BIBLIOGRAPHY

This section is not intended to be a Vol, 1. Student Literatur, 1973 Lund, comprehensive listing of publications on S we den I S B N 91-44- 05711- 3 crawfish in general and the red crawfish in Edited by Sure Abrahamsson particular. However, we feel that it will provide the inquisitive reader with additional references . We have emphasized the senior Vol. 2. Division of Continuing Educa- author's publications, not to slight the work tion, 1975 Louisiana State of others but because we felt that they University, B aton Rouge, summarized the literature in a number of Louisiana 70803 USA Edited areas. The bibliography of Sphorer, Williams, by James W. Avault, Jr, and Avault see general biology section! lists over 300 references, most dealing with the red crawfish, Copies may be obtained from Vol. 3. University of Kuopio, 1977 the Publications Clerk, Fisheries, 249 Ag Kuopio, Finland ISBN 951-780- Center, Louisiana State University, Baton 055-X Edited by Ossi V. Rouge, Louisiana 70803, A number of Lindq vis t references in the following bibliography are to reports from the International Symposia on Freshwater , These are published Vol, 4, International Association of by the In ternational Association of Astac- Astacology, 1979 c/o I.N. R. A. ology. Copies of the various symposia may Thonon, France Edited by be obtained from the following sources: Pierre J. Laurent

GE NE R AI. B I OLO G Y ence, Hakkaido University, Series VI, Zoology 19: 295-308. discusses P. Aiken, D. E. 1980. Molting and growth. clarkii! . Pp, 91-150. In J. S. Cobb and B, F. Bauer, R. T. 1981. Grooming behavior and Phillips eds. !, The Biology and morphology in the decapod crustacea. Management of Lobs ter s, Volume 1, Journal of Biology 1: 153- Physiology and Behavior. Academic 173. Press, Inc. New York, London, Bittner, G. D., and R. Kopanda. 1973. Toronto, Sydney, San Francisco. Factors influencing molting in the Ameyaw-Akumfi, C., and B. Hazlett. 1975. crayfish clarkii. The Sex recognition in the crayfish Pro- Journal of Experimental Zoology cambarus clarkii, Science 190: 1225- 86: 7-16, 1226, Black, J. B., and J. V. Huner. 1980. Ameya-Akumfi, C. 1981. Courtship behav- Genetics of the red swamp crawfish, ior in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii Procambarus clarkii Girard!: state- Girard! Astacidae!, Crus- of- the-art. Proceedings of the World taceans 57-64. Mariculture Society Volume 11. Andrews, E. A. Breeding habits of crayfish. Crocker, D. W., and D. W. Barr. 1968. The American Naturalist 38: 165-206. Handbook of the of Ontario. Andrews, E. A. 1907. The attached young University of Toronto Press, Toronto, of the crayfish Cambarus clarkii and Canada. Cambarus ~dto ence. The American Hayes, W. A., II. 1977. Predator response Naturalist 41:253-276. postures of crayfish, I. The Auto, T,, Y, Kamiguchi, and S. Hisano. Procambarus Decapoda, !, 1974. His tolo gical and ult ra structural The Southwest Naturalist 21: 443-449. studies on the Y organ and the mandib- Hayes, W. A,, II, 1975. Behavioral compo- ular organ of the freshwater prawn, nents of social interactions in the Palaemon itsuctdens, with special refer- crayfish Procambarus dracillis Bendy! ence to their relation with molting Decapoda, Cambaridae! . Proceedings cycle. Journal of the Faculty of Sci- of Oklahoma Academy of Science 55. 1-5.

I l7 Hatt, H,, and U. Bauer. 1980. Single unit Girard! . Papers from the International analysis of mechano- and chemo-sensi- Symposium on Freshwater Crayfish tive neurones in the crayfish claw. 3:371-380, Neuroscience Letters 17: 203-207. Meredith, W. G., and F. J. Schwartz. Huner, J. V., and J. W. Avault, Jr. 1976. 1960. Maryland crayfishes, Maryland The molt cycle of subadult red craw- Department of Research and Education, fish, Procambarus clarkii Girard! . Solomons, Education Series No. 46. Proceedings of the World Mariculture Mittenthal, J. E, 1931. Intercalary regen- Society 7:267-273. eration in legs of crayfish: distal Huner, J. V., and J. W. Avault, Jr. 1977. segements. Development Biology Investigations of methods to shorten the 88:1-14. intermolt period in a crawfish. Pro- Nakagawa, H., M. Kayama, and S. Asakawa. ceedings of the World Mariculture 1971. Studies on carotenoprotein in Society 8:883-893. aquatic . I . Distribution of Huner, J, V., and J, B. Black. 1977. carotenoprotein in exoskeleton of cray- Aberrant secondary sex characters in fish Cambarus clarkii!. Journal of the the crawfish Procambarus clar kii Faculty of Fisheries and Hus- Girard! Decapoda: Cambaridae! . bandry, Hiroshima University 10: 61-71- The Southwest Naturalist 22: 271-275. Nakagawa, H., M, Kayama, H, Yama da, and Huner J. V., J. G. Kowalczuk, and J. W. S. Asakawa. 1974. Studies on carot- Avault, Jr. 1978, Postmolt calcifica- enoproteins in aquatic animals. IV. tion in subadult red swamp crayfish, Carotenoid pigments in crayfish Pro- Procambarus clarkii Girard! Decapoda: cambarus clarkii!, Journal of the Cambaridae! . Curstaceana 34: 275-280. Faculty of Fisheries and Animal Hus- Huxley, T, H. 1973, The crayfish, an bandry, Hiroshima University 13: 1-13. introduction to the study of zoology Nakamura, K, 1980, Quantitative analysis reproduced from the original American on the feeding patterns of the crayfish edition published in 1880! . The MIT relating to the molting cycle, Memoirs Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and of the Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima London, England. University Japan! 29: 225-238, Itagaki, H,, and J. H. Thorp, 1981. Niiyama, H. 1962. On the unprecedently Laboratory experiments to determine if large number of chromosomes of the crayfish can communicate chemically in a crayfish, Astacns ~trowbrid " Stimpson. flow-through system. Journal of Chem- Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses. ical Ecology 7: 115-I26. 35!:229-233. Kamemoto, F . I,, and J, K. Ono. 1968. Norvles, R. R., L. I, Gillert, and F, A. Urine flow determinations by continuous Brown, Jr. 1973. Endocrine mecha- collection in the crayfish Procambarus nisms. Pp. 857-908 in C. L. Prosser clarkii. Journal of Comparative Bio- ed. !, Comparative Animal Physiology. chemistry and Physiology 27; 851-857, W, B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Kinnamon, J. C. 1979. Tactile input to the Payne, J. F., C. J. Biggers, and M, L. crayfish tegumentary neuropile. Com- Scott. 1977. Electrophoretic analysis parative Biochemistry and Physiology of the free hemolymph proteins of 63A: 41-50. Orconectes palmeri palmeri Faxon! and Kong, K., and T. H. Goldsmith. 1977. Procambarus clarkii Girard! . Papers Photosensitivity of retinular cells in f rom the International Symposium on white-eyed crayfish P roc amb grus Freshwater Crayfish 3: 281-293. clarkii! . Journal of Comparative A . Penn, G, H,, Jr. 1943, A study of the life 122.'273-288. history of the Louisiana red crawfish, Kossakowski, J, 1966. Crayfish. Panstwowe C amb grus clarkii Girar d . Ecolog y Wydawnictwo Polmicze i Lesne Poland! . 24:1-18. Translated in 1971 from Polish b y H . Peterson, D. R,, and R. F, Loizzi. 1974. M. Massey!. Foreign Fisheries Trans- Fluid reabsorption in the crayfish lations ! International Activities S taff, kidney labyrinth. The Journal of National Marine Fisheries Service, Experimental Zoology 189; 85-100. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- Romaire, R, P., J. S, Forester, and J. W. ministration, U. S. Departmen t of Corn- Avault, Jr. 1977. Length-weight merce, Washington, D. C. relationships of two commercially impor- Melancon, E,, Jr., and J. W. Avault, Jr . tant crayfishes of the genus Procam- 1977. Oxygen tolerance of juvenile red barus. Papers from the International swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii Symposium on Freshwater Crayfish

