mul in mm, Ml~Hlll!l"l •••••••.•.•.•••••••• 7, 1172, 7118 2111, 7:lll I, 2118, 707 41,631 .Mnlno ...... ll,11Hll ·ll\.l 2·tH, ona 794,360,977 l)OUlHls; tho porc WOOD CONSUMED IN DISTILLATION. 1'ho mmmfacturo or clutrcotil by carbonization is an raw mn.torial used in this industry which requires old industry, but tho prosont methods of wood distilln.~ rosinous woods . .tion for tho purposo of rocovoring ~ho volatilo products 'l'lw wood-distiilln.tion indn13t.ry comptircd with the n.ro compltl'ativoly modm·.n nnd tho indust;ry in t.ho lumhor industry h1 pf rn.iuor importnnco as a con United Sti.ttos dtttos from cibout tho middle of tho nine~ sumer o:f timbor or lts a drnfo. on tho forest l'osources teenth century. of the Nntion. However, in 11H9 o.pproximatoly 750 Two distinc:t procossos are employed to socuro tho millkm boo.rel foot of wood wore used in distillation, several vofotilo distilhttcs Ol' other crude proclucts Several important estahlislnnonts manufacturing tho dtistructivt' process n.nd tho stoam process. In tho wood-disbillation products aro operl\tod in connootion fol'mor pl'ocoss tho wood is hon.tod to such. o. tempera with tho m11m1fo.cture of lumber. Those plants utilize ture that tho iihov is destroyed and now products tho slo.bs, sn.wdust, and other wa.sto products of the creo.tocl. In tho ln.ttor tho volntilo substa11ces are so.wmill or tlmbor cnmp. A considerable quantity of l'omoveclfrom tho wood hy the use of steam, which does wood waste which might luwo boon avn.ilablo for not destroy the iibor. distillu.tion is, howovor 1 dostroyod or discnrcled.· The industry is divided into two distinct branclrns- Comparative consumption of wood ('J:ablo lO). hn,rdwood clistilln,tion and softwood distilln.t,ion, Mens St11tistics for tho wood-distillu.bion industry were :first urocl by the quantity of wood used, the hardwood puhlislrnd by the Buronu o:f tho C 'l'ABLE 10.-WooD (}lNSUMED IN DISTIU,ATIO!\ Fort SPECIFIED forms and some products that were wasted in the YEARS: 1899-lB19. . early stages of the industry are now saved. Of the crude wood alcohol produced, 6,980,693 gallons were ~.~,-.. ---.-.· 1::MBER O~F~E""·S•T~A=-ll=- =II~--=--QU=- ~=Nc--TIT~c~("°'C~,-,,R=~s=).==- produced for sale and 2,123,303 gallons were con YEAR. !.TSllM~~T:·. ------,,-----,---- sumed by the establishments reporting in the manu '.l'n· Hard- Soft- T !i I Soft- facture of refined wood alcohol and other derived tn.l.l woods. woods. otu!. 'I Har~wood~ -~~oods. products, such as formaldehyde, acetone, methyl -~---··---~--·-· ·-· ---· 1910 ...•...•..•.•.• 112 87 25 1,442,6751 1,186,4771 256,198 acetone, ketone, etc. A considerable quantity of 1914...... 101 86 15 1, 042, 617 970, 308 72, 209 1911 ...... ••.•...• 1:35 105 30 1,221,359 !. 1,058,9551 162,4-04 charcoal was reported as produced and consumed hy 1910 ...... 147 117 30 1,450,439 11 1,257,997 192,442 ' I establishments operating blast furnaces. Statistics 1909 •...•••••••.... 1•17 llG 31 1,265,157 1,149,847 I 115,310 1908 ...•..•...... • l:ll 101 30 977 844 1I s7s,a32 99,212 pertaining to the refined or remanuf~ctured products 1907 ....••••.•....• 131 100 31 1, 2s2; 120 1, 219, 771 62, 349 1006 ...... 119 86 33 1, 195, 130 I 1, 144,896 I 50,234 are presented in the report for the chemical group. 