DOCSLIB.ORG

Research Article Histological, Histochemical

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research Article Histological, Histochemical Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Zool.), 8(2): 273 – 285 (2012) © The Egyptian Society of Experimental Biology RESEARCH ARTICLE Nabila I. El-Desouki* Amal I. El-Refaiy** Dalia F. A. Abou-Zaid* Amira A. Abdel - Kader* HISTOLOGICAL, HISTOCHEMICAL, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE CARDIAC MUSCLE OF THE ALBINO RAT UNDER IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AND THE CURATIVE ROLE OF DIAZEPAM ABSTRACT: The present study is planned to study the effect CORRESPONDENCE: of immobilization stress on the cardiac muscle Nabila Ibrahim El-Desouki of adult male albino rats and the curative role of Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, diazepam. The study was carried out on 80 Tanta University, Egypt. albino rats; the animals were divided into eight groups: group 1 served as control rats; group 2 E-mail: [email protected] unstressed rats injected intraperitoneally daily with 0.1 mg/kg b.w. diazepam for 30 days; groups 3, 4, and 5 served as immobilized Amal I. El-Refaiy** stressed-rats for 30 days (by restricting Dalia F. A. Abou-Zaid* movement for 2 hr daily at different durations Amira A. Abdel - Kader* 5, 15, and 30 days, respectively); groups 6, 7, and 8 stressed rats treated daily with 0.1 mg/kg *Dept. of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta b.w. diazepam for 30 days. The histological University study of the cardiac myofibres of the stressed- **Dept. of Biological & Environmental rats revealed disorganization of the muscle Science, Faculty of Home Economic, Al-Azhar fibres, vacuolation of the sarcoplasm, pyknosis Univ. of the nuclei, congestion and dilatation of blood vessels in endomysium. The thickness of collagen fibres gradually increased and became ARTICLE CODE: 35.01.12 compact dense in the stressed rats till 30 days, and they were more obvious around the blood vessels. The histochemical study demonstrated INTRODUCTION: a marked reduction in the glycogen and protein Stress is an aversive stimulus, which contents of the cardiac muscle, and was time- perturbs the physiological homeostasis, and dependent. The immunohistochemical study its impact is reflected on a variety of revealed that the rats stressed for different biological systems. According to the tasks in durations manifested the disappearance of the the life, people can see the degree of stress, cytoskeletal desmin protein filaments at more tasks-more stress. Stress responses intercalated discs and Z-lines of the cardiac can be categorized as specific or nonspecific. myofibres. Treatment with diazepam for 30 Specific stressors are typically short-term days to stressed rats demonstrated markedly such as a sudden increase in environmental improvements of the architecture of cardiac temperature. Animals typically react to myofibres and restoration of the two main specific stressors by trying to combat the chemical components; glycogen and protein stressor. However, in Long-term or contents. Also, restoration of desmin in the nonspecific stress, animals take measures to cardiac myofibres was elucidated. The results adapt to the stressor rather than dealing with indicated that diazepam is recommended to be it directly (Pacak and Palkovits, 2001). used as a curative drug to improve the It has been postulated that stress is disturbances in the cardiomyocytes and involved in pathogenesis of variety of myofibrils assembly caused under the effect of diseases like depression and anxiety. stress. Immobilization (restraint) stress has been commonly used as acute and chronic stress KEY WORDS: inducers in rats (Bharihoke et al., 2000; Iwa Cardiac muscle, Desmin, Diazepam, Histochemistry, et al., 2006; Kulkarni and Juvekar, 2008). Histology, Immunohistochemistry, Rat, Stress Exposure of striated muscle tissue to intensive and prolonged compression may ISSN: 2090 - 0511 On Line ISSN: 2090 - 0503 http://www.egyseb.org 274 Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Zool.), 8(2): 273 – 285 (2012) pathologically alter its microstructure and hypnotic and anticonvulsant drugs. BDZs lead to loss of muscle fibres cross-striation reduce stress responses by acting on high- and infiltration of inflammatory cell (Bosboom affinity receptor sites present in the central et al., 2001;Appell et al., 2004), and also nervous system; these specific binding sites effected on immune system (Brehe and Way, on gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated 2008). chloride channels are called GABA-receptor- chloride-complex (Engel et al., 2007). Under