DOCSLIB.ORG

Distribution of Helicobacter Pylori and Periodontopathic Bacterial Species in the Oral Cavity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Distribution of Helicobacter Pylori and Periodontopathic Bacterial Species in the Oral Cavity biomedicines Article Distribution of Helicobacter pylori and Periodontopathic Bacterial Species in the Oral Cavity 1, 2, 1, , 1 1 Tamami Kadota y, Masakazu Hamada y, Ryota Nomura * y, Yuko Ogaya , Rena Okawa , Narikazu Uzawa 2 and Kazuhiko Nakano 1 1 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (Y.O.); [email protected] (R.O.); [email protected] (K.N.) 2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; [email protected] (M.H.); [email protected] (N.U.) * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 14 May 2020; Accepted: 12 June 2020; Published: 15 June 2020 Abstract: The oral cavity may serve as a reservoir of Helicobacter pylori. However, the factors required for H. pylori colonization are unknown. Here, we analyzed the relationship between the presence of H. pylori in the oral cavity and that of major periodontopathic bacterial species. Nested PCR was performed to detect H. pylori and these bacterial species in specimens of saliva, dental plaque, and dental pulp of 39 subjects. H. pylori was detected in seven dental plaque samples (17.9%), two saliva specimens (5.1%), and one dental pulp (2.6%) specimen. The periodontal pockets around the teeth, from which dental plaque specimens were collected, were significantly deeper in H. pylori-positive than H. pylori-negative subjects (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontopathic pathogen, was detected at a significantly higher frequency in H. pylori-positive than in H. pylori-negative dental plaque specimens (p < 0.05). The distribution of genes encoding fimbriae (fimA), involved in the periodontal pathogenicity of P. gingivalis, differed between H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative subjects. We conclude that H. pylori can be present in the oral cavity along with specific periodontopathic bacterial species, although its interaction with these bacteria is not clear. Keywords: Helicobacter pylori; Porphyromonas gingivalis; periodontopathic bacterial species; molecular biological analysis; oral specimens 1. Introduction Evidence indicates that Helicobacter pylori infects the human organism via the oral cavity and subsequently remains in the gastric tissue for the rest of its host’s life [1]. Chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa is induced by ammonia and toxins produced by H. pylori [1], eventually causing gastric mucosal damage and diseases such as peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. H. pylori in the oral cavity may cause reinfection of the stomach after eradication therapy [2,3]. However, H. pylori colonizes the oral cavity through an unknown mechanism. Among the more than 700 bacterial species that reside in the human oral cavity [4], some contribute to the progression of periodontal disease. For example, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia are called the red complex because of their high pathogenicity [5]. The orange complex comprises bacteria such as Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and Campylobacter rectus, which are associated with periodontal disease, and provides a link between pathogenic species such as the red complex and commensal bacteria [5]. Furthermore, commensal bacteria known as Biomedicines 2020, 8, 161; doi:10.3390/biomedicines8060161 www.mdpi.com/journal/biomedicines Biomedicines 2020, 8, 161 2 of 14 early colonizers with low pathogenicity include species in the green and yellow complexes, such as Capnocytophaga ochracea, Capnocytophaga sputigena, and Eikenella corrodens. These latter species are not directly involved in the development of periodontal disease, although they are involved in the establishment of the red and orange complexes [5]. A large number of studies have shown that periodontal bacteria are associated with various systemic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, aspiration pneumonia, preterm birth, low birth weight, and Alzheimer0s disease [6]. Recent studies have shown differences in the oral microbiota between cancer patients and healthy subjects [7], and that specific oral microbiota may be involved in the development of cancers other than in the head and neck region. Alterations in the oral microbiota tend to be remarkable in cancer patients, especially in gastrointestinal tumor patients [7], and some epidemiological studies have pointed to a relationship between periodontal disease and the risk of gastric cancer [7]. