Indigenous Peoples Monitoring Report

Project Number: 40515-013 Semi-Annual Report December 2017

2696-BAN(SF): Sustainable Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project

Prepared by Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) for the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and the Asian Development Bank.

This Indigenous Peoples monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Sustainable Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project (SRIIP)

Final Monitoring Report On Indigenous People

December 2017

Mott MacDonald Plot 77, Level 6 Block-M Road 11 Banani Dhaka Dhaka 1213 Bangladesh

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Sustainable Rural Infrastructure 377583 QPRGAP A C:\Users\alb72199\Downloads\377583 QPRGAP.docx Improvement Mott MacDonald Project (SRIIP)

Final Monitoring Report On Indigenous People

December 2017

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Issue and Revision Record

Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description A 31 December Md. Monzurul Md. Ahsan Ben Witjes Final Monitoring Report On 2017 Haque Habib, PEng Indigenous People

Document reference:

Information class: Standard

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Contents

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 3

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 3 1.2 LOCATION OF PROJECT AREA AND GEOGRAPHIC COVERAGE ...... 3 1.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS ...... 4 1.4 LAND ACQUISITION AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLE UNDER SRIIP ...... 6 1.4.1 Land Acquisition ...... 6 1.4.2 Impact on Indigenous People ...... 7 1.5 PRESENT SITUATION ON MONITORING OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ...... 8 1.6 THE PRESENT MONITORING REPORT ...... 8 2 METHODOLOGY FOR THE MONITORING REPORT ...... 9

2.1 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT ...... 9 2.2 METHODOLOGY FOLLOWED FOR DEVELOPING THE MONITORING REPORT ...... 9 3 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THE PROJECT FRAMEWORK ...... 12

3.1 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN BANGLADESH ...... 12 3.2 ABD'S POLICY FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ...... 16 3.3 IP POLICY ADOPTED IN SRIIP ...... 16 3.4 IP IMPACT SCREENING AND CATEGORIZATION ...... 18 4 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 19

4.1 LOCATIONS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ...... 19 4.2 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LIVING IN THE PROJECT AREAS ...... 21 4.3 SOCIO-CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IPS LIVING IN PROJECT AREA ...... 22 5 DELIVERY OF ENTITLEMENTS OF AFFECTED PERSONS IN SRIIP ...... 24

5.1 IP FEEDBACK ON PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND IMPACTS ...... 24 5.2 IP EXPERIENCE OF IMMEDIATE PROJECT BENEFITS ...... 24 5.3 IPS’ PERCEPTION REGARDING LONG TERM BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT ...... 26 6 APS RESPONSES ON PROJECT IMPACTS ...... 27

6.1 EXPERIENCES OF THE APS DURING PROJECT’S PHYSICAL IMPLEMENTATION ...... 27 6.2 APS’ PERCEPTION OF THE PROJECT OUTCOMES ...... 27 7 CONCLUSION ...... 29

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Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives Local Government Division Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)

Sustainable Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project (SRIIP) ADB Loan No. 2696-BAN (SF) KfW Ref. No. 201065374

Final Monitoring Report On Land Acquisition and Resettlement

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Executive summary

Project Background

The Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) under the Local Government Division (LGD) of the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives (MLGRDC) is implementing the Sustainable Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project (SRIIP - the Project), with financial assistance from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) of Germany. The Project is primarily concerned with enhancing the access to economic opportunities and social services for poor people in the project districts in general and women in particular, and thus to contribute in reducing poverty in the intervention areas. The SRIIP (the Project) commenced in January 2011, now is in the final stage of completion and is scheduled to close in December 2017.

Geographic Coverage of the SRIIP

Geographic coverage of the Project is 21 districts spreading over three divisions in the northwest and southwest of Bangladesh - Khulna Division, Rajshahi Division and Rangpur Division. Of the 21 districts, 7 districts are in Khulna Division (Kushtia, Chuadanga, Meherpur, Jessore, Jhenidah, Narail and Magura); 6 districts are in Rajshahi Division (Rajshahi, Natore, Joypurhat, Bogra, Naogaon and Chapai Nawabgonj); and the rest 8 districts are in Rangpur Division (Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, Nilphamari, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Gaibandha, Kurigram, and Lalmonirhat).

Project Components

The major components of under SRIIP comprises improvement and rehabilitation of 678.00 km Upazila roads, 173.00 km Union roads; construction of 4500 meters of structures (bridges/culverts) on the selected roads; and improvement of 88 Nos Growth Centre Markets (GCM).

Indigenous People in Project Area

Implementation of physical infrastructure works under the SRIIP includes 21 districts. The presence of Indigenous Peoples (IPs) however has been found in 10 (Ten) project districts - 5 districts in Rajshahi Division comprising Chapai Nawabgonj, Joypurhat, Naogaon, Natore and Rajshahi; and 5 districts in Rangpur Division comprising Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, Dinajpur, Rangpur and Gaibandha. Approximately 5,438 IP households with a total population of 23,076 in these households could be defined as IPs living around the SRIIP areas. IPs living in and around the project areas belong to different ethnic communities. Among the different groups of ethnic minorities ‘in terms of population Santal’ ethnic community dominates the scenario over the others. In some of the subproject districts, a group of indigenous nomadic people could also be found who constantly roam around from one area to another. Locally these people are called Bajigar/Madari. The other IP population living in the project areas are Oraon, Mahali, Rajbangshi and Paharia. During the progress of implementation work, the Project did not find the presence of any IP in its other 11 districts (Kushtia, Meherpur, Chuadanga, Jhenidah, Magura, Jessore, Narail, Bogra, Nilphamari, Lalmonirhat, Kurigram).

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Impact of the Project on IPs

SRIIP implementation has not shown any negative impact on any of the ethnic minority groups living in and around the subproject areas. Rather, implementation of the subprojects has resulted in yielding positive impacts on the life and living of the IPs. Improvements of roads and growth center markets in different subproject areas have provided new openings for the IPs in terms of easier access to economic institutions, communication and better income earning opportunities. No IP household has been adversely affected since implementation of physical infrastructure works under the Project has not triggered any land acquisition and resettlement (LAR) impact on any IP community.

IP Experience of Project Benefits

None of the IPs reported any adverse impact due to the project construction and civil works. Substantial number of IPs living in the project vicinity relies on physical labors for their income generation. All the IPs surveyed expressed their satisfaction on getting employment in subprojects during constructions and civil works which has the implication for the alleviation of poverty and thus in promoting rural development. The road improvement has significantly improved the access of rural people, including the IP communities to various economic and social opportunities. The connectivity of the IPs of these 10 districts in particular has improved quite significantly. Almost all the surveyed IPs expressed that they are experiencing improved connectivity to educational, health and other services due to the improved road conditions. People living in villages move more easily from one place to another, including to the city or town for urgent and essential services like health care, education, and different social and cultural services. The IPs in the areas are now using rickshaw, van and small motorized vehicles, which are saving travel time and improving travel safety and comfort. The combined improvement of roads together with GC markets has significantly promoted the business opportunities of the IPs, which they did not experience before. They can more comfortably transport the raw materials for their occupations, especially the agricultural raw materials such as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, etc. Also, there are now more buyers coming to them in the locality. They are getting more access to district and upazila headquarters to sell their products, especially the agricultural products and handicrafts. Because of the growth centers, especially the women corners in the GC markets, the women entrepreneurs now can showcase their products and can be linked with new customer segments. Overall, the IPs are getting price for their products and their profitability is increasing.

Participatory consultation with IPs carried out as part of the procedure for preparation of this monitoring report has experienced that the project activities have improved their standard of living. Also, the value of their land continues to increase due to the improved road conditions and better connectivity. During the FGDs, the IPs reported that the improved road network will continue to attract government education and health experts to come and stay in the locality. This will improve the primary health and education status of the local population. At the same time, due to the upgraded and better road condition, travel time will decrease and mode of transportation will improve, and thus will facilitate the movement of the local people, especially those with serious health conditions to travel to nearest upazila or district health facilities to avail better services. Local pupils will also have the opportunities to travel to distant places for higher education.

