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Introdução aos Sistemas de Computação Sistemas de Computação (1) Lic. Ciências da Computação Estrutura do tema ISC 1º ano 1. Representação de informação num computador 2007/08 2. Organização e estrutura interna dum computador A.J.Proença 3. Execução de programas num computador 4. O processador e a memória num computador 5. Da comunicação de dados às redes Tema Introdução aos Sistemas de Computação AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 1 AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 2 Noção de computador (1) Noção de computador (2) Um computador é um sistema que: Computador tipo – recebe informação, processa / arquiva informação, Sinais Processador Sinais transmite informação, e ... Digitais Periférico / (1 ou +) Periférico / Digitais –é programável Sinais Sinais Dispositivo Dispositivo i.e., a funcionalidade do sistema pode ser modificada, Digitais Digitais sem alterar fisicamente o sistema Entrada Memória Saída Sinais Sinais primária Quando a funcionalidade é fixada no fabrico do sistema onde o Analógicos Analógicos computador se integra, diz-se que o computador existente nesse sistema está “embebido”: ex. telemóvel, máq. fotográfica digital, automóvel, ... Arquivo Como se representa a informação num computador ? Informação Como se processa a informação num computador ? AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 3 AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 4 Representação da informação Noção de computador (3) num computador (1) Como se representa a informação? –com binary digits! (ver sistemas de numeração...) • Como se representa a informação num computador ? Tipos de informação a representar: – representação da informação num computador -> – textos (caracteres alfanuméricos) » Baudot, Braille, ASCII, Unicode, ... – números (para cálculo) » inteiros: S+M, Compl. p/ 1, Compl. p/ 2, Excesso • Como se processa a informação num » reais (fp): norma IEEE 754 computador ? – conteúdos multimédia – organização e funcionamento de um computador -> » imagens fixas: BMP, JPEG, GIF, PNG, . » audio-visuais: AVI, MPEG/MP3, ... – código para execução no computador » noção de instruction set AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 5 AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 6 Ex.: representação de texto Ex.: sistemas de numeração com ASCII (7 bits) Tabela ASCII 7 bits 15326 (base 6) 3 2 1 0 1*6 + 5*6 + 3*6 + 2*6 = 41610 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0 NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI 1532.64 (base 10) 1 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US 10 2 SP ! “ # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 1*10 + 5*10 + 3*10 + 2*10 + 6*10 + 4*10 = 1532.6410 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? 4 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ 153213 (base 13) 6 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 3 2 1 0 1*13 + 5*13 + 3*13 + 2*13 = 308310 7 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL 110110.0112 (base 2) H e l l o w o r l d ! 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 1*2 + 1*2 + 0*2 + 1*2 + 1*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 1*2 + 1*2 = 54.37510 48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 21 AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 7 AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 8 Ex.: representação de uma imagem Ex.: representação de código em bitmap para execução num PC • Código numa linguagem de int x = x+y; programação – somar 2 inteiros addl 8(%ebp),%eax • Código numa linguagem mais próxima do processador Idêntico à – somar 2 inteiros (de 4-bytes) expressão x = x + y – operandos: • x: no registo eax • y: na memória em [(ebp)+8] 0x401046: 03 45 08 • Código “objecto” (em hexadecimal) – instrução com 3-bytes – na memória em 0x401046 AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 9 AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 10 Representação da informação Caracterização dos ficheiros num computador (2) com documentos electrónicos (1) Tipos de informação a representar: Elementos num documento electrónico: – textos (caracteres alfanuméricos) – texto codificado (ASCII, Unicode, ...) » Baudot, Braille, ASCII, Unicode (charts), ... – especificação de formatação (margens, estilos, ...) – números (para cálculo) » inteiros: S+M, Compl. p/ 1, Compl. p/ 2, Excesso – tabelas e gráficos (directas, importadas, ligadas, ...) » reais (fp): norma IEEE 754 – audiovisuais – conteúdos multimédia • desenhos e imagens » imagens fixas: BMP, JPEG, GIF, PNG, . • sons » audio-visuais: AVI, MPEG/MP3 , ... • vídeos – código para execução no computador • ... » noção de instruction set AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 11 AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 12 Caracterização dos ficheiros Caracterização dos ficheiros com documentos electrónicos (2) com documentos electrónicos (3) Tipos