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Geology, Soils, and Seismicity

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Geology, Soils, and Seismicity City of American Canyon ‐ Napa Airport Corporate Center Project Draft EIR Geology, Soils, and Seismicity 3.5 ‐ Geology, Soils, and Seismicity 3.5.1 ‐ Introduction This section describes the existing geology, soils, and seismicity setting and potential effects from project implementation on the site and its surrounding area. Descriptions and analysis in this section are based on the Geotechnical Investigations prepared by Raney Geotechnical, Inc. and included in this EIR as Appendix E. 3.5.2 ‐ Environmental Setting Regional Geology Napa County is located within the California Coast Range geomorphic province. This province is a geologically complex and seismically active region characterized by sub‐parallel northwest‐trending faults, mountain ranges, and valleys. The oldest bedrock units are the Jurassic‐Crustaceous Franciscan Complex and Great Valley sequence sediments originally deposited in a marine environment. Subsequently, younger rocks such as the Tertiary‐period Sonoma Volcanics group, the Plio‐Pleistocene‐age Clear Lake Volcanics, and sedimentary rocks such as the Guinda, Domengine, Petaluma, Wilson Grove, Cache, Huichica, and Glen Ellen formations were deposited throughout the province. Extensive folding and thrust faulting during the late Crustaceous through early Tertiary geologic time created complex geologic conditions that underlie the highly varied topography of today. In valleys, the bedrock is covered by thick alluvial soils. The project site is located within the southern portion of the Napa Valley, which consists of a large northwest‐trending alluvial plain flanked by the Mayacama Mountains the west and the Howell Mountains to the east. The West Napa Fault is located within the southern portion of the Napa Valley and the Concord‐Green Valley Fault is located near the Howell Mountains along the east side of the valley. The project site is mapped as being underlain by Holocene and Pleistocene alluvial deposits. Seismicity The term seismicity describes the effects of seismic waves that are radiated from an earthquake as it ruptures. While most of the energy released during an earthquake results in the permanent displacement of the ground, as much as 10 percent of the energy may dissipate immediately in the form of seismic waves. The probability of one or more earthquakes of magnitude 6.7 (Richter scale) or higher occurring in the project area has been evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Based on the results of the USGS evaluation, there is a 63‐percent likelihood that such an earthquake event will occur in the Bay Area between 2007 and 2036. The faults with the greater probability of movement with a magnitude of 6.7 or higher earthquake are the Hayward Fault at 27 percent, the San Andreas Fault at 21 percent, and the Calaveras Fault at 11 percent. To understand the implications of seismic events, a discussion of faulting and seismic hazards follows. Faulting Faults form in rocks when stresses overcome the internal strength of the rock, resulting in a fracture. Large faults develop in response to large, regional stresses operating over a long time, such as those FirstCarbon Solutions 3.5‐1 H:\Client (PN‐JN)\3148\31480008\3 ‐ Draft EIR\31480008 Sec03‐05 Geology Soils and Seismicity.docx City of American Canyon ‐ Napa Airport Corporate Center Project Geology, Soils, and Seismicity Draft EIR stresses caused by the relative displacement between tectonic plates. According to the elastic rebound theory, these stresses cause strain to build up in the earth’s crust until enough strain has built up to exceed the strength along a fault and cause a brittle failure. The slip between the two stuck plates or coherent blocks generates an earthquake. Following an earthquake, strain will build once again until the occurrence of another earthquake. The magnitude of slip is related to the maximum allowable strain that can be built up along a particular fault segment. The greatest buildup in strain that is due to the largest relative motion between tectonic plates or fault blocks over the longest period of time will generally produce the largest earthquakes. The distribution of these earthquakes is a study of much interest for both hazard prediction and the study of active deformation of the earth’s crust. Deformation is a complex process, and strain caused by tectonic forces is not only accommodated through faulting but also by folding, uplift, and subsidence, which can be gradual or in direct response to earthquakes. Faults are mapped to determine earthquake hazards, since they occur where earthquakes tend to recur. A historic plane of weakness is more likely to fail under stress and strain than a previously unbroken block of crust. Faults are, therefore, a prime indicator of past seismic activity, and faults with recent activity are presumed to be the best candidates for future earthquakes. However, since slip is not always accommodated by faults that intersect the surface along traces, and since the orientation of stresses and strain in the crust can shift, predicting the location