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1 Introduction

1.1 Project Background

Development of rural infrastructure including rural transport and trading network in Bangladesh has been inspiring. It is also an area where high priority has been given by the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) in its effort to accelerate economic growth and poverty reduction. During last few decades, rural infrastructure in Bangladesh has considerably improved, contributing to enhancing the quality of life of rural people. Better rural infrastructure has fostered balanced development of rural economies through mutually reinforcing growth in the farm and non-farm sectors. The mobility of the rural poor has increased, and many are now availing themselves of health, education, and nongovernment services, as well as accessing a wide range of economic opportunities.

Despite substantial improvement, infrastructure in rural Bangladesh still remains underdeveloped1, which in turn a crucial impediment for the growth of the rural economy, particularly in the north-west and south-west parts of the country. In face this challenge in the rural transport sector of the country, the Government is implementing the Sustainable Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project (SRIIP - the Project), with financial assistance from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) of Germany. SRIIP commenced in January 20112, now is in the final stage of completion and is scheduled to close in December 2017.

The Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) under the Local Government Division (LGD) of the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives (MLGRDC) is implementing the SRIIP through its existing Project Management Office (PMO), with assistance and collaboration from country-wide establishment of the Department. To provide consultancy services for the Project, Euroconsult Mott MacDonald of Netherlands was engaged as Design & Supervision Consultant (D&SC). Geographic coverage of the Project is 21 districts spreading over three divisions in the northwest and southwest of Bangladesh. The three divisions are Khulna Division, Rajshahi Division and Rangpur Division. The Project is primarily concerned with enhancing the access to economic opportunities and social services for poor people in the project districts in general and women in particular, and thus to contribute in reducing poverty in the intervention areas. Of the 21 districts, 16 districts of Khulna, Rajshashi and Rangpur divisions are under ADB funding, and the rest 5 districts of Khulna Division (Kushtia, Meherpur, Chuadanga, Jhenaidah and Magura) are under KfW financing.

1.2 Location of Project Area and Geographic Coverage

SRIIP is geographically a dispersed infrastructure scheme spreading over the rural areas of 21 districts as shown in the Project location map in Figure 1. Mention has already been made that the project areas are located in three divisions in the north and south of Bangladesh:

1 Involuntary Resettlement Assessment and Measures. SRIIP (RRP BAN 40515), LGED. August 2010. 2 Quarterly Progress Report, April - June 2017, SRIIP, LGED. 377583/Resettlement/A/December 2017 C:\Users\alb72199\Downloads\377583 Resettlement

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* 7 districts in Khulna Division - Kushtia, Chuadanga, Meherpur, Jessore, Jhenidah, Narail and Magura;

* 6 districts in Rajshahi Division - Rajshahi, Natore, Joypurhat, Bogra, Naogaon and Chapai Nawabgonj; and

* 8 districts in Rangpur Division - Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, Nilphamari, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Gaibandha, Kurigram, and Lalmonirhat.

Figure 1: Location Map of SRIIP

1.3 Project Components

The scope of work under SRIIP comprises improvement and rehabilitation of Upazila roads and Union roads; construction of structures (bridges/culverts) on the selected roads; improvement of selected Growth Centre Markets (GCM); and tree plantation along selected sections of roads. The major components of the SRIIP are presented in Table 1. Physical activities of the Project are shown in more detail in Table 23, while location-wise subcomponents of the Project is given in Table 3.

Table 1: Major Components under SRIIP

3 http://www.lged.gov.bd/ProjectComponents.aspx?projectID=252 377583/Resettlement/A/December 2017 C:\Users\alb72199\Downloads\377583 Resettlement

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Subproject Components Scope of Improvement Works Upgrading of Upazila Roads 678.00 km Improvement of Union Roads to Bitumen 173.00 km Surfaced Standard Construction of cross drainage structures 4500 meters (bridges and culverts) Improvement of Growth Centre Markets 88 Nos

Source: Quarterly Progress Report, April - June 2017, SRIIP.

Table 2: Physical Activities under SRIIP

Sl. Physical Activities Scope of Improvement Works 1 Improvement of Upazila Roads 678 km 2 Improvement of Union Roads 173 km 3 Further Strengthening of Upazila Roads 53.57 km 4 Further Strengthening of Union Roads 18.16 km 5 Bridge/Culvert on Upazila Roads and Union 4500 m Roads 6 Growth Centers/Rural Markets & WMS 88 7 Piloting of Rural Water Supply 3 8 Piloting of Renewable Energy 3 9 Office Building 1 10 Tree Plantation on Rural Roads 320

Table 3: Location-wise Project Subcomponents

of of

SL District

No

Total Scheme Upazila Road Union Road Bridge Market Develop ment Tree Plantatio n Further Strength ening Upazila Road Further Strength ening of Union Road Renewab Energy le Rural Water Supply 1. Kushtia 10 7 - - 3 - - - - - 2. Meherpur 7 2 1 - 2 2 - - - - 3. Chuadanga 13 8 - 2 1 2 - - - - 4. Jhenidah 28 18 - 1 3 6 - - - - 5. Magura 21 8 3 1 4 4 - - 1 - 6. Jessore 23 9 - 2 5 6 - - - 1 7. Narail 9 4 - 1 2 2 - - - - 8. Naogaon 37 17 - 8 6 5 - - - 1 Chapai 9. 15 4 4 1 6 - - - - - Nawabgonj 10. Joypurhat 8 5 - - 2 1 - - - - 11. Rajshahi 22 8 1 - 6 6 - - 1 - 12. Natore 16 5 2 - 6 3 - - - - 13. Bogra 21 9 - 1 7 4 - - - - 14. Panchagarh 17 9 1 - 2 5 - - - - 15. Thakurgaon 20 11 1 - 2 6 - - - -

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of of

SL District

No

Total Scheme Upazila Road Union Road Bridge Market Develop ment Tree Plantatio n Further Strength ening Upazila Road Further Strength ening of Union Road Renewab Energy le Rural Water Supply 16. Nilphamari 18 3 4 2 5 4 - - - - 17. Dinajpur 34 8 9 3 6 8 - - - - 18. Rangpur 32 12 2 3 6 6 3 - - - 19. Lalmonirhat 26 7 5 1 4 6 1 1 1 - 20. Kurigram 32 6 5 4 5 8 2 2 - - 21. Gaibandha 29 6 6 7 5 4 - - - 1 Total Schemes 438 166 44 37 88 88 6 3 3 3

Source: Semi-Annual Monitoring Report on Involuntary Resettlement, SRIIP January 2017 - June 2017.

1.4 Land Acquisition and Indigenous People under SRIIP

1.4.1 Land Acquisition

Implementation of physical infrastructure works for different subprojects under the Project has acquired 8.73324 acres (about 3.54 hectare) of private land under absolute necessity. This has caused involuntary resettlement impact on a total of 88 households5 with about 350 affected persons (APs) in these families. This should be noted that, although implementation of physical works under the SRIIP includes 21 districts, requirement for acquisition of land has involved for construction and improvement of structures (Bridges/culverts) at the 9 subprojects’ locations in 9 districts only - Jessore, Chuadanga, Narail,, Bogra, Chapai Nawabganj, Rajshahi, Naogaon, Dinajpur and Gaibandgha. Figure 2 shows the districts that are involved with land acquisition for its 9 subprojects.

Figure 2: Project Districts with Land Acquisition Impacts

4 Statement of Land Acquisition for Improvement of Bridge & Roads under SRIIP, LGED (F:\Land Acquisition/Land Acuzation-2.doc*P-40) 5 List on Information of Affected People, Resettlement Plans of 2015 & 2016, SRIIP, LGED. 377583/Resettlement/A/December 2017 C:\Users\alb72199\Downloads\377583 Resettlement

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1.4.2 Impact on Indigenous People

This is important to mention that the SRIIP has not triggered any land acquisition and resettlement (LAR) impact on any community of Indigenous People (IP) living in and around the Project area. No IP household has been adversely affected. Rather, the IP population are positively impacted by the development interventions of the Project. The positive impacts on IP communities have been discussed in more detail in subsequent sections of this report. Mention should be made that, although implementation of physical infrastructure works under the SRIIP includes 21 districts, the presence of indigenous communities has been found in 10 (Ten) project districts spreading over the two divisions of Rajshahi and Rangpur. The project districts that are inhabited by IPs are:

* 5 districts in Rajshahi Division - Chapai Nawabgonj, Joypurhat, Naogaon, Natore and Rajshahi; and

* 5 districts in Rangpur Division - Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, Dinajpur, Rangpur and Gaibandha.