immobilization stress, the Nevertheless, besides the central receptors histological changes were elucidated in described for BDZs, peripheral-type binding mammary glands (Soliman, 2006) and sites have also been identified for them in induced ultrastructural changes in the colonic human stomach, small intestine, colon, liver, mucosa (El-Derieny and Mousa, 2006). lung, thyroid gland, pancreas, breast, Moreover, Erosy et al. (2008) documented prostate, ovary and in mitochondrial that the stomach epithelium of Wister albino membranes (Bribes et al., 2004). rat under stress showed ulceration in some areas, dilatation and degeneration in gastric In fact, diazepam treatment has been glandular cells and prominent congestion of found to reverse the effect of different the capillaries. Besides, degenerated stressful stimuli (Lane et al., 1982), to epithelium and severe vascular congestion suppress noise induced gastric hypomotility were observed in the ileum and colon after (Gue et al., 1987), to improve the histological the exposure to acute water-avoidance stress and histochemical alterations of testes of for 2 hr daily and chronic stress for 5 days. immobilized rat (El-Refaiy, 2010), to recover Gabry et al. (2011) also demonstrated many both the histological changes in gastric histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa (Gabry et al., 2011) and the mucosa of rats under immobilization stress ultrastructural alterations induced by stress in for different durations. rat adrenal cortex (El-Desouki et al., 2011). El-Refaiy (2010) documented that the The aim of this work is to study the immobilization stress of rats for 2 hr daily for effect of immobilization stress on the different durations (5, 15 and 30 days) histological, histochemical and on desmin of caused marked reduction of spermatogenesis, the cardiac myocytes of male albino rats and degeneration of germinal epithelium, the curative role of diazepam. thickening of basement membrane, haemorrhage and marked increment of MATERIAL AND METHODS: collagen fibres. Mazroa and Asker (2010) Animals: found ultrastructural changes in zona fasciculate cells of rat adrenal cortex after Eighty adult male albino rats, each exposure to high ambient temperature stress. weighing 100 ± 5 g, were used in the present El-Desouki et al. (2011) elucidated the work. The animals were kept under the same abnormalities in ultrastructure of the three natural environmental condition of adrenal cortical zonal cells of rat under 2 hr temperature and photoperiod with free food of immobilization stress daily for 30 days. and water. All procedures and treatments were in accordance with the protocol of When an animal first encounters a National Animal Care and Use Committee and stressor, the neurogenic system is activated. Guidelines for the care and use of The neurogenic system is composed of the experimental animals. sympathetic postganglionic neurons and adrenal medullary tissue (Joels et al., 2007). Immobilization stress: Activation of the neurogenic system leads to Rats were exposed to stress for 2 hr daily marked increases in blood pressure muscle between 10:00 and 12:00 a.m. The animals tone, nerve sensitivity, blood sugar and were individually placed in wire stainless respiration. This is brought about by secretion mesh restrainers (5×7×12 cm in dimension) of the neurogenic amines, epinephrine and as described by Soliman (2006). This norepinephrine. Also, when the hypothalamic- procedure effectively restricted movement of pituitary-adrenal cortical system is activated the animals. Control group were housed in by stress (Ulrich-Lai et al., 2006), the normal stainless cages (20 × 25 × 35) Cm. hypothalamus produces corticotrophin- Treatment: releasing factor, which in turn stimulates the Stressed rats were daily injected pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic intraperitoneally for 30 days with the hormone (ACTH). In most mammals, therapeutic dose of diazepam which is 0.1 secretion of ACTH under stress causes the mg/kg b.w. according to Paget and Barnes cells of the adrenal cortical tissue to (1964). Diazepam was received from Amoun proliferate and to secrete corticosteroids Pharmaceutical Industries Co. Cairo, Egypt. especially cortisol from zona fasciculata (Armario et al., 2008). Experimental design: Benzodiazepines (BDZs), such as The rats were divided into eight groups, diazepam, are widely used primarily as 10 rats each. Group1: rats received no anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, sedative / treatment and served as control; group 2: ISSN: 2090 - 0511 On Line ISSN: 2090 - 0503 http://www.egyseb.org El-Desouki et al., The Cardiac Muscle of the Albino Rat under Immobilization Stress and the Curative Role of Diazepam 275 unstressed rats injected daily Table 1. Effect of stress on the level of cortisol intraperitoneally with a dose of diazepam 0.1mg/kg b.w. for 30 days; groups 3, 4, and Group Control Stressed rats 5: rats exposed to stress daily for 5, 15, and Stress for Stress for Stress for 30 days, respectively; groups 6, 7, and 8 rats 5 days 15 days 30 days injected daily intraperitoneally with a Cortisol hormone 1.35 1.53 4.5 4.03 diazepam dose of 0.1 mg/kg b.w. for 30 days Ug/dl after 5,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • VIEW Open Access Muscle Spindle Function in Healthy and Diseased Muscle Stephan Kröger* and Bridgette Watkins
