3 92 '">9 _."' >¢-_~-Q-Q~ali@ M 5. ... . ~92 _r~.; 1.. ; -§~'~l. . lI P9. While the Party does express sympathyfor theN01 on the grounds 5... that thecapitalist systemin thiscountry responsible is the for conditions in Q r whichprotest a movementsuch theas N01can arise,the Partyinsists, course of that onlyunder communism will theNegro full havefreedom. As a result, the M. . ,5 '- Partycircumspect is has and rejected a policyof active cooperation the with N01. i; . 4,, to In contrastto the CPUSA positionis thatexpressed one by militant It1 Marxist group,the Progressive Labor Movement PLM!,'which a follows i mag pro- Chinesecommunist line in this country.A leading figure this in movement, up, .-1.1'0 ,1; who wasformerly in the CPUSA, statedafter the Harlemriots of July,1964, that the PLM waswilling workto withany groupin Harlem--Black Nationalist .A92 ».- or Muslim included. Several articleswith pro-Chinesea communistslant appeared in ..1, "Muhammad Speaks"in 1964.These articleswere undoubtedlypublished 1$ r becauseN01 the considersthe Chinese people be to "brothers, " inasmuch -92 ,, asthey also are non-Caucasian.Onethe of articles,prepared Robert by
4~a . Williams,Negro a extremistwho edto Cuba to avoid prosecution kid- for a . _ ,i nappingwho, andin his speeches and writings,advocates in violencecivil i rights effortsinthe United States, describedhis visitto RedChina, He stated thethat "American of African descent, whetherhe understands enough 5 92 t i t i. >' U 3
. 92 , I-_ *-;_Qn£-in-1::=_A;_.;, _-_.¢e_. ... 1 _ - ,_ -0 K e - §1i_wqf.Zw- x5§.q¢V . . i , .'_¬ I- n - '~ ' ?."" ,'l"?" ."§' ""'-""'§ " ii-H .'~ a >
x
.' 7 ~-.-1 L~ » D. iimericangliegroesl Reaction,to NO} A well-knownNegro authorhas written: "It isan interesting historical there is so olten .-~ I . phenomenonwhen athatpeople reach the precipiced despair, 01 waitingthe in bushes a savior--a messiah who promisessmtch to themheck it-1 -.4 trom theedge oi the abyss and turntheir grief into greatness." ea 0.1- To somedissatisiied Negroes,Elijah Muhammad, the sel!-proclaimed
.., "IessengerAllah, oi appears " bethis messiah.to Describing a speech in in 2,} >92 1 llos Angeleslast summerthe calamities which have beiallen in peoplethe -3 "United States,Elijah asked, "Who hecan saved?" His answer was "thelluslim ,. 4:. 4-, V believerswho faithfully followed obeyed and Messenger. His . ..The wisestand 84 ,1 .} " surestto successway is tounite behindme.I assure youthat, with the helpof : .o 4-K;1 Allah, willyou accomplish your goals: money, homes, and friendshipsin e< _l_~r . good 3 L I. allwalksotliie." b_ . I i 5n .$ 4 Negroes livingin slum conditions, hopelessand frustrated, teel .'~ 4. may an answer_to theirmany problems.Thesethe are Negroes, the J. less-educatedleast-privileged, and whom to Elijah directs appeals. his I_'or I?z. I ; these Negroes,the Muslimmovement a providesmeamby which they bothcan K _ _ d_V-_- : : , _ _ M{;'.._..,_.;:_.,_,7. _- . _ . I r i _!I -
-;< ~= =.
3:. £5-Q... .'-¢1_.<_ distant whiteworld, they as standsurrounded other by friendly black ._,> S :'< -QA 1 joined the N01 purelyfor selfish,ecopomic reasons,the bulkoi theNegro ~-5:: '! populationlittle shows interestin the religious oi aspects theN0l. .1 _ F 2 Negro onleaders manyoccasions soundly have thedenounced withN01 If its '_ id 5}»~92 ' versiondistortedIslam, of whichcontinually allattacks established age .1»-' 1?3 the Negronormally to looks forleadership. a noted AsNegro pastorin . 92 T7;Yi l Harlem warned,the teaching of theBlack 1luslim8v"isgoing in 1 way emu-uy - to what we knowbest. is solvesIt problems, no only but begets greater i -1. i .1-I antagonism. " p T 4 ?!v . 3 WhilethemajorityoiNegroesintheUnited8tatesdonotrushbd 7%-,. 4-> :;- " .s U_ I. .4 1»..- :35 join N01,the manyseemto respect it. Among those who do notjoin, z ... 13$ $ s L >I participateany in criticism oi it. The lluslimadvocacy black of supremacy . _.. J 7 H 11. .~ ,1 arousesthe sympathy oi many Negroes. silently They applaudthe holhess ps i T en *2 of Elijahand hisministers, openly condemnwho white people.This taps C I sentimsmsracial of pridewhich seldomfind avenues of expression. "' J. .'__'. -" g ~»Jl:- ?;.-- L ;5 a . - . . _ . - _. ._'1-_. ->-s J .- V:- iiislinil',_'repeatedtor cleanliving, sell-respect, appealsand self 92 ;..r,.,..92. *~> if ~- . .-. , .¢! '- 9 ~'-st I rl Jr l E; ; oi the white communityapparently gainedhave conside 92 .. '. ' ~ . _ i"~"-""~':--I »' .. 1-it-~ "-_ ' .-.-- , - _;,',,"_ -,. .,....,_.,- ; -- _":,§rv-V-, -. , »*.'1r-ye- >_ s. -; . - -.__..- ~_.-..._.¢...... - -~ , .-- 1:_--- 4 7 >__ "~*~ _ :~:_ _T_-_ _ _ .;-t_z~-u,i |- _- A_ - - _- -.- s on ' s N?! .-. _ , >1 - . |; 1 4"!J respect amongAmerican Negroes. They approve oi the way the lluslims live. - g - ; "l.' 4:: 4 > 92' Lacking knowledge oi the complete teachings at the cult, some Negroes see the 3 economic advantages only. Attracted by constant publicity about the claimed u9 rehabilitation oi criminals, and seeing the many photographs oi well-dressed Q ministers and members of the elite guard, Fruit of Islam F01!,they are IL if impressedwith the apparent success the N01 has had in bettering conditions - ;;_, . cl these members.They feel that anything that could helpthe Negromust be I pod. am, Those Negroes who read the N01 newspaper, "Buhammad Speaks," see in every issue a list of ten demands--"What the Muslims Want. " The rst V three oi these demands--full and complete ireedom, equal justice under the law, . -3 equality of opportunity--are iundamental principles which make up the American creed and are desired by all segments of our society. But other stated demands s d the Muslims include land ior a nation oi their own, exemption from all '5. F taxation, freedom from prisons ior all Negroes,and so forth. nose are impracticable, but many uneducated Negroes cannot help being receptive to a some oi these demands. ' ' ' , Also impressed by publicity on the N01 are Negro criminals serving I .14 in federaband State prisons. They are a very receptive group, who see 2 92 - .1 ._,_ llaslim ~ - ' within the prisons as an outlet for protest 1 ,~ against their _ ¢"> - 4 V. '1 ,1.-,. - a ~-' .<§i'__n- "'1? c ,r' -.$_ - . _, .,~ £3. 4 4_.~ - _._ .,.,_ " .:'.= =._ __- »Y _. . '_ . .92 ~ , . .. i » ~ . 4 ._ . n. ,, i '5 u ~ "' 7"---->. ~- '"~ '- _ I . .. " >- '* _ ' ' - V ¢~'§ .I._ H. 2. .. ..3',. -a_.-~ . V 92 r . ' _ L'_'", - . . ' In-n--..4_~_ -_..4:.11 1. 1 . t . . With theattitude what-have-I-to-lose,of hope they thatsome bene ts might cometo them by joiningthe N01. I 92_r.1L~1 For a multitude of reasons, there are American NegroesIb - ' sympathize with the Black Muslims or actually become loyal followers d i Elijah Muhammad and his N01 leadership For those who join, "the l£essenger's"word is law, and all who wish to remain in the cult must follow" llijah's mmdiscipline as imposed by his loyal ministers» an um discipline has not been able to prevent trouble in the cult. ._ v~ Ilijah's formerleading spokesman,Minister MalcolmX, Illjalfs ' sons Wallace and Akbar, and his grandson liassan Sharrietf broke from the cult. _I- romthese former leaders, we heard Elijah called "a religious taker" and "afraud" whopi omoted"concocted religiousteachings. Another " HG~ minister who left the cult in disgust described the N01 as "organized like an army"- -the members just "following along" trying to obey the strict discipline demanded bythe higher-upswho arecarrying on "one ofthe biggestrackets J " lntheland." = Who are these higher-ups of the N01? What type of man leads this , strange organization? . " gr . * z" vi ' "j",.v- _~ '-"Jfa».-:' . .4. »'_-_ Q x£:'Lf E < ~_' e » 1. vi v . - ..- Is 1- ll - ' .. . . ».IT'r=?:»-=§..,_;* * *1- ~ i.-- ..- _-"-"' ___'-~ , . _ '-1_* _ ' * ~ '>¢_1 hssnI l, ' I - ~' .7? '' ,', '92. ' --'92-'42? -", Pw::';,E::I; /-ail - .»w Q s_' . 4 ,-. ,_ ,- -... . I 0 ~ '9 £1f 4 l. C 4 IV. LEADERSHIPj___.-----" k. 5/ .;_A I. L National Officials 3 5* Absoluteruler over the N01is the "llessenger of Allah," tliish . .. r.>.' Muhammad,the 67-year-old former ElijahPoole fromSandersville, Georgia.formulates He approves and N01 all policy and decisions, has <2 s considerable » ' .1 .92'the entireiunds the oicult at his disposal, andpossesse .~,';Valuable propertiesthroughout country.the E : This small,frail, seeminglymeek humbleand man,who has if I and F,» onlyfourth-grade a iseducation, amaster creating at myth,mood, 5-§ mystery. Elijahpossesses that "something" mentionedin anessay on 5,! -,1 4 . leaders attributedto GeneralCharles Gaulle, de "Allah's for Messenger" .4 seemsunderstand to that "there can nobe prestigewithout mystery,N. ' . ._ tint, "in the designs,the demeanor and mentalthe operationsof leader,a , ..:2 A . there mustalways a be something which otherscannot altogetheriathom, >~.s which puzzlesthem, stirsthem andrivets theirattention. ~ Never appearingbefore public the withouthis black pillbox hat Z; 1..3 generously encrustedwith jewelledstars crescent,and seemsElijah 8;, rt is havea touch of the patient Orientalin mslace. neis not a dynamic - - t §'-f"s , ~. .:- ~w.-'f»'~ speaker,V public lectures,his ratherrasping drones voicein on.~ L~ ,f.92,;v 34-; --*"»*.92._, seems to knowto when shakehisaudience _ imo'l'W Q?}'V-§'I'p,;;1 "_ W '92 K . 1 _.4-..¢. ' ~ - - - . , - .- . ._. _.. _ , . , -- 0 I : 3 1I » /_." e "3 . - excitement Buddenlyhewill electrify them with a tiradeagainst "Qhlhsthe 92 devils,the " Government,or nonbelieving "so-called "Negroes. y ' From everyspeaker's rostrum on which appears hebelore the public, Elijah practicesbrinkmanship to tactics thefrenzied delightd his audience, '. ~92 ._4v some of whom frequentlyanswer veiledhis accusationswith, "That's right" .,_._,g or "PraiseAllah." They"get themessage" evenashe carefully relrains ,-,1_ . $ il- 1. from specificlanguage could which cause himto be arrestedfor "incitemeln" ~,' ,' or "advocacy. " _ 92 Financiallymaterially, and Elijahhas donewell forhimself theas "MessengerAllah, of with " hiswife,C1ara,and times at some of hisei it Q children, Elijahresided many for yearsin a19-room, elaboratelyfurnished V t _+_-J homeChicago. in Besidesthis $75,000 residence,he owns alsoother propertie "F4 I" in Chicagoand elsewhere.In Chicago, an apartmentbuilding a groupand of 1 ,. ,, . 92 w other buildingsownedby Elijah are valuedat more than $200,lI . ' ~ 1 ,1;: ii In 1961,claiming continuedhis asthmaticattacks it ?'i_ .-r for himto leave Chicago, llijahpurchased $24,000 a swimming-pool-equipped I; _. _;. residencePhoenix, in Arizona.He hadthis housecompletely remodeled J . -i. I _,. and movedthere in October, whilehis wife continued to maintain the homein lit :1 _',Wanting pretentiousChicago. morein Phoenix, surroundings2: s :~;: 12- roomresidence builton adjoining property, imo which he I - ta. .9 3.. . - - -..- ._ V - 5% 3" 1' I. '1 <. : . ' M r.-- ;¢~_-lg 4- . Q;"' %',~. __,..1 -.1 I:.~'- . ekeLb--_ I~w.* . » . I s _ ' -"§.¢;_._¢»» c - _ _',_ - ~v p 1-_;;,~_ _;'a._~s-~' _,-..~~> _ 92- A. '>»"_j! ¢~~ 92,¢.~1__;,ir ._ Yr s -._ . .-_.-c -. _ ___ , _ _, _ ---1,- cr -- ..' =- ., 7' ;-. ».-1.--r-'-<,;>*. - _ ~ . ,- -. _~_ < ~, - . - -. ._.K .-"" e -* ?6'. -""',';',-.¢-=-.:»- "v"¬~* :~- Q ' V .- II --4" - . ..- ' 5' -g '_-~...1 - J. -' . _ , *__ ' . ;*- - *'_ ',:;¢?T. .»'i_;~t"; 5 § _ _, _. ._T ' ' > .-.,"~.'_~ 1 ~ is ~7' q§,_.. 1 .~ .=»l _ ., t. ._ c.-.,. §4'_.. 5-.-.2--__ 4- ~ . ,v-, . A , ~ ' : T_; --7-?-" - ° 5-".92 - ;.._ 7:j --;" .*592 -;" ' r .' ,_:_' 1,. _'._, _ -.'~'r*.; 92___ """ *-"2-92.-- , _ J_ ~?§ 5~- =1?-" __2 "» "L- 1-»_»§_ u___ __3_ E______' ___ _ H__,"______ _1,__ rm: KA_ _~__ 9 ? _:f_ I : ~_ ___{ M___92 Ii ___r_,___ _ wif, ._ ___i_m__. it. __92___,>_*_Hj_:_W__>____'_ _mamid_U:____ IAiik__:__?_K _M H_ V_____qX _~__1A_I>___ __ _"_ _ c ,_*_____?_:9____ _$ _£~_ _5_'___ _fV_,I _A%_ _VWm _v_~H §_>_ _>I - V_r _;__~£_ __&éQL_2______'___! 92_ ____%_~'__*_&_Hv__M_§;f _ ___>_£?;___ __ __:_____n ___Ni__ _,_ A_" _r_ _ ____Lu______h__9___._ vL _'M___ I____Q_: r_t m_H >'_Y v_:______'__'LW»_ 3 -_¢__§_"W_.__M_ U_2-...___H_¢_V __m_H;5% _Vv<_ _a P_!_>___4>_Y__}; ___ __A_'muAeJ! -V_v__>____m__Yl___>____.M___F U_ _?_; __~__Jio Nu_:_____ _ U WD_ __mifIQ _ __ H _~__,HV___Z?__MI '_H__._____n_I'_.I. _ __v_>__ __i__@$ :;_V92 _L ____Vv___ __ _'> __v '_____v>vV._'_x___; 'g;'_>_!_v __i _}:1"! Hmlmma__ _gJ!IJU_mH_;'_JmI_ 92_M.§___g_H__!__$_"_,_ " w___w __r_ ihm ¢§ h§®JgMi_a__¢_____3 5 WK; L _ A3. A_>.__,>_._:_> __;b_E:.y92_ifH: ;92 _ ,1i_Qh 3__s__§A££ R:F"QVipEL'_ __ _u_. :_92!t__It if' _t _ D1 __ _ . 92 " -., . 4 I - .- . ~ - _ ,- -Qr_'.§/. -é4l p!';mfP-,,~_»_._,...,_ -1.-. ¢_ 1= :1_ . n-1:174 __al>~ -' __ g ._; _<-; W ~ ~47 , - ' ' " '.-'..-.<~?'- i 1-J =?'<.92 5~ _' -. - .1 ! » if: -;'x -e-'...~- . .@I January, 1964.This home and itsfurnishings valued areat approximately G':,-is L '1» 92. -a . | 9100,000. ls retains theother Phoenixhome ashis office. _ 1, ' Though the headquartersof the N01 remainin Chicago, Ilijah spent- 92 1 mostof his time inPhoenix, wherehe is served a bychauffeur, cook, all! A severalfemale secretaries.lnvolvements betweenElijah and several of his :0 young, unmarriedsecretaries resulted have considerable in embarrassing 92. pblicitytothisleaderofacnltthatclaimstohavemoralsolits raisedthe members throughits strong condemnation of adultery, fornication, lying, stealing, smoking, et cetera. .535 ,s~ In July,1984, hos in Angeles,two of these former secretaries filed92 -x -1. E 92 P4 ; paternity namingsuits Elijahas thefather of their children. of Onethem y J claimed Elijahhad fathered herthree children and theother claimedone child "v . Yr! lP by llijah.In Chicago,in July, 1962, two other former secretaries. . causeda " .55 .- '1'publicized when incident,each of them left herbaby the onfront lawn 0! V 9 ' $3 V . mum: residence.Bach claimed um sumhad fatheredher childand demanded" ix i' l thathe continuesupport. Since1957, severalother youngsecretaries hare. I heen similarlyinvolved Elijah with andhave bornehis children. The situation I0 has becomeso notorious that membersof some of llijah'stemples jokingly . referone of theoccupational of servingas a hazardssecretary to -,-Q4 ' ' $91.'7'" wife,Ciara,daughters, . his hishave sons and Q iii been A ° r 8 llijslrs misconduct for severalyearsbecause butof theircompl A '5 '.._ '- ~ - v - -*~. -.~ 1~- 31%;- -=.. - . ' < -'.r_e ;. . ;'._ - _ _ ' v -.-__:_.; 4 __ ..~_-;:__.~ ..--., ., 32¢._,. 1 ' ='L92-3 - 4 - »~ u,.____~ - ' »'~' _ ~92 L3-"'3 . - ":.'..u. _ - ' _ __'_ - . <-,.1: _,, ¢ f1- 4< --B*_ P . ."v; _- - .;>"- o~',§J .-Q -- ,;¥§,.!-1;.--.92- _..~ .' ;. e-___,, - __<»,§..-.: __ i ;. ._ 92 -7:3,. : .. .~t 11 h ~, : _ _ .- _ ...... ___ _ W _M ___ , 92 _ _-__§;;.~ _ E ~ .3;;<1*='.-'1 -~__ :'_j _ 44- I~= »';'-~= ;-:*1'»$ska: %-~ ~ .. hf-" -£4 - . - L1' 3 . - ,.~<-.: _ "-v-?:4;92~ *1- »:~¥--=--' ~-.3 -9-@ "j;"~r-e"-ii~.e~ = --= -I,rv. -¥ e,¢.5 ,:.r ~qi,,,_ *.1%~?1>*="- ~ - ..7. - ,3 ;-, ~- "-. fwi - _/ ~< t @__@_@.@_-I- ' _ _ i." . I _'--".1 "_ _-: 4--' ..,.=:=-._' ~ r 4. " ".. =~: '»_< .':m;.,.1";-":<..1. -wig-"92-| it § '. '|_ -- Lea." . ! i a ! A Z. P 3.5.. 92'-. i economic dependenceupon him have hadno choice but to ignore his Adi 1;.- 5 . ' F E They havebeen completely engaged inand supportedby N01 activities . 1,ii _ Z Y. throughouttheir lives. Most oi them haveheld someleadership positionin ' 1: F kn the cult hierarchy and because ofthis have fared well economically--llijah Q has been generous in supplying all their wants. I Until the defections of E1ijah's Wallacesons andAkbar, his Q t 1 a grandson HassanSharrietf, the N01 hierarchyhad predominantlyincluded - 3 . most members of E1ijah'simmediate family. Still holding leadership positicms F are hissons Herbertand Elijah,Jr , and hisson-in-law RaymondSharriefi. f Herbert, 36years old, married, and havingat _leastsix children, ' % I I has for years beenconsidered headof public relations for the N01and, as t. 5 "Muhammad Speaks"newspaper representative,he has travelled extensively. » 4 z Since 1962, he has madetour trips to Africa, one trip to Cuba and Mexico, V ._A lti and onetrip to Jamaica. On each trip, he hasattempted toimpmve theimage ~> of his father'sand cult gain support ofpersons abroadfor the N01. Herbert, like his father, has had anaffair with an unmarriedyoung womanwho hum him a child and with whom he is constantly having trouble concerning support oi this child. 