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Translating Alice in Wonderland for Different Audiences Through the Years

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Translating Alice in Wonderland for Different Audiences Through the Years Translating Alice in Wonderland for Different Audiences through the Years Édith Félicité Koumtoudji A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Translation Johannesburg, March 2012 ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to compare four French translations of Alice in Wonderland with the original version in order to study the strategies used by the French translators to render certain cultural elements while addressing different audiences. Another aspect of the research is the study of paratext in the selected translations. The theoretical framework is based on Klingberg’s approach to cultural context adaptation and Rojo Lopez’s approach to the translation of humour. Selected passages are analysed and suggestions are made at the end of the research. The research showed that the first French translation of Alice in Wonderland which was released in 1869 was localised and contained more deletions than the other three French translations. Also, the style of the contemporary illustrators of Alice in Wonderland presented in this study differs considerably from that of the original illustrator. ii DECLARATION I, Édith Félicité Koumtoudji, declare that this research report is my own, unaided work. It is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Translation to the Faculty of Humanities of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted to any other university before. The iii DEDICATION To my family To my brethren To all those who are involved in language studies in general, and in translation studies in particular. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof Judith A. Inggs, for her guidance and devotion, for the time spent reading through the report and correcting mistakes. I am also grateful to all my other lecturers who shaped me and encouraged me to always give the best of myself. My parents deserve to be mentioned on this page and I do not have enough words to express my gratitude to them for their love, their financial support, and their encouragement. My warmest thanks equally go to all the brethren in Cameroon, here in South Africa and abroad for their spiritual support. I express my gratitude to Elen Riot, Martine Céleste Desoille, and Michael Everson for replying to my emails and allowing me to quote them. I also thank the publishing houses Evertype, Rue du monde, Soleil/Blackberry and Univers Poche for giving me permission to reproduce the front covers of their translations. I am thankful to Lazelle Burgess for proofreading some chapters and to Béatrice Boltz for her clarifications. Finally, I am thankful to my classmates for their encouragement and for their suggestions. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract................................................................................i Declaration.........................................................................ii Dedication............................................................................iii Acknowledgements...........................................................iv Table of Contents..............................................................v List of Abbreviations........................................................vi List of Tables.....................................................................vii Chapter One: Introduction..............................................1 1.1 Background to the Study........................................................................................................2 1.2 Alice in Wonderland..................................................................................................................3 1.3 Presentation of the Study......................................................................................................5 Chapter Two: Literature Review....................................8 2.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................................9 2.1 Translation..........................................................................................................................................9 2.2 Children’s Literature....................................................................................................................10 2.2.1 Definitions of Children’s Literature...................................................................................10 2.2.2 Characteristics of Children’s Literature...........................................................................11 2.2.3 Historical Background.............................................................................................................12 2.3 The Translation of Children’s Literature.............................................................................14 2.4 Problems Related to the Translation of Children’s Literature...................................15 2.5 Translation and Culture..............................................................................................................21 2.6 The Different Audiences of Alice in Wonderland..............................................................24 Chapter Three: Theoretical Framework and Methodology.....................................................................26 3.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….27 vi 3.1 Klingberg’s Cultural Context Adaptation……………………………………………………...27 3.1.1The Categories Identified by Klingberg.............................................................................28 3.1.1.1 Literary References...............................................................................................................29 3.1.1.2 Historical References............................................................................................................30 3.1.1.3 Geographical Names.............................................................................................................31 3.1.1.4 Food, Drink and Related Items.........................................................................................31 3.1.2 The Strategies Identified by Klingberg.............................................................................32 3.2 The Translation of Word Play..................................................................................................34 3.2.1 Rojo Lopez’s Approach to the Translation of Humour..............................................36 3.2.1.1 Definition of Concepts..........................................................................................................36 3.2.1.2 The Strategies Proposed by Rojo Lopez.......................................................................37 3.3 Looking at Paratext.......................................................................................................................39 3.3.1 Prefaces, Blurbs and Authorial Commentaries.............................................................39 3.3.2 Illustrations..................................................................................................................................40 3.4 Methodology...................................................................................................................................42 Chapter Four: Analysis and Comparison of Data....44 4.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................45 4.1 The Titles of Chapters in Alice in Wonderland.................................................................45 4.2 Occurrences of Historical References and Geographical Names..............................54 4.3 Occurrences of Food, Drink and Related Items................................................................68 4.4 Occurrences of Word Play.........................................................................................................81 4.5 Analysis of Paratext......................................................................................................................99 4.5.1 Prefaces, Blurbs and Authorial Commentaries.............................................................99 4.5.2 Illustrations................................................................................................................................101 4.6 Discussion of Findings..............................................................................................................106 4.6.1 Alice in 1869..............................................................................................................................106 4.6.2 Alice in 1992.............................................................................................................................107 4.6.3 Alice in 2000..............................................................................................................................108 4.6.4 Alice in 2010..............................................................................................................................108 4.6.5 Limitations of the Study.......................................................................................................109 Chapter five: Conclusion.............................................111 List of References.........................................................116 Appendices.......................................................................124
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