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Historijsko-Geografske I Geopolitičke Konstante Jadrana I Jadranskog

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Historijsko-Geografske I Geopolitičke Konstante Jadrana I Jadranskog historijsko-geografske abstract i geopolitičke U radu se razmatra doprinos Braudelova djela Sredoze- mlje i sredozemni svijet u doba Filipa II. razumijevanju konstante jadrana i i tumačenju temeljnih obilježja jadranske geopolitike ti- jekom povijesti. Težište je pritom stavljeno na historij- jadranskog prostora u sko-geografsku i geostratešku valorizaciju povijesne ulo- ge ključnih nadzornih točki u kontroli i zaštiti glavnih kontekstu braudelove longitudinalnih i transverzalnih jadranskih pomorskih koridora, kao i na geostratešku analizu odnosa Jadrana vizije sredozemlja spram ostatka Sredozemlja te napose spram njegovih bli- žih i daljih kontinentalnih zaleđa. historical- Ključne riječi: F. Braudel, povijest dugog trajanja, prirodno-geografska osnova, Sredozemlje, Jadran, geographical and kontinentalno zaleđe, historijska geografija, geopolitika geopolitical constants of the adriatic and abstract adriatic region This work deals with the contribution of the Braudel’s work The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the context of in the age of Philip II to understanding and interpretati- on of the basic characteristics of the Adriatic geopoliti- braudel’s vision of the cs through history. The focus is on the historical - geo- graphical and geostrategical valorization of the historical mediterranean role of crucial vantage points in control and protection of main longitudinal and transversal Adriatic maritime corridors as well as on the geostrategical analysis of re- lations of the Adriatic with the rest of the Mediterranean and particularly with its closer and more distant conti- nental hinterlands. Key words: F. Braudel, longue durée, natural-geograph- Petar Elez ical basis, Mediterranean, Adriatic, continental hinter- land, historical geography, geopolitics Državni arhiv u Vukovaru / State Archive Vukovar Županijska 5 HR - 32000 Vukovar [email protected] UDK / UDC: 930.2(497.5)(210.5)”15” 911.3:94(497.5)(210.5)”15” 911.3:32(497.5)(210.5)”15” Pregledni rad / Review article Primljeno / Received: 18. 11. 2015. 85 historijsko-geografske i geopolitičke konstante... / historical-geographical and geopolitical constants... 1. 1. Uvod Introduction Sredozemno je more oduvijek, kao geografska po- As a geographical connection between three con- veznica triju kontinenata (Europe, Azije i Afrike), tinents (Europe, Asia and Africa) and therefore a pa samim time i kao jedinstveno područje konta- unique area of contacts, influences and interaction kata, utjecaja i prožimanja pojedinih kultura, vjera, of cultures, religions, economic and political struc- ekonomskih i političkih struktura, entiteta i pro- tures, the Mediterranean Sea has always been in the cesa, bilo u žarištu interesa povijesne znanosti te s center of interest of the historical science and related njom povezane historijske geografije kao zasebne historical geography as a separate geographic sci- geografske znanstvene discipline.1 Pri tome treba entifc discipline.1 It is worth mentioning that many istaknuti da je mediteranski prostor za brojne po- historians, starting from Herodotus, saw the Medi- vjesničare, počevši od Herodota, dugo predstavljao terranean area as the main stage of historical events glavnu pozornicu povijesnih događaja koje su opisi- which they described and interpreted. In that proc- vali i tumačili, pri čemu se veća ili manja (ali uvijek ess more or less (but regularly not enough) attention nedostatna) pažnja poklanjala analizi geografskih, was paid to analysis of geographical, sociological, socioloških, društveno-gospodarskih i drugih, na socio-economic and other factors, hidden at first prvi pogled skrivenih čimbenika koji su međutim sight, which affected significantly (if not decisively) značajno (ako ne i presudno) utjecali na tijek povi- the course of historical events and related processes. jesnih zbivanja i procese s njima povezane. Radical changes in the selection of historical Do radikalnih promjena u izboru povijesnih themes and methodology happened only during the tema i metodologije dolazi tijekom 20. stoljeća. 