Detop Cat a Don Gato: Acerca Del Doblaje En Animación

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Detop Cat a Don Gato: Acerca Del Doblaje En Animación 150 De Top Cat a Don Gato: acerca del doblaje en animación DE TOP CAT A DON GATO: ACERCA DEL DOBLAJE EN ANIMACIÓN Jorgelina Orfila y Francisco Ortega-Grimaldo Texas Tech University, EEUU De todas las animaciones de Hanna-Barbera, Hanna-Barbera’s Top Cat (1961-1962) was, and Top Cat (1961-1962) fue, y sigue siendo, am- still is, widely popular in Mexico as Don Gato y pliamente popular en México como Don Gato y su Pandilla. By adapting the script and lending su Pandilla. Al adaptar el libreto y dar voz a los their voices to the characters, local translators personajes, traductores y actores de voz locales and voice-actors secured the positive reception aseguraron el éxito de la serie, cuya historia se of the cartoon, whose plot centered on the fai- centra en los fallidos planes para enriquecerse led moneymaking schemes of six NYC alley cats. de seis gatos callejeros de la ciudad de Nueva Although their marginal social condition already York. Aunque su condición marginal facilitó made them attractive to the Mexican audience, la atracción del público, fueron la traducción y dubbing was critical in changing the cats into re- el doblaje los que aseguraron su incondicional latable local characters. Don Gato illustrates how aceptación en México al trasformar estos gatos Latin American countries manage to appropriate en personajes fácilmente asimilables. Don Gato U.S. mainstream products for the dissemination ilustra cómo los países latinoamericanos logran of regional content: while the visual delivery re- apropiarse de los productos hegemónicos nor- mained unaltered, the dialogue and the character’s teamericanos para difundir temáticas locales: voices were unmistakably Mexican. mientras el componente visual se mantiene in- alterado, el diálogo y las voces de los personajes son, inconfundiblemente, mexicanos. Palabras clave: Dibujo animado, Hanna-Barbera, glocalización, voz en animación, doblaje. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/caa.2018.9654 Jorgelina Orfila y Francisco Ortega-Grimaldo 151 Introducción En el 2011, el público mexicano acogió con entusiasmo la tan anunciada Don Gato y su Pan- dilla, película basada en la producción de Han- na-Barbera Top Cat. La serie había tenido un módico éxito en los Estados Unidos donde se la transmitió en horario estelar (dedicado a una au- diencia mixta de niños y adultos) entre el 27 de septiembre de 1961 y el 18 de abril de 1962, y los sábados por la mañana hasta fines de esa década. Con su sindicalización en los 70 llegó el éxito in- ternacional, sobre todo en México y Latinoamé- rica donde la serie, doblada al español, se conoció como Don Gato y su pandilla. El creativo equipo de traductores y actores que doblaron Don Gato en los 70 aseguraron su popularidad al salpicar el diálogo con referencias y modismos mexicanos e incluir acentos regionales. Phil Hoad reportaba en The Guardian en el 2011 que un lugareño le había comentado que todo mexicano de media- na edad aún podía decir de memoria los nom- traducción y adaptación del guion a otro idio- bres de los personajes principales y secundarios ma y códigos culturales, como la intervención de así como las expresiones más pegadizas. (Hoad, los actores de voz) que convirtió a los gatos en 2011). A pesar del ambiente y los personajes personajes con quienes la audiencia podía iden- estadounidenses, Don Gato continúa siendo un tificarse; y segundo, la condición marginalizada éxito en México, como lo demuestra la película. de los gatos que hizo que fuesen especialmente Como caso emblemático, Don Gato ilustra la atractivos para el público mexicano. La diferen- manera en que los países latinoamericanos logran cia crucial entre el papel de la voz en el cine y la apropiarse de los productos culturales hegemó- animación resta por explorarse, quizá debido a nicos para difundir contenidos regionales. Ade- la tendencia de considerar a ésta última como más, la adaptación de Don Gato se relaciona con un subgénero del cine. A fin de demostrar la la interacción cultural entre los EEUU y México, importancia del doblaje al español, este ensayo un tema ampliamente teorizado. Este ensayo — examina el peso fenomenológico de la voz en la un fragmento de una investigación que analiza el animación. Al resaltar el carácter audio-visual de papel de la voz en animación— argumenta que este medio, este ensayo espera abrir camino a fu- el éxito de Don Gato en México se asentó en dos turas investigaciones que consideren la función factores: primero, el doblaje (aquí definido como ontológica, epistemológica y fenomenológica de la técnica de postproducción que abarca tanto la la voz en animación. 