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1.5 Present Situation on Monitoring of Indigenous People

A series of semi-annual monitoring reports on Indigenous People have been submitted during the course of project implementation. These reports, as listed in Table 4, have discussed on various aspects of project development impacts on the IPs, covering the period from January 2015 to June 2017. The Project has closely screened its impact on the IPs in each of the project districts, including district-wise IP impact categorization6.

Table 4: Submission of Semi-Annual Monitoring Reports on Indigenous People

1. Semi-Annual Monitoring Report on Indigenous Peoples in SRIIP Sub-Project Locations, January 2015 - June 2015.

2. Semi-Annual Monitoring Report on Indigenous Peoples in SRIIP Sub-Project Locations, July 2015 - December 2015.

3. Semi-Annual Monitoring Report on Indigenous Peoples in SRIIP Sub-Project Locations, January 2016 - June 2016.

4. Semi-Annual Monitoring Report on Indigenous Peoples in SRIIP Sub-Project Locations, July 2016 - December 2016.

5. Semi-Annual Monitoring Report on Indigenous Peoples in SRIIP Sub-Project Locations, January 2017 - June 2017.

1.6 The Present Monitoring Report

This report is presented as a Draft Final Report on the works of final monitoring of the development impact on the indigenous people living in and around the Project area, particularly the impacts of the project interventions on the IP community living in the 10 districts covered under the SRIIP. It is mentioned in the above Section 1.5 that various aspects of the project development impacts on the IPs, covering the period from January 2015 to June 2017, have been discussed in the produced Semi-Annual Monitoring Reports on Indigenous Peoples. The present draft final monitoring report therefore has not reproduced those records of screening and categorization as part of this document. Following the review of the report by the Government and the Financing Agencies, it will be incorporated into Final Report.

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2 Methodology for the monitoring report

2.1 Implementation Arrangement

The Consultancy Contract for the assignment of Resettlement Expert for the Design and Supervision Consultancy (D&SC) Services for the Sustainable Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project (SRIIP) under the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) of the Government of Bangladesh was signed in Dhaka on 17 September 2017 between Euroconsult Mott MacDonald in Bangladesh Country Office (the Company) and the Resettlement Expert (the Consultant7). In pursuance of the Contract, the Consultant started the assignment on 17 September 2017 in accordance with the stipulation in the contract, particularly for preparation of monitoring reports on the aspects of land acquisition and resettlement (LAR) and of indigenous people (IP) under implementation of the SRIIP. Description in the present report however pertains only to the aspect of the IPs.

The assignment started with an initial meeting with the Project Director and Executive Engineer of SRIIP and other project officials where the initial expectations on the assignment were discussed. Similar meeting in subsequent time also took place with the respective ADB personnel in its Dhaka office.

2.2 Methodology Followed for Developing the Monitoring Report

The working methodology for developing this IP monitoring report, shown in Figure 3, includes a combination of both secondary and primary data and information, including literature review, discussions with the LGED officials responsible for SRIIP at the HQ level, district level and upazila level; discussion with the consultants and funding agency; short physical visits to the selected project sites inhabited by indigenous people, and quick reconnaissance on the development impacts of the project. These activities were carried out at time of conducting consultation with the participating IP communities and local stakeholders. A pre-designed questionnaire Checklist (Annex 1) were administered to obtain necessary primary data and information from the IPs to the extent possible. The participating IP households may be considered as representatives of the whole IP community residing in the respective area of the Project. Some of the methodology steps that have been followed are described below in a little more detail.

Figure 3: Methodology Followed in Developing the Monitoring Report

7 Consultancy Contract for the position of “Resettlement Expert” for the D&SC Services for the SRIIP under LGED, signed in Dhaka on 17 September 2017 between Euroconsult Mott MacDonald in Bangladesh Country Office (the Company) and Monzurul Hoq the Resettlement Expert (the Consultant).

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FGDs with Secondary Discussion with Physical Visits Indiginous Literature SRIIP Staff and and Observation People in Project Review LGED Officials Area

Secondary Literature Review

All relevant documents of SRIIP were reviewed during development of this report. Some of the documents are the reports and recommendations of the president (RRP), project administration manual (PAM), design and monitoring framework of the project, Loan agreement, summary of poverty reduction and social strategies, resettlement framework (RF), resettlement plans of the projects with LAR impact, quarterly progress reports and semi-annual IP monitoring reports. Discussion with LGED and D&SC Officials

A series of discussions were held with many of the senior LGED officials of the SRIIP and of ADB including the Project Director Mr. Md. Ali Akhtar Hossain and the Executive Engineers Mr. Md. Mizanur Rahman; the D&SC Team Leader Mr. Irvin Cohen and the Deputy Team Leader Mr. Ahsan Habib including the System Management Engineer Mr. Abu Raihan; as well as the Associate Safeguards Specialist in ADB, BRM Ms. Kazi Akhmila. The purpose of these discussions was to integrate their views based upon their experience with implementation of the Project.

Physical Visits and Observations

Some selected locations of the project districts inhabited by IPs were physically visited during October 2017. There were field level discussions with the district level and implementation level LGED officials, particularly the respective Executive Engineers in the project districts, on the process of the implementation of project Resettlement Pland(RPs), impact of the project development interventions on the IPs, and other relevant issues. Physical visits were done to the project sites to observe the project implementation and potential socio-economic impacts on the IP communities living in the project areas.

D&S consultants are having consultation with the D&S consultants are discussing with the Executive Executive Engineer, LGED Narail District. Engineer, LGED Naogaon District on 09 October 2017. on 26 October 2017.

Consultation and Interview with APs and Local Stakeholders

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During field visits, there were discussions with the IPs living around the project areas. The IPs were met at random during field visits and were interviewed for their feedback on the project infrastructure development. There was discussion on their satisfaction on various processes, consultation, disclosure and grievance redress. In parallel, discussions were held with local level stakeholders like local government representatives, market committee representatives, representatives from civil society and local communities.

D&S consultants met the Indigenous People (Santal) D&S consultants met the Indigenous People (Santal) on 25 October 2017 at Shimla Dighipara Village under on 25 October 2017 at Narayanpurur Village Godagari Upazial in Rajshahi District. (shop of Mr. Sunil Soren) of Godagari Upazial in Rajshahi District.

D&S consultants met the Indigenous People (Santal) Interview being carried out with a beneficiary IP at on 25.10.2017 at Shimla Dighipara Village under Fulbari in Dinajpur District on 22 November 2017. Godagari Upazial in Rajshahi District.

This should however be mentioned that reasonable field visits for more detailed field surveys by the consultant could be very poorly possible as intended. Nevertheless, the specialist has carried out the task of preparing this monitoring report to the best of his ability, based on a range of limited information received from the field, combined with the findings from quick physical field investigations carried out during the two field visits - one visit for 3 days in 3 project districts covering Narail, Jessore and Chuadanga during 9 - 11 October 2017, and second visit for 3 days in another 3 project districts covering Rajshahi, Chapai Nawabganj and Naogaon during 24 - 26 October 2017.

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3 Indigenous People and The Project Framework

3.1 Indigenous People in Bangladesh8

The indigenous people of Bangladesh refer to native ethnic minorities in southeastern, northeastern, northcentral and northeastern regions of the country. These regions include the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Sylhet Division, Rajshahi Division and Mymensingh District. The total population of indigenous ethnic minorities in Bangladesh was estimated to be over 2 million in 2010. They are diverse ethnic communities including Australoid, Tibeto-Burman and Sino-Tibetan races. Vast number of indigenous tribes of Bangladesh are Buddhists and Hindus by faith while remainder few are Christians and animists. The primary census report of 2011 gives the number of ethnic population groups of Bangladesh as 27. The first is Chakma, consisting of 444,748 people while the Marma, the second largest ethnic group compares with 202,974 persons.

