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Redalyc.Effcts of Cassia Podocarpa Leaves Extracts on the Rat Ileum And Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas ISSN: 0717-7917 [email protected] Universidad de Santiago de Chile Chile Akomolafe, R.O.; Adeoshun, I.O.; Elujoba, A. A.; Iwalewa, E.O.; Ayoka, A.O. Effcts of cassia podocarpa leaves extracts on the rat ileum and colon (in vitro) Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, vol. 3, núm. 3, mayo, 2004, pp. 52-57 Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=85630303 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative BLACPMA Vol. 3 Nº 3 Mayo 2004 52 ARTICULOS stimulated by the extract. With this results therefore, C. podocarpa leaves could be EFFCTS OF CASSIA PODOCARPA substituted for C. acutifolia leaves as LEAVES EXTRACTS ON THE RAT vegetable laxative. ILEUM AND COLON (IN VITRO) KEY WORDS: Motility, Anthraquinone, Allosteric activation. 2* 1 R.O. AKOMOLAFE , I.O. ADEOSHUN , 3 4 A.A. ELUJOBA , E.O. IWALEWA RESUMEN: La etnofarmacología y los AND informes científicos indican el uso hojas de C. 1 A.O. AYOKA podocarpa como purgante. Este estudio intenta encontrar el efecto in vitro de su Recibido: 16 May 2003 infusión ácuosa (ACPL) y los methanolic Recibido corregido: 1 September 2003 (MCPL) en el intestines de ratas, usando Aceptado: 30 November 2003 hojas de C. acutifolia (ACAL y MCAL) como la norma de la referencia. MCPL relajó el ABSTRACT: Ethnopharmacology and ileum y el colon en dosis dependiente. Su scientific reports indicate the use of C. efecto fue bloqueado por tolazoline. ACPL y podocarpa leaf as a purgative recipe. This ACAL contrajeron el colon en dosis study attempts to find the in vitro effects of its dependiente. Hexamethonium potenció el aqueous infusion (ACPL) and methanolic efecto de ACPL, mientras que nifedipine lo extract (MCPL) on the intestines of rats, using bloqueaba. MCAL relajó el ileum en forma those of C. acutifolia leaf (ACAL and MCAL) dosis dependiente. Su efecto se bloqueó por as reference standard. MCPL relaxed the tolazoline. El efecto de ACAL fue bloqueado ileum and colon dose dependently. Its effect por atropina, promethazine y nifedipine. was blocked by tolazoline. ACPL and ACAL ACPL era más potente que ACAL en la contracted the colon dose dependently. contracción de colon. Estos resultados Hexamethonium potentiated the effect of hacen pensar lo siguiente: MCPL y MCAL ACPL, while nifedipine blocked it. MCAL relajan el ileum por un-sistema adrenergico. relaxed the ileum dose dependently. Its ACPL causó la purgación por canales de effect was blocked by tolazoline. The effect of calcio tipo L. ACAL causó la purgación por el ACAL was blocked by atropine, promethazine sistema del cholinergic, H1 receptor estímulo and nifedipine. ACPL was more potent than y activación de cauce de calcio. Los ACAL in contracting the colon. These results potentiation de Hexamethonium de acción de then suggest the following: MCPL and MCAL ACPL en el colon podrían ser debidos a la relaxed the ileum by α–adrenergic system. activación del allosteric de los receptores del ACPL caused purgation by L-type calcium muscarinic estimulada por el extracto. Con channel activation. ACAL caused purgation esto resulta por consiguiente, podrían by cholinergic system, H1 receptor stimulation sustituirse las C. podocarpa hojas para el and calcium channel activation. acutifolia de C. sale como el laxante de la Hexamethonium potentiation of ACPL action verdura. on the colon could be due to allosteric PALABRAS CLAVES: motilidad, activation of the muscarinic receptors Anthraquinona, activación de Allosteric. 1. Introduction 2 Department of Physiological Sciences, Cassia podocarpa Guill and Perr. Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. (Caesalpinoidae) is a shrub found in the south western part of Nigerian. The infusion *Correspondence: Dr. Rufus Akomolafe, or decoction of the leaves is given as a mild E-mail: [email protected] laxative. In large doses, it acts as a purgative [1] The decoction of the leaves, roots and 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Obafemi flowers is given for the treatment of veneral Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. diseases in women [2] The fresh leaves are ground and applied as poultices to the 4 Department of Pharmacology, Obafemi swellings and wounds and are used both Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. internally and externally for skin diseases and yaws. For headache, they are rubbed on the BLACPMA Vol. 3 Nº 3 Mayo 2004 53 forehead and temples and a lotion is made a rotary evaporator. The syrup residue was from them for ophthalmia [1]. weighed (34.0% yield) and kept at 00C until Some scientific reports have been ready for use. Standard solutions of the