of future earthquakes is complicated. Earthquakes sometimes occur in areas with previously undetected faults or along faults previously thought inactive. The West Napa, Concord‐Green Valley, and Rogers Creek are the three faults closest to American Canyon. These faults and their characteristics are summarized in Table 3.5‐1. The locations of the faults are shown in Exhibit 3.5‐1. Table 3.5‐1: Fault Summary Relationship to Project Site Maximum Credible Fault Type Direction Distance (miles) Earthquake (magnitude) West Napa Normal‐Oblique West 0.25 6.50 Concord‐Green Valley Right‐Lateral East 7 6.50 Strike‐Slip Healdsburg‐Rogers Right‐Lateral Southwest 8 7.00 Creek Strike‐Slip Source: Cornerstone Earth Group, 2014. West Napa Fault The West Napa Fault begins under San Pablo Bay and travels north through American Canyon and up the west side of the Napa Valley to the vicinity of Saint Helena. The West Napa Fault is designated an Alquist‐Priolo Special Study Area. On August 24, 2014, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake (known as the South Napa Earthquake) occurred on the West Napa Fault, the epicenter of which was approximately 2 miles from the project site. Prior to the 2014 South Napa Earthquake, the last major seismic event 3.5‐2 FirstCarbon Solutions H:\Client (PN‐JN)\3148\31480008\3 ‐ Draft EIR\31480008 Sec03‐05 Geology Soils and Seismicity.docx City of American Canyon ‐ Napa Airport Corporate Center Project Draft EIR Geology, Soils, and Seismicity on the West Napa Fault was a magnitude 5.2 temblor whose epicenter was near Yountville in September 2000. Seismic Hazards Seismicity describes the effects of seismic waves that are radiated from an earthquake as it ruptures. While most of the energy released during an earthquake results in the permanent displacement of the ground, as much as 10 percent of the energy may dissipate immediately in the form of seismic waves. To understand the implications of seismic events, a discussion of faulting and seismic hazards is provided below. Seismic hazards pose a substantial danger to property and human safety and are present because of the risk of naturally occurring geologic events and processes impacting human development. Therefore, the hazard is influenced as much by the conditions of human development as by the frequency and distribution of major geologic events. Seismic hazards present in California include ground rupture along faults, strong seismic shaking, liquefaction, ground failure, landsliding, and slope failure. Fault Rupture Fault rupture is a seismic hazard that affects structures sited above an active fault. The hazard from fault rupture is the movement of the ground surface along a fault during an earthquake. Typically, this movement takes place during the short time of an earthquake, but it also can occur slowly over many years in a process known as creep. Most structures and underground utilities cannot accommodate the surface displacements of several inches to several feet commonly associated with fault rupture or creep. Following the August 24, 2014 seismic event on the West Napa Fault, fault rupture was observed on various roadways in Napa County including State Route 121 and Old Sonoma Road. Ground Shaking The severity of ground shaking depends on several variables such as earthquake magnitude, epicenter distance, local geology, thickness, seismic wave‐propagation properties of unconsolidated materials, groundwater conditions, and topographic setting. Ground shaking hazards are most pronounced in areas near faults or with unconsolidated alluvium. Based on observations of damage from recent earthquakes in California (e.g., San Fernando 1971, Whittier‐Narrows 1987, Landers 1992, Northridge 1994), ground shaking is responsible for 70 to 100 percent of all earthquake damage. The most common type of damage from ground shaking is structural damage to buildings, which can range from cosmetic stucco cracks to total collapse. The overall level of structural damage from a nearby large earthquake would likely be moderate to heavy, depending on the characteristics of the earthquake, the type of ground, and the condition of the building. Besides damage to buildings, strong ground shaking can cause severe damage from falling objects or broken utility lines. Fire and explosions are also hazards associated with strong ground shaking. During the 2014 South Napa Earthquake, USGS instrument readings at monitoring sites in Napa and Vallejo reported peak ground acceleration values ranging from 19.8 to 40.7 percent of gravity, which FirstCarbon Solutions 3.5‐3 H:\Client (PN‐JN)\3148\31480008\3 ‐ Draft EIR\31480008 Sec03‐05 Geology Soils and Seismicity.docx City of American Canyon ‐ Napa Airport Corporate Center Project Geology, Soils, and Seismicity Draft EIR corresponds to “strong” and “very strong” ground shaking. Following the earthquake, more than 200 persons sought treatment at local hospitals, more than 150 buildings were “red tagged,”1 and numerous utility lines experienced ruptures or leaks that disrupted service. Ground Failure Ground failure includes liquefaction and the liquefaction‐induced phenomena of lateral spreading, and lurching.
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