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the relationship between the presence H. pylori in the oral cavity and that of periodontopathic bacterial species [8]. The presence of small numbers of the keystone pathogen P. gingivalis significantly influences the development of periodontal disease [9]. An important pathogenic factor of P. gingivalis is an approximately 41 kDa filamentous appendage (FimA), encoded by the genes fimA, which is expressed on the cell surface. The fimA genes are classified as genotypes I to V and Ib [10]. The fimA genotypes I, III, and V are mainly detected in healthy gingival tissue, whereas types II, IV, and Ib are mainly detected in periodontal tissues of patients with periodontitis [10]. The detection of H. pylori in the oral cavity, which is widely performed using PCR, ranges from 0% to 100% [11]. These results indicate that it is difficult to detect H. pylori in the oral cavity with high sensitivity and specificity, because many bacterial species are present. To overcome this problem, we synthesized novel PCR primer sets using the consensus sequences of the genes of 50 strains of H. pylori [12]. Nested PCR analyses using these primers detect at least 1 to 10 H. pylori cells in the oral cavity [13]. Furthermore, closely related H. pylori species are not detected using this method [13]. We found that this novel nested PCR method detects H. pylori in samples of oral cavity tissues acquired from subjects of all ages [12–16]. Periodontal disease is associated with the colonization of the oral cavity by H. pylori [17,18]. However, most studies have focused on clinical periodontal conditions, whereas there are few studies considering the distribution of periodontopathic bacterial species. Here, we examined oral cavity specimens to analyze the association between H. pylori and periodontal disease, focusing on major periodontopathic bacterial species. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Ethics Statement This study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Committee of Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry approved this study (Approval number: H30-E32, 4 December 2018). Before specimen collection, all subjects provided written informed consent. 2.2. Subjects The subjects (13 males and 26 females; age range, 16–70 years; median age, 31 years; mean age, 35.3 15.1 years) were referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Osaka ± University Dental Hospital from January 2019 to February 2020 because of problems requiring tooth extraction of the third molar, such as dental caries and pericoronitis. Sixteen of 39 extracted teeth were impacted. Patients’ characteristics were as follows: history of systemic and gastrointestinal diseases, prior H. pylori infection of gastric tissue, and prior eradication of H. pylori from gastric tissue. The presence or absence of dental caries in the extracted tooth was diagnosed by visual inspection, palpation with a dental explorer, and X-ray examination. The depth of the periodontal pocket (also called probing depth) was measured from the gingival margin to the bottom of the pocket using a dental Biomedicines 2020, 8, 161 3 of 14 probe. The deepest level reached was recorded. Extraction of the third molar, medical examination by an interview, and measurement of the depth of the periodontal pockets were performed by a single doctor in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, and dental caries diagnosis was performed by a single dentist in the department of pediatric dentistry. 2.3. Oral Cavity Specimens The extracted third molar was placed in a sterile plastic tube containing 2.5 mL of sterile saline, and sonication was used to separate the dental plaque from the tooth. After the tooth was removed, the suspension was centrifuged, and the supernatant was discarded. The resulting suspension served as a dental plaque specimen from the extracted tooth. Next, the pulp chamber of the extracted tooth was opened using a sterilized dental handpiece and diamond point, and the dental pulp specimen was deposited into a sterile plastic tube containing 1 mL of sterile saline, according to a published method [12]. Saliva (1 mL) from each subject was collected into a sterile disposable tube. The dental pulp and saliva specimens were centrifuged, and the supernatant was discarded. Bacterial DNA was extracted from these specimens of dental plaque, dental pulp, and saliva as described below. 2.4. H. pylori Strains and Growth Condition H. pylori reference strain J99 (ATCC 700824) purchased from Summit Pharmaceuticals International corporation (Tokyo, Japan) served as the positive control. Blood agar plates (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), incubated at 37 ◦C for 3–5 days, were used to isolate bacterial colonies [12]. Thereafter, colonies were inoculated into 10 mL of brucella broth (Becton Dickinson) supplemented with 1 mL of horse serum by using a sterilized platinum loop and then incubated at 37 ◦C for 24 h under microaerophilic conditions. The bacteria were collected using centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 10 min, and genomic DNA was extracted as described below. 2.5. Bacterial DNA Extraction Bacterial DNA was extracted using a published method [12]. Briefly, oral specimens or H. pylori strain J99 were resuspended in 250 µL of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) containing 100 mM NaCl and 1 mM EDTA. The cells were collected using centrifugation, lysed in 600 µL of Cell Lysis Solution (Qiagen, Düsseldorf, Germany), and incubated at 80 ◦C for 5 min, followed by the addition of 3 µL of RNase A (10 mg/mL; Qiagen) and incubation at 37 ◦C for 30 min.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BD-CS-057, REV 0 | AUGUST 2017 | Page 1