3:1 steers old, marrieti. with nan r~"="i~~¢ »"r " of the F01 and i bakery andgrocery inChicago foryears. Elijah,Jr. , tailed to . _ > "' 1 " - ' y . V. < 0 $1- -¢§. -Qt: L , » i 3 underthe Selective_ &_ Service Act, was arrestedbythe FBI, and laterregiltsiidw, "-11; .;_ asa conscientious objector, .' his local however, draft hoard advised he wasnot '-' v- 't';~,' acceptablemilitary ior serviceas he was a "marginal literate. There"are , ; V reports thathe heads a young "strong-arm group"olthePGinthe Chicago Temple,which has on severaloccasions assaultedandbeaten N01 members who were being disciplined. llijalfs daughterEthel Sharrieti, 41 years old, mu-ma to RaymondI mrrieil, hadthree childrenby her first husbandand twoby Raymond. lie is 4 diabetic andhighly emotional. For severalyears, shehad acted as supreme , captainof the Muslim GirlsTraining HGT!;but, accordingto her son Hassan, she wastemporarily suspendedby Elijah because brokeshe cultrules by continuing tocontact Hassanafter his defection. Ilijah'sdaughter, other LottiePagan, 88 years old, and hisother D two sons,Emanuel, 44 yearsold, and Nathaniel,40 years old, arestill considered Muslimsthough theyare notat presentin leadershippositions. ' 'Raymond Stiarrie ,4&6 yeanfsold, to ,;. ehughter Ethel,is thesupreme captain.d the FOL Raymondhas been a Muslim ' r manyyears, mm he served about a 1!'i-'ed.er:>J. - , 4> _, ,7 . .7 . ,. Di the l 4: rem» .l..v..as 1., 1.L J ._ '>92 I gL .-"_ . L ;...;;~'3 , acts also ufumszee the for not n . u 1. _92 n ¢- - '> ¢ . ' 92 ' '- " ' ~' " '.»~-<1 .1 »~-. ..§. __ i _ 0 - ., M . -' , ff 5.-. -'._.J¬.£ v,._.-1111' " At -,_1 92. 1."v""?-"§&.:~_n;.-.*. .;,":;'»~'I 3 ..,;+ " goi ,6,_ . _- _; 'J ~-' -=' .-,--._1Y»,=.__ .- I ~ . ~ . , 1~"-4,-I.. - 1 . . . . t- _ ., . 27¢t92'A92z ;_q_A_t _..,_>l ~.;._~ -I -: ~92,...._,_~ . .~_'. -__ .-;~-1.<, _-_r_~§__ w -',_._. ». Q a l *~ - __r-- ~92 |r _;' *" '1* V - ,_ - ' - , ' . . V .. . . E > N _ V ._ I .- .- 4 . a- . ' ' " , . I -- I _._.5 ' ~,* . _ a 4' . .2 The onlynonfamily memberamong Elijah'snational leaders is John Simmons, known in the NOI asJohn Ali.He hasbeen nationalsecretary of theN0! sinceMay, 1960, and his dutiesconsist mainlyof fund gathering and handlingNOI's the dealings. financialis Be 87years oldand divorced.is He has servedin the United StatesArmy, wasemployed a as part-time teacher, worked anas accountant,and hasbeen anN01 membersince 1954.llijah's son andgrandson, whenthey leftthe cult, advised that John Ali isan opportunistis who inthe cult only for thefinancial opportunitiesand status he canmaintain throughcooperation Elijah.with Bothclaimed thathe ll completely untrustworthy,has misappropriated cult funds, and is"loose morally. " - B. Dis sidents Though troubleshave eruptedamong members of thecult onmany occasionsthe in past, none hadpublicly involvedthe solidarity of the national hierarchy. Manypeople havewondered causedwhat rashthe ofdetections and expulsionsof former lesaiers the of cultduring thepast year.E would be difficult to statefor certain,because it must be rememberedthat the dissident formermembers andleaders wishlater loudlyconaiemed Elijiah -sl_;t;1.i-,». I,jI_ 1;. 3, ,. . , . ~ W among hishop supg;a3i'ie;;"sshad zwecruitsrs. y , V _¥ But Elijahdoes havetrouble his in "royalfamily. " The first L; outwardof signs growinga dissidencewere revealedafter MalcolmX §-L . ., ..' _ .._ Q W Q .-__-. -.~,< '~ $74 - T - ',_-_=;Aog~-.__ Q , . 92 - , - .» _. , , _ i ' - V , . :,_ ; >1:~'.;§fQ§3§§.;v,-gj,-5,,,v:-, 3 v Q >7 ? -54*.-~~ l 1 2 NOI OFFICIALS _» 7 '3,: - -11 * > _- -_§;i~15¢. 1% ff - . ____;§1. /_. P"'_5 ."~- , 3% 5.. I 1 i s E P, i> Natioxll Secretary Supreme Captain of FOI 1 i 5 O _ *1~.: »Q".! - ,5. 1% 1.1 » _-no-_ '7 :_ ,¢ +1 - 4' iw? mn- In- 45 -§"*~"i ., : >~ 1~-~*-"i _ - §92 ... .- . "' ' p» V '*:>.,*$?;;~..,_~,;,, ¬ s Ar..4; . Q g3,» _-.., ,4 ; ~ ,1 -~¢. . .. ~> -" ,;*. ~».- 31* :- i. -_ _ ," 92 t9,L:{ _¬"; 'J92-_- w! uhammad Jr. ~ . H rbert Muhammad _ . A gm __ ._ , u . . _ . ,____._7,_.._,,: °f}_' §+_ ;._,-""r.._ V .~_,_,_; ,'-'-.~=.-'.>: k,~____ .~ . - >§_ >.'._; Heat: _ .._ of ._ Public ._-, _ - Relations -~<,_,iv-.- _ _ -,1, - _:_.v~ L V "_~._ aqu-eme I t , -_ 4. -_ _ 1. _k_92-"~135- 3 , 1?; "j<.,, 4,-Anas » _ -~~'nQn - I 7 . ! Y W .-_| I ~| '-" am -.'i" '_~ri-'- i'f':_' 'i 92 1" .1"~"i'_ , 7 92 -, an . a statementon December 1, 1963, characterizing PresidentJohn I . , assassinationan as instance of "the chickens ' 5|? cominghome to roost. "He had toldacheeringliblauclienceinNewYorhCitythatthisdidnotmakehimsad,_ it madehim glad.Elijah fearedthe publicityresulting fromlla.lco1m s virulent statements wouldpresent toa sorrowing Nation animage ofhis cultwhich might lead to trouble forhim. A few days later,therefore, heannounced that, because ofMalcolm's statements,he would not be permitted to makefurther piblic speeches. For a month, many furtiveconferences wereheld between llalcolm and members of Elijah s hierarchy. Differences becamemore pro- nounced, andin early January, 1964, Elijah removed Malcolmas ministerof Temple No.7, in New YorkCity. Malcolm, onhllarch 8,1964, publicly announced completehis breakwith Elijahand theNOL On manyprevious occasions,Malcolm hadgloated overdisasters to white people without incurringcensure fromElijah forhis remarks.For example, onthe occasionof thecrash ofan airliner in Francekillim 120 Georgia tourists,Malcolm spokeof thetragedy as"a beautifulthing that has happened.There " areindications that Malcolm's remark madefollowing the ?resident s assassination was not the real cause but rather the excuse for ¬i '4 made Elijahjealous anduncomfortable. ft .5 as-"*1. , 1 ' ;,*. .¢ f i , , is / _~,. 92n " V .- 1 ¢~= - 1-;-vs "J" " re: .._...... ~ -»~ =,_;-1»N . ,. ,1 . _ _ 0 1" -.. -.~ - _ a -I1 - " V-~ _ _ -.»~ - --< ,» of .. - .,,,,Mr.;_ -if-"'-1,"' -'-5" -. "1--Y --'. - -'¥--- -, . ;= :. _."' :95? -1 -~g_-h~.-t . 1,. ,Q ~ 4 -_ ~. _ ~ ~~ Y -»-4.e<_, _" ,_1 -. _ - ., 7. - .- . . , - ,. ,. .» , . ._.,_..,» . .5 .3!. Ix . _' ,_-M1 ,._7-.,,__...va. " 1 ~ - - M . . Z--'*a~ if 77 92 u 1, "*" 92 . .,_.-_,--- ....-....e-.Q,. ---=-='-#-"------=¬-,-:,.e.4.,_._,e . , 0 1 I, ! . -<92. » e Over the years,the publicpress haddevoted moreand more "< : .. ~ .ea. ,4 p '- . ; 4 coverageMalcolm to becauseof hisviolent denouncementsofwhite poqll in * ' his many publicappearances--in throughoutspeechescountry, the iril radio andtelevision interviews,and instatements madeto the press. More andmore importancewas attributedto his position thein cult- -many cjf. to '~ articles reportedthat Malcolm overshadowed and Elijah wastaking over the *>":'11 K cult from Elijah, whowas ill.This causedmuch concernto Elijah and § . membershis of family.When Elijahwas notable toappear the at annual iI Muslim conventionin Chicago on February26, 1963, and his placewas lled F 1 by Malcolm,Elijah's feltMalcolm wasfamily too "bossy"and was"grabbing" a too muchpublicity forhimself. Resentmentand hostility toward Malcolm D rapidly increasedamong variousmembersof Elijah's family. L About this time, Elijah : sonWallace, who had fora long time i been considered"heir apparent"tohis iather s position, released was tram - a Federal prisonwhere he had beenserving timefor hisSelective Service r violation. ThoughWallace wason parole and couldnot engagepublicly in I r §. cult activities,it became obvious thathis attitudetoward hisfather and other cult leaders hadchanged considerablyfrom his preprison attitude. ail. aka, ;.@;;;,:.+,.:f";. aecend wife, had -..92 bow .~_ :2 _ , educatedthe atcult's school,University the Elam oi 2.No. lazing r. >1? ' f a8'Elijah'sl,-I 92 . favoriteson, Wallace had actedas culta minister-at-largeand 0 ~. _ . l---i-VT -- -' -~____ _ , . . v-:.-£5!7§¬.~";='9- _~.?e'. '.- n I 4 I-='.- e _ _ - _ 1*-'3'? '--... >" v '.$1:-;-,. __~__ ,-"-.-92,.-,' ~'_ "~ » ._:.- '5a - * . - ~ .-~92.v>> *,¢e:: *I *7, - .-:=v _ /~'_ "- . . --.,,' ~-~'92 $8:_ .._. _, ..~. p_ ii." _ _ » ~.."~:.,~'~ _--_ ,. -1 _ __ v,_~.._.,1J, _.. -' _ -.', .'n-*0,-~.-.,, . _, - , _ , V . . 92 > .. - . _ - . , _ V ,.,_ -:__._ .~._.r= .-,-3, : . . _ § > 4:.-n ._=/' _» . w. I like otherministers strongly had supportedallof his father's ii beliefs. .. _,_ April, 1960,he was sentenced three to yearsfor failure to report for hospital work asa conscientious objector. Duringthe nextthree years,his fathermade ~ unsuccessful courtappeals tokeep Wallaceout ofprison. Elijahclaims to have spentabout $20,000 inthese courtbattles. OnNovember 1961,1, just threedays before entering prison,Wallace marriedhis secondwife. AccordingWallace, to evenbefore enteredhe prisonhe hadexperi- .7 ~ snced doubtsabout someof his father's teachingswhich he had feltwere in L oppositionto orthodox Muslim teachings.Then, whileserving hisprison term, he hadtime toreflect ona statement made theby judgewho hadsentenced him concerning howhe had been "dominatedby his father. "Be claimedhe also wondered abouthis father sconnection withFard, whohis fatherclaimed was Allah butwho, inFax-d's which writings Wallace had seen,had calledhimself the '_'Messengerof Allah. " ? Upon leavingprison inJanuary, 1968,Wallace saidhe attempted to clarify someof his doubts abouthis father and histeachings. talkedHe to other membersof his family concerninghis father'sbehavior but,he said, becausetheir of completefinancial dependenceon their father, theydid nothing. N91 and F131 .. even teachingsomeclasses the at Universityof Islam, he apparentlystirred up much<_:o_ntroversy his concerning father'sactivities, nationallyboth gzjf and i ' .1'.< -23- -- - s i 92 - - - ~ _. yea-gg.__ 1 ~I, g~_.~-92< ,-V. 4- .~ .- e - ,_e~> . " *~' n-pain '' bk - - _ _ ' . -'e » _ ' ' _ ~- §¬'_ §» §: ?.»; ;.i','.*;=.§...-..'...'-- .1: »-__'_;q*__':;'!: , ¢| "1 " 5' : C _ ,;-.A_. . _ _ ,_,i-_;~~=r I*= r in theChicago Temple.By' January, 1964, word had reachedIllilh e 4: weneee and Malcolm hadtalked togetherand withothers ' eebeei-em;. ImamI ' relationship hiswith various secretaries the and misuse oi cultiunb U] 1. Elijah andhis hierarchy.For sometime though,Elijah tookno actionagatllt his son. 4 » Apparently, llijah's grandsonHassan Sharrie was oneof thecult X at members whowere influencedby theswelling undercurrentin Chicago. assln, during 1963and untilat leastlay, 1964,when heallied himselfwith Wallace, § had regularlyattended N01meetings, actedasa lieutenant 0! the POI in Muslim Mosque MM! No.2, andwas managerof the 104130. I clothing store. In June,1964, Hassan left nodoubt concerninghis feelingsabout his grandfatherand theN01. Hewent tothe ChicagoPolice onJune I3 ' requesting protectionfor himself and hisUncle Wallace.He advisedthat, - at a meeting oi theN01 inChicagoan June21, bothhad beendenounced as "hypocrites" andexpelled fromthe cultfor deviatingfrom theteachings 0! Elijah. Becauseof this,he feltcertain theywould beattacked, asHansen 4 ¬ knew umother membershad beendisciplined bybeatings deliveredby the Chicago Temple'sgoon squad. » . U-ad ,- , ; 1.; , , .. _, . . -.,'=4,,,; , _,. e92 W/»_;~,"_, ' .t._»Po92>»£3_<.~»-¢.;li--,.1a>.».>qp~»» ...a~',£;j->.» ,,._..e.., §o- Mvv M. 43..3 , .._.»i.'¢;.¢.~- u -.X~-,:9292»'@'svl -M-'7e<~9292'1_ .s-.1. '5.:,, .,>4.$._ ..,,»/:;¢;:'_ ' ~;'-:Y:~ -l. » :;,92=_§ .".#§;;5.3-"? '19 . ' . .4-._ ~ 1., 5 . . July 8,1964, announcedthe charges oi corruption in theROI hrou both-Wallace andKassan. Hassancalled hisgrandfather fake"a - . '._'~~_*_ rt. _,.. . _ ,_;.__ . -..=»_-,4 - -> ~ » .- »_~5- 25- vi--, .1v_.. ' V ~ __l ». _. 1 L . _i- 1:'..92'_92f> e ' I 1- -' - --I 2;}" "1'-1 .5 1.. ~r".' -:-~ . ."-- ¬3.§ ~~ *3-,1 13;;-, *~'»- V ~-1*, -_',-.-."'1"'.=+"~"-.1:2;,"Q92'1e"! 'r_; "f - +4 - -' . -<" 153; X1»? v. .1 .-- ;- -~'.:*. ii,-p ;-> ": I 5 ! . iv Ii l L Be alsosaid, am"I notrelerring any to singlelndividua1's or __wrongdoings1 I ?corruption; I amreferring Mr. to Muhammad and wholehis stall." Wallace 1,agreedthe to accusations againstMuslim the hierarchy,telling paper,the l 1 b "Not onlyare theytrue, they are mild." , > Anotherof son Elijah, 25-year-old Akbar,was publicly denounced as a "hypocrite"in the January 1965, 1, issueof "Muhammad Speaks.Better " othcatedother than membersof thetamily, Akbargraduated a business from schoolChicago in 1958 in and,sincethe Fallof 1961,has beenattending a universityCairo, in Egypt.Akbar's from expulsion thecult followed a visit_ he andhis Egyptiansecond andwife childmade this to countryduring F November,1964. Elijah had expectedAkbar, whilehere, denounce to publicly l Wallace, MalcolmX, andother "hypocrites. " Instead, Akbar a toldNewYork newspaperwhile thatwas he Cairo in eyeshis beenhad opened.Be saidhis Ffather'sof religion "brand"was homemade"a with one ownits tightrules and regulationstend thatstiile to anycriticism its 0! leader." Akbar his and lamlly shortlyreturned toEgypt. Ilijah indeedhas hadtrouble his in "royalfamily"! Further confusingthe image of Elijah Muhammad the and NO!were :§.»'__,.<. . : ~ _,1., -..=..,.;_,~.,1..' ., .,. 1 .-.~.-l» ..- ,4r.,.» I E ehma.e""<;,Following M65. Malcolxzds opendbreakwith theN01 March, in 1964,he wasoutspoken his' - in :1»age, .»-.,; gs .1- -_.._. * 7 92 g K I W ii I _ . l ,1._. _r qi 92_l§v._ 1 . . _ 1 1 .i, 1- .._4;... opposition toElijah. He formed twoorganizations, theIuslim UOQO, l - 153?. 1 A e Incorporated, andthe Organizationoi Afro-AmericanUnity, whichU claimed would better serve the Negro nationalists. Some !IOI_membors. left with Malcolm and became members of these new groups. hiring several extendedperiods in 1964, Malcolm travelled in many ofthe Mrican countries He returned, amid much publicity, to the United Stateslate in : 1; 1964 andimpressed manywith hisnew image. He appeared tohave sdtenod his violent statements althoughhe still openly condemnedElijah andhis cult. Early in 1965, Malcolmbegan a series of rallies in NewYork City. On February21, 1965,just asMalcolm beganto speak to a gatheringof bout 400 Negroes,a disturbance started andseveral menran towardthe ital d the meetinghall firingguns at Malcolm. Be wasslain instantly.Arrested, and identi edby atleast one witnessas Malcolm'sassassins wereseveral Negroes whoin the past hadattended N01functions. ' This eventfullast week of February, 1965,ended withIl llfl dissident sonWallace makingan appearanceat theannual ROIconvention I1 Chicagoto ask forgiveness thingsfor hehad saidabout hisfather andthe EI- Though, sincehis expulsionfrom thecult in June, 1964, Wallacehad headeda =~- - » " = . .r..._ I= *Jl!.92%@¥lL - ._ "71 F. ,-. - .- t» 5. .?"w~"" 4 -'é" 5'5. ' a» »- . - ¬- silt? . '5 ~ . .1:-.~<~~1 - gociety, surprisinglyWallace wasreaccepted the into NOI on therecommenda- 1 :.I §»* non oi his father. ' ~ l t , -.:."r._. . ~.~_~'pg2__ V I v_ _. - W ',-71--3!-; .§-'.- » .-. . Q 92-,6 Q _ ;,V1y.a:_.?,<>?__;_92 l: ;92';,';;>.- - 1 sf;-_ ..:ai-r,t$n_»-:~,a_ :__ ., r ,~'-f1;'9292V; - . >_ ; " .;_ t__3 - ;i__._ - . .. » a {'1 --____§ .,< 3 The firstweek llarchof broughtanother surprisingdevelopment. ,,, As reportedin theChicago press on March 6, Hassan Sharrietidecided to "returnthe to told." At ameetingwith hisgrandfather, Hasean'splea for reinstatement was accepted. What thefuture holdsfor ElijahMuhammad his and organization cannotpredicted. be the-dissidents,Among followinghlalcolm's apparently isbeing taken over hisby hallsister, Hrs.Illa Collins;and, whilethe Uplift Societynow is dormant,those whohad followedWallace cannotbe pleased by _ his decisions.The manyaccusations againstElijah byMalcolm, Wallace,and Hassan notwill quicklybe forgotten.Feelings betweenpresent andformer IUI memberscontinue tobe strained. ~ I - '92a L . J - 8'!V- " .~ -. 2;," .. 1.1" '_,_~ ,, 92 Q Yr - -- meg Q1 .J " £0 I _ ' "v ,* ' ~I>¢>;*___ .,__ __ , _ ' ' ~ ; . ' "X". fy" ~-mi _ 3 .- _,, ,._ ~ v -- » - - 0'--.---- -4._;ai-AI -~~q ' ' i ! » _ . .,_' -'~.__;_,» . 1.1L - . . V. ORGANIZATIQNAI,-w8TRUC'I,l URE,_ " , . ~ A. NationalHea :492 national headquartersof thecult have been Temple at 2, No. inChicago. 4 Muhammad :No. Temple2 of the HolyTemples Islam oior, as it is - gt sometimescalled, Muhammad'sMosque2, No. islocated 5335 South at -- Z5 V, 1, GreenwoodAvenue, and adjacent to isit thellniversity oi Islam80. _ 3,- - .-.1 Y v Q ¢ 'at 5883 South Greenwood.In thebasemertsof buildings thesethe areoffice! _ 0' in of thecult National s SecretaryJohn SupremeAli, at theCaptainF0! Baymod _ Sharrie hisand assistant, Elijah, , Jr.and their secretaries. lip aecre- A taries whohandle incomingmail, filing, et cetera, are employedat Elijah : ,~. I long-time residenceat 4847South Woodlawn.Headquarters the cult tor /~ newspaper, "MuhammadSpeaks,"at are 634East 79thStreet. i B. National Egieméaerg, f ThoughN01 the never has published membership estimates figures, reportedby thepublic newsmedia rangedhave a from lowof 25,000to Ip high259, of0&0, "¢:*¬i :1 %3 :P nzzrnbezrput at '70, 004!. or!Allthese iigures §l ¬3i3f;1j,*are ::,§:l , ;!