118 3:463-470. Lindqvist, O. V., and H. Mikkola, 1979 Spohxer, M. L., J. L, Williams, and J. W. On the etiology of the muscle wasting A vault, Jr, 1975. A selected biblio- disease in Procambarus clarkii in graphy of the red swamp crayfish, Kenya. Papers froxn the International Procambarus clarkii Girard! and the Symposium on Freshwater Crayfish white river crayfish, Procambarus 4:363-372. acutus acutus Girard! . Papers from Sogandares-Bernal, F, 1965. Parasites from the International Symposium on F resh- Louisiana crayfishes. Tulane Studies in water Crayfish 2:637-661, Zoology 12: 79-85. Stein, R. A., and J. J. Magnuson. 1976. Unestam, T. 1969. Resistance to the Behavioral response of crayfish to a crayfish plague in soxne American, fish predator, Ecology 57: 751-761. Japanese, and European crayfishes Stevenson, J. R. 1972. Changing activities Reports of the Institute for Freshwater of the crustacean epidermis during the Research, Drottingholm Sweden! 49.' molting cycle, American Zoologis t 202-209. 12:373-380, Unestam, T . 1973. Significance of disease Storer, T, I,, and R. L. Usingex . 1965. on freshwater crayfish. Papers from General Zoology, 4th edition, McGraw- the International Symposium on Fresh- Hill Book Co., New York, St. Louis, water Crayfish 1:135-150. San Francisco, Tox onto, London, Sydney. Suko, T. 1953. Studies on the development /ZOOGEOGRAPHY of the crayfish, I. The development of secondary sex characters in append- Bouchard, R. W. 1978. Taxonoxny, distri- bution and general ecology of the ages, Science Reports of Saitama University Japan! 1B: 77-96. genera of North American crayfishes. Suko, T. 1956. Studies on the development Pp. 11-16 in Cx ayfishes in North of the crayfish. IV, Development of America. Fisheries 3!:2-19, winter eggs. Science Reports of Girard, C. 1852, A revision of the North Saitama University Japan! 2B: 213-219. American Astaci, with observations on Suko, T, 1958, Studies on the development their habits and geographical distribu- of the crayfish. VI. The reproductive tion. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia cycle. Science Reports of Saitama University Japan! 3B: 79-91. 20:87-91, Woodcock, A. E. R., and T. H. Goldsmith. Hobbs, H, H., Jx', 1962. Notes on the affinities of the members of the 1970. Spectral responses of sustaining Blandingii Section of the crayfish genus fibers in the optic tracts of crayfish Procambarus! . Journal of Comparative Procambarus Decapoda, Astacidae! . Tulane Studies in Zoology 9 '.273-293. Physiology 69: 117-133, Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1969. On the distribu- tion and phylogeny of the crayfish DISEASES genus Cambarus. Pp. 93 178 in P. C. Holt, R. L. Hoffman, and C. W. Hart, Amborski, R. L., G. Axnborski, G. LoPiccolo, Jr. eds. ! . The Distributional History and J. V. Huner. 1975. A disease of of the Biota of the Southern Appala- the soft tissues and shell of the Lou- chians, Part I: Invertebrates. Virginia isiana crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Papers froxn the International Symposium Research Division Monograph No. 1. on Freshwater Crayfish 2: 299-316. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1972a. The subgenera Hamajima, F., T. Fujino, and M. Koga. of the crayfish genus Procambarus 1976. Studies on the host-parasite Decopoda; Astacidae!, Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 117: 1-22. Kerbert, 1878! . IV Predatory habits Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1972b, Crayfishes of some fresh-water crabs and crayfish Astacidae! of North and Middle Axnerica, In Biota of Freshwater Eco- Gould, 1859!, Annotation es Zoologicae systems, Identification Manual No. 9, Jap one s es 49: 274- 278 . U. S. Government Printing Office, Johnson, S, K. 1977. Crayfish and fresh- Washington, D, C. water shrixnp diseases, Department of Hobbs, H, H,, Jr. 1974a, Synopsis of the Marine Resoux ces Information, Texas A f axnilies and genera of crayfishes M University, CoUege Station, Publi- Crustacea: Decapoda!. Smithsonian cation No. TAMU-SG-77-605. Contribu tions to Zoology 164: 1-32.

