DOCSLIB.ORG

Evidence from Korean Reflexive Caki

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evidence from Korean Reflexive Caki City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2019 Cue-based reflexive reference resolution: Evidence from Korean reflexive caki Namseok Yong The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3287 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] CUE-BASED REFLEXIVE REFERENCE RESOLUTION: EVIDENCE FROM KOREAN REFLEXIVE CAKI by NAMSEOK YONG A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in the Linguistics Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2019 i © 2019 NAMSEOK YONG All Rights Reserved ii Cue-based reflexive reference resolution: Evidence from Korean reflexive caki by Namseok Yong This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in the Linguistics Program in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________ ________________________________________________ Date Irina A. Sekerina, Ph.D. Chair of Examining Committee _____________________ ________________________________________________ Date Gita Martohardjono, Ph.D. Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Jason Kandybowicz, Ph.D. William McClure, Ph.D. Jiwon Yun, Ph.D. THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract Cue-based reflexive reference resolution: Evidence from Korean reflexive caki by Namseok Yong Advisor: Irina A. Sekerina, Ph.D. This dissertation aims to reveal cognitive mechanisms and factors that underlie the reflexive dependency formation. In recent years, a lot of attention has been paid to the question of how our mind works in building linguistic dependencies (including an antecedent-reflexive dependency) because relevant research has proved promising and illuminating in regard to the properties (e.g., system architecture, computational algorithms, etc.) of human language processor and its close connection with other cognitive functions such as memory (Lewis & Vasishth, 2005; Lewis, Vasishth, & Van Dyke, 2006; McElree, 2000; McElree, Foraker, & Dyer, 2003; Van Dyke & Johns, 2012; Wagers, Lau, & Phillips, 2009). Building upon this line of research, the present dissertation provides empirical evidence to show that the parser can directly access potential antecedents (stored in memory) in forming an antecedent-reflexive dependency, using various linguistic cues and contextual knowledge available at the reflexive. In order to make this claim, this dissertation examines the Korean mono-morphemic reflexive caki ‘self’ (also known as a long-distance anaphor), using acceptability judgment and self-paced reading methodologies, and iv asks (i) what linguistic factors guide its reference resolution and (ii) how they are applied to cognitive processes for memory retrieval and phrase structure building. A series of acceptability judgment experiments (Experiments 1 through 5) show that caki has a very robust referential bias: it strongly prefers a subject antecedent. Moreover, it is established that syntactic constraints (e.g., binding constraints) are not the only available source of information during caki’s reference resolution. Indeed, various non-syntactic sources of information (or cues) can also determine caki’s reference resolution. Three self-paced reading experiments (Experiments 6 through 8) provide evidence compatible with the direct-access content-addressable memory retrieval model (Lewis & Vasishth, 2005; Lewis et al., 2006; McElree, 2000; Van Dyke & McElree, 2011) Based on these experimental findings, I present an explanation of why caki preferentially forms a dependency with a subject antecedent. I argue that caki’s subject antecedent bias is driven both externally (i.e., syntactic prominence of a grammatical subject and first-mention advantage) and internally (i.e., frequency-based prediction on caki-subject dependency relation). Finally, I showcase how a referential dependency between caki and a potential antecedent can be constructed by the cue-based retrieval parser (Lewis et al., 2006; Van Dyke & Lewis, 2003). v Acknowledgements I owe a number of people an enormous debt of gratitude for getting to this point (i.e., writing “Acknowledgements” for my dissertation). Here, I would like to thank all those who helped me come this far. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Irina A. Sekerina. Without her, I am sure, I would never be able to finish my dissertation. She was always encouraging, cheerful, and showed me exactly where I stand in the journey of my disseratation research. Thanks to her direction and guidance, I could stay on the right track. Her vision and advice made me keep moving forward. For me, she is the best role model, mentor, and research advisor without a doubt. I thank God to have her as my advisor. I would also like to thank the faculty members of my dissertation committee, Jason Kandybowicz, William McClure, and Jiwon Yun. Undoubtedly, their razor-sharp comments and suggestions greatly improved this dissertation. Furthermore, they kept encouraging me, inspiring me, and gave help in every respect. I have also benefitted from the comments and help of many other people. In particular, Seongyeon Ko at Queens College – CUNY and Miseon Lee, Taehong Cho, and Sahyang Kim at Hanyang University (Seoul, South Korea). Also, thanks to the members of Hanyang Institute for Phonetics and Cognitive Sciences of Language (HIPCS), I could collect much of the data for this dissertation. Last but not least, I would like to extend my deep gratitude to my parents, Yoonjoon Yong and Taeyeon Kim. I was able to know how srong the term “trust” is, thanks to them. My beautifual wife Songok Jo, without her sacrifice, I am sure I could not have reached the end of vi this journey. Finally, my lovely kids Victoria, Jeremy, and James Yong. They were always my strongest supporters. This dissertation is dedicated to them. vii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xi List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xii List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................. xiv 1 Introduction: Reflexive dependency and relevant cognitive mechanisms ...................... 