_;;_'=l!1§;£a L,»§§-LL. V V > -,1 . ,-"'0:, _ After his detection,grandson Elijalfs estimated Hassan total¢ the =_ meinbershipoi thecult 7,000; asand this figureapproximates estimate the_ 3"; . V59" ~. »r-. . , '1 !-41 _,,.,,i_..-11: ~ _ 11 _ ._ - . . _V -~., . »-.~, - _ _ .. vl..¢'-'~ - '~ . - .~,..J. .' - . 92-' ... ,-_ __ ¢ a~-K .-- '.. -~ -4* E?. . 1-92.y- .,""'-'II""- " ,~a- , V - .4 1.,"J iii "-1". ~ 9- - » . " " ' 1 ~ -a" --_ $-';*f;'1-'_..»- "~- -_92- ,. .1?" '?,"_'§;._~~_q~_o_h ; F¢,." .. ,. . . _ 92 _ .,> - -I , - v"_,~,_=!:_-. ;'Z -_. ; ...... _....A -_.. . _ ._. , <_...._.,..,..._._..f__.;_;_._._: ._. __. __ __ i> » . 92 , l4 '.- 3, 000 too high. ConcerningNOI's the membership,Bassan saidno one in theN01 hierarchy anyhad positive idea theoi actualnumber members. of has As been ' OI knownthe by FBIfor years,the membershipat anygiven time could onlybe estimated,as there is a constantinflux ofnew persons,which is balanced by an egressionof oldmembers Newpeople beginattending meetingsona fairly regular basis Hueyhave their names enteredthe in "Bookoi Life, " maintained in Chicago,and obtaintheir "X" names. Butas newmembers enter into the g cult's activities,many others at any given timeare invarious stagesof disillu- sionment--theyto attendfail meetings regularly,[ail tomake therequired contributions,not do gcceptthe templeleaders discipline,and aresoon com- pletely outof all the cult's activities. Hassan hassaid thatapproximately new 100 personsa month join the Chicago Templebut that"members leave asfast as newones join"and,therefore, faira number 0%years Line 'ts> c:1l i~n-:;=;+;i<1'a.=»;¢s; * :f§ :1§C5;~i:§1§C92remained almostthe has same everalyears Chicago Temple,complained during thatthe 1961 annual Muslim convention, 500 person ?"signed for up" membership but onlyiive ofthem remainedin the temple. t . '~2__ -W _ I, a. -____ 1 _ __ _ <_. .~- --0-.Q. -¢.¢_~>¢~ _..¢-g;._;92~'*- , ,-_ - Ii. Ii -'~, ~' __,.I L4/. 2 .i C. Templesor Mosques ':.,> Individual temples,or mosques, are located in various cl ll throughoutUnited the States,but all are underthe complete tllcl lnod the nationalheadquarters Chicago. at Elijahhas designated altogether 88 numberedtemples, ofone which has beeninactive several for years. The active8'1 numbered temples attended are about by800 4, theat totll of slightlyover 5,000members thecult. Only of six theseof templeslive a membershipof over300 memberseach Thesesix temples are located in Chicago;Detroit; YorkNew City;Washington, C.; Philadelphia; D. and I.-os AngelesAlmost oihalf theNOI's membership total to thesebelong six temples,Six other temples memberships have between of ant!800, 100 and theall rest 5 numbered temples! less have than100 memberseach- several havingless than20 memberseach. About N01750 membersattend meetingsthe 31 of unnumbered N01groups in various incitiesthe country. Many these groups of are led by visitingministers nearby irom temples,who frequently are accompanied by membersfromtheir own templesan in attempt to stimulate interest in these neigliboringcities. Meetings usually held are small,in rentedrooms Qt ;,~ 1 ,>1*§~J:.92!-v;'L424!92|: ail ,. , p~ ,' L 0 _., .- ' ~ ,1. - ~, :1; hi? ~_,..i___,,',"¢ -if-i .§..,,_,n,,__ _ 92: 92~I-I?!"/"I '=*~ . t - :1 *_~§_._U 5 ii ., " ,4: -_%== 4 , ' >r . "_-_ ~ __ _ -'1 an 0 ' A. t . . _ . H _r K I f 1 MUHAMMAD'§ TEMPl.E$ DI ISLAM ___. Vi hL q» ,¢@. 92/-¢ Q Iq§& v"4 --iv» .' I-1 . .. ," Si. Iv- ._ FF;< K E Y 5| 0 NUIBERED TEIPLES .~ . f. _*-Q. I -.¢ o UNNUIBERED GROUPS v-,1 / p . I 3v NUMBERED TEMPLES omnon, ancn. cameo, xu.. LOUISVILLE, KY. mnumzs, ns. xzwuex, u. 1. saw FRANCISCO,CALIF. RBI ORLEANS, LA. nsmucrou, u. c. ms ANGELES. CAUF. IJNROE, LA. cmcnnum. 0|-no swrr LGJIS, I0. FLINT, IICH. wxmonx-:, aw. IUSKEGON, IICH. nun, FLA. nu voax, n. Y. KANSAS cm. IO. SAGINAI, IICH. sue nmco, aux-. sauna aauo, mu. MINNEAPOLXS, UINN. vouncsroru. omo PATELGON, u. J. PHOEN1X,AR1Z. ATIAKTIC cm, u. 1. cam, um. mama, n. 1. aosrou, uss. waau, re. c. Paovmaucs, R. L nnuoaunna, PA. IILIINGTON. m-21,. mums!-zauas, s. c. SPRINGFII-1LD,Il.A$S.cwmwrr:-:, u. c. IEIPHIS, mam. AKRON, euro NASHVILLE, nun. §..hR"£ ¥C!3?¥3,C é i_ 1,/=, ,=.3§5'}..1 Liz, L. "rams w.1:a~1*0re, "rams , _~ -92 ~92.._~..m»& .1. .- ,. .~...»;..£<.1,,'§....e=.'~.._w G¥U92k"i3 §..%~."»u =.-=.»¢~-.=...»=Yv.~1,..m.;"»s.>*J;~@-"<.¢ ~ LYNCEBURG, VA. -L -71 Ll'.ET, ILL. IQARTINSVILLE, VA. CLEVELAKD, G110 smmcam. ALA. NEWPORT HE'S,VA. ;{_? aamospozr, oouu. ; -, :7. DAYTG, GEO [email protected] VA.' f ~_ =;-0: I J yncmownux. rm. - VA. ** Psusacol-A. ru. RQRFOLK BERKLEY, cf ? I.I J. , VA. auaoa, PA. usr cameo. um. £A'l'l'l-LIBII. ALO, ll. 1. :92m|svn.|..'.. lm. IACILIS. _ w lmuuunlous. um. r - ._. . ... y 1 .. oun,vA. _¢ '1- ' T ' 4- '~.'.~ *-, ~ _ ' . - _"' -. .-,.-,,._ __ »=L,""'""""" * 92 _ W? w;»__{_',.3 3- ¢_ ._,-_.__. W _ T 92 » ~.._§Q¢_@£|nulI -4. -n--- 3'-_~__ .__,___.__.____ >' __* -- ~ : . ' "1" * ; ~ " " " 1'.1+'~:.=e::~:-<.--f-."-~~*= -we;.=> " _ _ it > -r 1-- ~ ¢L M ya,I _, _ of theseunnumbered groups l show onlythat tourgroups overhave50 persons ~ 1- » Y.-Ia regularly attending.All ofthe 27other groupshave lessthan 85members each, with many having less than 10. llost templesare located in theheart oithe lowereconomicor deteriorating Negroneighborhoods. Exceptfor thelarger temples,very few are ownedby the N01 andmost arerented hallswhich arefrequently the on second oor overa store or some other commercial establishment.The notable . exceptionsin are Chicago, the nationalheadquarters, in and Washington, D. C., where theonly NOI-builttemple islocated. l It is interestingto notethat half of the totalNegro populationof the United States as of the 1960census! residein the 11 SouthernStates whichmade up theConfederate Statesof theCivil War period. Yet,in thisarea, theN0! has onlysix templesand 17small, unnumberedgroups havinga membership of only about600 outoi thetotal cultmembership approximately of 000. 5, Obviously the ROIhas made no great impressionon theSouthern Negro. D. TempleOfficers " - ' The highest authorityin an individual templeis the minister. Heis appointedElijah by and lh M and Lctuz->~;:. ntiii lLx=.iLll.;.|l'>1~92;'L curve.» min; vse.'¢..il.>s»§,e-wpvirwosineij &eA.a < »i.=k..$a X~ us ' -:3 - ~:. and exhortshis groupoi Elijah'sfollowers tocontribute theto manycollections . ?_..<. I17"; 1 . takenthesupport for the oilocaltemple its and officers and the national V; org-anlza- la1 . | ;~ tJ>.'92 _- '. * -' .~.J>. .--,- .~" 4-<92 =- . 0 0 - , ._-»- . .1,... k- _ ..-,__r '92»_2*- - ;<~"-i~$ {=5.-x - -* ~ .~,*- 3, , 1-.'_;.;'_~5 ~_.- a 1 2:3... . 0 .@. -'. _ _ .. - .-m.. .-.. _ -;-._..£-nA'p@4--1-sq._ V . I r _ ' _.- :__~. -..,.- ' _ . '. I' '_ :,__ ' _>__. _ . ' ... r- :; " . L A '"__. . "-' _ _ J T é" > ' ll.,. 2 ~:"_a* j.;. _ In thelarger, establishedtemples, minister devotesthe his @1:21. _ . . 1.3» time N01to activityand receiveshis entire support donationsfrom made by the membersof histemple. Usually,his home or rented residence, unto, hisa and allpersonal necessitiesfor himselfand hisfamily arepaid forby the various fundscollected his at temple. Those ministersin smaller temples Y 1.- with iewregular membersfrequently obtain must someoutside employment §-is 4 to supplementthe assistance they receive from thetemple. Nearlyall *1 1 ministersdo considerable travelling. Theymake guestappearances other at _ 9 templesconduct to meetings,or theylead delegationsfrom theirtemples _to attend social affairs andrallies otherat temples. - The mostarticulate widely and knownminister, untilhis expulsion last year,was MalcolmX Little,oi MM No. '7,New YorkCity. inAs chief , . spokesmantravelling and representativeof ElijahMuhammad the N01and' ior nearlyten years,he had made numerouspublic appearances in lectures I s and debatesbefore collegeforums, radio on television,and through and E r i interviewsto given thepublic press.A tall,well-dresseci, §»8~year~»old former convict,he freely admitted havingbeena dope addict, numbersrunner, and eur§;l.e.rbefore itiecoming"rehabilitated" Elijah by Muhammad. Since his wait; éiirllaatiiwin;.t.<.=..; ix», &4»$ '~_,;.>.:-.; ' 5;8-PP ~... mu,tn; .;..e..i.~:. 1. >1}. i =-;r@..::<... fits?-1'5.-?.7i§...i.,z..»..L:' had beeninstrumental the inrecruitment oi manyof the present ministers -P;i '-.-._..54».f~.- F ->_.~_ ~ . ,. , - ' .~_:_. <_92-._-...~ ,,-a;-i- -92I i i$..,¢.=' »3.'92 §._ P1:" _ . ¢. 3; ,--v. ,- .- " 1- . ' _. .92., ,_ V .: '§r.,_,- . ~ - ,, 4 5 ~* - If ~ EQ .."-I 1- » "* 1% ~=§~-. 1- " .""~'. '- -,t.~ f EL A . ., . ' " " F ~- "-r'.'£ . _- ~,;-- 92- " " i-'&-i_"_g;- ._r._-~;." .N »'_:g.,92.'.-_ -' .r ~~ - -7- v qI ,~ ;." ¥,~, _f9292, sf, ~ ..,"'I . In examiningthe background,education, personalities and the ofj s tr *2. nine mostpublicized active andministers including those fromthe sixieadinl <-..> temples!,notes onedistinct a differencein thetype minister of active prior to Malcolm'srise prominenceto the andtypewhich joined the cultafter 1953 and roseto power, influenced assisted and Malcolm. by Four theof nineministers beenhad membersof theN01 priorto 1958, Threeof these became Muslimsin theearly 1940's, andeach served a prison termfor refusal to register for the Army draftBach beenhad a Mislim years forbefore attainingstatus the minister. of fourth The these of ministersMalcolm's was Wilfred, brother thoughwho,a member of the N01 prior1953, to not had yetrisen a leadershipto position. had He earlier been rejectedmilitary for servicebecauselow ofmentality. Only ofone thesefour ministers, whoseaverage is age 43,completed school. high _ The remainingfive ofthe nine leading ministersjoined N01the after Malcolmbecome hada leading official the in cult.All iivehad beeneither in uencedMalcolm by join to the cuii: hador receivedhis assistance intheir rather rapidrise leadershipto positions.All hada high school college or education,being onea ?h. D. andformer collegeprofessor. These younger . , ., . -. , » _. -1 a li.*.J>-?<';5.:»,921 .,,/- Q »." _,I ~~ » ,;i_'_.~ .,, , » ~ - '-.,}.<... :1;;-,f., c n - _. _ -_ I . ~' , I ', ~".. .' ~-_¢ » , -4 W -<*n ».i"'P»""=i»':J.i,¥>%* Z?Ii£. »'_"_4'J 3-< --Li .r. Twothese of meniive wereformer entertainers,onea comic and onethe ,. D leader dagof calypsosingers, former The collegeprofessor ,_;_,_had7 a -e ¢ O Iv --92/ __ . 1 _ ,, 1"» f 2. 1 _ -. i 92l.l>,r.~- ', .'. ,. 1 -==--_____._'-.' ~'. . - - _ -__ _~e'.~. - w 5 .:y.' .__ t- ' ___:l_ _ !. _-. . - - _...... _.- - ,_V '~-> ~ . _? '..- ~"_:. -*~ . _, ~., _ 55 .,~.~.,g_._ . .-''-_ 7'. beenamember of first the SocialistWorkersand a Party, thenY. -923 f ~ member oi agroup of dissidentsbroketo who iormtizotiWorkers , Work! Party. afterFinally, contactswith Malcolm,he alliedhimlelf @0111 Ii l l As mightbe expected, the manyMuslim withministers, variedhack grounds,and education, experience,andvery with control little them over irom nationalheadquarters. avarietyoi techniques use in maintaining the interesttheir oi members andtheir in appealsfor Muslims.new could it . be saidthe ministers stylepreaching of a blendoi theisrevival -preacher andward- the politician heelingdeliver Theymessages their hi sometimes a calmvoice unctuous with and earnestness sometimeswithand rash inciting statements.their startling listeners.Anything as longasgoes,it holds the - interestthe oipresentfollowers Elijah, gains new of converts the colt, to andkeeps the donationsinto coming temples the iuntb. many_ Belowminister, the next the highestauthority in an indivldu l templethe iscaptainof F01,me group the the within composedN01 0! the - adultmembers. male answerable Thoughthe minister, the to is» responsiblediscipline theior temple andin the is leaderoi thetemple's I1 the asipteii-infrequentlyfinancial receives stipw Ind, >.'__~furnished is automobile an irom , > are usuallyaggressive men domineeringrelish whoopportunity the"E-' £7oommand "It fl- to the members.They1 maintainstrict military-typediscipline the over Taemben. - .~~-r- _ - I4- ~ . . Q e J -: - 1 ;+._@ 1 '- -7 I _£ I f,___,_-l 1 4} . I !' -0 J '! '1 -HEACTIVE [DST N01IINIBTERS 4~ *=~- ,. r Iv m.--. ' --¢~ > - 24 I» r . 1, Z! an ~L Jeremiah X Pugh! . mm x Walcott! John Shabazz Merrill! I Loo Angeles .: Philadelphia Boston e 1 :5 -I. > <1. _ _ §>; - I '1 - 5-q l 4- $' 4 - 6" F .. l " av":- P ,f i .1 _-92.'r.*; -Z - _, _ § 92 > e"92 é . Bernard X Cashmere! Lonnie 3X Cross! . Isaiah Karriem Edwards! San Francisco wumngmn, ]!_g, Baltimore - - 1:-.1 "» '3 T1? - - Y 3:3; ~.. . ~. ~ l . ' iv 9 T. -_ .- _ ¢~ . .i, k V __ ' .-: .4 . 's-gin p-"-1-:1" -"35": ~ ' Q-I. __<_-12:2, 1;; . J!" , - _ . . ~ - _.,>_ . .--.'_,.;.1: i,. .-I. 1 . .' »=_i._ ' 0 '' :-R2 ~» x 1 "Y _--. ,¢:.';»-2»~'= " .~"§ . ; 1} ,L I< ~'.» ,»~,. 4<@ .92A K _~: . _!_,w~ ,- . E ' >.__:- I;-__, . V K .,~'_,.l",_ .q' , .,i.;_._1_.».¢__, A, ',:'",-;§f;- .~ . _"i "*1 U - gr iv-.= r-_ - we ;<»- > '§ ' 2? :'~, , ix , _.._. _~w 3,4"' f¬"=3-;$$ .92_1-__~.._ 'a~ J amea3X $958301!! wmnd x mo - James 8X ;lcG1-e901 ! DOUOR ~. 1 5 Chicago _ ~ ~. Newark, Jersey City, . -" L -'~ - -'-.-' , .'*,-Ir:~ 92r".' -.. - ' _ New York _ ..--~ :._. . >/,. =i.- :-.;"*¢. x . - ':-.» . - - -~ '.- ,---5-_;. ;__ 1'-o~'>...'-."' -,n- J ,_ Cg .4. _ ,3;-.» . :,___.'92_-,=~:3q,, %.,_¢.~ . V . _' ,- -.-.__-.,,'tL--_~ ,_n>=- ,4, r, -92 _.,;.. _;,.., ,<».92» , 4 .- .~; 1 av ;.:;-11;!_ . _._-_.. .._-. 92 _'; ___._. ,~, -. ,_ an. ,_._.~. ta The minister and captain are the important officials in each temple, butfrequently there are conflicts of authority between them. This became of ' sufficient concern to the national hierarchy that during 1962 Elijah ordered that ' Supreme Captain of the F0! Raymond Sharrieff maintain closer control over the F01 captains. Previously. the minister could appoint or removehis captain without consulting national headquarters. _ Trouble between the templeofficers leads to the development of actions in the temple. Some members support one and some the other leader to obtain ' favored treatment. Those members suffering most usuallyjust drop out of the temple, but occasionally they form a dissident group and complain to the national officers. As a result, a national officer usually comes to the temple, uestions the members, and decides what action is to be taken.Sometimes the sident members are expelled or, when the official believes the continuance v ~ of the temple is endangered, one or the other offending temple officer is trans- ferred to another city. Other, lesser officials in the temples are ag-minted by minister according to his need for assistance in conducting the activities of the temple. The female N01 members are headed by one of their number who is t;».r ,...'*;'-' it-xi ._-7 if ,»,.>"'.- 92'92'é {"°*|" ?; 3 1.. '5?! ~ ,~ Q»?-r viz -u "TT|.3""I~'f" . .»~hp ~./»».!--.~ ~ '-~ - -.1 ~ "_e,.., . .» " ".1 "f ! *"' yaw . ,, . i. I. many lieutenants assisting them as are needed, according "to the raise oi A the ~;"__,v "'__ -I . membershipm , Here again, there is no standardization in number of officersl _ ._ - » 0 J -. . . . v I - '-5 . -~§-w- I. _ 92 l ' .5 -_. » .1 ' _j,"!j§. .'§-_':ni:,_ ,_'§;_ ;.~ p3b"'' ' - t I ~ I '-'»~- inridiculous variousthe atFavoritism times.temples.tiormally, situationsby thecaptainminister assisteddisplayed toeachwe islead! _~ orthree lieutenants, buttemple onesethis ministerelite up own cl-. 1 I twelveiriends particularthe within andtempleall madethem oi ueutenllll. Other derisivelymembersthem"palace called the" " guard. . _ ' tors,secretaries,Larger generallyeach templeshis investigators,ownassistant-I. with et-cetera,have templesimpec- instructors, Home ' ~ occasionallyalsolave ministers, toassistant portionsleadarethe allowed ambitious generallymeetings,temple of who menfield p w and youns to nearbyareas to meet withsmall oi peopll ministerswho , travel in anattempt bring tonew in converts E.s fruitTheoi IslamFruit F01!_ mam oiis the special rm! group meelite within N01, oicomposed malethe- /in imliviclusl Undermembers.le8t 1Brsh1P F01 the &92Pre1_M templeeachcaptsih,M lL oi p F Captain Raymond @'L3-1 l" ii=> ,emp1g'5is organisedand 1'01governedby s systemvrith general or6ers similarthe insystemtoa military engagesRegularly, grouporganizl °n- in physical QB F531exercises, pe*iI %.ici;;,.;r,i;e;:;;receives i; 1 nné; , ~ . and V judo _ , p, Ayo trainingiscreate to programb0dy¢ul1'd5 minds escortsbodieshealthy and it _ and iaithiul iollowersat Elijah.Acting as l . ~ ' q 1» -*-'~'~- _._92 ,_ 1v" » ;._,_L'-1*-~ 92__'_ ,'-~ _ _~:¢_'- -11. ;, "-.»-~.--_».L_~~»:-~ x ;; 1 re-F- '__,~ _ '2 ' ,6 - ' . _ 92=§5-"+ -'...~~j -§- . ' . _ _ '-. , .4' . ./ _ _,;._&:, o92- H ,-'.3 _ _ A _ ~ '~' . , I , _:92 > " _ ."',q _.: I. _____ ' " "a-_._jl-¢ac--4.-.