    Kröger and Watkins Skeletal Muscle (2021) 11:3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13395-020-00258-x REVIEW Open Access Muscle spindle function in healthy and diseased muscle Stephan Kröger* and Bridgette Watkins Abstract Almost every muscle contains muscle spindles. These delicate sensory receptors inform the central nervous system (CNS) about changes in the length of individual muscles and the speed of stretching. With this information, the CNS computes the position and movement of our extremities in space, which is a requirement for motor control, for maintaining posture and for a stable gait. Many neuromuscular diseases affect muscle spindle function contributing, among others, to an unstable gait, frequent falls and ataxic behavior in the affected patients. Nevertheless, muscle spindles are usually ignored during examination and analysis of muscle function and when designing therapeutic strategies for neuromuscular diseases. This review summarizes the development and function of muscle spindles and the changes observed under pathological conditions, in particular in the various forms of muscular dystrophies. Keywords: Mechanotransduction, Sensory physiology, Proprioception, Neuromuscular diseases, Intrafusal fibers, Muscular dystrophy In its original sense, the term proprioception refers to development of head control and walking, an early im- sensory information arising in our own musculoskeletal pairment of fine motor skills, sensory ataxia with un- system itself [1–4]. Proprioceptive information informs steady gait, increased stride-to-stride variability in force us about the contractile state and movement of muscles, and step length, an inability to maintain balance with about muscle force, heaviness, stiffness, viscosity and ef- eyes closed (Romberg’s sign), a severely reduced ability fort and, thus, is required for any coordinated move- to identify the direction of joint movements, and an ab- ment, normal gait and for the maintenance of a stable sence of tendon reflexes [6–12].
    [Show full text]
  • Ultrastructural Cardiac Muscle and Cardiac Microvasculature Changes in Experimental Murine Infections Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, Vol
    Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ISSN: 1678-0345 [email protected] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brasil Tejero, Felix; Arias-Mota, Lourdes Lorena; Roschman-González, Antonio; Aso, Pedro María; Finol, Héctor José Trypanosoma evansi: Ultrastructural Cardiac Muscle and Cardiac Microvasculature Changes in Experimental Murine Infections Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, vol. 38, núm. 3, 2010, pp. 279-285 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=289021902008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 38(3): 279-285, 2010. ORIGINAL ARTICLE ISSN 1679-9216 (Online) Pub. 910 Trypanosoma evansi: Ultrastructural Cardiac Muscle and Cardiac Microvasculature Changes in Experimental Murine Infections* Felix Tejero1, Lourdes Lorena Arias-Mota1, Antonio Roschman-González2, Pedro María Aso3 & Héctor José Finol2 ABSTRACT Background: Trypanosoma evansi is the etiologic agent of the equine trypanosomosis, a disease related to the detriment of the extensive bovine farming in the Venezuelan grasslands. Even though macroscopic pathologies such as anemia, pale mucosa, icteric tissues, generalized edema, splenomegaly, liver and renal hypertrophy, abortion, anoestrus, emaciation, lymphadenopathies, striated muscle atrophy as well as epicardiac and endocardiac hemorrhages have been described for infections with the agent, no reports of any heart ultrastructural change in experimental or natural infections induced by Venezuelan T. evansi isolates are available. So, a transmission electron microscopic approach to the problem was needed. This work describes cell features of the cardiac myocyte and the cardiac microvasculature ultrastructure in mice experimentally infected with an equine local isolate of T.