20th century. That was when some of the capital Tada nastaju neka od kapitalnih djela moderne eu- works of the modern European historiography were ropske historiografije. Novi, interdisciplinarni pri- written. New interdisciplinary approach was often stupi njihovih autora nerijetko se primjenjuju upra- used in the context of research of various view- vo u kontekstu istraživanja raznih motrišta sredo- points of the Mediterranaen past by their authors. zemne prošlosti. The work of the French historian Fernand Brau- Prekretničku i vjerojatno najutjecajniju povi- del La méditerranée et le monde méditeranéen à l’ jesnu studiju u tom smislu predstavlja djelo fran- époque de Philippe II (The Mediterranean and the cuskog povjesničara Fernanda Braudela La médi- Mediterranean World in the age of Philip II) pub- terranée et le monde méditeranéen à l’ époque de lished in 1949 represents a milestone and probably Philippe II (Sredozemlje i sredozemni svijet u doba most influential historical study in that sense. In Filipa II.) iz 1949. Ono je u duhu francuske škole accordance with the principles of the French An- Anala (eponimni časopis Annales d’histoire écono- nales School (eponymous journal Annales d’histoire mique et sociale kontinuirano se objavljuje još od économique et sociale has been published continu- 1929.), odnosno u društvenim i humanističkim zna- ously from 1929), i.e. in social and humanistic sci- nostima široko prihvaćenog modela strukturalizma, ences following the broadly accepted structuralist predstavljalo ne samo oglednu studiju multidiscipli- approach, it represented not only a model of multi- narnoga povijesnog istraživanja nego i odmak od disciplinary historical research but also detachment tzv. velike povijesti čiji su nositelji istaknuti poje- from the so-called “big history” whose main repre- dinci (npr. španjolski kralj Filip II.), a referentne sentatives were prominent individuals (e.g. Spanish točke pojedini “presudni” događaji (npr. Bitka kod king Philip II), and referential points were certain Lepanta 1571.). “crucial” events (e.g. Battle of Lepanto in 1571). Djelo međutim, osim napredne povijesne meto- In addition to advanced historical methodology dologije i radikalnog preusmjerenja interesa istraži- and radical shift of the researcher’s interest from vača s događajne povijesti prema povijesnim pro- history based on events to historical processes and cesima i rekonstrukciji svakodnevice “anonimnog” reconstruction of everyday life of an “anonymous” 1 Radovi Veljka Rogića, Monike Komušanac i Stjepana Šterca 1 Works by Veljko Rogić, Monika Komušanac, Stjepan Šterc te Josipa i Nede Roglić mogu poslužiti kao dobro polazište and Josip and Neda Roglić can be used as good starting u istraživanju pojedinih historijsko-geografskih tema. (V. point in research of certain historical-geographical themes ROGIĆ 1982; M. KOMUŠANAC – S. ŠTERC 2010; J. RO- (V. ROGIĆ, 1982; M. KOMUŠANAC – S. ŠTERC, 2010; J. GLIĆ – N. ROGLIĆ 1967). ROGLIĆ – N. ROGLIĆ, 1967). 86 mhm 2 / 2015 / 85-108 / petar elez pojedinca, donosi i naglašava nove, štoviše revoluci- individual, this work brings and emphasizes new onarne poglede na temeljne odrednice povijesti, a to and even revolutionary views on basic determinants su prostor, vrijeme te čovjek u prostoru i vremenu. of history: time, space and man in time and space. Golem utjecaj Braudelova djela ogleda se ne samo u Huge influence of the Braudel’s work is reflected not širokoj recepciji i implementaciji strukturalističkog only in wide reception and implementation of struc- modela u djelima brojnih njegovih nasljedovatelja turalist model in works of his many successors from od 1949. do danas nego i u ulozi koju je imalo u 1949 to the present day, but also in importance it oblikovanju novih motrišta i tumačenja prošlosti, had in forming new viewpoints and interpretations napose prošlosti Sredozemlja. of the past, particularly past of the Mediterranean. 2. 2. Braudelovo Sredozemlje – svijet za Braudel’s Mediterranean – a world sebe i veliko poput svijeta in itself and as big as the world Nemjerljiv doprinos Braudelova djela vidljiv je pri- Exceptional contribution of the Braudel’s work is je svega u spoznaji da određeni zemaljski prostor evident primarily in the recognition that a certain svojim prirodno-geografskim obilježjima presudno area with its natural and geographic characteristics utječe na društveno-politički, ekonomski, kulturni, affects decisively socio-political, economic, cultural, vjerski i demografski razvoj ljudskih zajednica koje religious and demographic development of human ga nastanjuju. S tim u skladu, Braudel u prvom di- communities inhabiting that area. In accordance jelu svoje studije nazvanom “Udio sredine” povijest with this idea in the first part of the study (“The Role Sredozemlja promatra u svjetlu njegovih prirodno- of the Environment”) Braudel observed the history geografskih datosti (npr. suha ljetna te vlažna i ne- of the Mediterranean in light of its natural character- stabilna zimska klima, morska površina obrubljena istics (e. g. dry summer climate, humid and unstable specifičnim reljefnim formacijama – visoki planin- winters, sea bordered with specific relief formations ski lanci, pustinje, relativno velike riječne delte itd.) – high mountain ranges, deserts, relatively large river te razvoja pojedinih, njima uvjetovanih civilizacij- deltas, etc.) and development of certain civilization skih fenomena, tekovina i tradicija (npr. pojava gor- phenomena, achievements
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