The Chakmas

The Chakmas are the largest tribe of Bangladesh. The Chakmas are of mixed origin but reflect more Bengali influence than any other tribe. They grow crops in a special method called "Jhum". They migrated to Bangladesh in the 15th century.

The Marmas

Marmas are the second largest ethnic group in Bangladesh and they are of Burmese (Myanmar) ancestry. The Marmas regarded Burma (Myanmar) as the centre of their cultural life. Historically it is believed that the Arakanese emperor has invaded the south-eastern region of the current Bangladesh. Since then the region was ruled under the Burmese emperor and Marma ethnic groups were established from that period. Their cultural traits are connected to their ancestral heritage, including dress (which is call thumbui—the lower part, and angi—the upper part), food (mostly spicy, sour, and hot), writing (Burmese script), traditional songs and musical instruments (for example, kappya, jjea, and kharra). They speak Marma, and the majority are Theravada Buddhist. They have many festivals during the year, but Sangrai is regarded as the biggest celebration among them. It is a tradition to welcome the new year according to the Buddhist lunar calendar. This festival held for three days, and the popular ritual during the second and third day of the festival is to splash water on each other. They believe that the water takes away all the sorrow and pure up our soul and body, so one must to greet others (even strangers) by splashing water on them. But the culture of marma is unique. It has also their own language, tradition, culture etc.

The Khasi

The Khasi are an indigenous or tribal people, the majority of whom live in the State of Meghalaya in north east India, with small populations in neighbouring Assam, and in parts of Bangladesh.[4] They call themselves Ki Hynñiew trep, which means "the seven huts" in the

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Khasi language. Their language Khasi is the northernmost Austroasiatic language. This language was essentially oral until the arrival of European missionaries. Particularly significant in this regard was a Welsh missionary, Thomas Jones, who transcribed the Khasi language into Roman Script. The Khasi people form the majority of the population of the eastern part of Meghalaya. A substantial minority of the Khasi people follow their tribal religion; called variously, Ka Niam Khasi and Ka Niam Tre in the Jaintia region and within that indigenous religious belief the rooster is sacrificed as a substitute for man, it being thought that the rooster "bears the sins of the man and by its sacrifice, man will obtain redemption"[2](compare Kapparot). Other religions practised include Presbyterian, Anglican, Unitarian, Roman Catholic and very few are Muslims. The Khasi people who reside in the hilly areas of Sylhet, Bangladesh are of the War sub-tribe. The main crops produced by the Khasi people living in the War areas, including Bangladesh, are betel leaf, areca nut and oranges. The War-Khasi people designed and built the living root bridges of the Cherrapunjee region.[3] In several States of India, Khasis have been granted the status of Scheduled tribe. The Khasis are a matrilineal society.

The Tripuri

The Tripuri are one of the indigenous peoples living both in the plains and the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh. During the partition of the Indian subcontinent, the princely state of Tripura were merged neither into India nor Pakistan. However, [[Tripura Kingdom] were merged in 1949 with India through a merger agreement. The peoples of Tripura, both in Bangladesh and the Indian State of Tripura, shared common culture, history, tradition, and way of life. Their languages are called Kokborok, of which there are more than one million speakers.Tripura's main fest is boishu

The Tanchangya

Tanchangya peoples have been living in CHT since its prehistoric age. Nowadays Tanchangya peoples live in Rangamati, Bandarban, Roisyabili & Sadhikyabili (Chittagong district), Ukhia and Teknaf (Cox's Bazaar district) areas of Bangladesh. Tanchangyas also live in North-east Indian states (Assam, Tripura and Mizoram) and Rakhine State of the Myanmar. Most of Tanchangyas live in reserve forest of CHT but on 10 April 2000 the government declared a new law entitled "The Forest (Amendment) Act; 2000." According to this act, cultivation and preparation of cultivation on reserve forest land are illegal, and as a result the survival of these groups in the area becomes more difficult.

The Mros

The Mros or Mrus or Moorangs people are considered the original inhabitants of the Chittagong Hills where they migrated from Arakan of Burma from the 14th-15th century. They lived on valleys and often fortified their villages. They had no written language of their own, but some could read the Burmese and Bangla scripts. Most of them claimed to be Buddhists, but their religious practices were largely animistic

The Santals

The Santals are known as one of the oldest and largest indigenous communities in the northwestern belt of Bangladesh. They have been living in the pristine natural surroundings of the area for thousands of years. They might be described as children of nature who are nurtured and reared by its bounty. Santals are largely seen in the northern districts of Dinajpur, Naogaon, Thakurgaon, Panchagarh, etc. They have actively participated in the Tebhaga movement led by Ila Mitra in 1950, the Santal revolt, Birsa Munda Uprising, Kolrevolt, Jitu Samur Rebellion, Pandu Raja Insurgency, Swadeshi Movement and the War of Liberation in 1971. Santal women, especially young girls, are by

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(Final Monitoring Report On Indigenous People) nature very beauty-conscious. Santal women wear ornaments on their hands, feet, nose, ears and neck and also wear peculiarly shaped ornaments on their ankles. They fix flowers on their heads and hair-buns, and make themselves graceful with simple ornaments. Like their simple, plain and carefree way of life, their dress is also very simple. Santal dresses are called panchi, panchatat and matha. The Santal women wear coarse homespun cotton sarees of bright colours that barely reach their knees, while the upper end is flung over the shoulders. Santal men and women wear tattoos on their bodies. Most of their houses are usually neat and clean even though built of mud. Their homestead often includes a garden. The peculiarity of the houses is that they have small and low doors and almost no window. There is practically no furniture except a wooden bedstead and bamboo machang on which the people of the comparatively well-to-do class spread their beds. The Nabanna ceremony is undoubtedly of great importance to the rural people, and is observed during the harvest time when delicious preparations from newly harvested food grains are made and friends and relatives are entertained. Santals have their own language, culture and social patterns, which are clearly distinct from those of other tribes. They speak Bangla fluently and have adopted many Bangla words for their own language. Most Santals are Christians now but they still observe their old tribal rites. Although the Santals used to lead a prosperous and peaceful life in the past, their economic and social conditions are now very backward. Agriculture is their main source of livelihood. Principal food items of Santals are rice, fish and vegetables. They also eat crabs, pork, chicken, beef and the meat of squirrels. Jute spinach (nalita) is one of their favourite food items. Eggs of ducks, chickens, birds and turtles are delicacies in their menu. Liquor distilled from putrefied rice called hadia or (pachai) is their favourite drink. Santal women are skilled in making different kinds of cakes. Most of the Santals are animists. The main weapon used for hunting and self-protection is the bow and arrowmade of locally available materials. They are fond of flowers and music. Hunting and collecting food from the forest were their primitive economic activity. Santals are divided into twelve clans and all these clans are fond of festivities. They are very proficient in music and dance. Like Bengalis, they also have 'thirteen festivals in twelve months' and many other festive occasions around the year. Their year starts with the month of Falgun (roughly, 15 February – 15 March). Almost each month or season has a festival celebrated with dances, songs and music. In the spring, Santals celebrate holi when they drench each other with colours. To express gratitude to the god of crops is also a part of this festival. It turns into a carnival with dances, songs, music and food and drinks. Probably its greatest attraction is the choral dance of Santal girls. Another important ceremony of Santals is called Baha or the festival of blossoms. The purpose of this festival at the beginning of spring is to welcome and offer greetings to the freshly blossoming flowers. It is also characterised by dancing, singing and music. The Santals cremate their dead bodies. But nowadays, many of them bury the dead. When an inhabitant of a village dies, the village headman's duty is to present himself at the place of the departed and arrange for the last rites with due respect.