__- 1 _~ _ ~ r 1I_"w ' ' "'- 4" 1 l'RUIT OIISLAM 2 i Q ._- . _ 1;, 1.214 ¬7.'.'Q;.- " A :1, Q v..- L q,'. ._-,-_ 1 £21 '! I ~ _a-> 1 -~ 3 0"» ~~ .'Q ' 1 ow _ -v- . 1.,»- - ~ F Q -'25 3 . 7-A._- ~ .1 ~_ _ - , ,_ _ e 3 ---%' » : _- - --Q' - -,»--~ - ~_" =-'='_ _; *..-- :, -*.-- ; :2 . _._, .-_ '- _ . - ¥~-_ _» V. . ,. - o -. , ' '7'" 7'-1=:' ~' - 71:" - . I-. - ' ->7 > Q39 - " '. ib».F>Q ' - > '1'_, . .~ , 5 ~ 3; '5, - :- ~ ° _. __ - ._ _~~ _ _ . _ ;~.;. Q '. . _ u >. ---- . - ~ - i - El ah Muhammad Arriving ! atAirport inNew York and Guarded 1 7 by Supreme CaptainSharrle ! and POI Men _ - - Q' -__. 1 I mi Q F 1 i ¢ 3 1 Qt . 6 ;.. - 1 1 r 0 F . I I '_7 4' J, I !»_.-.3: ~ e } - . <., . - , I; ~,-. . - _, V.-_ V §~@>'r'»»w"; ~s:'L5 t !' ...... ;,. _"_'l» >.. ._--_,_..L s- ~ , officials, these vigorous youngmen imparta crisply efficient toneto the meetings 2. é d the organization. l heyimpress nonmembersof the Negro communitieswith _ it E. the massedand ready power of the Muslim organization and the accomplishments 1 i they haveachieved throughfaith in Elijah'steachings. But the F01 has other functions .' ; Besides the protection of officers and property of the cult, the POI i. I 3 L enforces compliancewith themany cult rules imposed onall members. ' 4 Probably mostimportant ofthese many rules is that every Muslim must sell the N01 newspaper, "MuhammadSpeaks. " The F01 sees to it that the members T fulfill their obligation to sell the paper. To discipline those membersbreaking I % » the rules, as well as nonmembers whocause trouble for the cult, goon squads > t have been organizedin some of the temples. These small groups of selected 2 1 men, frequently ledby former professional boxers,well-trained in karate and ¬ ,7 judo, have beenemployed tothreaten or, on occasions,to brutally assault t other Negroes. Chartshave beenused toshow s~siriez~ablespots on the humanl 5 body, andinstructors demonstratethe lethalblows thatcan beused. one 1 s _ instructor advised membersof his group to"obtain saltbrine" andsoak their lmnds in it to toughen theta snoazsh t. .. The F01is deadlyserious. Inone templepreparing afor visit fmmige 92 _,' Lg. . v_ - oz 5.:. ~./- _ " smut, "qtlggstnntold theF01 "beto morelike soldiers"and notto be smnnf¢f_ §¢ , 1 .-.,W. -,_ aw t_--6,3. £ _,.,_.=»§, .-~- .- - .._H __-92 ¬ l " '14 all time.the said, Hewant "Ito look like youkillers. are Wehers not.; r to play.Weprotect will Messenger theat all costs. "_ _ _- Inmost large temples,theis POI brokendown several into One ofconsists men18 to25 yearsold, sixabout tall, leetwith good phyliquel, andexcellent in These health.smooth shaven men, with close-cropped and P. #3in .,_,! A hair,neatly andin attired darksuits,as act honorguard all publicatevents. Youngplacedother16 to 18 menyears Mostin age groups. oimen overalso and temples25a junior yearsarehaveF01 generally 'composed boysto16 years upof whoage trained areeventually tor the seniorjoining C1'°921P5- F. MuslimSimilarGirls the Training to MGT!military-type organizationthe FOIthe N01 !oi ,*' iemale counterpartcalledMuslim theTraining Girlssometimes MGT!, 1 J 1 referredby femalethe to as members Generalthe Class. Civiliz iion Led bycaptain its es fffA £'i_l.11 L¬5many andare necessary,thisengages group as in themany activitiesElijah necessarybelieves his iemaletollowers. tor Theyclasses havehomemaking, in calisthenics, hygienics,other subjects, and snack:?%=:. :T.'-.;w3?.:*;t-tt»<:,*1 ff "- °s Theyare constantly . - urgedto be ", 31 izaagg, jg}-iiee--Eitiing F -Ll i-is-_esseswhite at robes, orshoes,and lipstick nocover andheads their with L a whiteshawl-type They headdress.expected arepurchase ipplftlto their 0- " -33-. -4 92 I __ . . _ A -- _- ..,. .v. --~,:92 ~ r --~:,-18: "I" 1* I _ v _ _ _ _ » _'_ _. H- ~-_..»_, _ . .¢ - ~- :1-¢.»~T.92 __ r-.< - ,.< '»>;:".-_ ., -~ _ . , nwsuu cmns 'ramm~Ic uG1'! I ml mm, ' r _Q,~' . I n v 1» , l-.~ < 92'J 3 Q O _< ,.¢ -"' 92_ ¢.. 1" 1' _ 1'.":- - - 92Q >~,Q . Q _ > . ._~__. _ 92 92 Y _ . .. , >--;.r.,- v~ > ~ " V . M L J 51* _. Y _, . y_ '5. Q - I ' '. do.1.- A 2' - _.'.. 92 1 :@;~;> " - ~- '-I. - I I - '» - . > .. I ~ I E 92~» _ v . . wku; _/_ .,, _,_o --Q0 - I '*-9&¢4f*"I .. -.~ .< , --:~.~.¢ , * .- 1 , ,_ . . I _ . I _- " , I ~ ~ ~ g ~ ' . > 1 I '_ > , . , _ ,4, .. .»-Qv.~»'.'d- .. . -. . -_ . ~- .,--,». 9- Q; --- - _,. - - 92.>~A- .=5>.».-.___->~ -_ . _- .:_f__§'-§Q , M.. 92 . q ,-. , W .. ~ _ Q.» 2 | . - 3: ~ : 92+"f' v~ " --,., ~¢~ 7 -*"§925 ' - 4 _ ,,- <_' u~**"'. - _ _ IQ , , Z E J . - ___. _.V §-Q _ ., Q ~.- -~ v , .1 Z_:I~.§-__:.-"§._.~_~ , ,=y92"._ Q Q > '._ Kb 4 2 _ _ Y 4 ._-_ .!_ . . 4 4 v J ._ _; A - ~ .- - z 4 _ n "' > r 1C "; ~ I _ 'T - 3" "V'I' K ' 92 _ _ . ~ '47; 5 - . vmv-.~.-Q , »*y_ .'" ; - > ¢ ~_. _, j "Properly DTCSSEG" slst-GT5 Of N01 ' 1 : K .,.92 .~§ 92 1 4 F xx ¬'92 r iv "3; n ._>;,,_'v-- Q_ 9 92' §._;;.§,,. " I 3-1-<,_A_" ¢"§ D 151- ' ..,.... L ..v-9.,_ -1' -~ - J zmun Dmahw "*1 3""" W . Q _ ___ ._ ,_ ~ .--s 1 1 at thecult's clothingstore, atChicago prices higherusuallyat other than In itsall activities,the HGTis under the samediscipline strict its from superioras otiicerthe is POI.And, the like PG,it hasa junior HGTgirls cl under the age oi 16. Schools G. Two schoolsare presently being operatedfor N01children, the t UniversityIslam oi1, No. Detroit,in the and University oi IslamNo. in 2, -I L! Chicago.neither Actually,a university. is Theone in Detroitattended is by aboutstudents 125grades oneinthrough nine, and theone in Chicagoabout has 500 studentsand includeshigh school subjects. Few tostay graduate. The_ UniversityIslam oi2 graduatedNo. in February, 1964,four only fromhigh school andseventeen from the eighthgrade. ChristineJohnson, X directoroi theChicago school,said in a r recentissue of "Muhammadum the Speaks" purposethe ofN01schools is, i 1 besides theteaching regularacademic educating subjects,children "the of Muslimsthe inknowledge oi self,through history theblack of from men l i ancientto the timespresent." described She the howschoolsturn theirboys and "intogirls self-respecting,imelligent, veil-mannered,disciplined' citizens. ' While this seemscommendable, inside movementthose the the "meow A .-.~ _.._ - __,_ éh -~ fr -» .. ,» real'" "xi-. *~'. purpose is- toindoctrinate students theElijah's with while ;;r,~r4-1;. teaching - I - v- . ~' . Q ._',;_ _. . .. ,2, ,- .- .~.~;$-" -A ? -'y'.~~»-=-1» »-;__... .- I '_ _ .:¢_e-'___." - .1 *3 -.»>'i¢~;...;,' 1' "we;:;,.'.W '.' - l§ ;.:¢~. <- ~,. 92 ,1 - - _ - __. I 5'}._ -v-*'.: :'_'}-,:RB'1. 4.?'?_"3., 1*;-§~.1§¢ ,?e'.__: -',f _- .. . 1" .--r--.~» Q * ~~- . ' _ - -.I" 7." 4 _n_ O 5'! - - as 1 ~- a-~.. them ignorantof American history andgovernment and out ofcoltsct _ with the"white devil"children. 1: is known nor umschools have manyf .'»"'i" " problemsdiscipline, of manystudents beingsuspendedand othersdroppl ' _ out because of pregnancy. A _ The Chicagoand Detroitschools have operated since themiddle 1980's,over thebutyears theyhave notbeen withouttheir problems with education andhealth officials.hiring 1963, the Illinois Legislature considereda bill concerning controlof certain schools, specificallyaimed at controlof theMuslim school;but. althoughit passed the senate, itlailed to get through the house. , Other temples,on occasions, have attempted tostart schools butto date have beenunsuccessful. Severaltemples operatedo one-day-a- week classesior N01 children, andothers have some form ofan adult education program. _ For severalyears after1958, there were numerous requestsand L I much publicityregarding donationsfora proposed large N01edacational i I F center inChicago. ThoughChicago authoritiesblocked thisbuilding - , 1 program severalyearsago, Elijah has recentlyinaugurated a new program £02" educationalan centerin Qjhicago He saysthis centerwill he hast.ion" ;;.~-@.;_t~s Muslims exclusively,but thefor wholeblack nation." is, therefore , ;. s'_.;,9 1'_-~s;§}§3H¢as.» .I .- '->.~,<'-1» ea: K ; >,1 ..-~___ »-,_-V_ , 1 . . . _,__ -, .._4__ _ :_ ;2_£_ '4 ',~ . ,' ~ - _'.'_";-vi;-92.e=_. 92 I5 '' ' '~<-___,_ > "', "'-.~ '_ ~'" '.-' ~- --"v -.-'~; _>' .1 ~:..1.. _4~"'-_¬~92 »'r.-. - -' '~-.13 1--"'"".7" §pj :f"3r 7'i -"» j,: ii_l"'_i@§' :1?" _ can , » ______. .-,.,.".-'. ;,;..'__ ~ : ____. i-_ ___,fj~-{-:.;-§,?;i-5:ij-+b;g£,;2~._ - ',n_'__.';us » 1 -_-.92._ vi M4. _..92 1/' ' . ~ _ _ - _., ' , __~e~ J12. _;fl--, *_ _'-§3§ eq,_*: ¬':1 ,,,, ~ ~92;:"._;;,: ¢ _-,3 -'1-; _-_,> . ,. .- - . , _ _...?___,_»,__, g _", ,,_,:_u_,i92 <3 V. ,§f<, _$_,,:-1;. ,_ . . .; ~ -'-- .-<- --,_- .1a_...--92".I-..'aa_ ' " 92 - _ , II -I I :-i Q A ' ,. K I: 1' 1 92. ._ appealingall "co-called to American toNegroes" contrihoteto the 10! llo.3 .~ u Q educationalfund. llijah ieels thiscenter wouldassure "lo-calledthe llegroll at hisdesire togive them"knowledge ofcell." - 1 I v .> _'».' . ;~,;. , » I;_ 3-~1¢__ 17*»-!.~ ". ;_-Q 45- - I -- --v" _.. ' "h-:' <13-V ,<_,~..,-:;,.,._. .' -"_ O . ______Vii! h-r_d_--g-t W . V g Ag_ I D- K.' 92 '. t. ' -~ - - --g-'_--5§,,_g_,.,_,___;-éz-:-Q .-..-.1 - '- ,-I-I _,- i l vi. assouncss t _, A. Sourcesof Income - ~ - _ ' ___,_,___.._-1--- "The primesource funds oi national for obligationscome thefrom Muslims "charity, NationalSecretary Ali Johnfrequentlyreminds members the in lettersto the N01 templesthroughout coimtry. the "Muslim?charity" -7»/_t. . ,5t,; __ ' certainly beginshome, 81 mm Ali, for solicitingfunds, cult demandsum a HI membersforget "should rent,their bills,wives children, and as whenthe l 4 Nationmoney needsmust you give." Charity actuallyimpliesand need, ' Y benevolenceand goodwill theto poorand suiiering. But, "llus1im cha.ri17" if reachespoor the needy,and MuhammadElijah exercise mustbenevolence, the forhe controls all theresources the cultandoi cannot,himself, said to be be suiieringirom lackoi materialthings. . Other revenueto support"the Nation"is raised by members1 92 bazaars, rallies,ad dinnersarranged by thevarious temples,through sales 1 oi thecult newspaper,and iromthe pro ts of businessesoperatedby some §1 of thetemples. - P rt It issignificant that every activity of the N01is keyed to the raisingmoney. ofThose activities which do not producethe desiredpro t A are abandonednew and activities are then stressed. 1 ._- ¢»-' .1-<' .av _ .,. s_ _,.. is- 1 '~' it ."'-lg~ " ' » L . - . , . ~ 4nk';|_ ' e ~-p__»-r 43 _. '.- t-1- » .- ~_. . . " g _ -_92 #_3 92. ., . 92 . . I; ' ' --- ,.'7-l%1~. .e'iE- ;1~,'. ' *.i=i.:§3i=<1'+~'fi- , . t .1 I 8 5 l | "1.I'unds . * Ivorymember oi ____. the N01is required to makeregular contrl- wweekly5;.-,.j_:. e- ial tundscollected each in temple.Honey collected in g lbutions to numerous spec 92 tourof thesefunds is sent directly Chicago to tor useof thenational organization: 1 * No. 2 PoorTreasury Fund--Theprime charityof the cult, thefor personaloi use Elijah to supporthis family. Central PointFund--For expenses the the ofnational organization I i P 'to and assist in paying the salariesoi various ministers. National SecurityFund--For defense the Muslims ot involvedin _ trouble with the law. 8avior'sMuslimFund--For convention Daygiftheld awhich isabout Februarypresented toof Elijah 26 eachat year. the Each memberis requested to givefrom $100to $125 in honorthe of N01founder, W. D. Fard, whosebirth date Elijah claimswas February26. 1877. K Other funds areused forthe expensesof the individual temples. ughneeds the the of particular temple determinethe numberof special s i L iundsrequired, following the been customary have in various temples: R AdministrationFund--For salary and expensesthe templeof minister. RentMortgage or Fund--Forpaymenttemple of or rent mortgage payments. _ t General Treasury Fund~-Forgeneral expenses of thetemple. Echrool Fund~=Forog;>e@r:z.ti. - u- ,- ~-._ . .. - 4;.---L ~+ i > 92 ., . . ' ,, K,-I-.~'_ In additionto these regularly usedfunds, special _ ,..;11 ~"- . . frequentlyfor taken specificincidental purposes.For example,_ . . '-._ -J attends anN01 rally put on bya certaintemple, themembers , provide extrafunds tocover hisexpenses. Often,when a temple ollicer 1 needsa new car or some extra item, the members must make additional contributions . 14 :7. .~ ~ The contributions demandedfrom membersvary in individual temples from about$6 to $18. 50per week. Ofcourse, not allmembers canmeet these demands andthis is a frequentcause forridicule of or disciplinary action against the delinquent member. A » N01 rules,which ministers constantly stressto members,include fasting on certain occasions,reduction of regular meals toone aday, and z I the nonuseof tobacco, liquor, and drugs. Ostensibly, these rulesare for t improving members health, butone wondersif there also maybe an economic reason behindthese regulationsmade byElijah. In their constantrequests ' for contributions, ministers remindthe membersthat Muslimswho eat only onemeal aday save$730 peryear morethan Christianswho eatthree meals aday; that,by followingthe rulesagainst smokingand theuse of liqusr, theycan saveadditional hu.n~ciredsof dsllars a year; ' " 92_;_ 2ft Pf ; _»,;:.', -,,' it should be nohardship for them to make their weekly duty contribut olm - i..:? l t_-_ _.d._ V.-. 1' t v -""*92;'. or~ theirannual Day 8avior'sgifts. ~. _ I ' " _ _ »'. 3 .- - 1 47; -> -' 92--_'_:__._ .".'=-_<"~'.3~ ""'92'I~"4";'.~-ff. -' 4 1 A, .-' 7...__ »'_ .7»-4. >92'Vt 01$.-;_',._' 92;4.'v'u__ J>,,., , ..- .. .. -. , -_ -_* ... ' _.-5__. -0'. _. -,-e,..1_:;;',,- -yd .;_:_"_..¢".,,%- ...;;=. 7>i*'i-r _.~~:_*- . 92'K_~§;_,§}_.~ - .* 3 _ 0;? ; _. .-_- ... _ _i>- . .* :17-'i'5". 7_! _-1 a _ -.~.:$_~. o 924 l.~",';~"c'=" :'§;,:.,;. ;,i'92"... ?.'v*:.-,_ _}§-_f,§*P'_ ./'1: "3¢_'_ _-_,< .' ~ '-u »,,-.~+g¢ *;:=.- Y-4,;-<. ;:~ ~ ",'t.~1" ~.-v.?ssi:Er..::r--.--':?l.~&'-;.=;:~>~=* < -2» > . - xk -:~.':. .-_ _ _.1k.- W__j,;__q:3392_1;>;;Y~'_;§f id-;;.-;.::.~ #3;.- 92 =m5 - 3.}2:, at 4 i:92_ ; :';;¬5¢i;'92_ ,;..,;»_ -=-* a ' e -'. 7 l 92 ' . _ -pa .» 1-- _ , H_i _-~A _ ' x _ g.. ""_""'_-;T§: ,:-Q. .- .:".T_-1.-1:;-'. :. ;,'-/W"1 ' - ~ _~~' ." 92 1 u , 2. Cult Newspagr While servingastheir main propagandathe organ, cult'sweekly newspaper,Speaks, "Muhammadis another money-making" F01 enterprise. eaptainsemphasize regularlymembers to"the that number-oneprogram is sellingnewspaper. the Thoughnumber " thebe soldvariesto individual in temples,F01 each memberis requiredto purchaseand resellirom to 50 300 copieseach ofof issue thepaper. Contests are heldthe by various temples. - Teamsmade areto coverupcertain areas of eachand city prizesare awarded to topsalesmen. A winning team of twoyoung oisalesmen onetemple sold 1 800copies a particular oi edition. Currently,the paperis running a nationwidein which contestthe winner,who "circulates" the mostcult papers beiore 30,June 1965, is promised a new1965 automobile. Salesthe by NOI's unpaid "newsboys"plus incomefrom advertising netcult the approximately$30,from 000weekly each of edition "Muhammad 8. N01 Businesses Mostthe oi larger templesthe operate cultof restaurants,grocery or meatstores, stores,clothingservice-type or and, enterprises;nearly in all otherareas where the iscult active, many additionalbusinessesseemedt ~, w are and operatedbycult members.Because businessmen thesemost "+~v ofderive " '15 K eir incomeirom tosales othercult members,theyadvertising buy '>si space:t5i_;_l;§;,§ - 5 - . , - = I _. . ' . __~"'-_"~_ ~~"', =_r* . . 92 ~ _ :4 ._~. 92Iu '_, 92__ . -- - - . - » - .. " . ' . . .; ¢:""I'. 92 , r. _"*2 -$1,:-:1. , .,_. . _ re--1 __ V V _ .1 .1 ~;. _ .._ -<_ - an 4. . r. - _._----_- - ,; » I'_ 92 - -..r'1> .40. '.':},-,-,- - . _ _ __ 92 ._ _ . '1'! ' . ' r in theN01 paper. Then, reaping double benefits, the cult demandssiaeable- 4. 92|_I_, i-. contributions from thesebusiness owners. e Elijah constantly preaches that his followers should trade only '_ with other Muslims and stresses the importance he places on Muslims developing their own business enterprises completely separate from the white society. _ iv _, Despite E1ijah's emphasis on members operating their own ? '2 v businesses, the cult's many rules restricting its members make the . i successful operation of a business very difficult. The memberwho owns a business, just as any other member, is required to attend cult meetings 92 several nights a week and on weekends and is expected to sell his quota u n of the cult newspaper. For a cult member whose establishment should I K stay open evenings and weekends, these requirements cause him a loss of income.Additionally, many of the businessman's customers are cult members who frequently buy on credit. This further. restricts § I the businessman s income because, as mentioned earlier, members Y are advised to pay their cult dues before paying their bills. '7 ~. ~ . _;.