    [Show full text]
  • (7E) Powerpoint Lecture Outline Chapter 8: Control of Movement
    Carlson (7e) PowerPoint Lecture Outline Chapter 8: Control of Movement This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: •any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; •preparation of any derivative work, including extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; •any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright 2001 by Allyn & Bacon Skeletal Muscle n Movements of our body are accomplished by contraction of the skeletal muscles l Flexion: contraction of a flexor muscle draws in a limb l Extension: contraction of extensor muscle n Skeletal muscle fibers have a striated appearance n Skeletal muscle is composed of two fiber types: l Extrafusal: innervated by alpha-motoneurons from the spinal cord: exert force l Intrafusal: sensory fibers that detect stretch of the muscle u Afferent fibers: report length of intrafusal: when stretched, the fibers stimulate the alpha-neuron that innervates the muscle fiber: maintains muscle tone u Efferent fibers: contraction adjusts sensitivity of afferent fibers. 8.2 Copyright 2001 by Allyn & Bacon Skeletal Muscle Anatomy n Each muscle fiber consists of a bundle of myofibrils l Each myofibril is made up of overlapping strands of actin and myosin l During a muscle twitch, the myosin filaments move relative to the actin filaments, thereby shortening the muscle fiber 8.3 Copyright 2001 by Allyn & Bacon Neuromuscular Junction n The neuromuscular junction is the synapse formed between an alpha motor neuron
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Pericytes: Functions and Therapeutic Potential
    UCLA UCLA Previously Published Works Title Skeletal and cardiac muscle pericytes: Functions and therapeutic potential. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/99p1707r Authors Murray, Iain R Baily, James E Chen, William CW et al. Publication Date 2017-03-01 DOI 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.09.005 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California JPT-06957; No of Pages 10 Pharmacology & Therapeutics xxx (2016) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Pharmacology & Therapeutics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pharmthera Associate editor: P. Madeddu Skeletal and cardiac muscle pericytes: Functions and therapeutic potential Iain R. Murray a,b, James E. Baily a, William C.W. Chen c,AyeletDard, Zaniah N. Gonzalez a, Andrew R. Jensen d, Frank A. Petrigliano d, Arjun Deb e,⁎, Neil C. Henderson f,⁎⁎ a BHF Center for Vascular Regeneration and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK b Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK c Reseach Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA d Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA e Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine & Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine and College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA f MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK article info abstract Keywords: Pericytes are periendothelial mesenchymal cells residing within the microvasculature. Skeletal muscle and car- Perivascular stem cell diac pericytes are now recognized to fulfill an increasing number of functions in normal tissue homeostasis, in- Mesenchymal stem cell cluding contributing to microvascular function by maintaining vessel stability and regulating capillary flow.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiac Muscle: Structure and Properties
    CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: CARDIAC MUSCLE: STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES For: Semester II CC2TH/ GEN 2TH Prepared and Compiled By: OLIVIA CHOWDHURY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY SURENDRANATH COLLEGE April 29, 2020 OLIVIA CHOWDHURY •Anatomy of The Heart April 29, 2020 OLIVIA CHOWDHURY •The Layers Of The Heart Three layers: • Epicardium . Pericardium – a double serous membrane . Visceral pericardium (Next to heart) . Parietal pericardium (Outside layer) . Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium . Connective tissue layer • Myocardium . Middle layer . Mostly cardiac muscle • Endocardium . Inner layer . Endothelium April 29, 2020 OLIVIA CHOWDHURY • The Heart Valves Allows blood to flow in only one direction Four valves: Atrioventricular valves– between atria and ventricles Bicuspid/ Mitral valve between LA and LV Tricuspid valve between RA and RV Semilunar valves between ventricles and arteries Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve April 29, 2020 OLIVIA CHOWDHURY •Direction Of Blood Flow In The Heart April 29, 2020 OLIVIA CHOWDHURY Right side of the heart: • receives venous blood from systemic circulation via superior and inferior vena cava into right atrium • pumps blood to pulmonary circulation from right ventricle Left side of the Heart: • receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins • pumps blood into systemic circulation April 29, 2020 OLIVIA CHOWDHURY •The Cardiac Muscle Myocardium has three types of muscle fibers: Muscle fibers which form contractile unit of heart Muscle fibers which form the pacemaker Muscle fibers which form conductive system April 29, 2020 OLIVIA CHOWDHURY •The Cardiac Muscle Striated and resemble the skeletal muscle fibre Sarcomere is the functional unit Sarcomere of the cardiac muscle has all the contractile proteins, namely actin, myosin, troponin tropomyosin.