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Memory retrieval in sentence comprehension ............................................................... 13 1.2.1 Serial Search (SS) approach.................................................................................... 15 1.2.2 Direct-access, content-addressable retrieval (DCR) approach ............................... 18 1.3 Reflexive dependency resolution: empirical evidence ................................................... 23 1.3.1 Evidence: Structure-guided serial search in reflexive dependency formation ........ 23 1.3.2 Evidence: Direct-access, content-addressable retrieval .......................................... 31 2 Korean reflexive caki: its linguistic properties and comprehension .............................. 37 2.1 Inventory of reflexives in Korean .................................................................................. 37 2.2 Linguistic features of caki .............................................................................................. 42 2.2.1 Basic lexical properties of caki ............................................................................... 42 2.2.2 Syntactic/distributional properties of caki .............................................................. 45 2.2.2.1 Caki can refer to a non-c-commanding antecedent......................................... 45 2.2.2.2 Caki can bind an antecedent outside of its local domain. ............................... 48 2.2.2.3 Non-subject NP can serve as antecedent of caki. ............................................ 49 2.2.2.4 Caki can be discourse-bound. ......................................................................... 52 2.2.2.5 Interim summary .............................................................................................. 53 2.3 Comprehension of caki................................................................................................... 57 2.3.1 Locality of antecedent ............................................................................................. 58 2.3.2 Subjectivity of antecedent ....................................................................................... 63 2.4 Present research .............................................................................................................. 69 3 Off-line interpretation of caki and affecting factors........................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Minimal Pronouns, Logophoricity and Long-Distance Reflexivisation in Avar
    Minimal pronouns, logophoricity and long-distance reflexivisation in Avar* Pavel Rudnev Revised version; 28th January 2015 Abstract This paper discusses two morphologically related anaphoric pronouns inAvar (Avar-Andic, Nakh-Daghestanian) and proposes that one of them should be treated as a minimal pronoun that receives its interpretation from a λ-operator situated on a phasal head whereas the other is a logophoric pro- noun denoting the author of the reported event. Keywords: reflexivity, logophoricity, binding, syntax, semantics, Avar 1 Introduction This paper has two aims. One is to make a descriptive contribution to the crosslin- guistic study of long-distance anaphoric dependencies by presenting an overview of the properties of two kinds of reflexive pronoun in Avar, a Nakh-Daghestanian language spoken natively by about 700,000 people mostly living in the North East Caucasian republic of Daghestan in the Russian Federation. The other goal is to highlight the relevance of the newly introduced data from an understudied lan- guage to the theoretical debate on the nature of reflexivity, long-distance anaphora and logophoricity. The issue at the heart of this paper is the unusual character of theanaphoric system in Avar, which is tripartite. (1) is intended as just a preview with more *The present material was presented at the Utrecht workshop The World of Reflexives in August 2011. I am grateful to the workshop’s audience and participants for their questions and comments. I am indebted to Eric Reuland and an anonymous reviewer for providing valuable feedback on the first draft, as well as to Yakov Testelets for numerous discussions of anaphora-related issues inAvar spanning several years.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertations, Department of Linguistics
    UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics Title Reflexivization: A Study in Universal Syntax Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3sv079tk Author Faltz, Leonard M Publication Date 1977 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph end reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will finda good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap.