~s_;,_ "., '5- 92»;.._ . >. '' " Y.~, 1 *1 -;" ?"~ ' _ _. M Y, I Y G9,! . A. A f 4' 4. Public_Activities--Bazaars andRallies - Other favoritefund- raisingactivities ofthe N01are ralliesand 1. ,f bazaars heldby the various temples hiring the year. Amid muchpublicity, bazaarsare supposed"to focuspublic attention on the economic potentialof theNegro communityby displayingthe wares, 11": prochcts, andservices Negroof businessmen." Some form ofmusical entertain- 92 ment isprovided, andthe Muslim minister and someNegro celebrityusually > s appearspeakers. as course,Of admissionis charged, and refreshmentsmd " l ? craftwork aresold. Heavyweightboxing championCassius Clay,known inthe mlt asMuhammad Ali,is a great drawingcard forthe N01and hasappeared at _ bazaarsin New York, Boston, andother cities. A . i I Individual templesalso holdrallies atwhich Elijahor someother memberthe of national hierarchy usuallydelivers main the speech.Busloads d cult members fromnearby templesattend theserallies, andvisiting EI I- ministers precedethemain speaker to "warmup? thecrowdwath praiseof r Elijah. lollectionsaretaken from those attendance,in frequently and the § host templearranges dinner a where those in attendancemay purchasemeals ' ' followingthe rally. i - _ The most importantpublic rally of the cultis the anmual convezi oneA V '_- .»&_" called the8avior's convention Day the of Muslims.The 1965convention W _ I ' .- . 7 ~,..w My J. a three-dayaffair heldFebruary 26 through 28in the dingy , 65-year-old 1"» _~ _ , ' -3 "- -';_0-'1 ~<:~'.<' » -._ ,. ~- ,1~ . ' ~ a~:;--~..=.< ,_ ,.__.__ V .__. .i_ >¢H....,>,~ ,.:v _.', > P"__,,_ -_ - '- - ~ - - r P.-.1 av '.<_- . 4 -- - _, _ '< .~ - --- -~'~.; T-,._ $. -,;., _, *' " gin. -;-I-,g,gm.§,,_.,. . ~..__ I. . § 1 92. ';. ChicagoColiseum. As at all Muslim rallies, after passing searching procedure, the visitor enteriig the hall was met by llmlim guards holding out buckets for contributions. Ilijah appeared and spoke ' __ on only two afternoons, the 26th and the 28th. Q1 Saturday afternoon, the 27th, a Unity Bazaar was held. This is a regular event of each annual _L convention, but for this bazaar there was featured a special boxing gd. . L.aux exhibition byCassius Clay. "Muhammad Speaks" had announced that _ tickets would be on sale at cult business places for "donations" ranging A . - i 3 I from $10 for ringside to $1. 50 for third-balcony seats. Clay's schechlsd. g _ 9 r secondexhibition that day was cancelled for an undisclosed reason. E Frequently, these Muslim bazaars fall short of the claims set forth for _ F them in advance press notices. H f L . ~ G1 the last afternoon, the 28th, Elijah spoke before about 8,000 in i the hall which could hold 7, 500. Because of Malcolm's assassination a few days earlier, violence was expected, and one former Muslim was beaten and . forcibly ejected just before Elijah was to speak. The United Press has r 1 ~ reported that Elijah's rambling speech lasted over three hours and that T "even scme of his devoted followers were leaving the Chicago Coliseum as he iv} droned his way through the last hour. " Concerning the contents of Eiialfs s -1 E? . speech, the United Press reported that it "ranged from economicstoimbnn t1igbtg_, f_rom Islam to short skirts on women,and from the threat of lg 27 .3 ~ : _ J '.~'~ f. e _ . .. _ . .. . _,-. - '.. 1 ..~. as ~ 92- I -4 - r.~ . _ __ _-,-av _ U. . . > ..l.>- , -e -~ ~',»._ -- -_ . .1. -r-ii 1 ~ - e, _>,_'F; .» .* ; -. - _,- _. ."=. . -... .' _ _ ' _, -_ ',§ ~_, _ ,1 ? .. a "_.;,,-,. C . 7 -_. __-.',~'~,' i 4»-. + -_,._._...Q&.';i?" _-.-4,5. .1. *,-,'T'-1-i -: 33; ~- -, if». :=¢.~ 2§e---..- .2? ~_ _ 4 " _ - --- :4 ._"_ "- .3 .~ . »~_ 1,. .3 - ---»_. .'~; >1 'r»~'~f<"-1-1:»:-r 1.»;-.-s_.~~492~ _~.1.- =.;¥; *.~"' 4- -fa ? ":';.? ~ '-3.,/-.4. --'1» 1-+16? 2: -~ .. , 8- :_v.e_=~1u Al previouslymentioned, allN01 fundsand propertyare underthe complete controlof Elijah Muhammad. Althoughmost realestate isowned in the namesof various temples, membersof Elijah's family, or the Progressive Land Developers,incorporated, Elijah,as the "Messenger Allah"of and absolute rulerof the N01, makesor approvesall decisionsinvolving the financial policiesand holdingsof the entire cult. ' _ In recentyears, Elijahapparently obtainedprofessional aidto protect his real-,estateholdings. TheProgressive LandDevelopers, Incorporated,was organizedin January, 1963, "to own, operate,manage maintain, andsubdivide and otherwisedevelop andpromote real-estatebusiness. Officers" ofthis company areF01 CaptainRaymond Sharriefi,MM No. 2 Minister James 31 Anderson, Johnand Hassan--RaymondSharrietfs cousin and an old-timemember who hasno authoritybut whosename is frequently utilizedin the cult's financial transactions. Thetitle to many ofthe recentreal-estate acquisitionsof themr if has beenheld thisin corporation'sname. ::= ..-,,»;,j,*-;a _ _ LI '=-§?."r=ri*li;i13 '5 ~ < _- - .,, _ - - ~ _ ~ ~-, ~, ,,.- .. -' ~r - ~- '--'-;,-1 . . - es - =~ . , . » -1e o ~ ¢ t _ ' * - :'>. ~q;-',_;~-s~.'.. 44 a _. . ~ - '. u"-,. 1"" 1» -- - ~ .r~-;-- =~r I Q _a __ Q -_ _ . 92 ,. _' - , " n " _- _ g . Q Y .- '- 4' <3; -*_ ' ' ' _"." 3,""'_'_ §,_"*'L'_ -1'.V-' '- ~=.'¢< - * For many yearsD .the N01 transactedall of its business in cash;-_: ._a. v » but, sincelate1961, the national organizationand severalof the up - 3 l 2 1 temples haveutilized bankingfacilities. Claiming to be aneligious bo , I i 4 9- the national organization openedcorporate accounts, both checking and i I savings, in the name of "Muhammad'sTemple No. 2 of the Holy Temples 3 D of Islam. " During the 26 months prior to August, 1964, nearly $1, 750,000 I passed through these accounts. § I I A The ChicagoTemple also utilizes individual savings accounts e J E 4 for each oi the various funds to which members of HM No. 2 donate money ~ 1 9 for temple expenses. Many other temples also maintain savings accountsin n Q .1 E their home cities for temple funds. . Elijah and his wife,Clara Mu.ha.mmad,have personalaccounts in banks in Chicago andPhoenix. Rumors have circulated that Elijah and his Y wife have also secretly deposited funds in foreign banking institution. Foreign depositscould have been madeby Elijah's wile andsome hisof ii 0 sons who in recent years have made numeroustrips outside the country; 5 E i however, thereare so many waysby whichfunds couldbe sentout of the 4; country secretly that it would be virtually impossible to prove this allegation. C. g"MuhammadLsA3-Year_E*cor:omicvSavingsg_§glan"__ _ _ _ I ' ' " :_. A 1 Many persons over the past few years have credited the Blaclt l, .- ~i 5: iluslims withhelping AmericanNegroes better to themselvesthrough i 92 ' ..-.a» - . - - _ *7 l various NO!programs. One of these programswhich theN01 hasproudly advertisedin its newspaper andby signson publictransportation vehicles is "Muhammad's3-Year EconomicPlan." This so-called self-helpsavings plan deserves close examination. #1 £7 Elijah Muhammadbegan layingthe groundworkfor his new savings :ii 2 bank programin two articles oneconomics whichappeared the in July3 and L l 1'7,1964, issues of "MuhammadSpeaks. In " thesearticles, Elijahrenewed his often- repeated claims that"the whiteman's time is growingshorter" and that"Christianity has never been ableto produce the right leadership for our people--andnever will. " He againberated the"black manin America" as "a people whodo notwant toaccept theirown responsibility," who are "begging andpraying tothe whitemanlo acceptyou." Elijah complained that K "it is difficult toplan aneconomic system for a peoplewho aresubject tothe 5 whim ofanother people.You arelimited inyour jobs,salaries andincome by thewhite man. But youcan still learn not to bereckless andwasteful Y spenders." . Elijah advisedhis readers,"You cansave hundredsof millions of dollars--even billions--ifyou would accept the righteconomic programand stopusing things which destroyyour health,such astobacco, whichdoctors warnus can cause cancer.X-rays areknown alsoto bedangerous andproduce -51- Q1 0 - i > l1 n I I cancer. . . . Scientists now warn you against gazing into TV sets for any l long length of time, because this can produce cancer in the body." Elijah warned, "The only salvation for you and me now is in unity and being under the guidance of Allah through his Messenger and His program for us all. . . . Our problem is to be solved by a divine solutionof Allah's »'. 22;. Messenger. Follow me and live. Reject me anddie as people without the help of God and friend. " .- __ i. i v 0 s The first public announcementof Elijah s divine solution" appeared F in the August 28, 1964, issue of the cult paper. Large headlines proclaimed, I "Muhammad Calls for--3-Year Savings Plan for Negro. " The article by Elijah contained the following excerpts: ' "I appeal to all Muslims, and to all the members of the original Black Nation in America. to sacrifice 5 at least 5 cents from each day's workto create an ,. Economic Savings Program to help fight unemploy- Z ment, abominable housing, hunger, and nakedness 2;, of the 22 million Black People here in America who S continue to face these problems." g i i "Send your 25 cents every week to Muhammad's Mosque No. 2 -Chicago, Illinois. This 25 cents t will be banked until we have a million dollars to 1 begin building a banking system. " "Let the entire nation sacri ce. . . " 4 -52- {W "As soon as we have enoughfinance in our bank to purchase farmlands sufficientto feedthe 22million black people,we will build storagewarehouses to store our produce forthe necessitiesof life for our people. " ' 0 0 0 0 n 0 Q "Please respondand helpyourself. Each and everyone of youwill be senta receipt which willbe recorded in our books for the Muslims Three Year Economic Program forthe BlackNation inAmerica. Youwill be receiptedfor every pennyyou sentto this office, which youwill keep as your record. " "I await your response. " The nextissue of"Muhammad Speaks"contained anotherarticle by Elijah inwhich he claimed greatprogress withthe "3-YearSavings Plan.II Following areexcerpts fromthis September11, 1964,issue: "This planhas beenaccepted byboth Muslimsand non- Muslims. . . . Let us continue this most essential work: give allwe canand stopbuying thatwhich wecan dowithout. "I am asking thatwe thewhole nation!sacrifice for the nextthree years, and whenwe getenough in our bank wewill put it to work to make moremoney. . . . " n 0 1 0 0 1 I "We wouldlike to raise at least $500,O00, 000in the next threeyears. If all would contributewillingly and honestlyall that they couldto this economic plan . . . .we would soon have billions. . . . " -53- 92 "19-.> o.> ll "There are millions of your dollars lying in the white man's banks, doing nothingfor anyone.. . . " "I am appealingto you--eachand every one oi the 22 millionblack peopleof America--tosend every penny, nickel,dime. dollar,hundreds dollars, of thousands ofdollars, andmillions ofdollars that you canspare tothis Three-YearEconomic Pla.n;' MU'HAMMAD'SNO. 2--5333 MOSQUESouth Greenwood Ave. --Chicago, Illinois 60615. " ". ..When ourmark ofone milliondollars isaccomplished, we aregoing to build a nationalreserve bankfor the black people of America. " Tothe casual observer, thisprogram mayappear plausible.But usinga little arithmetic,we find that before Elijah Muhammadcould accomplish hisgoal of $1, 000,000 opento nationalthe reserve bank, he wouldneed considerable help from non- Muslim Negroes. For,ll every one hisof knownactive followersfaithfully contributed25 the cents per weekwhich Elijah has requested,it wouldtake over 15 years,or wellinto 1980,to collectthat amount. , Even moreunlikely accomplishment of his proposal toisraise $500,000 000,the in nextthree years. 'I:oreach this goal, wellover million 12 persons havewouldto contribute 25cents every weekthe for nextthree years. Couldbe itthat a friend theof NOIapplied some arithmetic to Elijalfs "divine solution"and pointed out itsinconsistencies? At anyrate, there appeared -54- i t l s 4. E at in theSeptember 25,1964, issueof "MuhammadSpeaks" a coupon to be clipped, B signed, andmailed to the Chicagoheadquarters oi the "3-Year Economic Plan. " 1 fl i In fine print was the pledge: 9 I am going to enclose 50¢with this coupon, andevery coupon hereafter that is printed in this Newspaper. . . " u :' Soon issuesof the paper containedmore than one coupon. The November 20issue had five. Perhaps it was felt that it "every coupon" was forwarded to Chicago,Elijah's proposedbank could be started earlier than 1980. R D. Educational Center v Elijah Muhammad apparently desires to initiate programs frequently t to show his earnestness in aiding the "so-called Negroes" in America. With his "3-Year Economic Plan" under way, he has renewed anearlier plan for an N01 educational center to be built in Chicago. This earlier proposed center was announcedin 1958. In the following I Y two years, Elijah's constantappeal for contributions began with $3, 500, 000 and grew to $20, 000, 000. Though land was purchased in Chicago, it was F condemned later for city use by the Chicago Park District, and the NOI was compensated for its return. Whatever funds were collected in this two-year drive never have been publicly accounted for. Now, Elijah has revived his drive for a new educational center. In January, 1964, the cult newspaper beganthe campaignwith articles and drawings U,5 _IhB=wU__ __°_§__aEmaoal_____:.2:=_.__==_miE:3: ..28g__=______=_:__§i=h:1__ ___I______5q___w_M__m______.______:______ :2I:=I,_____IUD.:_V_=M=_zM:__=z___:é___M_7; _ "_! ' ___||_.|_ _.___"I HM_ ___4.:¢___ __l_92__92__I _ _ . _ -_.I:.'l,.,_'_= . 5__ _vS_. _>%LI__.'w_ _'Li §______ _R_92_g_§ __,_"__. __ 4A92_g _!_anU92W} ,I/_ M~ __ 5Q b_____ R _H____ ,5Ih_114at____ ____ .__ 92Q.it ___ __'v ___ J _ _|_. | __ QTR..'-v'._iQ__.___'____uz~_~H~_Q": _L J_U~__ . 5éE _@J~_ U _ M; _%yg¢_H~HIg wm_w% _W® gmm_ ______ __1_" a E______ ______Jf__3 H___Wi_,WH- 92_.1 _n_92 M§_I' _._ A>_____P% :_H E _____ ' _ ? _'_# ____V'_J F 92 __ _ _' _ vPII __9292._ >___ Yr_92_r_92*9__- f_____h_'__i __ TE .__M _92_____1______% W_Au _1G v,_P.__ _y~q___ ___ __'__y%"__~__"_, __ _*_*__ _4_____O_"_A_W_W _~_*_$___"__._ r__;____ .'u_4a___>_v___._ _ __ _92Y_$~__ ___ _r_ '_£5'__ _,.r_._'_ _y :'2'| < 3V M IS192Q__K____H_____ 92_&_, ___I 3___M_,I. T _ _ _ _92i_hn___ u c '1 regarding proposedthe center.The plansareeven more extravagantthe than earlierones; however, thistime Elijah does notset a figure for the amount he needsbefore beginningthe project. Each issue of the paperrequests "all so-called Negroes"to "send your contributions todayto; Muhammad's Mosque No. 2 Educational Fund. " , -55- 92 I" 6! VII. RECRUITMENTAND MEMBERSHIPPROCEDURES A. Recruitment The mostsuccessful recruiterfor the Black Muslimsover thepast few yearshadbeen Malcolm X. Due to therising interestin the Negro rights movement, Malcolm'soutspoken attackson white society, widely publicized 1 in thepress, arousedthe curiosity of many American Negroes. These people, , 5 therefore, werein areceptive mood whenapproached Muslim by recruiters I 0 "fishing" for"lost-founds" "come to Muhammad'sto and hear templeour ¥ minister tellyou ofour programfor theso-called Negro." All templesrequire theirFOI mento "fish"throughout Negroareas prior tothe Sunday,public.NOI meetings.Frequently, is this donein areas > where Negro Christian churchestheir hold services. FOImen, while hawking ' 92 I the cultnewspaper, urge also Negroes tovisit open temple meetings.But strictrules forbid these recruiters,or any rank-and-file Muslim,to engage in discussionof NOI teachings non-Muslims.with NOIOnly ministers and national officerstrainedpromote to Elijah'sversionIslam ofare permitted to teach the "lost-founds. " During theSpring 1964,of theF01 captainof one of theleading NOI temples discussed"fishing" procedureswhichsaid Elijahhe wanted followed.' He saidElijah was interested in the "trashy" indigent-typeor Negro rather _ -57- . .4 1-. K ' 3K than the"elite" or"snooty" ones.According this to captain,Elijah was interesteddope in addicts,prostitutes, thieves,gamblers, anddrunkards. His techniqueapparently to offer is to society'srejects black theorganiza- tional apparatusof the N01. Believingthese socialoutcasts bewill shunned byother Negro leaders, Elijahhopes impress to themuponthat he is interested in theirrehabilitation. After considerableexperience, Elijahknows the unintelligent Negrois more apt tofollow cult teachings. To date,Elijah hashad littlesuccess recruiting in educated Negroes, whomhe calls "white folksloving" Negroes.He expressed his feelings towardthem anat N01rally inDetroit May,in 1964.He said,_ "Col1ege peoplethinktheir education will