1005 .••••.•.•.••••. 82 07 15 676, 739 I 659, no 16, 969 The quantities of the principal basic products of t:1e 1904 ... •••••••••••• 150 119 31 1,049,503 1,018,072 I 31,431 1890 ...... 111 107 4 "190, 939 I 487, 805 3, 134 hardwood-distillation industry for 1919 are shown m ------"------"------'---- the following statement: 1 Inclmlos 1 est!ll>lislunent In 1919 1111rl 6 in 1914 engaged primarily in other in· dustrles. HARDWOOD DISTILLATION. Quantity. Consumption of wood, by states (Table 11).-The relative importance of the states engaged in hard wood distillation from the standpoint of wood con sumed has remained about the same from year to year, the leading states being Michigan, Pennsylvania, 1 Includes a small amount of wood alcohol :manllfactnroo from softwoods. and New York. In 1919 these three states consumed 87.2 per cent o:f the total quantity of hardwoods used SOFTWOQD DISTILLATION. in distillation. Consumption of wood, by states (Table 12) .-The consumption of wood in the softwood branch of the TAlJI,E ll.-IIA1rnwoous CONSUMED IN DrsTILLATION, BY S'l'A'l'ES: 1910. industry was greater in 1919 than for any other year for which records are available. QUANTITY. COST. Georgia was the. leading state in the quantity of Num- ---~,------~-~~c-- bor or softwoods distilled in 1905, 1908, and 1919, North S'l'A~'E, estab Per Aver age lish- cent Total. Carolina in 1906 and 1907, and Alabama, in 1909. ments, Cords. distri per bution. cord. Florida has held second place for all years of record -----~-·--·~· .. -··--··--··------.. ~ ·------. --- 1 since 1906. The plants in the various states re~ort~g United St11tos ...... ••...... - . 87 1, 186, 477 100.0 1$7, 965, 069 $6. 71 softwood distillation in 1919 were located mamly m M!chlgnn ...... ••...•. 15 618, 910 54. 7 4,307, 797 6. 64 Penmq,1vcm!11 .....•...... • ...... ····--· 42 281,320 23. 7 1, 88?. 795 6.69 counties bordering on the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf New ark ...... 20 104, 493 8.8 74 '882 7.16 Wisconsin ...•...... •...... • 3 60, 544 5.1 519, 131 8.57 of Mexico. ··-···· 1507, 464 5. 56 All other states ...... ·····--· 17 91, 210 7. 7 The principal wood used in this .industry is long ------~- ~------,. leaf yellow pine, although other resmous woods have 1 Inclndes 1 ost11bl!shmont o~-~~~-od l~ wood distillation, bnt primarily operating a blast fllrn11co. I b 1 Connecticut 1' been used in limited quantities. In 1908 the use of • Inoludes establishments distributed as follows: A a ama, t ;v· ginlll ' ' ICentuoky, 1; Mississippi, 1; Mlssonrl, l; Tennessee, 1; and Wes ir • 1· Douglas fir .was reported to the extent of 974 cords, Beech, birch, and maple have been the principal and Norway pine in the Lake states has also been used hardwoods used for all years for which records are for distillation. available. A few other species have been used from The successive canvasses since 1899 show increases time to time, but they have been of less importance, in the quantity of softwoods used, except for the u.nd in many instances not reported separately. In, yea.rs 1905, 1911, and 1914. 10 FOREST PRODUCTS. 1'Auu; 1.2 .