The Jaintia

Jaintia, an ethnic group living in Sylhet region and also known as Synteng, have a very rich tradition and political history. Once they lived in the northern area of Sylhet. But after the Partition of Bengal in 1947, majority of them migrated to the Jaintia Hills in Assam where most of them are now settled. A small section of them are now living in Jaintapur Upazila in Sylhet. The Jaintias in Bangladesh constitute an ethic group numbering about twenty thousand. According to the Anthropologists, Jaintia is one of the ancient original groups who migrated to the North Eastern region of the sub-continent and settled down there. There is a view holding that the Jaintia is a branch of the Khasi community. The Khasi is a branch of the Mon-khem race while Jaintia belongs to the Mongoloids. The similarity is consequent upon their co-existence for a long time and that similarity is confined in physical features only. No documentary evidences are available regarding the naming of the community. Some are of opinion that they are named after their principal goddess Joyanti. Devi Joyanti is an incarnation of Hindu goddess Durga. Jaintias also introduce themselves as Pnar.

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Jaintias have their own language, but no alphabets. The Jaintias in Bangladesh get education in the schools through the medium of Bangla. The literacy rate of the Jaintia is 80%, the highest among all tribes living in greater Sylhet region. At present many of them are serving in different government and private organisations. A number of children from Jaintia families are getting education at Shillong in Meghalaya. Though they use their mother tongue in conversation with their tribal people they speak in Bangla to communicate with others. The dress of the male members of both Jaintia and Khasi tribes is similar. However, the male members of Jaintia tribe living in Bangladesh wear same kind of dresses with the mainstream Bengali males. But the women wear the traditional Jaintia dresses. They cover the upper portion of the body with a piece of colourful decorated cloth. But the Jaintia ladies wear another piece of cloth as a modesty scarf knotted on the shoulder like Khasi women. Most of the Jaintia women are now accustomed to wear sari-blouses, although they prefer traditional attires at home. They are also fond of ornaments made of gold and silver. Agriculture is the main occupation of the Jaintias. They cultivate betel leaves and various nuts, which are used in local trading. The Jaintia society is matriarchal. Mothers dominate their respective families and children adopt the title of mother's clan. The women exclusively inherit the family property. The Jaintia society is divided into a number of tribes, such as Sarty, Nayang, Kayang, Lanong, yangyoung, rymbai, dkhar etc. In spite of the existence of tribal system in the Jaintia society, caste discrimination is totally absent there. Intra tribal marriage is prohibited in Jaintia society. A social panchayet system settles disputes through arbitration. The arbitration is conducted under the chief panchayet and supported by the elders in the society. The decision of the panchayet is final in respect of any social problems. The chief of the panchayet is elected by the community. Though pantheist in belief the Janitias are much influenced by Hinduism. Their main deity is goddess Jayanti, an incarnation of Hindu goddess Durga. However, some of them have embraced Christianity.

The Garos

The Garos are matrilineal ethnic community of Bangladesh, who inahbit Mymenshingh, Tangail, Jamalpur, Sherpur, Sylhet and Gazipur. Like other ethnic communities they used to worship super natural powers like sun, moon, storms, fire, mountains, water or rain etc. Joom cultivation, a way of agriculture, was a major activity for their living. However, in modern time their livelihoods no longer depended on traditional Joom cultivation; rather, they have adopted modern system of agricultural work. Their economy depends on agriculture and private sector employment, mostly NGOs

The Manipuri

The Manipuris are one of the major ethnic communities of Bangladesh. They migrated to Bangladesh during the reign of Rajarshi Bhagyachandra (1764–1789) and the process was accelerated by the Manipuri-Burma war. After the war with Burma, Manipur was ruled by the Burmese invaders for about seven years. During that period, King Chourajit Singh accompanied by a large following of Manipuri subjects moved to areas – now in Bangladesh. At present they live in different places of Sylhet Division, like Kamalganj, Sreemongal, Kulaura and Baralekha thanas of Moulvi Bazar district; Chunarughat thana of Habiganj district and Chhatak thana of Sunamganj district. According to the 1991 population census, there were about 25,000 Manipuris in Bangladesh. As a result of their changing geographical locations and various kinds of religious and political interaction. The mother-tongue of the Manipuris belongs to the Kuki-chin group of the Tibeto-Burman sub-family of the Mongolian family of languages. Manipuri literature is very old. It has a rich and variegated history and traditions. Interestingly, a characteristic of the old Manipuri script is that each and every letter of the alphabet has been named after a part of the human body. The shape of a letter is also based on the body part it is named after. Some books on Manipuri subjects have been published in Bengali. Manipuri men and women work together in the field. Men clear the jungles and till the soil, while the women sow seeds and do the transplanting. They celebrate

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(Final Monitoring Report On Indigenous People) seed planting and crop harvesting in their own colourful way. Manipuri culture has a rich and colourful tradition where dance and music play a vital role. The most vibrant branch of Manipuri culture is dance. Rasa dance is the finest product of their culture. Manipuri dance is characterised by gentleness, tenderness and devotion. The dress they wear during a dance is really gorgeous and beautiful. A very popular festival of the Manipuris is a type of Gopi dance celebrating the romantic liaison of Radha and Krishna. In the spring, Manipuris celebrate Holi, when they drench each other with colour. Most religious rites and festivals of the Manipuris are based on the seasons of the year. They also celebrate the rice harvest through a singing contest. Manipuris put up colourful wedding pandals, and the bride and groom go round the pandal to be greeted with paddy and durva grass. Manipuris cannot marry within their own clans. A Manipuri bride comes to visit her parents for the first time on the fifth day after marriage, providing an occasion for a lavish feast. According to tribal custom, all members of the clan are invited to this ceremony and they come with presents of rice, meat, fowls, pigs, money and alcohol. Manipuris have their own rituals regarding disposal of the dead body. They keep the dying person outside the house on a banana leaf, while Kirtans are chanted. Dead bodies are washed with the head pointed northward. They bury bodies of adolescents and cremate bodies of older persons. After disposing of the body, the pallbearers take a bath and dry their hands by holding them above a fire before entering their house.

Other Tribes

There are some other tribal groups in other parts of the country. Santals and indigenous Assamese communities are inhabitants of Rajshahi and Dinajpur. Khasis, Garos, indigenous Assamese communities and Khajons in Mymensingh and Sylhet regions. Different tribal groups differed in their social organisation, marriage customs, foods, birth and death and other social customs from the people of the rest of the country. They have somehow managed to resist centuries of colonisation and in the process have retained their own customs, traditions and life. There are also indigenous Assamese communities in Bangladesh.

3.2 ABD's Policy for Indigenous People The preparation of an Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) for sector investments with potential impacts on Indigenous Peoples is a prerequisite part of ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009. This IPPF is to guide subproject selection, screening and categorization, assessment, and preparation and implementation of safeguard plans of subprojects and to facilitate compliance with the as specified in ADB SPS Safeguard Requirements 3: Indigenous People. According to ADB SPS, 2009, the indigenous people safeguard requirements are triggered if a project directly or indirectly affects the dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, or culture of IPs or affects the territories, natural, or cultural resources that they own, use, occupy, or claim as their ancestral property. The ADB defines indigenous peoples as social or cultural groups who are distinct (possessing in varying degrees self-identification and recognition by others; collective attachment to habitats and natural resources; separate customary cultural, economic, social or political institutions; distinct language) and are vulnerable (historically, economically, socially).

3.3 IP Policy adopted in SRIIP

Since SRIIP is an ADB funded project, all its activities are subject to the requirements of ADB. policy for indigenous people - Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. According to this, the indigenous people safeguard requirements are triggered if a project directly or indirectly

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(Final Monitoring Report On Indigenous People) affects the dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, or culture of IPs or affects the territories, natural, or cultural resources that they own, use, occupy, or claim as their ancestral property. Although no IP in SRIIP was adversely affected by any sub-projects of the SRIIP, IPs however were found living within 2 Km of projects having positive impacts. To comply with the ADB’s SPS principle, an Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) was developed for SRIIP in August 2010. Since the indigenous peoples of the project areas are some of the poorest members of their respective communities, and are socially separate from the main population (with different religious practices, social networks and interactions), it was decided that ensuring active participation of indigenous peoples and their tangible benefit from the project would be the prime objective of the IPPF. The strategies indicated in IPPF were focused on enhancing IP participation as well as on enhancing project benefits to IPs and mitigate any negative impacts. The specific strategies were:

■ Strategies to Enhance IP Participation

* Within the first year of project implementation, the Project will complete a baseline survey of the project area to identify beneficiary groups and identify the number and ethnicity of any IP groups living in the project area.