    [Show full text]
  • On Structure and Semantics of Reflexive Constructions in English
    Linguistics and Literature Studies 4(6): 428-432, 2016 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2016.040606 On Structure and Semantics of Reflexive Constructions in English Yelena Mkhitaryan1,*, Loretta Bazikyan2 1Faculty of Foreign languages, Kh. Abovyan Armenian State Pedagogical University, Armenia 2Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences, Armenia Copyright©2016 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract Reflexive or self-pronouns make up inherent used for emphasis. In both cases they are coreferent with an part of reflexive constructions in English. They have a dual element of the sentence they relate to. function in the sentence: they are used as indicators of the It is worth mentioning that reflexive pronouns used in the category of reflexivity and as intensifiers used for emphasis. second function are singled out by some linguists as a In both cases they express the relation between the separate group entitled emphatic pronouns. (3,185-187; 4, participants of the event that refer to the same entity. But if in 104 ; 5, 46; 6, 41-42; 7, 246-247). G. Veikhman describes the first case this relation can be described as that of the them as morphological homonyms to reflexive pronouns (5, subject and the object, the same cannot be said about 40-41). We think this kind of approach contradicts the intensifiers. The latter’s role is limited by giving an extra accepted principles of classification of parts of speech which force or importance to the element of the sentence it relates take into account not only the functional, but semantic and to.
    [Show full text]
  • Influences on Parsing Ambiguity
    NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Influences on Parsing Ambiguity A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Field of Linguistics By Lauren Marie Ackerman EVANSTON, ILLINOIS December 2015 2 c Copyright by Lauren Marie Ackerman 2015 All Rights Reserved 3 ABSTRACT Influences on Parsing Ambiguity Lauren Marie Ackerman The primary goal of this dissertation is to characterize the relative strength of two of the influences on the parser's behavior during ambiguity resolution: coreference dependency formation and verb frame preference. I find that coreference dependency formation exerts a stronger influence on the parser than does verb frame preference, even when verb frame preference is maximized in transitively biased frames. Previous studies have shown local attachment bias initially directs the parser to an embedded object analysis in sentences like (1), in which the DP Annie's melody is locally ambiguous between the embedded object (EO)/matrix subject (MS) analyses (Ferreira and Henderson, 1990). (1) Whenever she was trying to casually hum Annie's melody was beautiful. Additionally, (1) contains a cataphoric pronoun she which triggers an active search for an antecedent, whereby the parser seeks the antecedent only in grammatically sanctioned positions, such as where the antecedent is not c-commanded by the pronoun (Kazanina 4 et al., 2007; van Gompel and Liversedge, 2003). In (1), the closest potential antecedent is Annie. However, it can be the antecedent only if the DP that contains it is analyzed as the MS, thus outside the whenever-clause and not c-commanded by she. A bias toward an early cataphoric dependency formation could lead the parser to analyze the ambiguous DP as the MS.