    EXPLIFY RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS BY NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING Limitations Negative results do not rule out viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. Targeted, PCR-based tests are generally more sensitive and are preferred when specific pathogens are suspected, especially for DNA viruses (Adenovirus, CMV, HHV6, HSV, and VZV), mycobacteria, and fungi. The analytical sensitivity of this test depends on the cellularity of the sample and the concentration of all microbes present. Analytical sensitivity is assessed using Internal Controls that are added to each sample. Sequencing data for Internal Controls is quantified. Samples with Internal Control values below the validated minimum may have reduced analytical sensitivity or contain inhibitors and are reported as ‘Reduced Analytical Sensitivity’. Additional respiratory pathogens to those reported cannot be excluded in samples with ‘Reduced Analytical Sensitivity’. Due to the complexity of next generation sequencing methodologies, there may be a risk of false-positive results. Contamination with organisms from the upper respiratory tract during specimen collection can also occur. The detection of viral, bacterial, and fungal nucleic acid does not imply organisms causing invasive infection. Results from this test need to be interpreted in conjunction with the clinical history, results of other laboratory tests, epidemiologic information, and other available data. Confirmation of positive results by an alternate method may be indicated in select cases. Validated Organisms BACTERIA Achromobacter
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Oral Colonization of Periodontopathogenic Bacterium
    Studies on oral colonization of periodontopathogenic bacterium Eikenella corrodens 㸦ṑ࿘⑓ཎᛶ⣽⳦ (LNHQHOODFRUURGHQV ࡢཱྀ⭍ෆᐃ╔࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲㸧 㻌 㻌 FARIHA JASIN MANSUR 2017 㻌 㻌 DEDICATED TO MY BELOVED PARENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS…………………………………………………………. 1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………. 2 CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION …………………………………... 4 CHAPTER 2 .………………………………………………………. 11 2.1 ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………. 12 2.2 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………... 13 2.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ……………………………… 16 2.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………….. 21 CHAPTER 3 ………………………………………………………... 31 3.1 ABSTRACT …………………………………………………….. 32 3.2 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………… 33 3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………. 35 3.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………………... 38 CHAPTER 4: GENERAL CONCLUSION ………………………………………... 44 SUMMARY ………………………………………………………….. 50 JAPANESE SUMMARY ……………………………………………. 52 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………. 54 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………….. 56 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ………………………………………….. 65 㻝㻌 㻌 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CE Cell envelope GalNAc㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 N-acetyl-D-galactosamine g Gram g/L Gram/litre HA㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 Hemagglutination ∆hlyA hlyA-deficient strain H hour IL Interleukin IPTG Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside LB㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 Luria broth M Molar mM Milimolar min Minute mL Mililitre mg/mL Milligram/mililitre NaCl Sodium chloride ORF Open reading frame PBS Phosphate-buffered saline㻌 PCR Polymerase chain reaction pH㻌㻌 㻌 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌Potential of hydrogen SDS–PAGE Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis TSB Tryptic soy broth 㻞㻌 㻌 μL Microlitre μM Micromolar
    [Show full text]
  • ( Eikenella Corrodens のクオラムセンシングと バイオフィルム形成の関連性に関する研究）
    Studies on the relationship between quorum sensing and biofilm formation of Eikenella corrodens ( Eikenella corrodens のクオラムセンシングと バイオフィルム形成の関連性に関する研究） by MOHAMMAD MINNATUL KARIM Thesis Submitted to the United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences Tottori University, Japan In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences Tottori University, Japan September, 2013 1 DEDICATED TO MY BELOVED PARENTS 2 CONTENTS CONTENTS...............................................................................................ⅰ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................ⅱ GENERAL INTRODUCTION................................................................. 1 OBJECTIVES........................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................. 11 The Periodontopathogenic Bacterium Eikenella corrodens Produces an Autoinducer-2-Inactivating Enzyme 1.1 ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………… 12 1.2 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………....13 1.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ……………………………………..15 1.4 RESULTS …………………………………………………………… 19 1.5 DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………. 22 1.6 FIGURES …………………………………………………………….25 CHAPTER 2 …………………………………………………………… 32 LuxS affects biofilm maturation and detachment of the periodontopathogenic bacterium Eikenella corrodens 2.1 ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………. 33 2.2 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………....34
    [Show full text]
  • Digestive Tract Infections •Skin & Soft Tissue Infections(SSTI)
