Rosicko-Oslavansko: Former Mining and Industrial Landscapes
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CHAPTER 7 Rosicko-Oslavansko: Former Mining and Industrial Landscapes Lucie KUPKOVÁ, Zdeněk LIPSKÝ, Miroslav ŠIFTA et al. Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Praha 2, Czechia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 1. Introduction Fundamental land use/cover changes occurred after the dis- covery of coal deposits in the late 18th century and especially in The post-industrial landscape of the Rosicko-Oslavansko area of the 19th century. There were eight complexes of coal mines (and interest is an example of originally agricultural landscape that many more small pits) in the 19th century in Zbýšov, Oslavany, was later transformed by industries based on black coal as a main Padochov, Zastávka, and Babice. Ironworks and steelworks were energy source. Metallurgy and related industrial branches made founded in Zastávka and Oslavany. Coal mining and industrial advantage of local sources of iron ore. Over the past 250 years, exploitation caused far-reaching changes in the landscape: the area had undergone several stages of industrialization – and working class districts were built on former agricultural land, eventually saw the decline of local industry. Before the com- grassland disappeared as did all ponds. Water streams were mencement of coal mining, the fertile area around Oslavany was carefully monitored so that the water would not penetrate into largely deforested and used for agriculture. the mines. border of the core area of interest Babice u Rosic name of cadastre KUěIM border of cadastre railway first-class road BrnČnská pĜehrada second-class road third-class road Babice u Rosic BRNO watercourse ROSICE v. n. Dalešice Oslava J ihlava IVANýICE Zbýšov u Oslavan 00.5 1 km 02.5 5 km border of the core area of interest border of the STU railway motorway first-class road second-class road watercourse water body © ČÚZK settlement over 5,000 inhabitants Fig. 1 — The core area of interest. Map basis: Data50; Fig. 2 — The wider area of interest. Orthophoto © The State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre, 2019. Map basis: Data50. 77 Stable cadastre (1825) Land use/cover built-up areas water areas forest areas arable land permanent grassland permanent cultures remaining areas Fig. 3 — Land use/cover in cadastres Babice u Rosic and Zbýšov u Oslavan in 1825 and 2018. Map basis: The State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre. 78 Current state (2018) Tab. 1 — Proportion and change of land use/cover classes between 1825 and 2018 Land use/cover class proportion in 1825 (%) proportion in 2018 (%) change (% points) built-up areas 0.17 3.09 2.92 remaining areas 3.65 10.70 7.05 water areas 0.05 0.57 0.52 forest areas 30.49 29.84 −0.65 arable land 54.89 50.96 −3.93 permanent grassland 9.61 0.96 −8.64 permanent cultures 1.14 3.87 2.74 00.5 1 km 79 1953 1990 2018 © ČÚZK Fig. 4 — Models of landscape — Rosicko-Oslavansko in 1953, 1990 and 2018. Source: Aerial photos © Military Geographical and Hydrometeorological Office in Dobruška, Ministry of Defence, 2018; Orthophoto © The State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre, 2018. 80 Fig. 5a — The centre of Oslavany. Source: Archive of the NAKI project no. DG18P02OVV008. Photo (2018): Zdeněk Kučera. Fig. 5b — Former power plant in Oslavany. Source: Archive of the NAKI project no. DG18P02OVV008. Photo (2018): Zdeněk Kučera. The Rosicko-Oslavansko area established close links with the For the purposes of this project, the so-called core area has nearby booming urban area of Brno. Coal mining had culmi- been delimited; most analyses are carried out here (Figure 1). nated in the first half of the 20th century; however, downturn The core area includes the municipal areas of Babice u Rosic was gradually taking place since 1960s, and mining eventually and Zbýšov u Oslavan. The wider area of interest (see Chapter 1 stopped in 1980s. Local ironworks closed down as did sugar of Atlas for more details) is shown in Figure 2. refineries in Rosice and Oslavany. In early 1990s, mining facili- ties and industrial complexes were largely abandoned. At the present time, pits are filled up. The area between Babice and 2. Area of Interest: Main Features Zastávka is a typical example of a brownfield site full of dilapi- dated industrial buildings, overgrown by vegetation, with man- The model area of post-industrial landscape of the Rosicko- made tailings. Some of the former mines and tailings have been Oslavansko is located in the geomorphological area of the reclaimed; photovoltaic plant and an amusement park also came Brněnská vrchovina (Brno Highlands). The core area lies in the to existence in these areas. Railway lines serving the mines and geomorphological unit of the Boskovická brázda (Boskovice plants have been mostly dismantled. Depression), the sub-unit of the Oslavanská brázda (Oslavany A number of former mining facilities