* If IPs are found in the area, the survey will also determine the potential positive and negative impacts on IPs; whether these groups are involved in sale of agricultural products or interested in project construction and maintenance work, or taking up shops in the growth centre markets (GCM); how they can be involved in the other project activities such as livelihood training; whether there will be any change in their livelihood activities as a result of the project; whether they could be integrated into the regular farmer or maintenance groups of LGED or need to be organized in separate groups; and any special efforts that need to be integrated in the Project activities.

* Based on the findings, the Project will develop an action plan to ensure equal participation and access for different IP groups. The action plan will address issues like selection criteria, method of organizing, need for awareness raising program and subjects, selection of trees for roadside planting, types of training, requirement of additional support etc.

* The Project will develop an information dissemination plan to IPs, which does not rely on printed material due to the very low levels of literacy among the IP population, but rather involves face to face information updates in selected upazilas with concentrations of IPs.

* The Project will allocate resources and technical support for the implementation of the action plan integrating the activities in the annual work plan.

■ Strategies to Enhance Project Benefits to IPs and Mitigate any Negative Impacts

* Although no land acquisition is expected in this project, since roads will be improved and sealed on their existing alignments, the Project recognizes that IPs are particularly vulnerable to impoverishment from land acquisition due to traditional and collective rather than formal title to land. Therefore, the project will screen carefully for land acquisition in IP areas and avoid it wherever possible. Where roads to be improved border IP areas, IP should be meaningfully consulted regarding the types of trees selected for roadside planting, and the usual LGED methodology for sharing

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any fruit or wood from the trees adopted (with shares going to land owners, the tree maintenance team and the local upazila).

* In all cases involving utilization of land in IP areas, meaningful consultation with IPs and their male and female representatives will take place regarding: aspirations, needs and preferred alternative options; local social organization, cultural beliefs, resource use pattern of the affected IPs; potential positive and negative impacts on IPs; measures to avoid, mitigate, compensate for adverse project effects; measures to ensure project benefits will accrue to IPs; measures to strengthen social and technical capabilities of the partners NGOs to address IP issues; budget allocation; technical assistance; and monitoring. * The IP actions may take the form of: incorporating IPs (who might be excluded from the Project) in the beneficiary groups, for example road construction and maintenance teams, tree nursery groups, roadside tree maintenance teams, market associations, etc; incorporating IP specific needs (that may not be addressed by the Project) into the Project plan, and a common action plan incorporating IP's needs where IPs live with the non-IP people in the same project location; and additional awareness raising, training, access to credit and other activities addressing the needs of IPs. Staff training activities will include topics related to local IPs.

* The IP Action Plan will be submitted to ADB for approval and concurrence.

3.4 IP Impact Screening and Categorization

A thorough IP impact screening and categorization was conducted under the project through thorough discussion with IPs and field visits during middle of 2017. The screening defined the impact on the IPs of the project as category C. The screening identified the following impacts on the IPs due to the project outputs and outcomes:

* There will be no land acquisition or resettlement impact of the IPs’ land.

* The project will not affect Indigenous Peoples' traditional socio-cultural and belief practices.

* The project will not affect the livelihood systems of Indigenous Peoples (e.g., food production system, natural resource management, crafts and trade, employment status).

* The project will not be in an area (land or territory) occupied, owned, or used by Indigenous Peoples, and/or claimed as ancestral domain.

* The project will not involve commercial development of the cultural resources and knowledge of Indigenous Peoples.

* The project will not involve physical displacement from traditional or customary lands.

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4 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE PROJECT AREA

4.1 Locations of Indigenous People

The foregoing Section 1.4.2 has already discussed that the presence of IP has been found in only 10 project districts of Chapai Nawabgonj, Joypurhat, Naogaon, Natore, Rajshahi, Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, Dinajpur, Rangpur and Gaibandha, although the SRIIP area covers 21 districts in the north and south of Bangladesh. Figure 4 shows the locations of the IP populated districts in SRIIP areas.

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Figure 4: Project Districts Populated by Indigenous Peoples

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4.2 Indigenous People living in the Project Areas

Indigenous people living in and around these subproject areas belong to different ethnic communities. Among these different groups of ethnic minorities ‘in terms of population Santal’ ethnic community dominates the scenario over the others. All the ethnic communities came to these subproject areas from adjacent Indian territory in remote past and subsequently settled down in different subproject districts. In some of the subproject districts, a group of indigenous nomadic people could also be found who roams around from one area to another constantly. Locally these people are called Bajigar/Madari. However, SRIIP implementation have not caused any negative impact on any of the ethnic minority groups living in and around the subproject areas; rather, implementation of the subprojects have resulted in yielding positive impacts on the life and living of the IPs. Improvements of roads and growth centers in different subproject areas will bring new openings for the IPs in terms of easier access to economic institutions, communication and better income earning opportunities.

The beneficiary population of SRIIP, calculated based on the households living within 2 km of the project location is approximately 3.7 million, among which, less than 2% can be defined as Indigenous Population (IP)9. The ADB defines indigenous peoples as social or cultural groups who are distinct (possessing in varying degrees self-identification and recognition by others; collective attachment to habitats and natural resources; separate customary cultural, economic, social or political institutions; distinct language) and vulnerable (historically, economically, socially). By this definition, the ethnic population living in project areas that can be termed as IP are Santal, Oraon, Mahali, Rajbangshi and Paharia. Out of the 21 project districts, 10 northern districts have IPs living within 2 km of the project location. These 10 districts, as noted earlier, are Naogaon, Chapai Nawabgonj, Joypurhat Rajshahi, Natore, Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, Dinajpur, Rangpur and Gaibandha. The sub-projects being implemented in these areas include development components like improvement of existing roads, Growth Center (GC) markets.

During discussions with the IPs and review of previous records, approximately 23 thousand people could be defined as IPs living around the SRIIP areas. Mention should be made here that the Resettlement Plans (RPs) prepared under SRIIP do not indicate any LAR impact on any IP, also do not show any other negative impact. Table 5 presents the distribution of IPs in the Project locations of 10 districts showing the number of IP families at 5,438 with a total population of 23,076 in these families. During the progress of implementation work, the Project did not find the presence of any IP in its other 11 districts (Kushtia, Meherpur, Chuadanga, Jhenidah, Magura, Jessore, Narail, Bogra, Nilphamari, Lalmonirhat, Kurigram).

Table 5: Distribution of IPs in Project Locations

No of sub projects in No of IP IP Dist. IP surrounding area Family Population

Naogaon 4 1055 3260 C.Nawabgonj 4 123 753 Joypurhat 1 102 368 Rajshahi 8 415 1979 Natore 5 304 1270 Panchagarh 4 49 222 Thakurgaon 5 180 695

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Dinajpur 10 1800 7075 Rangpur 5 280 1334 Gaibandha 2 1130 6120 Total 48 5438 23076

Source: Semi-Annual Monitoring Report on Indigenous Peoples, SRIIP January - June 2017.

4.3 Socio-Cultural Characteristics of the IPs Living in Project Area

Santal

The Santals one of the major ethnic group in Bangladesh. The Santals mainly live in districts of Rajshahi division. Santals are the descendants of Austric-speaking Proto-Australoid race. Their complexion is dark, height medium, hair black and curled, and lips heavy. Santals are among the earliest settlers of the subcontinent and are acknowledged as the progenitors and upholders of agricultural system and agro-based culture. Santal men and women are animistic nature-worshippers. Santals live a poor life. They are compelled to sell their labour at a very low price in tea gardens or elsewhere. Besides, they dig soil, carry loads, or engage themselves in similar works of day labourers. They are accustomed to hard work. Domination of the male is more prominent in the Santal society, although the role of women in the family is by no means insignificant. Santal women rather take a leading role in earning livelihood or in farming work. The houses of Santals are small but their yards are very clean. The Santal language (Santali) belongs to the family of Austric languages. Santali has profound similarity with Kole and Mundari languages. Today most Santals of Bangladesh speak both Bangla and Santali. Also many Bangla words are now adopted in Santali. There is no written Santali literature.

