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Avifaunal Diversity and Abundance of Jalikhara and Etila Beel (Wetland) of Kamrup (Metro) District, Assam, India

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Avifaunal Diversity and Abundance of Jalikhara and Etila Beel (Wetland) of Kamrup (Metro) District, Assam, India International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Avifaunal Diversity and Abundance of Jalikhara and Etila Beel (wetland) of Kamrup (metro) District, Assam, India Trishna Medhi1, Suraj Sharma2 1 Department of Eco-Restoration, Dimoria College, Khetri (under Life Science Department, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India) 2Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam Univerty, Silchar, India Abstract: Avifaunal diversity is very common in wetland ecosystem. Wetlands like river, beels, marshes provide a significant habitat for incalculable species of birds. The purpose of this study was to find out the diversity and abundance of avifauna in two selected wetlands of Dimoria region namely Jalikhara and Etila. The study was conducted between March 2016 to April 2017. The line transect method was used to collect data on bird diversity and abundance. And to determine the species diversity Shannon-Weiner diversity index (Hꞌ) was used. A total of 45 bird species belonging to 23 families were recorded. Both the Jalikhara and Etila beel are rich in avifaunal diversity. But the diversity of Etila is found to be comparatively lower (3.17) than the Jalikhara (3.68). And the family Ardeidae is found abundantly in Jalikhara beel while Sturnidae is the most abundant family in Etila beel. The main reason behind it is the avoidance of Etila beel by water birds is due to high effluent discharge by Hindustan Paper Corporation (Nogoan Paper Mill). Keywords: Abundance, Avifauna, Diversity, Line-transect, Shannon-weiner index, Wetland 1. Introduction Jalikhara and Etila beel (wetland), (ii) To calculate the Diversity and Abundance of the avifauna recorded in the A wetland is an any kind of land area that is submerged by study, (iii) To make a comparative analysis of the diversity water. Systematic study of wetlands started just after the and abundance of the recorded avifauna. International Convention for Wetlands held in Ramsar or Iran in 1971 which is known as Ramsar Convention. In 2. The Study Area India, diverse wetlands are seen and some of them are unique. They occupy 1-5 percent of the total geographical Dimoria is a Tehsil in kamrup Metro District of Assam, area of the country [1]. Under the Ramsar international India. It is located 46 km towards East from District wetland conservation treaty, wetlands are defined as areas of headquarters Guwahati. Dimoria is bounded by Meghalaya marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, on the South, by Morigaon District on North-East and by permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, greater Guwahati city on the West upto Jorabat Amrigong. fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the Dimoria lies between 260N and 26014N latitudes and depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 meters (Article 91051/E and 92010/E longitude. The climate of this region is 1.1) [2]. The North-East region of India is blessed and extensively influenced by the monsoon climate. The average glorified with excessive and varied types of water resources annual temperature is 270C and the average annual rainfall is in the form of rivers (19,150 km), reservoirs (23,792 ha); about 200 cm [9]. Dimoria has some of the most impressive beels, lakes and swamps(143,740 ha);ponds and mini hills and hillocks like Dhoumara pahar in the south, Mata barrage (40,808 ha) and low laying paddy cum fish culture pahar, Nalgedera pahar etc. scattered throughout the region systems (2,780 ha) [3]. lying mostly in the north-south and east-west direction. Ecologically wetlands are of great significance for an area as 3. Methodology they perform a number of vital functions in maintaining the overall balancing of nature, flood and soil erosion control, This study was carried out from March 2016 to April 2017. [4] water storage and purification etc. Wetland supports Line transects were used to record birds within or around the congregation of large number of migratory and resident study sites [10] [8] [11]. Birds count was from 7:00-10:59 species of birds as it has high nutritional value as well as (morning), 11:00-1:59 (midday), and 2:00-4:30 (Late [5] productivity . As per Ali and Repley (1983), 273 species afternoon). The identification of birds was confirmed by the of birds in India can be considered as water-fowls, the birds help of “Books of Birds of the Indian subcontinent that depend on wetland ecosystem. The bird assemblages are (Grimmett et al., 1998). Data was analyzed for affected by various factors like the food availability, the size [5] of the wetland . Wetlands are favored habitats for diverse, (i) Species diversity by Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index abundant and large invertebrates, seeds, tubers and Hꞌ = , [10] [11] [12] [7] vertebrates which are important foods of birds . Birds use Where Hꞌ = Shannon diversity index, Pi =Proportion of wetlands for breeding, nesting and rearing young. Thus, population in species i to the total sample. wetlands are ideal habitats for birds serving as roosting and [8] (ii) Relative Abundance (RA) for thermoregulation .The objectives of the study are: (i) [10] [11] [12] To prepare a checklist of wetland birds in and around RA = ×100 . Volume 6 Issue 6, June 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: 5061701 739 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Figure 1: Map of Study Area 4. Results and Discussion 5. Conclusion A total of 45 species belonging to 23 families were recorded. Any activities that change the habitat structure effect Species diversity of Jalikhara is found to be 3.68 while 3.17 avifaunal diversity, abundance and distribution. The study in Etila (Fig. 2). The study reveals that the area is rich in suggest that the Jalikhara is a vital water-submerged ground avifaunal diversity as the value of the index ranges from 1.5 to both terrestrial and water birds. In spite of being polluted (low species richness) to 5.0 (high species richness), which the Etila beel also holds a high species of terrestrial bird. All is also supported by Gloria Bideberi, 2013[13]. Although the living organisms depend on water chemistry either directly climatic and geophysical conditions of these two wetlands or indirectly. Although in this study the water parameters of are almost identical, there is a considerable difference in the selected wetlands were not considered, it is relative abundance of water birds. Birds belonging to the recommended that the industrial effluents should be treated family Ardeidae are found abundantly in Jalikhara while well planned before discharge into the water channels that Sturnidae is the most abundant family in Etila (Fig. 3). It is may be harmful to the ecosystem. because of the discharged effluents of Nagaon Paper Mill (NPM) and some direct human interference including 6. Future Scope community fishing and agricultural practices, agreement [14] with the data found by Tanmay Dutta (2011) . Some The area has good potential for bird’s habitat. Hence, urgent Species that is difficult to detect due to their behavior and conservation plan, including these wetlands, is needed and mode of life. For example the winter migratory bird further detail research is recommended which can integrate Threskiornis melanocephalus found to occur in low economic gain and biodiversity conservation in future. [15] abundance . Etila is avoided by water birds (mainly storks, egrets, herons) due to its highly polluted water and intensive farming practices around it, which is also supported by Tanmay Dutta (2011)[14]. The Species richness of an anthropogenically or naturally disturbed ecosystem is seemed to be lower than an undisturbed natural ecosystem which is also reported by Z. Girma et. al, 2017[16]. The beel Jalikhora is the habitat for many residential as well as migratory birds. The common problems in this regard are hunting of these birds, increasing agriculture practices and overfishing. Jalikhara is the important source of income for the local people. Unscientific fishing methods and gears, lack of scientific technical guidance for the use of wetlands more economically or sustainably may also the cause of degradation of wetland environment of Dimoria region Figure 2: Avifaunal Diversity of Jalikhara and Etila Beel which is also supported by Sheikh and Goswami, 2013 [17]. Volume 6 Issue 6, June 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: 5061701 740 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Figure 3: Relative abundance of recorded Avifaunal families of Jalikhara and Etila Beel References southern tip of Lake Tana, Ethiopia, Tropical Ecology 49 (2): 199-209. [1] Boruah, B., Riba, T. (2015). A study on Bordoibaam [9] Sharma, C. (2015). Physico chemical Properties of Soils wetland of Assam, India, Environmentalism 1:15-21. with special reference to Organic Carbon Stock under [2] Ramsar Bureau (1994). The Ramsar Convention on Different Land Use System in Dimoria Tribal Belt of Wetlands. Convention on Wetlands of International Assam, Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat. Ramsar vol 8, Issue 3, Ver.III: 32-36. Convention Bureau, Gland, Switzerland. [10] Lameed, G.A.. (2011). Species diversity and abundance [3] Mahanta, P. C., Tyagi, L. k., Kapoor D., Ponniah A. G. of wild birds in Dagona-waterfowl Sanctuary Borno (2003) . Integration of Fish Biodiversity Conservation State, Nigeria, African Journal of Environmental and Development of Fisheries in North Eastern Region: Science and Technology. Vol. 5(10): 855-866. Issues and Approach, In: Participatory Approach for [11] Rollfinke, B.F., Yahner, R.
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