and industrial build- Depression), the district of the Zbýšovská pahorkatina (Zbýšov ings survived in the Rosicko-Oslavansko area of interest. These Hills). Towards east, the wider area extends into the geomorpho- form typical examples of heritage sites reflecting the times logical unit of the Bobravská vrchovina (Bobrava Highlands). of industrial heydays. At present, farming is becoming more The geological bedrock of the core area in the Oslavany important again. Recently, the area has also experienced a lot Depression is formed by Carboniferous, Permian, and Neogene of residential development as it is easy to commute on every day sediments (clay shales, claystones, arkoses, conglomerates, basis to Brno where many jobs are concentrated. From the visual wackes). The Quaternary Era is represented by loess and loess point of view, the countryside has become more “rural” over loam on plateaus and gentle slopes and also by fluvial sediments the past three decades: many railway lines, cable cars, power in the floodplains. Metamorphic rocks (orthogneisses, migma- lines, and factory chimneys were demolished, tailings reclaimed tites, granulites, sometimes serpentine) prevail in the wider area and planted by trees and shrubs. Industrial heritage sites are of interest west of the Oslavany Depression on the edges of the nowadays found mostly within the limits of urbanized areas. In Bohemian-Moravian Highlands (Bíteš Highlands). In the wider the open landscape, the history of mining area is represented area east of the Oslavany Depression (Bobrava Highlands), the only by anthropogenic relief forms. bedrock consists of deep igneous rocks belonging to Brno Pluton 81 1845 1896 1948 40 55 60 70 40 55 65 70 40 55 60 70 1990 2010 Fig. 6 — Proportion of arable land by STUs (% of STU area). Source: LUCC Czechia Database. 30 45 55 65 30 40 50 60 1845 1896 1948 30 40 51 65 20 30 40 50 25 35 45 55 0105 km 1990 2010 Fig. 7 — Proportion of permanent grassland by STUs (% of STU area). Source: LUCC Czechia Database. 10 15 20 30 10 15 20 30 82 1845 1896 1948 30 40 55 75 30 45 55 75 10 15 20 40 1990 2010 Fig. 8 — Proportion of forest areas by STUs (% of STU area). Source: LUCC Czechia Database. 30 45 55 75 30 45 55 70 1845—1896 1896—1948 1948—1990 5.0 5.5 7.0 8.0 1990—2010 1845—2010 Fig. 9 — Index of change by STUs (in %). Source: LUCC Czechia Database. 83 border of the area of interest border of municipality 02.5 5 km Fig. 10 — Municipality emblems. Source: Register of municipal symbols, Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (https://rekos.psp.cz; as of 1 October, 2018). Types of symbols used in the municipality emblem agriculture water course/body location of the municipality landscape/natural element forest economic tradition other border of the area of interest border of municipality 02.5 5 km Fig. 11 — Types of symbols used in the municipality emblems. Data source: Contant analysis of the municipality emblems (as of 1 October, 2018). 84 Type of object house small monument mine Period of monument declaration 2010 and later 1950—1969 Degree of monument protection cultural monument border of the core area of interest border of municipality 01 2 km Fig. 12 — Cultural monuments and heritage areas. Data source: National Heritage Monument Catalogue, National Heritage Institute (https://pamatkovykatalog.cz; as of 1 October, 2018). Themes represented in museum exhibitions history of the municipality personalities of the area of interest small folk crafts ! Veverská Bítýška image documents (photos, maps, postcards) railway mining Zbraslav ! Importance of the museum \íēany ! regional Zastávka ¥¥¥ Rosice local ! ¥ Popƽvky ! ¥ ¥ ! ¥ Tetēice Relation of exhibition to the area of interest Troubsko ! Zbýšov ¥ direct ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ! ¥ Mohelno Oslavany StƎelice indirect ! ¥¥¥¥ ¥ OƎechov¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ! other municipality over 1,000 inhabitants ¥ Ivanēice border of the area of interest Dolní Kounice border of the core area of interest ! Moravský¥ Krumlov ¥ border of municipality ¥ 0105 km Fig. 13 — Museum exhibitions. Data source: Czech Association of Museums and Galleries (https://www.cz-museums.cz/web/amg/titulni; as of 1 October, 2018), Webportal Do muzea (https://www.do-muzea.cz; as of 1 October, 2018), Webportal Museum.cz (https://www.museum.cz; as of 1 October, 2018). 85 (granite, granodiorite). Carboniferous and Permian sediments of 3. Results the Oslavany Depression include layers of coal – the coal that used to be mined in the past and shaped the unique landscape. 3.1 Landscape and Land Use/Cover Changes The landscape of the Zbýšov Hills in the core area (municipal areas Zbýšov u Oslavan, Babice u Rosic, Zastávka, Padochov, Figure 3 and Table 1 show how the landscape looked like in the and Oslavany) has a character of undulating, sometimes rugged 1st half of the 19th century (1825) and compare it with the present hills at the altitudes of 300–400 metres a.s.l.