    [Show full text]
  • 79. Copular Clauses£
    79. Copular clauses£ Line Mikkelsen October 1, 2008 This article provides an overview of research on copular clauses, focussing on three questions. First, how many types of copular clauses there are, second, what meaning is contributed by the copula, and third, what so- called connectivity e ects tell us about the structure of copular clauses. 1. Introduction Copular clauses are a minor sentence type in which the contentful predicate is not a verb, but some other category like AP, NP or PP. In some languages there is no verbal element at all in these clauses; in other languages there is a verbal copula joining the subject and the non-verbal element. Copular clauses (of the verbal and of the non-verbal kind) come in a great variety of forms and intuitively seem to express di erent kinds of information. The English examples in (1) provide a rst illustration of the range of variation. (1) a. Emily is a carpenter. b. What Harvey did next was wash himself thoroughly. c. Electronically is usually fastest. (Partee 1986:(5g)) d. That's my brother. e. Red is my favorite color. f. My favorite color is red. g. The only thing we couldn't agree on was whether we should go to France rst. This article is structured around three central questions in the investigation of copular clauses. The rst question, which I will call the taxonomy question, is how many kinds of copular clauses there are. Intuitively the copular clauses in (1) are di erent in various respects (and the list could easily be expanded) and the taxonomy £To appear in Klaus von Heusinger, Claudia Maienborn, and Paul Portner (eds.) Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study in Language Change
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Honors Theses Lee Honors College 4-17-2013 Glottopoeia: A Case Study in Language Change Ian Hollenbaugh Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses Part of the Other English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Hollenbaugh, Ian, "Glottopoeia: A Case Study in Language Change" (2013). Honors Theses. 2243. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses/2243 This Honors Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Lee Honors College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Elementary Ghau Aethauic Grammar By Ian Hollenbaugh 1 i. Foreword This is an essential grammar for any serious student of Ghau Aethau. Mr. Hollenbaugh has done an excellent job in cataloguing and explaining the many grammatical features of one of the most complex language systems ever spoken. Now published for the first time with an introduction by my former colleague and premier Ghau Aethauic scholar, Philip Logos, who has worked closely with young Hollenbaugh as both mentor and editor, this is sure to be the definitive grammar for students and teachers alike in the field of New Classics for many years to come. John Townsend, Ph.D Professor Emeritus University of Nunavut 2 ii. Author’s Preface This grammar, though as yet incomplete, serves as my confession to what J.R.R. Tolkien once called “a secret vice.” History has proven Professor Tolkien right in thinking that this is not a bizarre or freak occurrence, undergone by only the very whimsical, but rather a common “hobby,” one which many partake in, and have partaken in since at least the time of Hildegard of Bingen in the twelfth century C.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 10. Pronouns and Reflexives II
    Corrected version April 21 Formal Semantics and Anaphora, Lecture 10 Corrected version April 21 Formal Semantics and Anaphora, Lecture 10 Barbara H. Partee, RGGU, April 15, 2008 p. 1 Barbara H. Partee, RGGU, April 15, 2008 p. 2 Lecture 10. Pronouns and Reflexives II: Varieties of reflexives, Our main issues: ¾ How do the syntactic binding conditions relate to the semantics of anaphora? What happens varieties of binding theories when we distinguish “bound variable anaphora” from “coreference” and/or “pragmatic anaphora”? 1. Is the distribution of “pronouns” and “anaphors” complementary? ....................................................................1 1.1. Background (from the last two lectures)..........................................................................................................1 1.2. The “complementarity question” and “domains”..............................................................................................2 ¾ More distinctions: different kinds of reflexives, various properties of anaphoric expressions 2. Kinds of reflexives..............................................................................................................................................6 in various languages. What’s the full range of syntactic anaphoric expressions, what’s the 2.1. Logophoricity ...................................................................................................................................................6 full range of semantic (or semantic and pragmatic) varieties of anaphora, and how
    [Show full text]
  • What Is a Reflexive Pronoun?