    EU Conference: Workshop #6 Macrolide Indications: •Ocular Infections •Stomatologic Infections •Digestive tract Infections •Skin & Soft Tissue Infections(SSTI) Dr. S. Simonian (NL) © CBG-MEB 1 Introduction • Problem statement: – What is the (un-)labelled use of individual macrolides in ocular, stomatologic, GI and SSTI infections? – What is the ultimate list of practical indications in these areas? • Approach: – Review information documented in data sheets & clinical literature. – From current global situation to agreed ----> by reconciliation of clinical experience with regulatory process----> state of the art indications. Focus will be primarily on systemic macrolides. © CBG-MEB 2 General Indications Ocular infections 1 ? Conjunctivitis (neonatal) C. trachomatis 2 ? Blepharitis Staphylococcal Stomatologic infections Eikenella corrodens? ? Periodontal disease3 Streptococci spp. Digestive tract infections HP peptic ulcer H. pylori* CJ Acute enteritis4 C. jejuni Cholecystitis5 SSTI Acne P. acnes Impetigo, erysipelas Streptococci spp. Furuncles, abcesses S. aureus Lyme disease?? B. burgdorferi Bartonella infections in HIV-patients ? Unlabelled use Questionable * In combination with PPI and other ?? antibiotics (eg. amoxicillin) As unlabelled alternative to beta-lactams and tetracyclines in early Lyme disease. As second-line in case tetracyline is inappropriate. © CBG-MEB 3 Indication status: Labelled(!), unlabelled & in research Ery Rox Clar Azit Telit Jos Spir Ocular infections Conjunctivitis(of the newborn) ! Blepharitis ! Trachoma
    [Show full text]
  • Intrathoracic Infections Due to Eikenella Corrodens
    Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.42.9.700 on 1 September 1987. Downloaded from Thorax 1987;42:700-701 Intrathoracic infections due to Eikenella corrodens SHAHROKH JAVAHERI, RICHARD M SMITH, DAVID WILTSE From the Pulmonary Division and Department ofMedicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, University ofCincinnati College ofMedicine; and the Pulmonary Division, Department ofMedicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Eikenella corrodens, a fastidious facultative anaerobic Gram choscopy showed swelling of the left upper lobe bronchi; all negative bacillus,' is part of the normal human oral flora. specimens were negative for malignant cells. On day 7 a Although it has been implicated as the sole causative agent Gram negative rod was cultured from one of the blood cul- for certain infections, I- its pathogenetic importance ture bottles, and this was identified as E corrodens by mor- remains uncertain. E corrodens has been isolated in respira- phological and biochemical criteria.1 2 The organism was tory tract infections, including pneumonia, abscess, and resistant to clindamycin but sensitive to penicillin. All other empyema, where detailed bacteriological investigations have blood cultures, both aerobic and anaerobic, were negative; been performed, but only in association with other sputum grew normal flora. On day 9 ampicillin was given microbes.2 356 It was recently isolated by transtracheal or and gentamicin and clindamycin were stopped. He then percutaneous aspiration from seven patients with pneu- became afebrile and felt better and his appetite improved. monia or lung abscess,5 but in each case several other Repeated attempts to wean him from intravenous fluid organisms were cultured. The present report shows that E resulted in hypotension.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Article COMPARISON of MAST BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA, ASHDOWN + GENTAMICIN, and BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI SELECTIVE AGAR
    European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 7 (2017) 1, pp. 15–36 Original article DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00037 COMPARISON OF MAST BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA, ASHDOWN + GENTAMICIN, AND BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI SELECTIVE AGAR FOR THE SELECTIVE GROWTH OF BURKHOLDERIA SPP. Carola Edler1, Henri Derschum2, Mirko Köhler3, Heinrich Neubauer4, Hagen Frickmann5,6,*, Ralf Matthias Hagen7 1 Department of Dermatology, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 2 CBRN Defence, Safety and Environmental Protection School, Science Division 3 Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Munich, Germany 4 Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany 5 Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 6 Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany 7 Department of Preventive Medicine, Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Munich, Germany Received: November 18, 2016; Accepted: December 5, 2016 Reliable identification of pathogenic Burkholderia spp. like Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei in clinical samples is desirable. Three different selective media were assessed for reliability and selectivity with various Burkholderia spp. and non- target organisms. Mast Burkholderia cepacia agar, Ashdown + gentamicin agar, and B. pseudomallei selective agar were compared. A panel of 116 reference strains and well-characterized clinical isolates, comprising 30 B. pseudomallei, 20 B. mallei, 18 other Burkholderia spp., and 48 nontarget organisms, was used for this assessment. While all B. pseudomallei strains grew on all three tested selective agars, the other Burkholderia spp. showed a diverse growth pattern. Nontarget organisms, i.e., nonfermentative rod-shaped bacteria, other species, and yeasts, grew on all selective agars.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Symbiotic Lineage Related to Neisseria and Snodgrassella Arises from the Dynamic and Diverse Microbiomes in Sucking Lice