savethem. Negroesare ignorant even thoughthey attendedcollege becausethey donot havea knowledge of themselves. Theywill bedestroyed becauseof their ignorance and stubbornness. " Cult ministersand other leaders recognize thatthe constant turnover inmembership requiresconstant recruitingefforts. Oneextreme measure usedin Chicago over thepast few years has beenthe cult'seffort to interestvarious Negroyouth street gangs in N01membership. N01 recruiters, takingadvantage of a gang member's for penchant militancy,_ approacha youth and remindhimthat the N01 basicallyis fighting for the same objectiveas the gang, thatis, Negrosupremacy; whereas and,the -58.. i 92 £1 i gang issmall, theN01 isgreat and would welcomethese youths.As additional enticement, recruiterspromise gang the memberhe will receive judoand _ > karate trainingasa memberof thecult. ChicagoWelfare authorities,who have closely followedthis recruitmentactivity, reportthe Muslimshave hadno §,. apparent success.Gang members,when introducedto the religious aspects of 5 c the cultand thediscipline demandedof members, after onlya few meetings 5 ! lose interest in the NOI. 92 92 The cultnewspaper, "MuhammadSpeaks, and" Elijah'sexploitation I 1 I of famousNegro athletesare other approaches torecruitment whichwill be discussedlater in this monograph. B. MembershipProcedures, The "lost-found"Negro whohas been"steered" intothe templeby E 92'92 NOI recruitersis met thereby a well- dressed, politeFOI guardwho takesthe ! visitor's Thename. guard explains the tovisitor that beforeentering themeeting 92 i room be must besearched. Following afrisking, the visitor is seated near the $4 front ofthe hall,facing theminister. Muchof theminister- s messageis directed tohim andhis fellowvisitors. Guestsare alwayspressed toreturn to the next meeting. After the initial visit by a "lost-found, the follow-up methodsof the various templesmay beslightly different.However, alltemples continually urge nonmembersto "unite with your own kind." Those who expressa desire 92 .92-;u._;_-¢..z.I-_a Sc _ - t ! to learnmore ofthe N01are considered"registrants. " They receivea certain amountof instruction and arefurnished letter a whichthey must copytheir in handwritingown sendElijah and to Muhammad's.Chicago address. Thisletter isthe sender'sapplication formembership and H closes with thestatement: "1desire toreclaim myown. Please give me myoriginal name.My slavename is.. . " Usually, theregistrant mustwait severalweeks beforereceiving an answer from Chicago.II hemade noerror onhis application,he is noti ed hehas beenaccepted membershipfor his and name entered thein "Book ofLife. " ' ' It is explainedto theregistrant that the "so-called Negro," during thecenturies was he inslavery, losthis originalname andwas given his master'ssurname. Whenthe registrantbecomes N01 an member,his "slave" nameis dropped and heis givenan X meaning unknown!until his "true" nameis given back tohim. Whenentered in the "Book ofLife, " the firstJames wasJames theX; second,James 2X;and soiorth. Members witha commongiven name arenow beinggiven "X"names in high numbers, such asJames 78X,John 57X,and Charles87X. Buthow he receives his "true"name, ifever, issomewhat oi a mysteryeven to theN01 member.Hassan Sharrieff,in his letter of resignationthe from N01,denounced grandfather his and Elijah complained -50- ~ - ~I.i>a* Q! V l ;boutflagrant lib injusticewithregard to assigning" or"true,original, names gq followers.his neverElijahfavor did certainold iaithfuls with anybut an "1" name,Hassan and said added his observation that theseslighted Muslims were thosewho achieved no material gain fame or hi Elijah's eyes. Although Bassan recalledthat Elijahhad saidhe could not giveout thesenames, it that was up to Allah,he notedthat Elijalfsfavorites, as such hispersonal secretaries, National SecretaryJohn Simmons John Ali!,and CassiusClay MuhammadAli!, the heavyweightboxing champion, received "true"their namesquite early. Clay learnedoi hiswhile he waslistening a radio tobroadcast. commented, He "I am honored. " -51- 92 ~- ea o as 1» Q! : 3 VH1. PUBLICITY Elijah Muhammadfully understandsthat widepublicity isextremely necessary forthe continuationof the N01. Thoughhe andhis ministers appear beforethe public frequently promote to N01teachings--on andradio television, atrallies andfeasts, andat the annual conventions--Elijahhas t long feltthe writtenword couldreach "so-called Negroes"who wouldnot 5 4 attend publicfunctions. Also,he hasnot overlookedthe fact that thismethod of spreadinghis "messageof Truth" brings inconsiderable revenue. A. Public ations ' - Beginningearly in 1956,Elijah arrangedfor acolumn, underhis by-line, entitled"Mr. Muhammad Speaks"appear to regularlyin theweekly F Y Negro newspaper,the Pittsburgh "Courier. "Immediately, sellingpapers E, became oneof themost importantof thecult's programs.In temples 4; t throughout country,the N01members weregiven quotas for thenumber of thesepapers theywere requiredto buyand resell.By theSummer of 1959, however,E1ijah's toattempts dictatethe paper spolicy causeda conflictwith the publisher, andhis columnwas dropped.The N01then surittzheci itshawking activityto anotherNegro weekly,the L-osAnge-les "Herald-Dispatch,which " alsohad beenprinting Elijah'scolumn andother N01 news. 92 3 en 5! '0 By Fallthe1961, Elijahof and oi somehishierarchy they decided had money"madeseveral for papers, otherwe will make nowsome our- tor selves.In October, " 1961,hired they"Chicago the to Defender" printthe first ofissuetheir new paper, "MuhammadSpeaks.Soon the" after, Muslims boughta rotarythemselvespress issued andown theironce papera month until July,when 1962,changed they toa bimonthly. it Since February12, 1965,.- "Muhammadhas issued beenSpeaks" Theweekly. firstpaper at sold10 cents and to 20 cents Q 1 per copy,butthe price was raisedto cents15 January, in 1962, in April, 1963.Overyears, the Negro other newspapershave intermittentlyprinted articlesthe oncult,as wellas columns writtenElijah byother cult and members. But Elijah'sdictatorialand attitude demandshave considerablecaused trouble. The editorsoi theLos Angeles"Herald-Dispatch" disenchantedwith became Elijahdropped andcolumn his1963. inMay,the "New Only Crusader," a strugglingweekly Negro inpublished Chicago, has fairlybeen consistent in runningcolumn. Elijah'sto Prior itsN01 association,thissmall paper, editeda former bywaiter, published was another underand name supported leftist doctrines. h/iuhammacl :2. Speai-1;:s" gr-.ubl_ished Muhammad's by Mosque2,at 634 No.East Street, 79th Chicago.Generallyto pages28 24 in length,paper thissuperior is the averagetoNegro paper in layout and -53- ~ -1'1»:-P ;-: Q1 we 92 {l technical quality. Large headlinesin unusualcombinations ofblack and white lettering on a shadedbackground streakacross the pages. Since mid-1964, moreand more pictures have beenprinted color.in On thefront pageoi everyissue, anarticle byElijah Muhammad usually accompaniedby his photograph, dramaticallysets iorth some phase ofhis teachings. Very often, also appearingon thefront page is either a large picture or a drawing which emphasizesracial strife, police brutality,or some form of violenceagainst theblack man.Through out thepaper, nearly everything printedtends toaggravate thesoreness of race relations in the United States andaround theworld. Always, the white man is portrayedas thebrutal oppressorand theblack manas the innocent victim. 0ne- or two-paragraph news articles and filler-type inserts printedthroughout thepaper followthis sameline. Some of the articles aredated, butmany arenot. The time elementis not important. One recentissue containedsix filler inserts, all oi whichreferred to Negro slaverevolts inthe UnitedStates - 4- Q 0 {gr ' L '*"!~'% *.="¢'1:.. .l-*'.<>.+~1-M-'5-.1~ ,,<@;Q§§%%92 ' 9292.9292N MUHAMMAD anI 0;, /i._*;,Q,, __92 M1 -'3 ; '9 nuns. nu M 2'' <+;;>,:;--.; -92¢<~ ./ _,92~*.*».-.-i-W Q r ¢¢- -A-1-2-s»" , ¢- .~._-;~;:9292~_ 2" ~ _92 s.~,~§;-=i>§;=__Q'¢¢.~. -. _gf:%n92 '<** P-1:?<14z.- 1-"- 'r".=;<; T5 92-1°" .- 6 . " 92-.=~.92<&=P:>1>'é~§~1-~ -=-P Q5 ,<92»>" j_..;92=-< _u~ 5; 92__ . :4, 921: :292>>:; @ ,~. ~9292/ ¢-» ~_ Typical FrontPages ofCult Newspaper 'Q! 5! cases, tellthey howthey wereunhappy, destitute,and withouthope how,but after becomingfollowers the of "Messenger of Allah," they are happy,their economic stamshas improved, and theyhave a purpose in life. Many photographsand pictorial sketches included are throughouteach issuethe of paper. A typicalissue contained five picturesshowing Negroes being beatenby whitepolice, cartoons two depictingthe Negrobeing threatened 1 by whites,a large photograph a sobbing ofNegro motherwhosehad son been slain a inriot, and oneofa Negro male victimofa beating by whiteyouths. interspersed thesewith picturesof white violence manyare news picturesElijah, of Negroleaders emerging of countries,African smilingand happymembers, NOI and prominent Negroes--both and Muslim non-Muslim. The backpage each of issuehasa photograph of Elijah, and therest theof page is devotedto "The Muslim Program."This consists of thelist of10 items I entitled "Whatthe Muslims Want" a andlist of 12items entitled"What the ~ Muslims Believe. " V 92 Considerable advertisingappearseach in issue oi "Muhammad P Speaks."paper The regularlycarries classifiedadvertisements by -placed businesses operatedby thevarious templesNOI by and individual NOI members In additionto cc>11Z7"" S future a::ive::1**;isi:¢»?i; are printed.Readers thus are enticed to clipand mailthese coupons,indi- cating thereonthat theywish contributeto the to "3-Year Economic " Plan, _ _ 92 _ Q! , .0 t I".I or desireto subscribeto "Muhammad Speaks, or "perhaps want to purchase booksand other products sale for byN01 shopkeepers. Regular featuresof thepaper arecolumns Tynnetta by Deanar,_ Harriett Muhammad,and AbdulBasit Naeem. Who arethese featured columnists ? Tynnetta Deanar,in late1959, was a young,light-skinned, unmarried Negrogirl whobecame a secretary to ElijahMuhammad and soon beganwriting column a entitled"Women Islam. in In " hercolumn, Tynnetta forcefullyechoes Elijah'steachingthe that Negro woman should completely disassociateherseli fromthe customs and practices of the white woman,that thewhite raceis "the real enemyof our people," i and thatthe blackpeople mustdevelop strong"racial prideand solidarity." What Tynnettaadvocates, however,is notwhat Tynnettapractices Since servingasa secretary to Elijah,she hastaken twovacations, once travellingCincinnati to 1960, in whereshe gave birth ato baby girl, and againAlbuquerque to 1964, in whereshe gave birth ato baby boy. This young Negrocolumnist, so who strongly advocates of priderace,listed on the girl'sbirth certi cate that the baby white,was thatshe herselfwas white, andthat the failiexs s.~"-iiite. -66- , . Q! Q IUNAMIAD SPEAKS The Messengerol Allah Presents The Muslim Program 0;;-1-:c~&IQ9v92ry¢°15i¢Q4'? Iii.'Y'1392'3?51-¥>;~$?->! F=7 7133 What the sllms Want eenteee ee-eelreeqeeeb eeellbe92leet.e.192eel- lialldlleeednib l.Wewl-nth-eelen.Iewelie@lIl W ffOQ OII92. ¬ 8. We wni puke. Ieenl iii!" D4" In hw. Ie nu: pence upplke rev"! I 1 el. peg-u ell el needer den ev eelev. i s. we em an-im d »v~R=-Kr "I gg Q! Qeiiertlh I Qt- hf! I1 it 1- h de ned rectory. wee! ew peek h lnenee wieee 7 92 reeu were eeeeeelnee ee eehblhe e eey their ewe-eit er ee wine. We ieibeve Ill! 3 n are eel-Intel le pre- i the Area It he lev- We ielieve lei oer | re eillplel In Quie- r. 1 D til: eeperelelev- le 5 yeere-nt we are ! apply eerewe eeell. tree. all nee:-eeery anawn andee92l*9iI92 i92- eanhoi geiLion; wiu men U eehwle unicollege building! hat limb teacher! dull be ie tree no leech end ueil IIIIUAIY I. l@ equality e er giving them 3 - lweei andblood endrtCeiVl [ la Qeu peeplen|beIeyeIn|[email protected] cl thewon: ueermenihumen be- etc! and eel! rugecl. e ever ezperiencee, we believeour li. We bell" Ill! intermarriageer nee aueaesoihuinndenaibeeu enng -ixinelhwldeepeelibiled Ievtl lerf heed upon U by white America,iutl ei our legion oiwen ueeii wuhaei Lieder-enceer eenem vartnmpleie eepenuonin e sine or mftlllb . irriiary at aw awn 1 Ieeeereeeu92eqli!e92IlbIHll¢'I-KN I. We wuu n-eeaamfor ell Ieiieven at gugu, Igni for git peaple inIon! Ameri- Hun now held ll federal pruou We wui a. ueeeam la:ell blackmen endwomen nowwi- eereeea uenunce in inmunenbieprieou in e Noni u well u me loam -- We wentevery biecl men endwomen lo ~~~-', "~- ~!7:;';::~:4.<:-:.. .~" ,...6-or wow from wemmes imposediwan s iuuon tar ouneivee, ¢e4i- Ml former nave mexteri Names edom uaéEben!. nunednimubemeiheuavemw fl 1. we are not eiiawed in e. Webeiieve meii! we are tree ia- ierriior! d our own. we 92 Q1 Q ¬ 1 Harriett Muhammad'sadvice-to-the-lovelorn"For and column, Abouthas You," a beenregular feature thepaper since of November, 1963. Harriettmarried wasElijah's toAkbar 1960 from sonOctober, to In 1963. September,she accompanied 1961,AkbarCairo, to where Egypt, attended both schools.marriage Theirunsuccessful, wasthey returnedto and theUnited States and divorcedwereOctober, in Akbar 1963.back went Egypt to married and an Egyptiangirl. Harriett,with hardlythe qualificationsbest her job,new for immediatelyher advice-to-the-lovelornbegan column.June, In 1964, columnistremarried. Harrietttime, Thisbecame she wife a 27-year-oldthe of bigamisthad who deserted a wifeand threesmall children. The thirdregular contributorto thecult paper, AbdulBasit Naeem, forpast theyears eightwritten has in praisemuchof ElijahMuhammad. Naeem 6 begana newcolumn, of "Speaking Business," inthe January 29, 1965,issue of "MuhammadIts purposeSpeaks."is toreport and on furnish adviceMuslim to businessestostimulate their and usethe oi newspaperior advertising. Naeemborn wasIndia in entered and United the from States Pakistan in 1953.In theFall 1956, oi heissued a bimonthly publication, Moslem "The Worldthe andS. A.U." Throughthislittle periodical, he said,he desired to impart informationaboutand consolida.te to orthodox various Muslim groupsin theUnited AfterStates. includingan articleabout N63 theone in issue,was he contactedby cultleaders. in Being direiinancial straits, -51- _ __@__-0-:1 . 92 >@4-4.>Q._. -O-AbIn--- n. i *! Naeem published additional favorablearticleson the N01 exchangein for considerable monetaryassistance a andguaranteed increase sales in 0! his publication.Orthodox Muslimsthen stopped buying publicationhis and devotedhe attention his Elijah to Muhammadand theN01. Sincethen, Naeem, pretentiously claimingto be a "leadingPakistan Muslimand world lecturer," has written profuselyfor the cult paperextolling Elijah Muhammadand theN01. An editorialin theJanuary 29,1965, issue of "Muhammad Speaks" revealsthe maintheme purposeand Elijah of Muhammad's whole rmblicity program throughthe years: ". . .we cannotget ourfreedom, justiceand dignity from theAmerican governmentwithout Divinehelp. It hasbeen Diwinely predictedthat Godalone would senda Messenger and thatmessenger among is us." ". . .'l heslave isnever ableto tree himself from the masterwithout a guide. And thatguide is the Honorable ElijahMuhammad, bornto do just that." But the"so-called Negro needs prodding.Elijah's articles concludethe with urgent appeal: "HURRYAND JOIN ONTO YOUROWN KIND THE THLS #127012-1.1:!NOW ISATHAND. " Elijah occasionallyhas hadto change this "time"that heiorebeils, ~ and onceagain heis warning in the above-mentionedissue of the paper; I .. 68 .. w £! COLUMNISTS for "Muhammad Speaks" Q"-> tn. Abdul Basit Naeem "Speaking of Business" ii, -¢~.,_, - ~ - , I -a. . ' ' it- ~'r-Pk E '~- ,92. L"- :, ;- ~:*=:;-$~a- 1-;-.c ' '73-~ 11" ~.'_. _:"-Q??? .--','t~" 27" ; . '1 ,'-_ 4* ,1;-f~ ;"=_- '~;v '5' 92 -. I-$5 - _; - . Q s "_- _- V, I '.<,i_-;_Z' . ,. k ::;_";,'. ' . 5',f~' :>' . --"=r 3'!" _' » E1b -_» L 3, ,. _ ,', _ p-_- Q,__ _ . 1 i " V .!___- _- :3}-5.55:1_~ .,- ;:,, A-_ _ 92' '- iv 1,. _.,- I 21- ' S - 4_ ¢?..r _L ? .,.',-U H. "Q =§::_; .55-.1»- , ~ '92-92'.'92 §":'am¢ ' . '* +4; #1: ¢ *?§,< ' u v , I . *1 . .~ . - _ ' _ q e ~ ,'j92 ,;i,./ Harriett Muhammad Tynnetta Deanar "For and About You" "Women in Islam" 92 4 92 p "Americafalling. is Herdoom comehas none,and said theprophets, shall help her thein dayof her downfall.. . What . is goingto happen in 1965 and 1966? It certainlychange will minds your about followinga doomed people- -a people who hateyou and yourkind, andwho callone whoteaches the truthof hatred aboutofthem us. aWehater. arewithThey Godand theare righteous. theproducers " .. Q9 - - - u.