    G.D. GOENKA PUBLIC SCHOOL, SRINAGAR Subject: English Aspect: Home Assignment Topic: Grammar: Pronouns Date: 02-05-2020 Name: ___________________ Grade/Sec.: VII_________ In this module we shall take up the following types of pronouns: • Reflexive Pronouns • Emphatic Pronouns 1. Reflexive Pronouns: What Is a Reflexive Pronoun? Reflexive pronouns are words ending in -self or -selves that are used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same (e.g., I believe in myself) The nine English reflexive pronouns are: singular: myself yourself himself herself itself plural: ourselves yourselves themselves In English grammar, a reflexive pronoun indicates that the person who is the doer of the action is also the recipient of the action. We use a reflexive pronoun as a direct object when the object is the same as the subject of the verb. Example, • I am teaching myself to play the piano. • Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself. • You are too young to go out by yourselves. 2. Emphatic Pronouns: Emphatic pronouns are compound personal pronouns such as 'himself', 'myself' and 'yourself' used for emphasis. An emphasising pronoun is an emphatic pronoun which is used to emphasis who does the action in a particular sentence. Example: I will build the house myself. We will watch the show ourselves. You yourself can tell us about the situation. Difference between emphatic and reflexive pronouns: The reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, himself, herself, oneself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. The emphatic pronouns are the same collection of words. The difference is in what they are used for.
    [Show full text]
  • From Phonology to Grammar. (Commentary)
    Commentary on ‘Variations in Phonological Working Memory: Linking Early Language Experiences and Language Learning Outcomes’ by L. Pierce, F. Genesee, A. Delcenserie & G. Morgan; to appear in Applied Psycholinguistics in 2017. Working Memory and Language: From Phonology to Grammar William O’Grady Pierce et al. are right to suggest that working memory is a crucial part of the machinery underlying linguistic development. In this brief commentary, I will move beyond the emergence of phonological representations, on which Pierce et al.’s essay focuses, and consider ways in which working memory shapes the character and acquisition of grammatical phenomena, a topic that has been explored in various ways in the recent literature (e.g., O’Grady, 2005, 2015; Chater & Christiansen, 2010; Hawkins, 2014). A first illustration of the role of working memory in grammar involves the typology of word order and the question of why verb-initial and verb-medial languages such as English favor prepositions over postpositions, whereas the reverse preference is found in verb-final languages such as Korean. (1)a. English: b. Korean: at school hakkyo-eyse school-at A promising explanation, developed in detail by Hawkins (2014:14ff), is that each language type seeks to reduce the burden on working memory by minimizing the distance between the verb and the pre/postposition with which it is associated. (2) Maximally economical (and typologically common) a. Prepositions in a V-initial/medial lg. b. Postpositions in a V-final lg. study [at school] [ school at] study V P P V | | | | (3) Less economical (and typologically uncommon) a. Postpositions in a V-initial/medial lg.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Prosody and Context on the Comprehension of Syntactic Ambiguity in English and Korean
    EFFECTS OF PROSODY AND CONTEXT ON THE COMPREHENSION OF SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY IN ENGLISH AND KOREAN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Soyoung Kang, B.A. M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Shari R. Speer, Adviser Professor Mary E. Beckman Professor Mineharu Nakayama Adviser Graduate Program in Linguistics ABSTRACT This study investigates how prosodic and contextual information affects the way syntactically am- biguous sentences in English and Korean are understood in spoken language comprehension. En- glish materials used include rarely studied present participial constructions. Korean materials in- clude a type of relative clause that contains empty pronouns as one of arguments, a structure that was never examined before. When these sentence materials were presented without biasing con- texts, results showed that prosodic phrasing largely determined meaning assignment. These results extended previous research that demonstrated prosodic effects on syntactically ambiguous struc- tures. Results from experiments that manipulated both prosodic and contextual information showed that prosodic information was still effective even in the presence of biasing contextual information. Taken together, these results demonstrate the robust effect of prosodic information and necessitate the inclusion of prosodic component in any model of spoken language processing. ii To my family. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank Shari Speer, Mary Beckman, and Mineharu Nakayama, whom I was really glad to have on my committee; I could not have wished for a better committee. Throughout the whole period of working on this dissertation, Shari has been incredibly supportive and encouraging and without her guidance and help, this work would not have been possible.