119 Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1974b. A checklist of Lowery, R. S., and A, J. Mendes. 1977. the North and Middle American cray- Procambarus clarkii in Lake Naivasha, fishes Decapoda: Astacidae and Kenya, and its effects on established Cambaridae! . Smithsonian Contributions and potential fisher ies. Aquaculture to Zoology 166:1-161. 11:111-121, Hobbs, H, H., Jr. 1975. Adaptations and O' Brien, T. P, 1977, Crawfishes of the convergences in North American cray- Atchafalaya basin, Louisiana, with f is hes, Papers from the In ternational emphasis on those species of commercial Symposium on Freshwater Crayfish importance. Master's thesis, Louisiana 2:541-551. State University, Baton Rouge. Huner, J. V. 1977. Introductions of Pro- Odum, H. T, 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology cambarus clarkii Girard!--an update. rd Ed.!. W. B. Saunders Co., Papers from the International Symposium Philadelphia. London, Toronto. 574 pp. on Freshwater Crayfish 3: 193-202. Parker, I. S. C. 1974. The Status of the Penn, G. H, 1959, An illustrated key to Louisiana Red Swamp Crayfish Procam- the crawfishes of Louisiana with a barus clarkii [ Girardj! in Lake summary of their distribution within the Naivasha. Report to the Fisheries state Decapoda, Astacidae! . Tulane Department of the Kenya Government, Studies in Zoology 7:3-20. Wildlife Services Limited, P.O. Box 30678, Nairobi, Kenya, Payne, J, F ., and L. A, Riley. 1974. ECOLOGY Notes on crayfishes from the Chickasaw basin, Journal of the Tennessee Brown, P. 1955, The biology of the cray- Academy of Science 49: 125-128, fishes of central and southeastern Payne, J. F, 1978. Aspects of the life Illinois. Ph, D. diss,, University of histories of selected species of North Illinois, Urbana. American crayfishes. Pages 5-8 in Comeaux, M. L. 1972. Atchafalaya Swamp Crayfishes in North America. Fisher ies Life. Settlement and Folk Occupations. 3!:2-19. Geoscience and Man, Volume II, School Penn, G. H. 1950. Utilization of crawfishes of Geoscience, Louisiana State Univer- by cold-blooded vertebrates in the sity, Baton Rouge. eastern United States. The American Hobbs, H. H,, Jr. 1981. The crayfishes of Midland Naturalist 44:643-658, Georgia. Smithsonian Contributions to Penn, G. H, 1956. The genus Procambarus Zoology 318: 1-549. in Louisiana Decapoda, Astacidae!, Huner, J. V,, and R. P. Romaire, 1979. American Midland Naturalist 56; 406-422. Size at maturity as a means of com- Penn, G. H., and H. H. Hobbs, Jr. 1958, paring populations of Procambarus A contribution toward a knowledge of clarkii Girard! Crustacea: Decapoda! the crawfishes of Texas Decapoda, from different habitats. Papers from Astacidae! . Texas Journal of Science the International Symposium on Fresh- 10:452-483. water Crayfish 4:53-64. Sheppard, M. F . 1974, Growth patterns, Jaspers, E., and J. W. Avault, Jr. 1969. sex r atio and relative abundance of Environmental conditions in burrows and crayfishes in AUigator Bayou, I.ou- ponds of the red swamp crawfish, isiana. Master's thesis, Louisiana State Procambarus clarkii Girard!, near University, Baton Rouge. Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Proceedings Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Comrnis- SOCIAL IMPORTANCE sioners 23:634-647. Konikoff, M, 1977. Study of the Life Anonymous. 1981. Tulane's crayfish lady. History and Ecology of the Red Swamp Tulanian, Summer 1981, pp. 16-17, Crawfish, Pr ocambarus clarkii, in the Avault, J, W., Jr. 19'76. Crayfish in Lower Atchafalaya Basin Floodway. Europe-- some facts and folklore. Final Report for the U. S. Fish and Pr esented at Annual Meeting Louisiana Wildlife Service, Department of Biology, Crawfish Farmers Association. 9 pp, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Mimeo! . Fisheries, 249 Ag Center, Lafayette. LSU, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Lorman, J. G,, an d J, J. Magnu son . 1978, Comeaux, M, L. 1975. Historical develop- The role of crayfishes in aquatic eco- ment of the crayfish industry in the systems. Pages 8-10 in Crayfishes in United States, Papers from the Inter- North America. Fisheries 3!; 2-19. nationall Symposium on F re sh water l20 Crayfish 2: 609-620, water crayfishes in North America. Elder, T. 1977. The Adventures of Craw- Pages 2-5 in Crayfishes in North fish-Man. Little Cajun Books, Baton America. Fisheries 3!: 2-19, Rouge, Louisiana. Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, Fontenot, M. A. Clovis Crawfish. A series n. d. Processing manual for the craw- f rom Claitor' s B ookland, B aton Rouge, fish industry. A compilation of work- Louisiana. shop ses sion talks or references Hunter, E. 1977. Trial Teaching Guide pr esented by J. L, Bagent; L. de la Crawfish Environmental Learning Bretonne, Jr,; J. F. Fowler, M. L. Gt'ounds ESEA Title IV C. Environ- Moody, and K. H, Roberts. Louisiana mental Learning Grounds, Orleans State University, Baton Rouge, Parish School Board, New Orleans, Lovell, R, T., J. R, Lafleur, and F . H. Louisiana. Hoskins. 1968, Nutritional value of Mikkola, H . 1979, Ecological and social freshwater crayfish waste meal. Agri- problems in the use of the crayfish, culture and Food Chemistry 16:204-207. P rocambarus clarkii, in Kenya . P ap ers Meyers, S. P., and J. E. Rutledge. 1971. f rom the In tern ation al Symposium on Economic utilization of crustacean meals. Freshwater Crayfish 4: 197-206. Feedstuffs 433!:16.

