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Masterthesis.Pdf (2.157Mb) NORGES HANDELSHØYSKOLE Bergen, våren 2016 Bonusprogrammer i luftfartsmarkedet En empirisk analyse av SAS Eurobonus Bjørnar Sandnes Halvorsen Morten Røkeberg Skaug Veileder: Frode Steen Selvstendig utredning innen masterstudiet for Økonomi og administrasjon Hovedprofil: Økonomisk styring (BUS) Det selvstendige arbeidet er gjennomført som et ledd i masterstudiet i økonomi- og administrasjon ved Norges Handelshøyskole, og godkjent som sådan. Godkjenningen innebærer ikke at Høyskolen innestår for metodebruk eller resultater som fremkommer eller konklusjoner som er trukket i arbeidet. FORORD Denne masterutredningen er skrevet som et avsluttende ledd av masterstudiet i Økonomi og administrasjon ved Norges Handelshøyskole. Hovedprofilen er Økonomisk styring og utredningen tilsvarer 30 studiepoeng. Som flere har uttrykt før oss, vil en masterutredning være en langvarig og lærerik prosess. I etterkant av skriveprosessen vil en gjerne reflektere over arbeidet som er gjort, og hvordan dette er blitt materialisert i oppgaven. Og i mange tilfeller vil en også undre seg over oppgavens retning, og hvordan sidespor, tilfeldigheter og blindveier underveis kan ha bidratt til ferdigproduktet vi sitter med i dag. En ting er i alle fall sikkert: Det har vært en spennende prosess der vi har hatt mulighet til å benytte tilegnet kunnskap gjennom studiet samtidig som vi har lært nye ting som beveger seg noe utenfor vårt fagområde. Skriveprosessen har til tider vært utfordrende, men læringskurven har tilsvarende vært bratt. Vi ønsker derfor å rette en stor takk til vår veileder, Frode Steen, som gjennom godt engasjement, konstruktive tilbakemeldinger og gode innspill underveis har bidratt at skriveprosessen har vært morsom, spennende og interessant. I tillegg vil vi også takke Avinor som har bidratt med datamateriale. Bergen, 20.06.2016 Bjørnar Sandnes Halvorsen Morten Røkeberg Skaug i ABSTRAKT Hensikten med denne masterutredningen er å undersøke hvorvidt SAS benytter fordelsprogrammet Eurobonus aktivt i forhold til konkurranseforholdene, forretnings- og fritidssegmentet og innlands- og utenlandsmarkedet. For å avdekke dette tar vi utgangspunkt hvor mye et bonuspoeng koster for medlemmene av Eurobonus for et utvalg av flyruter både innenlands og utenlands. Temaet er spennende med tanke på litteraturen som foreligger om bonusprogrammenes innlåsningseffekt av passasjerene. Vi ønsker derfor å undersøke om SAS tar nytte av bonusprogrammets effekter. Oppgavens tema belyses ved å ta utgangspunkt i tidligere litteratur og i tillegg gjennomføre en empirisk analyse av innlands- og utenlandsmarkedet. Vi starter med en introduksjon av SAS og Norwegian ved å se på forretningsstrategier, nettverksstrukturer, strategiske allianser og oppkjøp. Deretter ser vi på passasjerutvikling, prisutvikling og markedsandeler for både innlands- og utenlandsmarkedet. Videre vil vi se på hvordan bonusprogrammer kan påvirke konkurranseforholdene i et marked. I denne delen vil vi presentere det vesentligste av litteratur som foreligger på området, og omfatter innlåsningseffekten, etableringshindringer, kapasitetsnedleggelse og prinsipal-agent problematikken i forhold til forretningssegmentet. Essensen her er at bonusprogrammenes tilstedeværelse fører til at medlemmenes byttekostnader øker, noe som gir en innlåsningseffekt av passasjerene. Dette fører dermed til en konkurransedempende effekt i markedet grunnet økt lojalitetsgrad til selskapene med bonusprogrammer. Vi viser deretter til mekanismene som lå til grunn for bonusforbudet på flyrutene innenlands, og opphevelsen av denne. Til slutt i denne delen presenterer vi bonusprogrammene til SAS og Norwegian. Resultatene fra den empiriske analysen viser at større markedsandeler for SAS har en positiv effekt på bonusprisen. I tillegg viser det seg at bonusprisen og den relative prisforskjellen mellom SAS og Norwegian korrelerer negativt med hverandre. Dette betyr at jo større prisavstanden er mellom aktørene gitt at Norwegian tilbyr billigste billett, jo høyere er bonusprisen. Konkurransen i forhold til avganger og antall konkurrenter virker ikke til å ha en påvirkning på bonusprisen. Videre finner vi ingen støtte for at SAS benytter avreisetidspunkt og reiseformål for å sette bonusprisen, men finner det sannsynlig at de benytter billettypene for å skille mellom forretnings- og fritidsreisende. Vi finner også støtte for at bonusprisen er satt systematisk lavere for utenlandsreiser enn innenlandsreiser. ii Innholdsfortegnelse 1 Innledning ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Bakgrunnsinformasjon ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Problemstilling og hypoteser .................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Oppgavens videre oppbygging ................................................................................................ 4 2 Det norske flymarkedet .................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Scandinavian Airlines .............................................................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Forretningsstrategi .......................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Nettverksselskap ............................................................................................................. 7 2.1.3 Strategiske allianser og oppkjøp ..................................................................................... 8 2.2 Norwegian ............................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Forretningsstrategi .......................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Punkt-til-punkt ................................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Passasjerutvikling og markedsandeler .................................................................................. 10 2.3.1 Innlandsmarkedet ......................................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 Utenlandsmarkedet ...................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Prisutvikling ........................................................................................................................... 14 2.4.1 Innlandsreiser................................................................................................................ 14 2.4.2 Utenlandsreiser ............................................................................................................. 16 3 Bonusprogrammer i luftfartsmarkedet ......................................................................................... 17 3.1 Grunnleggende mekanisme .................................................................................................. 20 3.2 Effekter av bonusprogrammer .............................................................................................. 20 3.2.1 Innelåsende effekt ........................................................................................................ 22 3.2.2 Etableringshindring ....................................................................................................... 24 3.2.3 Kapasitetsnedleggelse ................................................................................................... 26 3.2.4 Prinsipal-agent problematikk ........................................................................................ 27 3.3 Forbud mot bonusopptjening på innlandsmarkedet i Norge ............................................... 28 3.3.1 Evaluering av forbudet .................................................................................................. 29 3.3.2 Opphevelse ................................................................................................................... 30 3.4 SAS Eurobonus ...................................................................................................................... 31 3.4.1 Medlemsnivåer ............................................................................................................. 33 3.4.2 Opptjening av Eurobonus-poeng ved flyreiser ............................................................. 34 3.5 Norwegian Reward ............................................................................................................... 36 3.5.1 Cashpoints og Bank Norwegian .................................................................................... 36 3.5.2 Rewards ......................................................................................................................... 37 4 Metode .......................................................................................................................................... 39 iii 4.1 Forskningsstrategi ................................................................................................................. 39 4.2 Forskningsdesign ................................................................................................................... 39 4.3 Innsamling av data ................................................................................................................ 40
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