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/867275; this version posted December 6, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. A new symbiotic lineage related to Neisseria and Snodgrassella arises from the dynamic and diverse microbiomes in sucking lice Jana Říhová1, Giampiero Batani1, Sonia M. Rodríguez-Ruano1, Jana Martinů1,2, Eva Nováková1,2 and Václav Hypša1,2 1 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic 2 Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, ASCR, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic Author for correspondence: Václav Hypša, Department of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic, +42 387 776 276, [email protected] Abstract Phylogenetic diversity of symbiotic bacteria in sucking lice suggests that lice have experienced a complex history of symbiont acquisition, loss, and replacement during their evolution. By combining metagenomics and amplicon screening across several populations of two louse genera (Polyplax and Hoplopleura) we describe a novel louse symbiont lineage related to Neisseria and Snodgrassella, and show its' independent origin within dynamic lice microbiomes. While the genomes of these symbionts are highly similar in both lice genera, their respective distributions and status within lice microbiomes indicate that they have different functions and history. In Hoplopleura acanthopus, the Neisseria-related bacterium is a dominant obligate symbiont universally present across several host’s populations, and seems to be replacing a presumably older and more degenerated obligate symbiont.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of the Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory: a Practical Review for the Clinician
    148 Postgrad Med J 2001;77:148–156 REVIEWS Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pmj.77.905.148 on 1 March 2001. Downloaded from Use of the diagnostic bacteriology laboratory: a practical review for the clinician W J Steinbach, A K Shetty Lucile Salter Packard Children’s Hospital at EVective utilisation and understanding of the Stanford, Stanford Box 1: Gram stain technique University School of clinical bacteriology laboratory can greatly aid Medicine, 725 Welch in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Al- (1) Air dry specimen and fix with Road, Palo Alto, though described more than a century ago, the methanol or heat. California, USA 94304, Gram stain remains the most frequently used (2) Add crystal violet stain. USA rapid diagnostic test, and in conjunction with W J Steinbach various biochemical tests is the cornerstone of (3) Rinse with water to wash unbound A K Shetty the clinical laboratory. First described by Dan- dye, add mordant (for example, iodine: 12 potassium iodide). Correspondence to: ish pathologist Christian Gram in 1884 and Dr Steinbach later slightly modified, the Gram stain easily (4) After waiting 30–60 seconds, rinse with [email protected] divides bacteria into two groups, Gram positive water. Submitted 27 March 2000 and Gram negative, on the basis of their cell (5) Add decolorising solvent (ethanol or Accepted 5 June 2000 wall and cell membrane permeability to acetone) to remove unbound dye. Growth on artificial medium Obligate intracellular (6) Counterstain with safranin. Chlamydia Legionella Gram positive bacteria stain blue Coxiella Ehrlichia Rickettsia (retained crystal violet).
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2014/176636 A9 6 November 2014 (06.11.2014) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) CORRECTED VERSION (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2014/176636 A9 6 November 2014 (06.11.2014) P O P C T (51) International Patent C I 1/40 Moira Street, Adamstown, New South Wales 2289 C07C 279/02 (2006.01) C07C 275/68 (2006.01) (AU). C07C 241/04 (2006.01) A61K 31/4045 (2006.01) (74) Agent: WRAYS; 56 Ord Street, West Perth, Western Aus C07C 281/08 (2006.01) A61K 31/155 (2006.01) tralia 6005 (AU). C07C 337/08 (2006.01) A61K 31/4192 (2006.01) C07C 281/18 (2006.01) A61K 31/341 (2006.01) (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C07C 249/14 (2006.01) A61K 31/381 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, C07D 407/12 (2006.01) A61K 31/498 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, C07D 403/12 (2006.01) A61K 31/44 (2006.01) BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, C07D 409/12 (2006.01) A61K 31/12 (2006.01) DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, C07D 401/12 (2006.01) A61P 31/04 (2006.01) HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, (21) International Application Number: MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, PCT/AU20 14/000483 OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, (22) International Filing Date: SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, 1 May 2014 (01 .05.2014) TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW.