Oraon

Oraons, an ethnic community of Bangladesh mainly living in the VARENDRA region. According to the anthropologists, they are Austric as a race and linguistically Dravidians. They now live mostly in the districts of Kurigram, Nilpharmari, Gaibandha, Lalmonirhat, Rangpur, Dinajpur, Joypurhat, Bogra, Rajshahi, Naogaon, Natore, Chapai Nawabganj, Gazipur, Habiganj and Maulavibazar. Oraons worship natural objects. The mother tongue of Oraons is Kuruk. It does not have alphabets, but Oraons have a traditional oral literature. The Oraon society is divided into the upper and lower clans on the basis of different dialects Kuruk and Shadri. Oraons live in very small huts having clay-wall and flaxen roof. Most of the houses have thatched roof, consisting of four parts with a veranda. But the height of the door is so short that none can enter without bending down his or her head. The believer in Christianity is on the increase among the Oraon community. The literacy rate is on the increasing among the Oraons accepting Christianity and that was mainly due to the activities of the missionaries. Their dress, behavior and language are being greatly influenced by the mainstream culture of the Bangalis.

Mahali

The Mahali of Bangladesh are related to a much larger group called Santal, both groups being of the proto-Australoid race and speaking related languages. The Mahali, however, live in villages which are separate from Santali villages as well as separate from Bengali villages. Also, nearly all Mahalis are basket weavers by trade, another feature which distinguishes them from Santals. This basket trade is a family affair as Mahali children learn to weave bamboo into baskets of various shapes and sizes at a fairly young age. Because of their basket trade, most Mahali villages are located along bus routes and are very near to

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(Final Monitoring Report On Indigenous People) markets where they sell their baskets. Mahalis live in Rangpur, and Rajshahi in Northern Bangladesh and also in Sylhet and Chittagong. The Mahali of Bangladesh are nearly 100% Christian. Furthermore, they are nearly all Catholic, and there are Catholic mission schools near several Mahali villages. Thus, the younger generation of Mahali tend to have a basic education, though attendance at school is an issue. Few go on for higher education. One of their needs, then, could be for education beyond primary school.

Paharia

Paharia is a small ethnic community, very thinly dispersed in northwestern Bangladesh. Paharia is an Indo-Aryan word referring to people living in hills or mountains. Paharias are engaged in cultivation and primitive gathering from forests. At the time of food shortage, they are also said to have survived through theft, plundering and looting. Paharias of Bangladesh are one of the two Dravidian-speaking ethnic groups, the other being ORAONS. In view of their smallness and dispersion, the Paharias in Bangladesh now find it difficult to maintain their indigenous identity. Culturally, they are largely influenced by HINDUISM. The Paharias did not evolve any alphabet for their language. They tend to take to Bangla in day to day transactions, though they still use Pahari language within the family circle. Under the changing social structure and because of closeness in religious beliefs, most Paharias now identify themselves as Hindus, although they may not have formally converted to Hinduism. They claim to worship Hindu deities such as Laksmi, Manasa, Kali and Durga, but they do not erect any images of these deities.

Rajbangshi

Rajbangshis, a small ethnic group of the Bhotbarmi group. They moved to Bengal from the Himalayan region and the Brahmaputra valley. The Rajbangshis are people of a mixed race, although identified by many as a branch of the Ksatryiyas known as the Kotch. They are short and have flat noses and raised jaws. Some of them now adopted ISLAM and some Christianity. In Bangladesh, they live mostly in Rangpur, Dinajpur and Rajshahi districts and a small number of them in the districts of Bogra and Mymensingh. Agriculture is the main profession of Rajbangshis. They also catch and sell fish. Rajbangshi women are skilled in handicrafts and cottage industry. Rajbangshis have no written language or alphabet. Their spoken language is a mixture of colloquial languages considered by many as a distorted version of Bangla.

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5 Delivery of entitlements of affected persons in SRIIP

5.1 IP Feedback On Project Activities And Impacts

5.2 IP Experience of Immediate Project Benefits

As mentioned before, there are around 48 subprojects being implemented in 10 districts near which there are IP population living. However, none of the IPs reported any adverse impact of project construction and civil works as shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Adverse Impacts of the Projects Construction and Civil Works on IPs

Adverse Impacts of the Project during % of Surveyed IPs Construction Phase Expressing this Impact Acquisition of Land or Assets 0% Displacement from Land 0% Displacement from Household 0% Disruption of Occupation or Business 0% Disruption in Income 0% Negative Impact on standard of living 0% Difficulty in access to social or cultural 0% sites

Substantial number of IPs living in the project vicinity relies on physical labors for their income generation. All the IPs surveyed expressed their satisfaction on getting employment in subprojects during constructions and civil works which has the implication for the alleviation of poverty and thus in promoting rural development.

The road improvement has significantly improved the access of rural people, including the IP communities to various economic and social opportunities. Due to this improvement, the connectivity of the IPs of these 10 districts in particular has improved quite significantly. Almost all the participating IPs expressed that they are experiencing improved connectivity to educational, health and other services due to the improved road conditions. People living in villages move more easily from one place to another, including to the city or town for urgent and essential services like health care, education, and different social and cultural services. The IPs in the areas are now using rickshaw, van and small motorized vehicles, which are saving travel time and improving travel safety and comfort. Figure 5 has attempted to present the development impacts on the IPs living around the SRIIP areas.

Figure 5: IP Experience of Project's Road Improvement Activities

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The combined improvement of roads together with GC markets has significantly promoted the business opportunities of the IPs, which they did not experience before with regard to the raw materials for their occupations, especially the agricultural raw materials such as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, etc. Also, there are now more buyers coming to them in the locality. They are getting more access to district and upazila headquarters to sell their products, especially the agricultural products and handicrafts. Because of the improved growth centers, especially the women corners in the GC markets, the women entrepreneurs now can showcase their products and can be linked with new customer segments. Overall, the IPs are getting price for their products and their profitability is increasing. Figure 6 presents the contextual information on the benefits that the IP communities are experiencing.

Figure 6: IPs Experience of Project's Immediate Benefits on Business (% of IPs Expressing the Benefit)

120% 100% 100% 94% 88% 78% 80% 72%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Linkage with New Customers in Locality Access to District Headquarters to Sell Products

Opportunity to Showcase Products in Growth Centers Linkage with MFIs for Business Investments

Availability of Raw Materials

Participatory consultation with IPs carried out as part of the procedure for preparation of this monitoring report did not experience any decrease in the standard of living due to the project construction and civil activities. Rather, expression of all the surveyed IPs revealed that the project activities have improved their standard of living. The value of their land continues to increase due to the improved road conditions and better connectivity.

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5.3 IPs’ Perception Regarding Long Term Benefits of the Project

During the FGDs, the IPs reported that the improved road network will continue to attract government education and health experts to come and stay in the locality. This will improve the primary health and education status of the local population. At the same time, due to the upgraded and better road condition, travel time will decrease and mode of transportation will improve, and thus will facilitate the movement of the local people, especially those with serious health conditions to travel to nearest upazila or district health facilities to avail better services. Local pupils will also have the opportunities to travel to distant places for higher education. Table 7 presents the IPs perception about long term benefits of the project interventions.

Table 7: IPs' Perception about Long Term Benefits of the Project

IPs’ Perception of Project’s Long-Term % of Surveyed IPs Benefit Expressing this Impact Job Creation 100% Better Business Opportunities 100% Increased Educational Services in Locality 100% Increased Access to Health Services 100% Improved Standard of Living 100%

The improved road conditions and improved facilities in GC markets have already attracted customers from distant locations in the locality. Local business is flourishing with the availability of raw materials and support services. This means that the business opportunities will further expand in future in terms of increased local production, local trading and sending local products to distant markets. Moreover, there will be improvement of business infrastructure like production and storage facilities in future to cater the increased business opportunities. These will result in opportunities for IPs to participate the value chain activities in terms of supplying raw materials to the producers, increasing local production of agricultural products and handicrafts and taking participation in trading. Because of the improved business infrastructure and increased business operations, there will be more opportunities for the IPs to get employed as labors and in other support functions.