~7- 7 92 B Eifploitation of NegroAthletes Noted Negroathletes, withmany admirersamong membersd all races,are exploitedby theNOI togain publicityfor thecult. The N01 has beenmost successfulin this regard withheavyweight boxingchampion Cassius Clay. H Clay wasknown priorto his title fight with SonnyListon on February 25,1964, as the "greatmouth" and"the impishchatterbox who dabbled inverse. " Clay's "I-am-the-greatest"antics broughthim con- siderable newscoverage. Onmany occasions,he had been askedby the press abouthis reputedMuslim connections.During interviewsat that time, hegave theimpression thathe wasnot a Muslimmember, although he admitted his respect tor the religion. Then, the day afterClay's oidefeat Liston, which greatly surprised thesports world,Elijah Muhammadannounced the to annual Muslim conventionin Chicagothat CassiusClay wasa follower of the Muslims andhad acceptedhim -asthe "Messengerof Allah. " Elijah claimed that thereason Clayhad notbeen defeatedwas that"Allah andmyself said no. " Clay thentold thepress that he had beena member of theMuslims Clay'sfather, own speakingearlier to the pressabout hisson, said thatthe Muslimshad been"hammering athim andbrainwashing him" eversince he had wonthe Olympiclight-heavyweight title at Rome in1960 -'I !.. 92 - Q1 0;!;»r' - 92 Like manyother Negroyouths Louisville, in Kentucky,Clay had evidencedinterest somein the Muslims, he but hadalso "marchedfor integra- tion.Clay " considerablespent time withcult leadersin Miamiwhile training_ fora fight during Fall the 1961.of During1962, with his youngerbrother, he attended severalN01 functions in Miamiand elsewhere.But littleattention was paidto himby theN01. fact, In N01the backingwas andListon in "Muhammad FebruarySpeaks,"of1963, 18, printedan article captioned "Memo to CassiusClay.The " articlesupported it called whatListon's haymaker, verbal that Claywas "theyoungest, thing fastest comingup- -withhis mouth, " and referredListon to "the as bestthing hasthat happenedto boxingsince LouisJoe blazed acrossthe fistic horizon. " Three straight victoriesin the ring Clayby duringthe first half of 1963,Clay and gaining was considerableattentionthe inpress. Suddenly he became importantto theMuslims. MalcolmX developeda closefriendship with Clay.During rest thethat of year,Cassius his and brotherwere introduced as "visitors"at severalN01 temples;and press thethroughout the country described appearancesCassius various at N01public functions. The interest of thepress really became inaroused January,1964, Claywhen disappeared from Miami,wlie1*ei1e l;l ? 5;i §i.§.1 2j{ had"fer iiiile fight, and :1;st spoke beforea NewYork rally.N01 Thesewere events the took that place beforebecame Clay championand thatled histo openaffiliation the with N01. -71- -'J Q! _, 92 3 l With this new champion in his corner, Elijah decided it was time tohonor Claywith a new name. OnMarch 6,1964, Elijah bestowed ' on Clay his "true" name, MuhammadAli. Since then MuhammadAli has l not failed to stir up the publicity which Elijah so desperately seeks. Although they may never find another Muhammad Ali, the publicity-seeking Muslims have not bypassed other Negro athletes. Professional football star Jimmy Brown and professional basketballers Bill Russell and Wayne Hightower have each been publicized in the cult paper for statements they made praising the Muslims. C. Advertisig ' Elijah Muhammad has utilized various advertising media to publicize himself and his cult programs. With typical extravagant and exaggerated claims, he published aschedule in the first edition of "Muhammad Speaks" whichlisted 198cities throughoutthe countrywhere hisweekly radio broadcasts could be heard. As is usual with Elijah's pretentiousplans, his radio broadcasting too was beset by problems. Stations which began broad- casting his weekly taped speeches frequently cancelled the program after short periods of time because of complaints from listeners. Those stations whicii continued to cazmg-" i,1!§*";."i*£5,Ti~. 1¢ 11.1: 4: e L; V - and were obliged to repeat previous programs. -72- H i !_i_ ~ :1:79292*4! - _u_e wM L ,_.mOR rhX_ _,m_1 EL M T6M! _ '"2_'__" 1H "H1'E1 __>______1 _ __;_ _"i._k_I______W¢'b»___ H:____ _ !>_4_ 92_ h _tr_rL_'rv"_F _ _E Q _i. ; _1___ _vh'___1"1_"_5___' _V,> l"§ v>92v_: LP_~92_r I_'X'k_ % §___>Y__YuxLF§§kE_V _l_'ki§ 92,1I ___'.__ ,92'_ _92tI592M_ F l |__ 4wF £%¬§;ra_:K_7 __,i m m NW 8 n U W S e H "__ M0 m C 92 . !> Q» I Theactual value to Elijahof his radio broadcastingis hardly assessable. itHowever, issigniiicant the that schedule continues be set to out thein cultpaper thatand frequentlythe listof stationscarrying pro- his gramsthe and listof cities reached changes. re ect March The1965, 5, issue"Muhammad of lists 31 citiesSpeaks" canwhich receiveE1ijah's weekly broadcastsfrom beamed radio19 stationsaround country. the Fourteenof the cities31 supposedare be receiving to the programs from Station XERF, a Mexicanradio stationlocated across just border the fromDel Rio, Texas. Another advertisingmediatried by Elijah wasbeset witheven more difficulties. inEarly 1964,Elijah decidedto utilizepublic transportation systemscarry to signsadvertising programs. his plan This provedexpensive and disappointingto Elijah.Many transportationcompanies not would accept his advertising,othersthat toagreed carrythe signssoon cancelledthe program after receivingcomplaints citizens from civic and organizationsin theirareas. Whentransit the programwas beg-un early1964. in signs the carried Elijah'sand,large inpicture letters,the challenge: "Read--Muhammad Speaks Newspaper.Below " wordsthese appearedthe nameof the local radiostation andthe time when Elijah sspeeches be could heard.Later, afterhis economic programdevised, wasthose companies still accepting his advertisementsdis- playednew pertinent signs.Again, pictureElijah'sattention, drewthe newbut -13.. , . 92 > --J .-...-_____...---Q» '" * 'Q {W captionread: "Join Muhammad's 3 YearSavings to Help FightPlan Poverty and Want--5335S0. GreenwoodAve., Chicago, 15, Illinois. Buy 'Muhamm ad Speaks Earlynewspaper."1965, in becauseof theexpense the and lackof response, the transitadvertising programwas discontinued. i P -74- < 9,, 1! IX. SECURITYMEASURES DISCIPLINE AND A. Security"It s Measuresfor everybody's protection," explains the F01guardto the visitor,must whosearched be entering beforean N01meeting Negro place. reportersfor the"Chicago told American"abouttheir experience before a meetingunder gotwhere way wasElijahto speak. You ledareinto a room, they wheresaid,register youa smilingwithMuslim a desk. atThen are you conducteda teambeforeof guards who begin to searchfor you dangerous weapons.are gentle Theybut thorough, hatcoveringto shoes: 92 ".your. . Amuscular pockets.Your youngMuslim ballpoint pentells you clicked is to empty repeatedlyi toobjectionable makesure yourit snot a miniature inpockets goesweapon. ainto brown bagAnything and yougeta claim check redeem to after the it meeting. "Then you're. .arms standing.thrust skyward. The _ muscularonetakes a karate stanceand commands you to moveintome. ' I-lis fingersdart toup yours, then flick downwardover your arms, acrossthe topof your chest,under armpits,your down and sides.your The handsgo inside and underyourbelt, all the way around. "Then theprobing fingersglide downyourlegs, inside out.and TheMuslim slapsyour thigtsand hips, nodsto three men standingsilently behind youhe apologizes andmutters, forthe frisk O.K.'Then ina andhopes dull monotone, you'renotoffended. "' Friskingweapons for the asstanding line gradually movescauses up long delays.Men searchmen, womensearch After women.being cleared, the -75.. v _ 92 l e" 1 '1 visitor entersthe meetinghall, wheremen siton oneside andwomen on the other.The speakeris surrounded by stern-faced, neat, youngbody- guards standingat ramrodattention lacing the and audience fixed from positions thearound rostrum. Other guardsF01 intostare audiencethe from sideandrear positions or move soundlessly the around hall.At ».$- £4 short intervalsthe guard changes. appropriate With and salutesbrief a Sr.I? 3 verbal exchange,thoseon duty are relieved. V Constant is vigilkept because Elijahand his leaders always suspectpresence the "stoo1 of pigeons"and "hypocrites. Alteryears of cautioningthe faithful to guard against stoolpigeons," nowElijah fears "hypocrites"more than even "stool pigeons."Sincecherished the Malcolmbroke X fromElijah, Elijahhas constantlydenounced and him 1 others likehim whoonce followedclosely laterbut deserted. Shoulda stool pigeon" a "hypocrite"or gain entrance to a meetingor rally and discovered,be guards F01 immediatelyconverge on himand forciblyeject him.During 1965 theSavior's Day convention, 1.! guards spotteda visitorwho hadformerly attendedmeetings later and spokenagainst out N01. Twenty the or moreF01 guardschargedtoward him anddragged to thehim back the of hall.They beathim andkicked him unmercifullybeforecrawled he through out doorway, the where police rescued him. - 75 - Q; UH B. llrotectionElaborateof Elijah Muhammadshowy andprotection security always hasprovided been for ElijahMuhammad thebodyguards. F01 by of thisprotection Much the in past undoubtedlywas ceremonialand ritualisticevidence his followers of u I respecthim foras the "Messenger Allah. of " Since1964, early however,when MalcolmX and many cult other3 :4 92. membersleft theN01, protection the Elijah affordedbeen hasserious very K and complete.DuringSummer of the 1964, anewprocedure inaugurated was to protectElijah. Formerly,his escortsnumbered the hundreds. into Confusionshoving andwhen resulted attempted theyenter buildingstoand automobiles.newis plan Theforthe supremecaptainthe andofF01a selectedhighly fewand trusted trained F01 tightly mensurround to at Elijah all times.On eitherside these of bodyguards,a columnof security escorts acts asthe bufferguard.F01 The areguards constantlyreminded they that 92 ¥a 4 aresoldiers the Islam, of the serving greatestgeneral, Muhammad, Elijah andevery "Fruit" that must be willing to sacrifice hisfor life Messenger."the " Afterassassination the MalcolmNew of Cityin York February on 21, 1965,subsequent and by Malcolm's followersthreatsElijah againstN01' and propertyChicago, inadvised Elijahpress hethe notthat did for fear life; his nevertheless,he welcomedthe protectionafforded by Chicagothe him police. -11- ...... -, - :_ ' . 4 °- - * J v ,2--»- -':~~.=°t* H When appearingat theannual conventionless thanaweek alter u Malcolm'sElijah death. wasadditionally protectedon thespeaker's standa doubleby row N01of ministerssitting front in andon either side _ of him.This doublerow wasin addition to theregular F01guards facing the audienceand standing shoulder shoulder to iront in ofthe speaker'sstand. C. iDisciplineand Punishment N01 membersare constantly reminded "the that firstlaw ofIslam xi is obedience."Members guided are a variety by oi "musts"and "mustnots." Somethese of thatare theymust regularlyattend meetings,make requiredthe financial contributions,sell theirquota the of cultnewspaper, trade with and Muslim-operated busmesses.They mus .not smoke, drink liquor,eat pork, use narcotics,commit adultery.or associate with non-Muslims.Women i. members wearmust theprescribed covering, head theirkeep homes neat, R ¢ andserve the properMuslim foods;and they must wearnot lipstick,high heels,short or dresses.These rulesare but a few of the manythat have guided whothose accept Elijah Muhammad'sconcocted ofversion Islam. Muslims arewarned thattheymust obey without questionall orders of thoseauthority. in member Arty violates who rules theis subjected to disciplinaryaction administeredby theNO] leadershipcomposed _oi Elijah Muhammad,the national officers, templethe ministers,captains, lieutenants. and investigators. - 73 - 92 Q!, l Q2 _. L Whena member is "broughtup oncharges, he is " given a trial, some- times beforea regular temple meeting,sometimes onlybefore thetemple o icials. Thepenalty the of guilty depends the upon natureof thecharge A and varies considerablyamong temples. Fora minor violation, a member may be 92 suspendedall temple fromactivity a periodfor from to30 90days; ifor, the .1 1 t; J n-~ 92- 1 ! chargeis more serious, mayhe besuspended one for fiveto years. Y '!~ A suspendedmember not is permittedto associate with other members - I 1 I or takepart anyin templeactivities. Uponcompletion his ofsentence, the member who showsproper the respectand promises to obeyhenceforth all Muslim rulesis permitted to return to the organization. member, One although suspendeda year for havingan affair witha woman other thanhis wife, took stepsensure to he that would be able to return at the completion his sentence.of 1 He continuedhis regular monetary contributionsand sentnumerous recruitsto 3 k:V "2 r 1. his temple. i ' Exceptcertain in isolatedcases, mostthe severepenalty metedto K violatorscult of ruleshas beenpermanent expulsionfrom thecult. Duringthe past year,however, rise the dissidenceof members among influencedby the expelled leaders--MalcolmX, Wallace,and Hassan--hasled theto cult's A resortingviolent to measuresto punishthose havewho beenslandering ~ "the Messenger"questioning and claim to his be thelast Apostleof Allah. ._._..-._'-...-....._ ..}.__....,._____,_..._.:-.- - ,,.-__ __ _d"!__-,,__,___,_,, ' V ti! Throughoutthe 1964, cultpaper regularly printed articles concerning hypocrites.A hypocrite,as defined by Elijah, is "one who first hesays believes,then disbelieves,and toseeks opposethe Messenger and thosewho believein him."During first the half of the year, Elija.h's venomous condemnationswere aimedat Malcolm Xas the"chief hypocrite, " . t. k and afterWallace Hassan and away broke thefrom cultin June, 1964, they too weredenounced hypocrites.as During theJune, Chicago pressreporting onwas seven admitted dissident membersof theChicago temple N01complained who each that one of themhad beenthreatened bodily harm withby the Muslimgoon squad. Onethem of alreadyhad been beaten two by I- O1 lieutenants. Other news- J E papers reportedsimilar beatings administered dissident to membersin 4 IX r»:='_I both Philadelphiaand NewYork. 3 6 s Elijah grewconcerned the over publicityregarding an increasing i numberhypocrites. of called Hean emergency meeting ministers of and 1 } K v captains at ChicagoAugust on1964. 19, many Fromtemples, they slipped secretlyChicago into hear to Elijahdiscuss the how problem of defectors, dissidents, andhypocrites shouldbe met. In Boston,justthree days after this conference,a dissidentmember and wifehis werebeaten F01 by guards outside Muslim the temple.The day afterthat, two dissidentmale members were badlybeatennearly bya dozen -8Q- 92 < .3 u 92- ti -4 f m the Boston Temple. One of thesemen, in an article in 4 strong-arm men r0 b d their beatings as sf "TheSaturday Evening Post, " Fe bruary 2"! , 1965, descri e enttor quitting and also as a warning "to keepour mouths shut. " punishm 4 I . 5; . ¬ 1 3 I 9 re! E"?Xi fl »" s -81.- 92 .- ...... _.,....-_..____.___Q! i l X. Q01VERSUS LAWAND ORDER A. Cont radictions ' ' Elijah Muhammadhas publiclydenied thatthe N01teaches or advocates usetheof violenceor disobedienceto the "white man's laws" in orderto achieve its goals. This disclaimerhas beenrepeated in 1 public bythe ministersof the various NOImosques throughoutthe country. The samemessage denialof is carried in "MuhammadSpeaks. " I While thisattitude towardviolence anddisruption ispublicly enunciated,more a militantapproach actually is pursued.Violent action to preventpolice officersfrom enteriné NOI meetinghalls and to avenge whatis considered unprovoked measures. policeis condoned. In addition 2 . A obstructionof police and prisonofficials, excessiverequests for freedom 1 @-92 to practicetheir "religion"in prison,and deliberateviolation of certain laws areactions supportedby NO]leaders andmembers. J. 1 Black Muslimconflict withauthority andwith thelaw andorder 5 of our civil societyhas beenparticularly evidentin the areas of police I jurisdiction, prisonconfinement, andFBI investigations. B. Police Jurisdiction Police departmentsin numerous cities havebeen involvedin investigations pertainingto N01representatives. most The publicized iii -32- ' 92 Q {Mr incidentrecent in occurredyearsLos in Angeles on April27,1962, when police officers,in routinea investigation,stoppedmen two apparently selling clothesfrom an automobile. officers Thethereupon were bythe suspects attacked whoN01 were members,and numerous by members fellowpoured from and who adjacentIn themosque.melee, shotswere fired. One member N01killed, was and membersothersome of the andpolice wereofficers wounded.The N01 immediatelypolice charged brutality.N01 leadersand ministers, to exploit sympathy,have widelyshown a photograph of thedead memberlyingthe on pavementat the scene of the altercation. Court proceedingsagainstparticipants N01 the fight inhave been extensiveundoubtedly andnot withend didOctober, an 1964, decision of the Second CourtDistrictof Appeals in Los Angeles that affirmed theprior con- victionsof 11Black Muslimson chargesof assault and resisting arrest. Another took incidentplacein Rochester, NewYork, on January 6, 1963.police Twoofficers, dispatched to investigatea callthat a man with a gumon was secondthe floor of abuilding, halted werethe street at entrance to the inhall which the wasN01 holdinga meeting.The guardN01 told was the purpose of theofficers and, as visit the policewentup the stairs, the guard shoutedwarning a upstairs.Theofficers were met and assaultedby several N01 memberswhoresponded to the guard'swarning.the Upon arrival of ' anotherofficer with police a K-9 dog, the membersinto theretreatedhall, -33- . .