EXPLOITATION CULTURE

Carroll, J, C., and H. C, Blades, Jr, Avault, J. W., Jr. 1979, Louisiana State 1974, A Quantitative Analysis of the University Crawfish Publications: A Amounts of South Louisiana Crawfish Compilation . Fisheries Section, School That Mov'e Through Selected Channels of Forestry and Wildlife Management, of Distribution. The University of Louisiana State University, Baton Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, Rouge . Research Series Marketing! No. 35. Barr, J. E., J. V. Huner, D, P. Klarberg, Cox, N. A., and R, T. Lovell, 1973. and J, Witzig. 1978, The large inver- Identification and characterization of the tebrate-small vertebrate fauna of microflora and spoilage bacteria in several south Louisiana crawfish ponds freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii with emphasis on predacious arthro- Girard! . Journal of Food Science pods . Proceedings of the World Mari- 38:679-681, culture Society 9;683-700. Gary, D. L. 1974. The commercial crawfish Black, J, B., and J. V, Huner. 1979. industry in south Louisiana. Louisiana Producing your own crayfish stock, State University Center for Wetland Carolina Tips 42!:1-4. Resources, Baton Rouge, La, Sea Boyd, C. E. 1969. Production, mineral Grant Publication No. LSU-SG-74-01. nutrient absorption, and biochemical Gooch, D, 1977. Aquatic Studies Pr ogram. assimilation by Ju s tie a americana and I, Louisiana Crawfish Harvest Methods. II . Boat Method Harvesting of Crawfish fur Hydrobiologie 66:139-160. in Open Ponds. III. Crawfish Pond Craft, B. R, 1980. Some basic considera- Classifications. IV. Introductions af tians in crawfish pond construction. Louisiana's Crawfish into Other Areas . Proceedings of First National Crawfish University of Southwestern Louisiana, Culture Workshop, University of South- Lafayette, Crawfish Research Center western Louisiana, Lafayette, March 3 Publication USL ASP 77-06. and 4, 1980. Griffin, T. F., III. 1975. An identification de la Bretonne, L., Jr., and J. W. Avault., of early adopters and heavy consumers Jr, 1977. Egg development and man- of crawfish among non-natives of south agement of Procambarus clarkii Girard! Louisiana. Papers from the Interna- in a south Louisiana commercial crayfish tional Symposium on Freshwater Cray- pond. Papers from the International fish 2: 629-634. Symposium an Freshwater Crayfish Hudson, J. F,, and W. J. Fantenot. 1970. 3:133-140. Profitability of Crawfish Peeling Plants Gary, D . L. 1974. See reference in Social in Louisiana. Louisiana State Univer- Importance section!. sity, Baton Rouge, Department of Gooch; D., and J. V. Huner eds.!. 1980 Agricultural Economics and Agribusi- Proceedings of the first national craw- ness, Research Report No. 421. fish culture workshop, March 3-4, 1980. Huner, J. V. 1978. Exploitation of fresh- University of Southwestern Louisiana

121 Lafayette!, Research Series No. 50. 1982. Effects of poultry waste supple- Goyert, J. C., and J, W. Avault, Jr. 1977 mentation on rice-crayf ish O~!rza Agricultural by-products as supple- sativa-Procambarus clarkii! culture mental feed for crayfish, Procambarus ponds. Aquaculture 29: 109-123. clarkii. Transactions of the American LaCaze, C. G. 1981 revised!, Crawfish Fisheries Society 106:629-633. Farming. Louisiana Wildlife and Fish- Goyert, J. C,, and J. W. Avault, Jr. 1978. eries Commission now La, Dept. Wildl. Effects of stocking density and sub- 8 Fish. !, Baton Rouge, F isheries strate on growth and survival of craw- Bulletin No. 7. fish Procambarus clarkii grown in a Miltner, M,, and J, W. Avault, Jr. 1981. recirculating system. Proceedings of Rice and millet as forages for crawfish. the World Mariculture Society 9:731-736. Louisiana Agriculture 24!: 8-10. Green, L. M., J. S. Tuten, and J, W. Perry, W. G., Jr . 1970, Marsh Type Avault, Jr. 1979. Polyculture of red Nanagement for Crawfish. Louisiana swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii! Department of Wildlif e and Fisheries, and several North American fish Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand species. Papers from the International Chenier, Unnumbered Mimeographed Symposium on Freshwater Crayfish Publication. 4:287-298. Perry, W. G,, Jr., and C. G, LaCaze, Hill, I, and W. A. Cancienne, 1966 re- 1969. Preliminary experiment on the vised! . Grow Crawfish in Rice Fields, culture of red swamp crawfish, Pro- Louisiana Cooperative Extension Ser- cambarus clarkii, in brackish water vice, Baton Rouge, Publication ponds. Proceedings Annual Conference No . 1346, of the Southeastern Association of Game Huner, J. V. 1978. Crawfish population and Fish Commissioners 23: 293-302, dynamics as they affect production in Rivas, R., R. P . Romaire, J, W. Avault, several small, open crawfish ponds in Jr., and M. Giamalva. 1979. Agricul- Louisiana. Proceedings of the World tural forages and by-product as feed Nariculture Society 9; 619-640. for crawfish, Procambarus clarkii. Huner, J. V., and J. W. Avault, Jr. 1977, Papers from the International Symposium Producing Crawfish for Fishbait. on Freshwater Crayfish 4: 337-342. Louisiana State University Center for Roberts, K, J. 1980. Louisiana crawfish Wetland Resources, Baton Rouge, Sea farming: an economic view, Proceed- Grant Publication No. LSU- T1-76-001. ings of the First National Crawfish Huner, J. V., and S. P. Meyers. 1979. Culture Workshop, University of South- Dietary protein requirements of the red western Louisiana, Lafayette, 3-4 March crawfish, Procambarus clarkii Girard! 1980. Decapoda, Cambaridae!, g rown in a Romaire, R. P., and J. W. Avault, Jr. closed system. Proceedings, Wor ld 1981-82. Forages and agricultural Nariculture Society 10: 751-760, by-products as feed for crawfish. Huner, J, V. 1981. Information about the Louisiana Agriculture 25!: 20-21. biology and culture of the red crawfish, Thomas, C. H. 1963. A preliminary report Procambarus clarkii Girard 1852! on the agricultural production of the Decapoda, Cambaridae! for fisheries red swamp crawfish Procambarus managers in Latin America, Annales clarkii! in Louisiana rice fields. Institute Ciencias Del Nar Y Limnologic Proceedings, Annual Conf erence of Mexico! 8: 43-50, Southeastern Association of Game and Huner, J. V., and J. W. Avault, Jr. 1976, Fish Commissioners 17: 180-186. Sequential pond flooding; A prospective Visoca, P., Jr, 1966. Crawfish Farming. management technique for extended Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Com- production of bait-size crawfish. mission now La. Dept. Wildl. 8 Fish. !, Transactions of the American Fisheries Baton Rouge, Education Bulletin No. 2. Society 105:637-643. Williams, E., F, S. Craig, III, and J. W. Huner, J. V., W. G. Perry, Jr., R. A, Avault, Jr. 1975. Some legal aspects Bean, N. Niltner, and J, W. Avault, of catfish and crawfish farming in Jr, 1980, Polyculture of prawns, Louisiana: a case s tudy . Louisiana tttacrobrachium ~rosenber ii, and channel State University, Agricultural Experi- catfish fingerlings, lctalurus ftunctatus, ment Station, Baton Rouge, B ulletin in Louisiana. Proceedings of the Lou- No. 689. isiana Academy of Science 43: 95-103 Johnson, W. B., Jr., and J. W. Avault, Jr.