152 De Top Cat a Don Gato: acerca del doblaje en animación que estos dibujos animados eran una especie 01 de “radio ilustrada” (Wells, 2002: 78).1 El es- Hanna-Barbera: Animación para un nuevo tilo de Hanna-Barbera se caracterizaba por lo público esquematizado de los personajes; por razones económicas, abundaban los acercamientos que En 1957, los exitosos creadores de Tom y destacaban el monótono movimiento de bocas Jerry de Joseph Barbera (1911-2006) y Bill y ojos, prácticamente los únicos indicadores de Hanna (1910-2001), establecieron el estudio expresión. Posteriormente, Barbera comentó: Hanna-Barbera a fin de crear dibujos anima- dos para la televisión, entonces un nuevo me- si Ud. no tiene las voces apropiadas, Ud. no dio. Barbera era el creador de los personajes tiene una animación. Las voces llevan al éxito y los guiones gráficos, mientras que Hanna se o al fracaso cualquier animación que dependa encargaba de medir el tiempo de las escenas y de los personajes y diálogos, y esto es espe- repartir los dibujos entre los animadores (Bar- cialmente cierto en el caso de la animación bera, 1994: 120). En estas animaciones se pres- para la televisión, que es un medio verbal tan- taba menos atención a la sofisticación visual to como visual (Barbera, 1994: 118).2 que a la comicidad de los diálogos, ya que los televisores transmitían imágenes inestables y de Muchos programas de Hanna-Barbera se baja calidad, como fue observado por Mars- inspiraron en series cómicas. En el caso de hall McLuhan (1964: 179) y otros especialis- Don Gato fue The Phil Silvers Show(Nat Hiken, tas contemporáneos. Los personajes cobraban 1955-1959) también conocida como Sargent identidad a través de diálogos salpicados de Bilko. Bilko, incansable autor de disparatadas latiguillos, chistes, y juegos de palabras arti- argucias para hacerse rico rápidamente, tam- culados por voces con acentos y entonaciones bién usaba su astucia para proteger a sus com- rítmicas, lo que llevó a Chuck Jones a comentar pañeros del regimiento. Estas son, en general, Fig. 1. Grupo doblando en 1968 en la compañía Cinemato- Fig. 2. Finales del 2013. Los hermanos Jorge (izquierda) y gráfica InterAmericana S.A. (CINSA), Ciudad de México. Era Rubén (derecha) Arvizu. Dos gigantes pioneros del doblaje necesario tener el mismo número de actores hablando e in- en México como actor de voz y guionista/traductor respec- teractuando que el mismo número de personajes que apare- tivamente. cían en la escena que se estaba doblando. El director estaba a un lado de los actores cuidando la sincronía y sobre todo la actuación. Jorgelina Orfila y Francisco Ortega-Grimaldo 153 las características del personaje Top Cat (Don que, aunque ingenioso, el diálogo ofrecía poca Gato), respetuosamente apodado T.C., un comicidad: “bien podríamos haber estado ha- persuasivo charlatán y noble estafador. Este ciendo una serie de acción en vivo. No había gato amarillo lidera una pandilla de felinos humor visual” (Barbera, 1994: 145).6 vagabundos que residen ilegalmente en Hoa- Subsistir en los márgenes de la sociedad y ser gy, un callejón ubicado en la parte inferior de miembro de la economía informal no era una Manhattan central, área patrullada por el bo- forma de vida paradigmática en los EEUU de nachón oficial Dibble (Matute). La pandilla la los 60. En esta época, cuando existía casi pleno componen Benny the Ball (Benito Bodoque), empleo gracias a una floreciente economía cen- Choo-Choo (Chucho), Brain (Demóstenes), trada en el consumidor, la vida en los suburbios Fancy-Fancy (Panza) y Spook (Espanto) se transformó en el símbolo del sueño ameri- —que a partir de ahora denominaremos en cano. Top Cat, al girar alrededor de unos gatos castellano—. Una mínima vestimenta (los va- callejeros, astutos pero desamparados, y muchas riopintos gatos sólo visten camisas y chalecos) veces hambrientos, fue la serie animada de la sirve para diferenciar y reforzar su tipificación: época que más se acercó a ofrecer un comenta- Don Gato viste un chaleco magenta, bastón y rio social directo. El historiador de animación sombrero, Panza lleva una bufanda a lo Cary Christopher P. Lehman argumentó que los ga- Grant, Espanto una corbata harapienta, y Chu- tos representan a las personas marginalizadas cho un suéter de cuello largo. que viven en entornos pobres de donde quieren, De todas las series de Hanna-Barbera, Don pero no pueden escapar (Lehman, 2006: 26). Gato fue la más cargada de diálogo y el proyecto Se podría también argüir que los felinos per- favorito de Barbera, pues reflejaba sus recuer- sonificaban la resistencia urbana a los códigos dos de la ciudad de Nueva York. Él participó normativos sociales establecidos por las áreas activamente en la selección de las voces ya que, suburbanas. Estos códigos son centrales en “más que todas las animaciones que habíamos otras series de Hanna-Barbera: Los Picapiedra creado hasta la fecha [ésta] dependería de los (The Flintstones, 1960-1966) y Los Jetson (The personajes” (Barbera, 1994: 142).3 El produc- Jetsons 1962-1963) que, a pesar de estar am- tor describe la voz de Arnold Stang, Don Gato, bientadas en el pasado y futuro lejanos, refleja- como “una mezcla nasal de expresividad calle- ban la cosmovisión centrada en la familia de la jera con un toque del graznido del charlatán de complaciente clase media suburbana de los 60.
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