published validating the use of Cassia extract were prepared by using distilled water species in the disorders of gastrointestinal as diluent. tract particularly constipation and 2.2.2 Hot Aqueous infusion gastrointestinal inertia [3,4] The chemical 50g of boiling distilled water was constituents of Cassia species responsible for poured unto 5g of the powdered leaves of C. this important therapeutic activity has been podocarpa in a beaker. The mixture was allowed identified as anthraquinone derivatives [3]. to stand for thirty minutes before it was filtered However there is little evidence in literature with a Whatman’s Number 1 filter paper; an about the physiological effects of extracts of aqueous infusion was thus obtained [4]. Each Cassia species on the motility of the intestine, infusion was always freshly prepared in order to their mechanisms of action and the effect of prevent hydrolysis of the anthraquinone solvent used in extraction on the biological component of the plant during storage. Standard activity of the extracts. This work was solutions were prepared from the stock by using designed mainly to investigate and examine water as diluent. the physiological effect of extracts of Cassia 2.2.3 Reference drug podocarpa leaves (prepare by using 2.2.3.1 Methanolic extract methanol and water) on the intestinal motility Dried C. acutifolia leaves (Alpine of rats with a view to further promoting the “Herb Tea” or Senna leaves) (Brown Pharm understanding of their mechanisms of action Ind. Nig. Ltd.),were Soxhlet extracted as as vegetable laxative, using isolated ileum described for C. podocarpa leaves above. and colon of albino rats of Wistar strain. The percentage yield was 3.0%. 2.2.3.2 Aqueous Infusion 2. Methodology It was also obtained in the same way 2.1 Plant Material – Fresh leaves of C. as for C. podocarpa leaves. podocarpa were collected from plants growing within the campus of the Obafemi 2.3 Animals – Albino rats of Wistar strain Awolowo University, Ile Ife in November 1998 (200-250g) were obtained from the and were authenticated by Professor A.A. Animal House of the Faculty of Basic Elujoba, Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife. Voucher University, Ile Ife. The animals were specimens are preserved in the Herbarium of kept under standardized environmental the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, condition and received standard diet Ibadan with voucher specimen number FHI (Pfizer feed Plc, Lagos), and water ad 102268. libitum. Immediately after collection, the 2.4 Effects on rat ileum and colon – leaves were oven-dried at about 550C to Animals of either sex (2 males and 2 prevent the enzymic hydrolysis of the females for each dose level) were anthraquinone glycosides which usually starved overnight, but had free access occurs a few hours after collection and is to water. A segment of the ileum or completed shortly afterward, thereby leading colon (2cm-long) was suspended in a to a loss of potency of the plant [3]. The dried 20ml organ bath containing Tyrode’s leaves were coarsely powdered using a GEC solution, gassed with air and Grinding Machine (Christy and Norris model) maintained at 370C. The tissue was and were kept in black polythene bags at allowed to equilibrate for one hour room temperature until ready for use. during which the Tyrode solution was replaced every ten minutes. Graded 2.2 Extraction doses of the methanolic extracts or 2.2.1 Methanolic extract aqueous infusions were applied to the 200g of coarsely powdered dried tissues and their responses were leaves was moistened with methanol, allowed recorded by a micro-dynamometer to stand overnight and then Soxhlet extracted (Ugo Basile Model) using 1-g isotonic with 95% methanol. The extract was transducer. Contact time of study was concentrated under vacuum at 400C by using between 30 and 45 seconds, because BLACPMA Vol. 3 Nº 3 Mayo 2004 54 the responses of the tissue, in some 2.5 1.0±0.00 18.9 Relaxation cases, were not immediate. Experiments were done in 5.0 4.3±0.25 81.1 Relaxation quadruplicate, that is four tissues from four animals. 10.0 5.3±0.25 100.0 Relaxation 20.0 3.5±0.40 66.0 Relaxation 2.5 Effects of antagonists on tissue responses to the extracts or infusions Effect of antagonist The dose of the extract or infusion which 10.0+Tola. - - Blocked produced the maximum response was (2.6x10- regarded as the Working Dose for that 10M) particular extract or infusion. The response of 10.0+Prop.( 3.0±0.41* 56.7 Reduced the tissue to the Working Dose was -8 determined 3 minutes after pre-treating it with 3.4X10 M) each graded concentration of the antagonists, in order to determine the concentration that This extract relaxed the ileum. Its effect was abolished the response.
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