122 AUSTRALIAN CRAWFISH Morrissy, N. M. 1976, Aquaculture of marron Cherax tenuimanus Smith!, Anonymous. 1978. Biology and farming of Part 2. Breeding and early rearing, the yabbie, Cherax destructor. De- Fisheries Research Bulletin Number 17. partment of Agriculture and Fisheries, Western Aus tralian Marine Research Government of Australia, Adelaide, Laboratories, Department of Fisheries Au s t ralia, and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia. Frost, J. V. 1975. Australia crayfish. Morrissy, N. M. 1980. Production of Papers from the International Symposium marron in Western Australian wheat belt on Freshwater Crayfish 2:87-96. farm dams. Fisheries Research Bulletin Morissy, N, M, 1979. Experimentalpond Number 24. Western Australian Marine production of marron, Cherax tenui- Fisheries Research Laboratories, manus Smith! Decapoda: Parastacidae! . Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Aquaculture 16: 319-344. Perth, Western Australia.

[23

APPENDIX B

Sample Problem for Calculating Age Classes and Averages Sizes for Crawfish Collected During Pond Population Monitoring with a Dip Net and Small Mesh Traps

! Prepare a record sheet with the size categories shown on the next page,

! Measure the crawfish and place a mark in each size category on the record sheet. Keep the dip net sample and the small mesh trap sample separate. The measurements for the example record sheet are as follows:

IO 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 18 l9 17

20 21 20 24 28 30 31 31 32 33 33 30 31 37 42

42 43 45 50 53 53 54 51 51 58 58 51 67 75 78

78 79

Small Mesh Tra Sam le

45 45 49 49 48 50 50 50 51 51 51 51 51 52 53

54 54 52 51 51 53 53 54 54 53 53 54 54 52 51

55 55 55 58 57 58 58 59 59 57 60 61 61 62 63

67 67 70 71 71 73 73 75 75 77 77 78 78 79 78

77 76 76 77 78 78 79 76 75 75 75 76 80 81 81

83 82 81 82 85 86 87 88 85 91 92 93 95 96 97

98 99 98 97 96 95 97 100 Iol 101

! Count the number of marks in each category and write the number down for each sampling technique. The numbers are shown in the sample.

! Calculate percentages. For the 10-14 mm size category this is 10/50 x 100 = 0.20 x 100 = 20~. The formula for calculating percentages is:

Number in each size class x 100 = percentage Total caught with that technique

Note that if there are exactly 50 crawfish in a sample, one can multiply the number in each category by 2 to get percentage. If there are exactly 100 crawfish in the sample, the number in each class will equal its percentage.!

125 ! The most prominent numbers will represent the Age Classes modes!. These are circled. Note the correspondence between modes for dip net and small mesh trap samples. In all fairness, the reader should be warned that the modes do not always show up this well. Practice with advice from local county extension agents or state wildlife or fisheries biologists will help a great deal, !

! Calculation of average size of crawfish from dip net and small trap samples: Average is calculated by adding up all observations and dividing by the tOtal nuI7Iber Of ObSerVatiOn.S,

The total of all observations 1,750 Total total number of observations 50

Average = ' 1,750 = 35.0 rnm about 1.38 in.! 50

Small Mesh Tra Sam le

The total of all observations = 6,990 The total number of observations 100

Average = ~ 6 990 = 69,9 mm about 2.75 in.! 100

Appendix 8 SI ZF. CLASSIN HILLINETERS

DIP NFT NO./S I'LE CLASS TOTAL PERCENT

TRAP NO./SI 7E CI ASS TO'I'AL

PERCENT

YOUNG-OF-THE-YFAR YOUNG-OF-THE-YEARYOUNG-OF-THE-YEAR HOLDOVER HOI.DOVER JUVENILES ADULTS

l26 APPENDIX C

A biologist captured 100 crawfish in a ditch. He marked them and returned them to the ditch. A week later he sampled the ditch again and caught 50 crawfish, of which 25 were marked and 25 were not. How many crawfish were in the ditch?

Formula: Number marked and Total caught on second Number = released on first X sam lin da sampling day Number of marked crawfish recaptured on second sampling day

Therefore:

Number = 100 X 50 = 200 crawfish in ditch! 25

Declinin Catch er Unit Effort

A biologist caught crawfish in a small pond three days in a row. She used the same amount of effort each time. Her catch was as follows: Day 1, 100 crawfish; Day 2, 50 crawfish; and Day 3, 25 crawfish. What was the original population in the pond?

You must plot cumulative catch on the x-axis and daily catch on the y-axis of agraph. After all data are graphed, a straight line drawn through all points is extended to the x-axis to give the population estimate.