    [Show full text]
  • Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections 1105
    Chapter 25 | Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections 1105 Chapter 25 Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Figure 25.1 Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease that can cause liver damage, resulting in jaundice (left) as well as serious and sometimes fatal complications. The virus that causes yellow fever is transmitted through the bite of a biological vector, the Aedes aegypti mosquito (right). (credit left: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit right: modification of work by James Gathany, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Chapter Outline 25.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems 25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems 25.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems 25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems Introduction Yellow fever was once common in the southeastern US, with annual outbreaks of more than 25,000 infections in New Orleans in the mid-1800s.[1] In the early 20th century, efforts to eradicate the virus that causes yellow fever were successful thanks to vaccination programs and effective control (mainly through the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT]) of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that serves as a vector. Today, the virus has been largely eradicated in North America. Elsewhere, efforts to contain yellow fever have been less successful. Despite mass vaccination campaigns in some regions, the risk for yellow fever epidemics is rising in dense urban cities in Africa and South America.[2] In an increasingly globalized society, yellow fever could easily make a comeback in North America, where A. aegypti is still present.
    [Show full text]
  • Cycle 31 Organism 1
    P.O. Box 131375, Bryanston, 2074 Ground Floor, Block 5 Bryanston Gate, 170 Curzon Road Bryanston, Johannesburg, South Africa 804 Flatrock, Buiten Street, Cape Town, 8001 www.thistle.co.za Tel: +27 (011) 463 3260 Fax: +27 (011) 463 3036 Fax to Email: + 27 (0) 86‐538‐4484 e‐mail : [email protected] Please read this section first The HPCSA and the Med Tech Society have confirmed that this clinical case study, plus your routine review of your EQA reports from Thistle QA, should be documented as a “Journal Club” activity. This means that you must record those attending for CEU purposes. Thistle will not issue a certificate to cover these activities, nor send out “correct” answers to the CEU questions at the end of this case study. The Thistle QA CEU No is: MT-11/00142. Each attendee should claim THREE CEU points for completing this Quality Control Journal Club exercise, and retain a copy of the relevant Thistle QA Participation Certificate as proof of registration on a Thistle QA EQA. MICROBIOLOGY LEGEND CYCLE 31 ORGANISM 1 Eikenella corrodens E. corrodens is a pleomorphic bacillus that sometimes appears coccobacillary and typically creates a depression (or “pit”) in the agar on which it is growing. It grows in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but requires an atmosphere enhanced by 3-10% carbon dioxide. The colonies are small and greyish, they produce a greenish discoloration of the underlying agar and smell faintly of bleach (hypochlorite). Only half produce the pitting of the agar that is considered characteristic. They are oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, urease-negative, indole-negative and reduce nitrate to nitrite.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix a Bacteria
    Appendix A Complete list of 594 pathogens identified in canines categorized by the following taxonomical groups: bacteria, ectoparasites, fungi, helminths, protozoa, rickettsia and viruses. Pathogens categorized as zoonotic/sapronotic/anthroponotic have been bolded; sapronoses are specifically denoted by a ❖. If the dog is involved in transmission, maintenance or detection of the pathogen it has been further underlined. Of these, if the pathogen is reported in dogs in Canada (Tier 1) it has been denoted by an *. If the pathogen is reported in Canada but canine-specific reports are lacking (Tier 2) it is marked with a C (see also Appendix C). Finally, if the pathogen has the potential to occur in Canada (Tier 3) it is marked by a D (see also Appendix D). Bacteria Brachyspira canis Enterococcus casseliflavus Acholeplasma laidlawii Brachyspira intermedia Enterococcus faecalis C Acinetobacter baumannii Brachyspira pilosicoli C Enterococcus faecium* Actinobacillus Brachyspira pulli Enterococcus gallinarum C C Brevibacterium spp. Enterococcus hirae actinomycetemcomitans D Actinobacillus lignieresii Brucella abortus Enterococcus malodoratus Actinomyces bovis Brucella canis* Enterococcus spp.* Actinomyces bowdenii Brucella suis Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae C Actinomyces canis Burkholderia mallei Erysipelothrix tonsillarum Actinomyces catuli Burkholderia pseudomallei❖ serovar 7 Actinomyces coleocanis Campylobacter coli* Escherichia coli (EHEC, EPEC, Actinomyces hordeovulneris Campylobacter gracilis AIEC, UPEC, NTEC, Actinomyces hyovaginalis Campylobacter
    [Show full text]