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Guidelines and Standards for Tactile Graphics, 2010

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Guidelines and Standards for Tactile Graphics, 2010 Guidelines and Standards for Tactile Graphics, 2010 Developed as a Joint Project of the Braille Authority of North America and the Canadian Braille Authority L'Autorité Canadienne du Braille Published by The Braille Authority of North America ©2011 by The Braille Authority of North America All rights reserved. This material may be downloaded and printed, but not altered or sold. The mission and purpose of the Braille Authority of North America are to assure literacy for tactile readers through the standardization of braille and/or tactile graphics. BANA promotes and facilitates the use, teaching, and production of braille. It publishes rules, interprets, and renders opinions pertaining to braille in all existing codes. It deals with codes now in existence or to be developed in the future, in collaboration with other countries using English braille. In exercising its function and authority, BANA considers the effects of its decisions on other existing braille codes and formats; the ease of production by various methods; and acceptability to readers. For more information and resources, visit www.brailleauthority.org. ii Canadian Braille Authority (CBA) Members CNIB (Canadian National Institute for the Blind) Canadian Council of the Blind Braille Authority of North America (BANA) Members American Council of the Blind, Inc. (ACB) American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) American Printing House for the Blind (APH) Associated Services for the Blind (ASB) Association for Education & Rehabilitation of the Blind & Visually Impaired (AER) Braille Institute of America (BIA) California Transcribers & Educators for the Blind and Visually Impaired (CTEBVI) CNIB (Canadian National Institute for the Blind) The Clovernook Center for the Blind (CCBVI) National Braille Association, Inc. (NBA) National Braille Press (NBP) National Federation of the Blind (NFB) National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped of the Library of Congress (NLS) Associate Member: Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind Associate Member: T-Base Communications Inc. iii Joint BANA/CBA Tactile Graphics Committee Canadian Braille Authority Irene Miller, Co-Chairperson Braille & Large Print Services Supervisor Alberta Education Edmonton, Alberta, CA Aquinas Pather Quality Assurance, Tactile Design Specialist T-Base Communications Inc. Ottawa, Ontario, CA Janet Milbury Tactile Graphics Designer Atlantic Provinces Special Education Authority Halifax, Nova Scotia, CA Braille Authority of North America Lucia Hasty, Co-Chairperson Chief Executive Officer Rocky Mountain Braille Associates Colorado Springs, Colorado, US Allison O'Day Certified Braille Proofreader Minnesota State Services for the Blind St. Paul, Minnesota, US Diane Spence Director Braille Services Region 4 Education Service Center Houston, Texas, US Other Contributors Mary Nelle McLennan, BANA Board Liaison John McConnell, BANA Tactile Graphics Committee Consultant Sarah Morley-Wilkins, BANA Tactile Graphics Committee Consultant Constance Craig, BANA Tactile Graphics Committee Susan Osterhaus, BANA Tactile Graphics Committee Consultant iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................... ix Preface ...................................................................................................... x Introduction .............................................................................................. x Background and Mandate ......................................................................... xi Unit 1 Criteria for Including a Tactile Graphic ....................................... 1-1 Unit 2 Design Principles ........................................................................ 2-1 Unit 3 Planning and Editing .................................................................. 3-1 3.1 Definition of Primary Components ................................................. 3-1 3.2 Editing Content ........................................................................... 3-2 3.3 Planning Process ......................................................................... 3-2 3.4 Planning Size and Layout .............................................................. 3-7 3.5 Re-sizing the Original Print Graphic.............................................. 3-13 3.6 Simplification ............................................................................ 3-14 3.7 Elimination ............................................................................... 3-18 3.8 Consolidation and Distortion ....................................................... 3-18 3.9 Separation ................................................................................ 3-19 Unit 4 Production and Duplication Methods .......................................... 4-1 4.1 Digital Master Production .............................................................. 4-1 4.2 Hard Copy Master Production ........................................................ 4-2 4.3 Duplication and Development........................................................ 4-3 Unit 5 Braille Formats for Tactile Graphics ............................................ 5-1 5.1 Placement of Tactile Graphic ......................................................... 5-1 5.2 Order of Elements in a Tactile Graphic ........................................... 5-2 5.3 Headings, Titles, and Numbered Figures ......................................... 5-8 5.4 Description of Print Illustrations .................................................. 5-10 5.5 Illustration Captions .................................................................. 5-14 5.6 Transcriber’s Note: Content and Format ....................................... 5-14 5.7 Keys and Legends: Content and Format ....................................... 5-15 5.8 Alphabetic and Numeric Keys ...................................................... 5-16 5.9 Symbol Placement and Measurements in Keys .............................. 5-21 5.10 Label Placement ........................................................................ 5-22 5.11 Running Heads .......................................................................... 5-23 5.12 Page Numbering ........................................................................ 5-24 5.13 Special Symbols Page ................................................................ 5-32 5.14 Graphic Symbols Page ............................................................... 5-33 Unit 6 Mathematical and Scientific Diagrams ........................................ 6-1 6.1 Clocks ........................................................................................ 6-2 6.2 Spinners .................................................................................... 6-7 6.3 Circle Graphs .............................................................................. 6-7 6.4 Money ........................................................................................ 6-8 6.5 Line Formations ........................................................................ 6-14 6.6 Graphs ..................................................................................... 6-33 6.7 Pictographs .............................................................................. 6-52 6.8 Counting Symbols ..................................................................... 6-58 v 6.9 Thermometers .......................................................................... 6-71 6.10 Measurement Tools ................................................................... 6-76 6.11 Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Drawings ....................... 6-79 6.12 Venn Diagrams ......................................................................... 6-90 6.13 Tessellations ............................................................................. 6-90 6.14 Stem-and-Leaf Plots .................................................................. 6-94 6.15 Orthographic Drawings ............................................................... 6-98 6.16 Ancient Numeration Systems ...................................................... 6-99 6.17 Chemistry .............................................................................. 6-100 Unit 7 Complex Diagrams ..................................................................... 7-1 7.1 Typical Characteristics of a Diagram that is Complex ....................... 7-1 7.2 Procedure ................................................................................... 7-2 7.3 Design Techniques....................................................................... 7-3 7.4 Order of Preference for Modifications ............................................. 7-5 7.5 Biology....................................................................................... 7-5 7.6 Social Studies ........................................................................... 7-13 7.7 Charts and Graphic Organizers .................................................... 7-20 Unit 8 Orientation And Mobility ............................................................. 8-1 8.1 Map Designer Requirements ......................................................... 8-1 8.2 Content Decisions ........................................................................ 8-1 8.3 General Overview or Area Maps .................................................... 8-2 8.4 Orientation and Mobility Route Maps .............................................. 8-2 8.5 Orientation and Mobility Maps—Design Considerations ..................... 8-2 8.6 Map Size and
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