l27 INDEX

Abdomen 27, 35, 36, 44 8, 9, 17 Abdomens, processing 74 Articulation 16 Acadian culture 82 Ar tificial aeration 88 Acadian settlers 64 Artificial feeds 94 Acanthocephalans 38 Artificial production 83 Accumen 10 Ar tificial spawning 111 Acetylglucosamine 36 Ash 77 Achromobacter 75 Astacid crawfish 31 Acid- stained waters 13 Astacids 46 Acorns 110 Astacoides 46 Aerola 17 Astacologists 53 Africa 8, 101 Astacopsis 46 Age classes 105, 106 Astacus 46, 60 Aging 34 Astacus astacus 34 Airboats 70 Atchafalaya 64, 67, 69, 71 Airliner 66 Atchafalaya basin 56, 58, 63, 96 Albinotic 45 Atchafalaya basin studies 80 Alert posture 24 Atlanta 78 Alfalfa 94 Atlantic croaker 68 Alimentary 16 Aus tr opotamobius 46 Alkalinity 89 Avault, James W. 68, 82 Alligator 92 Backswimmer 100 Alligator weed 93, 96, 111 Bacterial contamination 75 Alpha 21 Bait 68 Alpsa chrysochloris 68 Barbicambarus 41, 42, 44, 46 Ambulatory 16 Barnacles 9 Amebocytes 18 Barred owl 50 American alligator 50 Basiopodite 10 Ameyaw-Akumfi 25, 26 Baytex 91, 101 Amia calva 41 Beetles 100 Amiidae 49 Behavior 22 Amino acids 49 Behavioral 24 Amphipods 49 8elo stoma 100 Anax spp. 101 Benthic 49 Andrews, E. A. 27, 30 Benthic creatures 93 Aridrogenic 21 Beta 21 Annuli ventrales 44 Be tonite 94 Annulus ventralis 10 Bisque 78 Antennae 10, 17 Black, Joe 14, 26, 34, 111 Antennal glands 34 Blades, H. C. 77 Antennules 10 Blastula 29, 30 An ter ior 18 Blood 16, 17, 36 Anticoagulant poisons 91 Blue crabs 56 Antidiuretic 21 Blue-red crawfishers 13 Anus 16 Bluefish 49 Aphanomyces astaci 37 Boats 69, 70 Aphrodisiac 60 Body biological oxygen demand 59 Appendages 8, 16, 18 Bouchardina 41, 43, 46 Appendagesotiens 13 Bowfin 41, 100 Approach posture 24 Brackish water 9 Aquaculture 94 Brain 18, 19, 22, 34 Aquaculturists 92 Branches 18 50, 51, 108 3ranchial 16 Arteries 17 Branchial chambers 38, 45 Arthrobranches 17 Brazil 8 8reaux Bridge 61 Cattail 93 8 reeding 112 Cave crawfish 45 Brevoortia spp. 68 Cemeteries 61 Brine freezers 76 Centrachidae 49 Brine shrimp 9 Central 20 Buffalo Cove 58 Central America 8 Buffalofish 68, 110 Cephalic 16, 44 Bull tongue 93 Cephalothoracic 17 Bullfrog 49 Cephalothorax 8, 10, 35, 36 Bullheads 49, 100 Cephalothoraxes, proce ssing 74 Bullrush 93 Cervical groove 10 Burrow 31 Chakchiurna 60 Burrowers 45 Chamber 16 Burrowers, primary 53 Chela 10 Burrowers, secondary 53 Chelae 24 Burrowers, tertiary 53 Chelipeds 53 Burrowing 86, 96, 97 Chemicals 89 Burrowing behavior 53 Chernoreceptors 18, 20 Burrows 51, 52, 53, 54 Cherax 46 Burrows, submerged 52 Chicago 78 Burrows, u-shaped 52 China 8 Burrows, vertical 52 Chitin 10, 16, 36 Burying 26 Chitinous 16 Cabbage 95 Choupique 41 Cajun combine 70, 71 Chromatophores 12 Cajun Shamroque 61 Chromosome number 29 Calcite 10 Circulation 17 Calcium 76, 77, 95 Circulatory 17 Calcium carbonate 10 Circumesophageal 18 California 31, 54, 56, 62, 63, 78, 83, 108 Classification 41 Callinectes sapidus 56 Claw 10 Cambarellinae 41, 44 C limb ing 26 Cambarellus 38, 41, 43, 44, 46 Coffin cutter 61 Cambarellus puer 50 Coleopterans 100 Cambarellus shufeldtii 50 Color 12 Cambarids 46 Combat 24 Cambarinae 41 Complex 21 Cambaroides 29, 46 Compound 19 Carnbaroides japonicus 62 Congo eel 49 Carnbarus 38, 41, 42, 44, 46 Conn ectives 18 Carnbarus diogenes 50, 61 Consumers 48 Canada 29 Coots 110 Canal 16 Copepods 9, 30, 49, 54, 93 Cannibalism 113 Copper 17 Carapace 10, 16, 17, 35 Copulation 26 Carbon 17 Cord 18 Car diac 16 Cornea 19 Cardio-accelerator 21 Corneagen 20 Care and stocking 96 Corneal 20 Carnivores 48 Cornified gonopodia 81 Carotenoids 12, 93 Corp uscles 18 Carotenoproteins 12, 13 Costa Rica 8, 33 Carp 68 Cottonseed meal 94 Carrol, J. C. 77 Courtship, mating behavior 25 Catfish 96, 110, 111 Covich, Alan 101

129 Coxopodote 10 Dis tribution 46 Crabs 9 Diver 16 Cracked corn 94 Dolomedes spp. 101 C raft, Billy 97 Dominican Republic 8 Crawfish 16, 18 Dorosoma cepedianum 67 Crawfish associates 50 Double cropping 108 Crawfish bisque 60 Dragonfly 100, 101 Crawfish chimneys 50, 60 Drainage canals 108 Crawfish collection 104 Draining 86 Crawfish control toxicant 89 Ducks 50, 110 Crawfish culture 82 Earthworms 49, 54 Crawfish dinner 78 Ecdysone 21 Crawfish gumbo 78 Ecdysterone 21 Crawfish jambalaya 78 Ecological damage 62 Crawfish Nan 61 Ecology 47 Crawfish market 78 Economic 83 Crawfish plague 7, 37, 62 Ecosystem 9, 47 Crawfish stew 78 Ectocommensal protozoa 38 Crawfish/waterf low management 110 Ecuador 8 Crawfish, analysis of meat 76 Edley, R. V. 72 Crawfish, analysis of waste 77 Egg development 29 Crawfish, frozen 78 Egg laying 28 Crawfish, meat 76 Egg maturation 29 Crawfish, processing 74, 76, 77 Eg g mortality 29 Crawfish, shipping 73, 74 Egg-laying behavior 27 Crawfish, storing 73 Eggs 29 Crawfish, waste 77 Egrets 50 Crepidostomum cornutum 38 Electric current 72 Crop/crawfish rotation 108 Electrofishing equipment 72 Crustacea 9 Embryonic 18 Crustacean 8 Embryonic development 29 Crustecydsone 21 Endocrine 20 Cultural impact 60 Endocuticle 12, 35 Culture 81 Endopodite 10 Cybister 101 Energy flow 48 Cylinder 16 Engaeus 46 Cylindrical traps 66 Eng aewa 46 Cypress-tupelogum 58, 80 Entomactracans 9 Cyprinus carpio 68 Enzyme diges ters 76 Dac tylpodite 10 Epicuticle 12, 35 Dallas-Fort Worth 78 Epidermis 12, 21 Dark idises 50 Epigene 45 Davis, James 73 Epiphytic 48, 49 Day, John 47 Epiphytic community 54 Death migrations 59 Epipodite 10 Decapods 9 Epistylis 38 Decomposer s 48 Escape 25 Determination of magnitude of crop 106 Esophagus 16, 18 Detritivores 7, 48 Etouffe 60, 78 Deuterocerebrum 18 Euastacoides 46 Development 28 Euastacus 46 Devil crawfish 61 Europe 7, 8, 78 Digestive 16, 17, 18 European market 64 Dig ging 26 Excretory system 34 Dioxide 17 Exocuticle 12, 35 Diseases 37 Exopodite 10 Dispersal 59 Exoskeleton 10, 12, 16, 31, 36

