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TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS TOWARD DE-BRAILLING OF WORK BY STUDENTS WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED LEARNERS IN KENYA OBADO HESBON OTIENO E55/28084/2013 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION (SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION) TO THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, KENYATTA UNIVERSITY DECEMBER, 2019 DECLARATION Student’s Declaration I confirm that this thesis is my original work and has not been presented in any other university/institution for consideration for any certification. This thesis has been complemented by referenced sources duly acknowledged. Where text, data (including spoken words), graphics, pictures or tables have been borrowed from other sources, including the internet, these are specifically accredited and references cited using current APA system and in accordance with anti-plagiarism regulations. Signature………………………….……… Date………..………………..…………... Obado Hesbon Otieno Registration Number: E55/28084/2013 Department of Special Needs Education. Supervisors’ Declaration This thesis has been submitted for appraisal with our approval as University Supervisors. Signature………………………….……… Date………..………………..…………... Dr. Chomba Wa Munyi Department of Special Needs Education Kenyatta University Signature………………………….……… Date………..………………..…………... Dr. Jessina Muthee Department of Special Needs Education Kenyatta University ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my loving wife, Lencer; my adorable children, Maimuounah, David-Herbert, Laurah, Shantelle and Sharleen; and my assiduous and caring parents, Mr. Samwel Obado Omito and Mrs. Conslata Atieno Obado. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was a protracted journey whose success depended on the precious in-put of numerous institutions and people, to whom I am honestly grateful. My appreciation goes to Kenyatta University for granting me an opportunity to study and improve my life and those of others. I am genuinely indebted to my knowledgeable and highly helpful supervisors, Dr. Chomba Wa Munyi and Dr. Jessina Muthee who walked with me every step of the research proposal and thesis writing; lecturers in the Department of Special Needs Education for imparting invaluable knowledge, skills, attitudes and advice; and lecturers from the School of Education whose lectures and insights were utterly indispensible. I am also indebted to all the administrators in the study locales and all the research respondents. Special and sincere gratitude goes to the Teachers Service Commission (TSC) for giving me study leave. In particular I thank Mrs. Catherine Olwande for her seminal role in signing my documents for study leave. She felt that I deserved professional development. I would like to appreciate the late Leo Obado Kanga for introducing me to the world of books at a tender age. He provided an opportunity for me to make my friends books and books my friends (Ben Jonson, English Playwright, 1572-1637). To my family: spouse, children, parents, siblings and the larger Kajwang’ family, your love, patience and support have been immense. Those whose names appear here are a mere representative of those whose enviable contribution made this search for truth a success. I will ever remain utterly indebted and passionately grateful to you. May God bless you and grant you the desires of your heart. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. ix ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................................... x ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ xi CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXTUALIZATION OF THE STUDY ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to the study ........................................................................................... 1 1.3 Statement of the problem .......................................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Purpose of the Study ..................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Research Objectives ...................................................................................... 9 1.3.3 Research Questions ....................................................................................... 9 1.4 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................... 9 1.5 Limitations and Delimitations of the Study ............................................................ 10 1.5.1 Limitations .................................................................................................. 10 1.5.2 Delimitations ............................................................................................... 11 1.6 Assumptions ............................................................................................................ 11 1.7 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework ................................................................. 12 1.7.1 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................... 12 1.7.2 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................... 14 1.8 Operational Definition of Terms ............................................................................. 16 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................. 17 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 17 v 2.2 Comparing the Original and de-brailled Texts ....................................................... 17 2.3 Professional Qualifications for de-brailling Personnel ........................................... 24 2.3.1 Teachers’ Qualifications ............................................................................. 25 2.3.2 Access Assistants’ Qualification................................................................. 29 2.4 Challenges in de-brailling ....................................................................................... 35 2.5 Competence of de-brailling Personnel .................................................................... 42 2.6 Summary of the Review.......................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ................. 54 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 54 3.2 Research Design...................................................................................................... 54 3.3 Research Variables.................................................................................................. 55 3.3.1 Independent Variables ................................................................................ 55 3.3.2 Dependent Variables ................................................................................... 55 3.4 Location of the Study .............................................................................................. 55 3.5 Target Population .................................................................................................... 56 3.6 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size .................................................................. 56 3.6.1 Sampling Techniques .................................................................................. 56 3.6.2 Sample Size ......................................................................................................... 57 3.7 Research Instruments .............................................................................................. 58 3.7.1 Questionnaires: ........................................................................................... 58 3.7.2 Interview Schedules .................................................................................... 59 3.8 Piloting the Study .................................................................................................... 61 3.8.1 Validity ....................................................................................................... 61 3.8.2 Reliability .................................................................................................... 62 3.9 Data Collection Techniques .................................................................................... 62 3.10 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................ 63 3.11 Logistical and Ethical
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