de ficheiros de acordo com o conteúdo: Tipos de ficheiros de acordo com o conteúdo (cont.): – apenas texto –texto e imagens com codificação binária proprietária • tipo de ficheiro: *.txt • exemplos de tipos de ficheiro: • formato do ficheiro: puro texto codificado em ASCII, Unicode, ... – documentos Microsoft Word/Excel (*.doc / *.xls) • aplicação para o manusear/editar: editor de texto (NotePad, ...) – documentos/slides Microsoft PowerPoint (*.ppt / *.pps) – texto, mas com especificações para formatação – documentos Acrobat (*.pdf) • tipos de ficheiro: –apenas imagens com codificação específica – Rich Text Format (*.rtf), proprietário (Microsoft) • exemplos de tipos de ficheiro / aplicações: – Hyper-Text Markup Language (*.html), standard – desenhos esquemáticos: qualquer aplicação de Office • formato do ficheiro: puro texto codificado em ASCII – gráficos a partir de tabelas: em folhas de cálculo (Excel, ...) • aplicações para o manusear/editar: processador de texto – desenhos em formato vectorial (FreeHand, AutoCad, ...) (Word, ...), editor de páginas Web (FrontPage, ...) – desenhos orientados ao pixel (CorelDraw, Photoshop, ...) – texto e imagens, apenas imagens ... Exemplos de documentos... AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 13 AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 14 Caracterização dos ficheiros Caracterização dos ficheiros com documentos electrónicos (Ex. 1) com documentos electrónicos (Ex. 2) Página da disciplina Ficheiro com em HTML: Notas de Estudo em PDF: •interpretada pelo browser •visualizada com Acrobat Reader •visualizada •visualizada por um editor por um editor de texto de texto AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 15 AJProença, Sistemas de Computação, UMinho, 2007/08 16 Baudot code from FOLDOC Page 1 of 2 Search Home Contents Feedback Random Baudot ==> Baudot code <communications> (For etymology, see baud) A character set predating EBCDIC and used originally and primarily on paper tape. Use of Baudot reportedly survives in TDDs and some HAM radio applications. In Baudot, characters are expressed using five bits. Baudot uses two code sub-sets, the "letter set" (LTRS), and the "figure set" (FIGS). The FIGS character (11011) signals that the following code is to be interpreted as being in the FIGS set, until this is reset by the LTRS (11111) character. binary hex LTRS FIGS -------------------------- 00011 03 A - 11001 19 B ? 01110 0E C : 01001 09 D $ 00001 01 E 3 01101 0D F ! 11010 1A G & 10100 14 H # 00110 06 I 8 01011 0B J BELL 01111 0F K ( 10010 12 L ) 11100 1C M . 01100 0C N , 11000 18 O 9 10110 16 P 0 10111 17 Q 1 01010 0A R 4 00101 05 S ' 10000 10 T 5 00111 07 U 7 11110 1E V ; 10011 13 W 2 11101 1D X / 10101 15 Y 6 10001 11 Z " 01000 08 CR CR 00010 02 LF LF 00100 04 SP SP 11111 1F LTRS LTRS 11011 1B FIGS FIGS 00000 00 [..unused..] Where CR is carriage return, LF is linefeed, BELL is the bell, SP is space, and STOP is the stop character. Note: these bit values are often shown in inverse order, depending (presumably) which side of the paper tape you were looking at. Local implementations of Baudot may differ in the use of #, STOP, BELL, and '. (1997-01-30) Try this search on OneLook / Google Nearby terms: baud barf « Baudot « Baudotbetical order « Baudot code » baud rate » bawk » bay http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Baudot 24-09-2003 ...Braille: Deciphering the Code... Page 1 of 3 ...Braille: Deciphering the Code... Page 2 of 3 One Letter Capitalized Entire Word Capitalized ...Braille: Deciphering the Code... Braille Numbers Braille numbers are made using the first ten letters of the alphabet, "a" through "j", and a special Every character in the braille code is based on an arrangement of one to six raised dots. Each dot number sign, dots 3, 4, 5, and 6. has a numbered position in the braille cell. These characters make up the letters of the alphabet, punctuation marks, numbers, and everything else you can do in print. The Braille Cell # 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Larger numbers only need one number sign. The comma in braille is dot 2. The letter "A" is written with only 1 dot. Expanding the Code Now that you understand how dots are arranged in the braille cell to make the letters of the alphabet and numbers, you're ready to learn more about the code. Braille uses special characters called contractions to make words shorter. We use contractions like "don't" as a short way of The letter "D" has dots 1, 4, and 5. writing two words, such as "do" and "not." In braille there are many additional contractions, 189 in all! Using these contractions saves space, which is very important because braille books are much larger and longer than print books. Some contractions stand for a whole word The letter "Y" has dots 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6. and = the = Other contractions stand for a group of letters within a word.
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