___-_-no~ - cw .. 92 Q! where theywere orderedto identify themselves tothe policeofficers. Arrested were15 N01members, themajority ofwhom werevisiting members from the Buffalo Mosque. _ Four trials have beenheld as a result of these arrests. The first trial was terminated following picketing of the courthouse inwhich the trial was beingheld. The secondand third trials resultedin deadlocked juries. Followingnew indictmentsreturned bya grandjury, a fourth trial was held which endedin the conviction of the 15 members. All the defendants received four-yearsuspended sentencesand wereplaced onprobation forone year. On October 27, 1963, three Flint, Michigan, police officers sought admissionto an N01 meetingbeing addressed by ElijahMuhammad. N01 guardscalled them on surrender to weaponstheir enteringbefore V the hall, but thepolice refusedto obeythe N01rule thatonly unarmed persons canenter their meetings. ElijahMuhammad thensuspended the meeting. He later instituted a million-dollar damage suitagainst the police officers and thecity attorney, charging thatthe constitutional immunities and guarantees of the N01 were violated by the police. A Federal district court judge in July, 1964, dismissed the Buit_ on groundsthat thepolice hada legitimate right to enter thehall, thatthree police officerscould hardlybe consideredtoo manywhen about2, 500 people - 34 - 7 92 _ O3 1 ! A were in the hall,and thatthe suitwas merelyan assertion by Elijah Muhammad that the Constitution giveshim theright toconduct a public meeting orreligious assembly a inpublic place withthe publicinvited, freefrom policesupervision.- 31» A Trenton, New Jersey,patrolman approachedtwo Negroeson September 2'7,1964, to issue thema trafficticket fordouble-parking. The :~ .1 two Negroes,later identified as NOImembers, knockedthe patrolmanto the Q . ground, kickedhim repeatedly,and attemptedto obtain his revolver.A third *1 Negro seizedthe revolverand orderedthe NOImembers releaseto thepatrol- 9 S man. Apasser-by telephonedfor police assistance. Thetwo NO!members resisted arrest. In the attack, the patrolman suffereda fractured elbow and tornthumb ligaments. l One of the NOI attackers was found guilty of traffic charges of 92 failing toobey a signal of a traffic officer, failureto showa driver's permit and anautomobile registration,illegal double-parking,and failureto notify E the Bureauof Motor Vehicles aofchange of address.In February,1965, the ;1 - N01 memberswere indictedfor atrociousassault andbattery againstthe police officers. C. Prison Confinement Individuals claimingto be Black Muslimsand followersof Elijah Muhammad havecreated numerousproblems forprison authoritiesin recent years . Someof the individuals involvedwere membersof the N01 priorto o;> i 92 . confinement, while others professed different religious affiliation on entering prison and later claimed conversion to the N01. The problemscreated byN01 practitionersin prisons, reforma- tories, and detention centers have included outright violence, as well as preparation oi petitions or legal suits alleging authorities were denying them their constitutional right oi religious freedom. One of the most 1 significant courtbattles betweenprisoners andprison authoritieshas N 4 s II, involved N01members orsympathizers in District of Columbiapenal I f 0 institutions. § 7 Members of the N01 were first permitted to conduct weekly religious meetings in District penal institutions in 1955. In 1959, a _ group of Muslims nearly rioted in a recreation yard at the Lorton Reiormatory in Lorton, Virginia, where District inmates are incarcerated. '2. 1 Some time later, prison officials isolated a prisoner for preaching the N01 program to his fellow prisoners. The N01 follower brought a suit in Federal district court in F Washington, C.D., charging discrimination notfor beingallowed to I practice his religion. In July, 1962, a district court judge ordered him to bereturned the to area of general prisoners to and bepermitted to practice his religion. In his decision, the judge indicated that N01 adherents embraced a legally recognized religion, since they believed in - 35 - 92 Q! i ii a Supreme Being. The judgealso stated that, while the prisonerdeserved disciplinarythe action, punishmentgiven had him beenexcessive was and based principallyon thefact hethat hadmade complaintsagainst ofDistrict Columbia officials. Less thana month after N0lprisoners granted were permissionto i..,_1. Z1». . Rn practicereligion, their were thereriots two the in YouthCenter at the Lnrton F. 4*,-.l; i. facility. Damageof severalthousand was dollars causedby about50 N01 i followerssympathizers. and authorities Prison promptlybanned further . 0 I Muslim servicesin theYouth Centeras dangerous to prison discipline order and Servicesstill were permitted in theadult section of theprison system,where ,,. N01 leaderswere allowedto conduct services the for N01 inmates. In1964, a Federaldistrict judgeordered Districtprison officials ~ 92. 1 to permitN01 followersat theYouth Centerto resumethe practice of their r ll, religion.order The cameina ruling involving suitfiled by a 15 N01prisoners. i '. ! . i Thejudge declared that "justifyto prohibition the of thepractices an oi ; 2 0 establishedat religion theYouth Center,the prisonoificials provemust by i V satisfactory thatevidence teachingsthe practice andof the sect createa clear and presentdangerthe to orderly functioning of theinstitution. " There was no conclusive offered, evidencethe judge toheld, showthat 1962the hadriots been instigatedOr ledby membersof the N01. _ 7 92 . Q1 '3 5 The extent of this problem is revealed in statistics issued in June,1963. At that timethere were183 legalpetitions and42 appeals by NOIprisoners pendingin theFederal courtsof Washington, D. C., and Virginia. NOI prisonerswere termeda "cult of harassment"by District of Columbia officials,who declaredthat thevolume ofcomplaints was causing administrative and investigative backlogsthat interfered with the normal work of the CorporationCounsel's office. Typical of the complaintsfrom Muslim prisoners wasa charge that Lorton officials hadnot lived up to anagreement togrant special concessions duringRamadan, theMuslim's monthof fasting. Actually, Ramadanis the ninth month of the Mohammedancalendar year; but, on account of the Mohammedan year being a few days shorter than the Gregorian calendar year, this fasting month occurs during various months of our year. For convenience, therefore, Elijah established that the month of December would be Ramadan for his followers. Lorton officials were cooperating with Elijah'srule when they allowed Musliminmates specialmealtimes duringDecember sothat they would be served before sunrise and after sunset, as is the Ramadan custom. Mealtimes forthe Muslimprisoners were based on sunriseand sunsettables _ of the United StatesNaval Observatory. In spite of this consideration, Muslim prisoners protested that it was not dark enoughto eat at the designated times -33- 92 e _-a Q! F» because, according to Elijah'srules, there should not be enough light to distinguish between a black thread and a white thread. ? In a study of 38 Muslims who werefirst permitted to hold religious P is 2 services in District of Columbia penal institutions, authorities noted that each 1 :-._ of the Muslim inmates violated prison rules sufficiently to warrant disciplinary .,. action during his period of incarceration, whereas considerably less than half 92 *_ of an average group of prisoners ever committed violations that came to the if attention of prison authorities. At the time of admission of these 38 inmates, ? 1 92'_.t: 16 indicated Protestant religious preference; 10, Roman Catholic; nine, Muslim FI s while three indicated no religious preference. Thus, 75 per cent of these NOI members wererecruited andtrained duringtheir confinement in jail. ' i. While the legal proceedings concerning Muslim prisoners in District A . of Columbia penal institutions have not been ruled upon by the United States § Supreme Court, that Court has been involved in a suit brought by a prisoner Lu ~ at the Illinois State Penitentiary who charged that he had been denied his i i constitutional right to practice his religion. The prisoner, sentenced in 1953 [ I to twoconsecutive 100-yearterms for two Chicagoholdup murders,brought a suit in July, 1962, in the Federal district court in Chicago alleging that prison ! officials prohibited him from buying and reading the Koran and Arabic language books and from seeing other inmates of his faith. Prison officials claimed that the prisoner was a troublemaker, who was isolated for several years for disciplinary purposes. 92 1 Q} O.! in 9 ti 1. 1 In December, 1962, the Federal district court in Chicago dismissed the suit on grounds that it pertained to a matter not within N the court'sjurisdiction. On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals F ; . in 1963 dismissed the complaintand heldthat theBlack Muslimmovement i F v. 5» in this country was not a religion but a racist organization. Therefore, T the court added, its members were not covered by the guaranty of religious F F. freedom in the United States Constitution. .4"" v._;1 2 1 In June, 1964, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the A4 3 I ;_!.iif prisoner's complainthad asserted a proper cause oi action and should I v E. A not have been dismissed by the appellate court. -The latter court was g._- -a ordered to conduct hearings to determine if prison officials had improperly a» denied the prisoner his constitutional right to practice his religion. A it-.1 hearing in this case has been scheduled for 1965. I 92 _ In addition to resorting to the State and Federal courts for 1 -K 9»1 1 permission to practice their religion, N01 prisoners have used other means to protest prison treatment. Several yearsago, for instance, theleader V x of an NOI group of prisoners died from gunshot wounds received from a v- » prison guard during a disturbance betweenwhite and Negro prisoners in 1 V the exercise yard of the SanQuentin, California, Adjustment Center. The U Center, a portion of the California State Prison, is reserved for incorrigible ,r inmates. l: i it - 90 - ll i E 92 Q s N 6 s Q. 92., :1 it . _5_¢-f ; The nextday, about 70 Negro inmatesassembled the in yardand »='. ,_.» refusedwork. to Aspokesman presentedtoprison authorities several demands .». P, including segregationof N01followers the in prisonand a place for religious. worship. Thedemands deniedwere 59 andof the protestingprisoners refused to goto work.However, aftera brief period isolationof thesefor prisoners, "e I! they returnedto work. Word theof disturbanceat San Quentin apparently spread,as several days later,N01 leadersin California came theto prison to Y present demandsfor special privileges N01 for prisoners.Their demandswere refused. -", .: E 4 Much publicityis given to thecontention that N01 members aretaught to livecleanly andto improve themselves physically,spiritually, andmorally. F : While N01 adherentsprison in havesought freedomto practice their religion f. and tofollow theteachings Elijahof Muhammad,the sincerity and depthof their V,, fl ?'¢92 convictionsare sometimes in doubt.While in prison,a Muslimoften asserts P"? Q ! devotionto his religion andclaims hisreligious rightsare beingdenied by prison authorities.Then, releasedfrom prison,he mayviolate religious principles unscrupulously. _ For example, N01an memberconfined in a NewJersey Stateprison fileda suit alleging thatprison authoritiesdiscriminated againstN01 inmates. His suitreached theNew JerseySupreme Court,which hasyet torender a 7 ..._ ._ . .. __..-._....r.>.._A _,....n-..|zIr---...=%»_--..-=77 ...v_ __._._..,-...,-> ....»...._ ..->_ _. _, __ 92 - . _ -;._1._. ---¢'s, 92-.-¢92;.&~'-;.;-.2hl92'-ms...-ws_;,d I I !I ! , while still claiming activeN01 membership,he wasarrested again,this 92 time byNew YorkCity police,and chargedwith assaultand battery,two narcotics violations,impersonating anofficer, auto theft, possessionof burglary tools, and concealinga dangerous weapon. I-iereceived con- 5'. ".- t current sentences of five to ten years on two counts of attempted robbery. .1.1- D. FBI Investigations . J!3. 1 During investigations ofN01 memberscoming withinthe purview av» .- v92'>2 'I. of FBI jurisdiction, informationhas been developed showing howN01 31,5 literature and speakers havefostered theimpression thatviolation of United Stateslaws is cause for suspension or expulsion from the N01. The facts, however, refute this law-abiding pose. K . Primarily, N01 members in conflict with Federal statutesare involved inalleged violationsof the Selective ServiceAct. Among NOI - L leaders found guiltyand sentencedto prison in thepast forsuch violationsare 2 : Elijah Muhammad himself,his sonWallace, andhis son~in-lawRaymond I i,'. .1 Sharrieff. In addition, numerous members havebeen investigatedfor H similar violations. N01 ministers give members confusing andcontradictory instructions I concerning Selective Service laws. The leadersremind NOImembers that I their allegianceis to the Muslimflag. They say thatthey cannot order members not togo to war, butthat membersshould usetheir headsand decidefor -92-o 92 c if» I -Q themselves whether to go into the Army or to jail, that Elijah Muhammad . .5- served timefor notgoing intothe Armyand noother N01member isbetter u than Elijah. 1 Q... S 0 .~=. 13 Bernard X, the NOI'syouthful minister in San Francisco, decided he "2'! was "no better than Elijah. He refused to report for induction, as ordered by ~ iii, 1 1,, his local draft board. From November, 1961, until July, 1968, he served time 1 11 in a Federal prison. Immediately following his release, he returned to his NQI 4 5. i. a ministerial duties. - ? i In one case beginning in 1963, an N01 member was convicted for F failure to appear for induction as ordered by his local draft board. He was placed on probation on condition that he seek "employment of national importance Br within 60days. However, he failedto doso andin 1964 was sentencedprison to £= _. . 43 for two years for violating that condition. ' FJ _ In another case,a self-admitted N01 memberwas sentencedin 1964 ¥I ,. i to two years in prison for failure to report for induction. He had originally 92 Fr registered in 1958 with a draft board in South Carolina and had been classified t.5 1-A. In1961, he requestedbe to classified asa conscientious objector, a request that was denied. He was ordered to present himself for induction in 1962 but he failed to appear. He was then transferred to a local draft board in ~ New Jersey, where he had taken up residence. At a preinduction examination , 92 ~ *r 2' On two occasions in 1963, however, he failed to report for induc- tion. His request for deferment to attend school was turned down. His case was transferred back to the South Carolina draft board in late I963, and he was again classified I-A. When he neglected to report for induction in early 1964, he was arrested by FBI Agnts in New Jersey and refused to give a signed t : statement concerninghis failure to reportior induction.He informeda I .9. United States commissioner that he was an N01 member and would not submit to inductioninto the armed servicesfor either combatant or noncombatant duty, because of his religious beliefs. 3 A Federal grand jury in South Carolina indicted the N01 member 1 1 for violationof the Selective ServiceAct, but he consentedto stand trial in New Jersey. On pleading guilty, he was given a two-year sentence. Q Several years ago, John Ali, national secretary of the N01, : E enunciated a policy governing NOI contacts with the FBI. He warned members i I not to sign any papers if requested by the FBI and to report immediately to 1 NOI leaders if interviewed by FBI Agents. 8 4 1 -94-