I 30 Exoskeleton strength 32 Geese 50 Exploitation 63 Generation 22 Extension traps 67 Genital 28 Eye color 14 Geocharax 46 Eyes 19 Gill 16 Eyestalk hormones 34 Gill chambers 10, 96 Eyestalks 21 Gill damage 36 Facet 20 Gill nets 92 Fairy shrimp 9 Girard, Charles 41 Fallicambarus 41, 42, 44, 46 Gizzard shad 67 Fallicambarus hedgpethi 50 Gland 17, 18, 21 Glucose 36 Fat 16 Faxonella 41, 43, 44, 46 Gonads 27 Faxonella clypeata 50 Gonopodia 28 Fecundity 51 Gonopodium 44 Feed and fertilizers 92 Gonopods 28, 44, 45 Feeding 26 Gooch, Donald 84, 86 Feeding behavior 26 Grackle s 50 Fertilizers 94, 95 Graham's water snake 50 F es tivals 61 Gramastacus 46 Fetal ball 33 Grasses 55 Fibrous 16 Great egret 50 Filamentous bacteria 37 Great Lakes region 60 Finfish 72 Greece 60 Fish 100, 110 Green alligator weed 93 Fish bait 64, 77, 113 Green gland labyrinth 34, 35 Fisher spider 101 Green glands 34 Fisheries management 79 Green sunfish 49, 100, ill Fishes 92 Grinnel 41 Flooding 87 Grooming 26 Fluke life cycle 38 Growth 28, 33, 95 Growth and mortality 98 Flukes 38 Flukes and spiny-headed worms 38 Gulf coast 78 Food and Drug Administration 91 Gut bacteria 37 Food web 49 Habetz, T. D. 70 Form I 21, 44, 81 Hab its ts 55 Form I males 28 Hardness 89 Form II 21, 28 Harvest 98 France 8, 62 Harvested 7, 8 Freezing 76 Harvesting 64, 97 French Acadian 81 Hatchery 112 Hawaii, 33, 56, 62 Frenchmen 7 Frequency 104 Hayes, WQliam 24, 33 Heavy metals 56 Freshwater 9 Freshwater prawns 111 Hemipterans 100 Hemocyanin 1'7 Fried crawfish tails 78 Fungal parasite 37 Hemoglobin 17 Hemolymph 17, 18 Furadan 109 Hepatic 17 Gallic 60 Gambusia affinis 101 Hepato 93 Hepatopancreas 16, 36 Ganglia 9, 18 Hepatopancreas,processing 74, 75 Ganglion 18 Herbicides 89, 108, 109 Gars 49 Herbivores 48 Ga.stric 16 Gastroliths 16, 36 Herons 50 Gastrula 29, 30 Hindgut 16 Gas trulation 30 History 81

l31 Hobbs, H. H. 41, 46, 53 Management 94, 113 Hobbseus 41, 43, 44, 46 Mandibles 10 Holding crawfish 72 Nan dub ulate 8 Honey 16 Naple 93 Hormones 21, 22 Marketing 77 Human-lung fluke 62 Naxilla 16 Huxley, T. A. 7 Maxillae 10, 21, 26 Hydrological cycle 58 Maxillipeds 17, 26, 53 Ictaluridae 49 Measurement 105 Ictiobus spp, 68 Nechano receptor s 20 Iguana 101 Mediterranean region 60 Illinois 8 Membrane 19 Image 19 Membranous layers 35 Industry 81 Menhaden 68 Inflated claws 81 Mexico 8 Innervate 18 Microbial diseases 37 Insecticides 89 Microb rachium ro senbe rgii Insects 89, 93 Nicropogon undulatus 68 Instar 31 Microsporidians 37 In te rmo1t 10 Midgut 16 Tntermolt phase 35 Midwest 94 Internal worms 38 Migrations 101 Invertebrate predators 49 MIH 21 Involuntary nervous system 18 Mill 16 Tron 89 Mill, Willy 77 Ischiopodite 10, 16, 22 Millets 93 Japan 8, 33, 56, 62, 64, 65 Minnows 110 Juvenile 21, 22 Mississippi 50, 51, 63, 64, 78, 82, 89, 94 Juvenile red crawfish 28 Mississippi River 7, 58, 59, 60 Kenya 8, 33, 54, 56, 62 Mississippi valley 8, 59, 60, 80 Konikoff, Nark 31 Mollu sks 93 La Capitale de Mondiale des Ecrevisses 61 Nolt 21 Lagenophrys 38 Nolt cycle 35 Lagniappe 81 Molt phase 35 Lake Naivasha 33 Molt-inhibiting 21 I.argemouth bass 49 Molt- s timula ting 21 Legal aspects of crawfish farming 82 Molting 21, 35 Legal considerations 78 Norgan City 58 Len tie 55 Morgan, Karl 72 Lep iso steidae 49 Morphological habitats 45 Lethocerus 100 Nortality 98 Lift nets 65 Nosaic 19 Linnaeus, Carolus 41 Nosquitofish 101 Little Bayou Sorrel 58 Motionless 26 Little blue herons 50 Nouth 18 Lobsters 9 Movement 95, 101 Lotic 55 MSH 21 Louisiana 50, 51, 86, 87, 89, 95, 108 Mudbug 70, 71 Louisiana College 14, 111 Murray State College 24 Louisiana Cooperative Extension 82, 83, 89 Muscle 16 Louisiana Department of Fisheries 78 Muscular 16 Louisiana State University 67, 68 Nuskrats 91, 92 Nagnesium 76 Nysis 30 Magnuson, John 26 Natural feeds 92 Malacostracans 9 Nauplius 29, 30 Mallard 110 Nektonic organisms 54 Mammals 91 Nemato des 49