-BoFTWOODS CoNSUMEn lN Drn'l'IJ,LA'rrllN, BY The quantities of the principal products of the soft 8'l'ATES: mm. wood-distillation industry for 1919 are shown in the following statement: QUANTI'rY. COST. Num ber of KIND. Quuntit)'. S'fATE. estab Per Aver lish- cont age ------·---~--·------·---~----·---·-··------Cords. 'rota!, men ts. distri per Rosin ...... lmrrols (280 pounds) .. buiion. cord. 234, 030 I 1, 534, 333 ------1·--·--·- :-~------2, 125, 757 ~~f :~;iir;~~.:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:.:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:~g\~ii~~ ~ li81, 042 United States ...... 25 I 25<1, rn~ 100. O Sl, 5U3, 977 $6. 22 1, 702, 103 Wood croosote ...... pounds .. 207, 050 Georgia ...... 7 103,0G-1 40. 6 561, 576 5. 40 Florida ...... u 81i, 005 3:J.(i nm, 743 7.19 Alabama ...... :J H,410 JO. 2 204, 012 6.40 Loui:dann ...... -.... -.... . l4 18, 005 7.0 95, 788 5. 32 EQUIPMENT. A II other states ...... 2fj Ii, 7·18 2, 0 52, 958 7. 85 The wood-distillation industry has gone through 1 Includes 1 establislummt distilling sl\W(l!lst. several stages of developnrnnt since it was established •Includes esta!Jlishmonts distributed llH follows: l\lirh!g1m, l; Mississippi, 1; North Oarnlinn, 2; aml Texas, 1. in the United States. Brick kilns were first employed to recover the con Products.-1'he principal products obt11ined from dis clensable gases which were lost in burning charcoal in tilling the softwoods are rosin, turpentine, tar, tar the old wasteful pits. 'l'his kind of equiprnm1t is still oils, charcoal, and wood creosote. being utilized, but a gre11t step :forward was made It is interesting to note that rosin, one of the most when the use· of iron retorts, built in pairs, was inaugu important products of softwood distill11tio11 in 1919, rated. Large rectangular ovens or retorts represent was classed with "All other" as a minor product for a still later improvement, n.nd these are being installed previous years. in many of the larger plu,nts in pln.ce of the iron retorts. 1'Anw Ia.-EQUIPMEN'l'. mNn AND ('Al'AC!1'\' m· J~QUil'Mlrn'r. Aggregate Retorts. Ovens. Kilns. Steam extractors. S'fA1'E, capacity (cords). -·-·------~-----1-----;----1------'l'otal 'l'otal •rotal 'rotnl Numhcr. capacity Nnml>cr. capuci1.y NnmhPl'. capacity Number. capacity (cords). (cords) (cords). (cords). 1-----11------·-----·---- UnitcdStates ...... 1 _=1=0=,0=88"' 1 --~~-- :J,140 ___ 24:J =·-·-2,00~=--°"'·==10=7= 1 ===1(=),=07=0= 1 ===1=3=2 870 Hardwood dlst!llatlon...... 1'1,68•1 028 2,076 2:l2 1,9:l8 lll7 lll,070 ...... 1-----11------M~;~u~~~iC:: :::: :::: :: ::::::: ::: :: :: :: ::::: ::::::::::: ::::: :::: u,~~~ rn~ l,~~~ ~~ ~~~ l:JO 8,200 ...... ~~;g~~rl~~~~:::: ::::::::::::::: :: :: :: :: ::::: :::::::: ::: ::: ::: : i;.M~ 2i;t 0~~ ...... ~~~- ...... ~'.~:: ...... Jr ...... ~)?iir: ::::::::: :: ::::::: Allothorstates1 ...... :...... 5R7 50 ;i27 tl an ...... Boftwooddistlllation...... 1,404 190 •16'1 11 , 70 ,...... 132 870 1-----11------______Alabama...... mo 20 10 flO 150 Florida •.. :...... 420 18 ;JO """'ii' ...... 7il' :::::::::: :::::::::::: 40, :l20 70 306 22 :rn:i £~gj~t:nii:::: :: ::: ::::: ::::::::::::::: :: ::: :: :: ::: ::::: ::: ::::: o~~ 32 40 8 J7 Allotherstates• ...... :...... 98 50 7X 211 ------~--~------1 Iuclutlos Alabama, Connecticu.t, Kentucky, MisslsslpJii, Mlsso1u·I, 'l'cnncssl'C, anc\ W<'st Virglnln. •Includes Mlohignn, Mississippi, Nm'Lll Oarolina, and' 'exus. 0