IPs in the FGDs expressed that they are already having improvement in their standard of living. They expect that such improvement will sustain in future. Their land value will further increase with increased migration of outside population in locality being benefitted by the improved road conditions and business opportunities. The access to different social and cultural services will further be improved. They will be more connected to larger towns and cities. They expect that there will be better access for them in local government activities and decision-making process. The women with improved access to a better communication and transportation network have been able to have more liberty and power of decision making including exercising the power and authority. Many women who live in more remote areas are subject to frequent violence and abuse, but the women who have better access to health and justice facilities. The other women, plus NGO workers, through a better road network, are relatively secured. So, due to the improved road connectivity, the situation of women in indigenous population will be improved in future.

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6 Aps responses on project impacts

6.1 Experiences of the APs during Project’s Physical Implementation

As mentioned before, the project involved construction activities, civil works and other physical development activities. Typically, these activities bring changes in APs occupation, business activities, income and standard of living. In SRIIP, the project’s civil works and physical activities affected almost all the APs. However, the changes brought in by the project activities were all positive and beneficial for the APs. Table 13 shows different types of changes brought in by the development works of the project.

Table 4: Impacts of Project's Construction and Civil Works on APs

% of the APs Specific Changes Brought in by the Area of Impact of the Project’s facing this Project’s Construction and Civil Construction and Civil Works change Works Positive changes in occupation and New business opportunities; 97% businesses of the APs employment in construction works Negative changes in occupation and - - businesses of the APs Increased income from new business Positive changes in Income of the APs 94% and employment opportunities Negative changes in Income of the APs - - Increased price of APs’ lands; Positive Changes in Standard of Living of 100% improved social image; improved APs standard of living Negative Changes in Standard of Living - -

6.2 APs’ Perception of the Project Outcomes

Figure 11 shows the APs' perception about the benefits of the Project outcomes. APs were asked about the immediate outcomes of the project on their mobility. The majority of the APs expressed that the project will have positive impact on their mobility by improving their access to educational and health services and social and cultural sites. The constructed and upgraded roads, bridges and culverts will reduce their travel time, decrease travel cost, improve comfort and overall will improve connectivity. The improved connectivity will attract the education and health service providers and hence there will be improvement in these areas. In addition, the bridges and culverts will reduce the water logging problems and will improve irrigation in the area.

The Growth Centers markets will especially be helpful for the APs, according to their perception. They think that the improved markets will attract buyers from far living areas. This will give increased opportunity for them to sell their products, especially the agricultural products. With the improved road connection, transportation of the local products will be easy and cost effective. Overall, local farmers will have increased profit for their products. The Growth Centers have special corners for women business persons. This is an added advantage whereby more women will be encouraged to participate in selling their products, especially those grown in their own household. They will come in contact with more customers and will have the opportunity to increase their income. Overall, the APs

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(Final Monitoring Report On Indigenous People) think the project will increase the income of the local people in future and will play significant role in the poverty reduction.

Figure 5: APs' Perception about the Benefits of Project Outcomes

101% 100% 100% 100% 100%

99%

98% 97% 97% 97%

96%

95%

% of APs thinking the Roads will be Beneficial % of APs thinking the Bridges and Culverts will be Beneficial % of APs thinking the Markets will be Beneficial % of APs thinking the Income Increase in Future due to this Project % of APs thinking Poverty will be reduced in future due to this Project

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7 Conclusion

In general, improved rural infrastructure facilities under the SRIIP have been achieving significant economic and social progress in the northwest and southwest of Bangladesh. There is added momentum in improving the quality of life of the rural population, and thus reducing poverty and raising income of the people. More importantly, the Indigenous People in the project area are partnering the enhanced accessibility to social services, such as health and education and economic opportunities, as well as benefiting from the facilities of accessing markets and livelihood activities and are keeping on improving their quality of life. of life.

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Annexure

Annexure 1: Checklist for Monitoring of Project Impact on Indigenous People

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Checklist for Monitoring of Project Impact on Indigenous People (IP) SRIIP, LGED

Sub-Project Name:………………….. Date:………………….

Name of IP:…………………………. Address of IP: ……………………………

Contact No. of IP………………… Name & Position of Investigator: ……………… ………………………………………………..

1. Was there any consultation regarding need for acquisition □ Yes □ No □ N/A and/or land resettlement? 2. Did you participate in such consultation meetings? □ Yes □ No □ N/A □ As Before 3. Do you have access to schools, health services and cultural □ Improved sites and activities just like before? □ N/A 4. Did the project construction/civil works activities bring any □ Yes □ No □ N/A change in your occupation/business? 1.  If yes then what were the changes? 2. 3. 5. Did the project construction/civil works bring any change in □ Yes □ No □ N/A your income and expenditure pattern? 1.  If yes then what were the changes? 2. 3. 6. Did the project construction/civil works bring any change in `□ Yes □ No □ N/A your standard of living? 1. • If yes then what were the changes? 2. 3. Reactions with Project Outputs 7. Are you aware of the construction/upgrading of the □ Yes □ No □ N/A upazila/Union road in your Area? □ Will be beneficial □ Will not be 8. Do you think the road will be beneficial for you? beneficial □ N/A 1.  If beneficial then what specific benefits do you think the 2. road will bring? 3. □ Yes □ No □ N/A 9. Are you aware of the bridge/culvert construction in your Area?

□ Will be beneficial □ Will not be 10. Do you think this will be beneficial for you? beneficial □ N/A 377583/Resettlement/A/December 2017 C:\Users\alb72199\Downloads\377583 Resettlement

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1.  If beneficial then what specific benefits do you think the 2. bridge/culvert will bring? 3. 11. Are you aware of the market/growth centers being developed □ Yes □ No □ N/A in your area? □ Will be beneficial □ Will not be 12. Do you think this will be beneficial for you? beneficial □ N/A 1.  If beneficial then what specific benefits do you think the 2. markets/growth centers will bring? 3. □ Yes □ No □ N/A 13. Are you aware of the tree plantation activities of the project?

□ Yes □ No □ N/A 14. Do you think the tree plantation will be useful?

15. Do you think overall the project will be good for your income □ Yes □ No □ N/A generation in future? □ Will be reduced 16. Do you think the poverty will be reduced in this area because □ Will have no impact of a direct impact of this project? □ I have no idea Project Impact 17. Are you aware of the projects activity in your area? □ Yes □ No □ Market/Growth Center □ Approach Road 18. If you are aware then which of the project components are □ Bridge/Culvert being implemented in your area (Put tick mark) □ Tree Plantation □ Rural Water Supply □ Renewable Energy 19. Please state if the project had any negative impact on you: a. Displacement from land/house □ Yes □ No b. Disruption of occupation/business □ Yes □ No c. Disruption in income □ Yes □ No d. Impact in standard of living □ Yes □ No e. Difficulty in access to social or cultural sites □ Yes □ No 20. Please state if the project has any positive impact on you: a. Job creation during construction phase of project □ Yes □ No b. Job creation as a direct impact of project outcome □ Yes □ No c. Better access to markets/growth centers □ Yes □ No d. Better business opportunities □ Yes □ No e. Increased opportunity for income □ Yes □ No f. Better access to educational or health services □ Yes □ No g. Improvement in standard of living □ Yes □ No h. Any other positive impact (please specify)

Signature of IP: Signature of Investigator Date: Date:

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ABBREVIATIONS

ADB : Asian Development Bank AH : Affected Household AP : Affected Person CCL : Cash Compensation by law DC : Deputy Commissioner D&SC : Design and Supervision Consultants GCM : Growth Centre Market GoB : Government of Bangladesh GRM : Grievance Redress Mechanism IR : Involuntary Resettlement KfW : Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau LAR : Land Acquisition and Resettlement LGD : Local Government Division LGED : Local Government Engineering Department MLGRDC : Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives MMC : Market Management Committee PD : Project Director PMO : Project Management Office RF : Resettlement Framework RP : Resettlement Plan ROW : Right of Way SRIIP : Sustainable Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project XEN : Executive Engineer

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