    [Show full text]
  • PRONOUNS (4) Personal Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Reflexive
    PRONOUNS (4) Personal Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns (02) In context 3 min What is a personal pronoun? Laura is happy This fish is yellow The boy sells lemonade She is happy It is yellow He sells it Personal Pronouns 17 min A personal pronoun represents a person, an animal, a place, an object or an idea. It replaces a noun. There are 2 types of personal pronouns: subjective pronouns and objective pronouns. A subjective pronoun is the subject in the sentence. Subjective Pronoun Example I I am nice you (singular or plural) you are nice he (male) he is nice she (female) she is nice it (neuter) it is nice we we are nice they they are nice An objective pronoun is the object in the sentence. Objective Pronoun Example me Tom likes me you (singular or plural) Tom likes you him (male) Tom likes him her (female) Tom likes her it (neuter) Tom likes it us Tom likes us them Tom likes them „it‟ is used in the neuter, that is to say for animals, places, objects or ideas. But there are exceptions. Ships are often referred to as females. Sometimes, we say „he/him‟ or „she/her‟ for a pet or an object, if we have feelings for them. Examples: Max is our dog, he is part of the family. I would love to go on The Queen Mary II, she is such an amazing ship. I am crazy crazy about my car, I treat her like my wife. When the object pronoun is the same as the subject pronoun, we use a reflexive pronoun.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 16 the Reflexive Pronouns 16.2 the Reflexive Pronoun of The
    Chapter 16 _______________________________ The Reflexive Pronouns _____________________ 16.1 A Reflexive Pronoun refers back to the subject of the sentence, and is always in the predicate. Because of this, the Reflexive Pronoun does not have a Nominative. e.g. He saw himself . We love ourselves . I talk to myself . She did it for herself . 16.2 The Reflexive Pronoun of the Third Person The endings are exactly the same as for ἐκεῖνος -η -ο Masculine Feminine Neuter Sing. Acc. ἑαυτόν ἑαυτήν ἑαυτό Gen. ἑαυτοῦ ἑαυτῆς ἑαυτοῦ Dat. ἑαυτῷ ἑαυτῇ ἑαυτῷ Plural Acc. ἑαυτούς ἑαυτάς ἑαυτά Gen. ἑαυτῶν ἑαυτῶν ἑαυτῶν Dat. ἑαυτοῖς ἑαυταῖς ἑαυτοῖς Practice - until you can read and translate easily 1. oὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἀγαπᾷ ἑαυτόν. This man loves himself. 2. ὁ νυµφίος ἀγαπᾷ ἑαυτόν ; Does the bridegroom love himself? 3. τὸ τέκνον οὐκ ἀγαπᾷ ἑαυτό. The child does not love itself. 4. ἡ χήρα ἐκείνη οὐκ ἀγαπᾷ ἑαυτήν. That widow does not love herself. 5. ἀγαπῶσιν ἑαυτά τὰ παιδία ; Do the children love themselves? 6. ὁ ἐλεύθερος λέγει ἑαυτῷ. The free (man) talks to himself. 7. οἱ ἰσχυροὶ λέγουσιν ἑαυτοῖς. The strong (men) talk to themselves. 8. ἡ χήρα εἴπεν ἑαυτῇ, The widow said to herself, Oὐαὶ γάρ µοὶ ἐστίν. "(For) Woe is (to) me." 9. ὁ ἰσχυρὸς βάλλει ἑαυτὸν The strong (man) throws himself ἐπὶ τὸν ἐχθρόν. on(to) the enemy. 10. oἱ στρατιῶται βάλλουσιν ἑαυτοὺς The soldiers throw themselves εἰς τὸν πόλεµον . into the fight. 16.3 The Reflexive Pronouns of the First and Second Persons ἐµαυτόν myself, σεαυτόν yourself Not only is there no Nominative form, but also, because it is assumed that the speaker is either male or female, there are no neuter forms for either the First or Second Person Reflexive Pronouns.
    [Show full text]