132 Neropodite 10 Pereipods 10, 16, 17 Nerves 9, 1S Pericardial 17 Nervous system 8, 18 Pericardium 17 Nets and traps 104 Pes ticides 89 Neurohorrnones 20, 21 pH 51, 56 Neurons 18 Phagocytic 18 Neurophysiologists 18 Pheromone s 22 Neuston 27 Physiology 97 Nevada 56 Phytoplankton 88 New England 60 Pigrnentations 94 New York '78 Pigmen ts 12 Newberry Crayfish Hatchery 31, 112 Pillow traps 66 Nordic 60 Pincers 10, 16 North American Indians 60 Pintail 110 Northern Europeans 60 Planktonic 9, 93 Notonecta 100 Planktonic communities 49 Nuisance animals 91 Planktonic organisms 54 Nutria 91, 92 Plants, emergent 55 Oak 93 Plants, floating 55 Odonates 100 Plasma 17 Odum, H. T. 48 Pleopods 31, 44 Ohio 50 Pleu ron 10 Oligochaetes 49, 54 Podobranches 17 Ommatidia 19, 20 Poikolotherms 72 Omnivores 48 Polyculture 110, 111 Ophthalmic 17 Polytrophic 48 Orconectes 41, 43, 44, 46 Pond construction 83 Orconectes lancifer 50 Pond crawfish 95 Orconectes paimeri 50 Ponds 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96, 97, Orconectes virilis 26, 29 101, 103, 108, 110 Organophosphate 91 Ponds, flooding 85, 89 Osmosis 34 Ponds, marsh 102 Ostracods 93 Ponds, monitoring 103, 108 Other species 114 Ponds, open 102 Otters 91 Ponds, wooded 83, 102 Ouachita River 59 Popbottle 66 Overpopulation 89 Population condition 81 Oxygen 16, 17, 27, 51, 54, 56, 58, Population dynamics 95 59, 85, 88 Population estimation 80, 81 Oxygen conditions 98 Populations, crawfish 58 Oxygen deficient 85 Postrnolt phase 35 Oxygen levels 87 Potassium 76 Oxygenated 17 Prawn 101 P. clarkii 18, 82, 89, 96 Predaceous insects 100 Pacifastacus 41, 42, 44, 46 Predation 86 Pacifastacus leniusculus sp. 31, 78 Predicting yields 95, 103 Paddlefish 110 Premolt 12 Paired 17 Prernolt phase 35 Papillae 28 Preparation for laying 27 Paragonimus westermani 62 Primrose 93 Paranephrops 46 Probing 26 Parastacoides 46 Yrocarnbarus 38, 41, 43, 44, 46 Parastacus 46 Procarnbarus acutus 50 Parker, I. S. C . 54 Procambarus acutus acutus 96 Peeling 75 Procambarus hinei 50 Peeling plants 63 Procambarus planirostris 50 Penn, G. H. 55 Proctodeum 16

133 Pr oducers 48 Sinuses 16, 17 Production 64, 113 Skip jack herring 68 Propanil 109 Smartweed 93 Prophyrin 17 Snails 62 Propodite 10 Social impor tance of crawfish 60 Prop rioceptors 18 Sodium 76 Protein 76, 77, 94 Soft phase 35 Pr oteoly tie enzymes 100 Soil analysis 95 Protocerebrum 18 Soil Conservation Service 84 P rotodeum 30 Solitary behavior 26 Protopodite 10, 17, 22 Somites 10 Protozoan diseases 37 South America 8 Protozoeal 30 South Carolina 63, 82, 83 Pseudomonas 75 Soymeal 94 Pyre throid 109 Spain 8, 10, 62, 64, 68 Races 62 Species 95 Ranatra 100 Sperm 28 Receptors 18 Spiders 100 Recirculation 87 Spiny-headed worms 38 Recruitment 98 Sport fishermen 65 Red crawfish 95 Standup traps 67 Red River 59 S tarlings 50 Red swamp crawfish 50, 51 S tatocysts 20 Redwing blackbirds 50 S tein, Roy 26 Reddish-brown scum 89 S ternum 10 Regulation, body functions 18 S tocking 95 Reproduction system 27 S tomach 16 Reproductive failure 98 Stomatogastric 18 Respiratory 16 S tomo deum 30 Restaurant 77 Stones 16 Re tinula 20 S trainer 16 Rhab dome 20 Stunting 102, 103, l07 Rice 93 Subesophageal 18, 21 Rice/crawfish culture 108, 109 Submission 25 Rivers, flushing action 56 Substrate 92 Roberts, Kenneth 83 Supraesophageal 18 Rostrum 10, 24, 31, 45, 105 Survival 95, 96, 98 Rotenone 100 Swedes 7 Round worms 49 Swimmerets 10, 27, 28, 112 Roy, A, A. 70 Swimming 26 Salinities 56 Sympathetic nervous system 18 Salmon 77 System 16, 17, 18, 20 Samastacus 46 T ac tile 18 Sampling 104 Tail 10 Santa Barbara 31 Tapetum 20 Santo Domingo 82 Taxonomy 41 Scaphognathite 16 Teeth 16 Seafood 77 Telson 10 S edges 55 Telson spines 31 Segments 18 Temperature 51 Setae 36 Tenuibranchiurus 46 SeviHa 62 Tergum 10 Shell cuticle 12 Tertiary consumers 48 Shell disease 37 Texas 50, 51, 63, 78, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, Shipping 96 89, 94, 95, 108

134 Texas Agricultural Extension Service 73 Wolfish 41 Thelohania 37 Worms 93 Threat postur e 24 Wright, John and Katherine 31, 34, 94, 95, Toxicity 89 101, 112 Tract 16 X-organs 20 Traditional traps 66 Y-organs 21 Transparent membrane 19 Yellow-crowned night heron 50 Traps 66, 69, 71, 72, 78, 96 Yield 102 Trematodes 38 Young-of-the-year 33, 64, 82, 97, 107 T ritocet'eb rum 18 Zambia 8, 82 Troglocambarus 41, 44, 46 Zoeal 30 Troglodytic 45 Zoogeography 41, 46 Trop hie 48 Zoothamnium 38 Trophic levels 94 Trout 77 True bugs 100 Turbid waters 89 Turkey 60 Turtles 92 20-hydroxygecdysone 21 U,S. Army Corps of Engineers 78, 84 Uganda 8 University of Nlichigan 25 University of Southwestern Louisiana 61, 77 University of Wisconsin-Madison 26 Urine 34 Uropod setae 32 Uropods 16 Ven tral 18 Vertebrate predators 49 Viosca, Percy 81, 98 Voluntary nervous system 18 Wading birds 100 Walking 26 Washington 78 Waste elimination 34 Water and salt balance 34 Water beetles 101 Water bugs 100 Water fleas 9, 49, 54, 93 Water hyacinth 96 Water management 84 Water oaks 110 Water quality 56, 87 Water, sources 89 Well water 89 West coast, U. S. 60 West Indies 8 White crawfish 80, 81, 95 White ibises 50 White River crawfish 50, 51, 96 Widgeon 110 Wild production 64 Williams, Elizabeth 82 Willow swamp 80

135