    [Show full text]
  • MUSCLE TISSUE Larry Johnson Texas A&M University
    MUSCLE TISSUE Larry Johnson Texas A&M University Objectives • Histologically identify and functionally characterize each of the 3 types of muscle tissues. • Describe the organization of the sarcomere as seen in light and electron microscopy. • Identify the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium CT sleeves in muscle. • Relate the functional differences of the three muscle cell types. From: Douglas P. Dohrman and TAMHSC Faculty 2012 Structure and Function of Human Organ Systems, Histology Laboratory Manual MUSCLE FUNCTION: • GENERATION OF CONTRACTILE FORCE DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: • HIGH CONCENTRATION OF CONTRACTILE PROTEINS ACTIN AND MYOSIN ARRANGED EITHER DIFFUSELY IN THE CYTOPLASM (SMOOTH MUSCLE) OR IN REGULAR REPEATING UNITS CALLED SARCOMERES (STRIATED MUSCLES, e.g., CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLES) MUSCLE • DISTRIBUTION: SKELETAL – STRIATED MUSCLES MOSTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SKELETON MUSCLE • DISTRIBUTION: SKELETAL – STRIATED MUSCLES MOSTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SKELETON CARDIAC – STRIATED MUSCLES ASSOCIATEWD WITH THE HEART MUSCLE • DISTRIBUTION: SKELETAL – STRIATED MUSCLES MOSTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SKELETON CARDIAC – STRIATED MUSCLES ASSOCIATEWD WITH THE HEART SMOOTH – FUSIFORM CELLS ASSOCIATED WITH THE VISCERA, RESPIRATORY TRACT, BLOOD VESSELS, UTERUS, ETC. MUSCLE • HISTOLOGICAL INDENTIFICATION: SKELETAL MUSCLE – VERY LONG CYLINDRICAL STRIATED MUSCLE CELLS WITH MULTIPLE PERIPHERAL NUCLEI MUSCLE • HISTOLOGICAL INDENTIFICATION: SKELETAL MUSCLE – VERY LONG CYLINDRICAL STRIATED MUSCLE CELLS WITH MULTIPLE PERIPHERAL NUCLEI CARDIAC MUSCLE –
    [Show full text]
  • Stretch-Induced Contraction of Intrafusal Muscle in Cat Muscle Spindle1
    0270~6474/81/0110-1069$02.00/O The Journal of Neuroscience Copyright 0 Society for Neuroscience Vol. 1, No. 10, pp. 1069-1074 Printed in U.S.A. October 1981 STRETCH-INDUCED CONTRACTION OF INTRAFUSAL MUSCLE IN CAT MUSCLE SPINDLE1 R. E. POPPELE*x ’ AND D. C. QUICK+ *Laboratory of Neurophysiology and *Departments of Neurology and Anatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Abstract Measurements of tension, stiffness, and sarcomere length of intrafusal muscle during ramp stretch of isolated muscle spindles have revealed a stretch-induced contraction of the bag1 fiber. This behavior can account for the very high sensitivity of primary endings to stretch as well as the enhanced sensitivity evoked by dynamic fusimotor stimulation. An intriguing aspect of mammalian muscle spindle Materials and Methods behavior is the very high sensitivity of the primary ending Spindle afferent discharge was recorded from dorsal compared to that of the secondary ending in the same root filaments of anesthetized cats (pentobarbital so- receptor. There are at least two morphological differ- dium, Nembutal, Abbott Laboratories, 35 mg/kg). The ences between primary and secondary endings that might hindlimb was denervated except for the medial gas- account for this difference. The primary ending is formed trocnemius, and ventral roots’L5 through Sl were cut. on the intrafusal bundle in a region called the equator Activity of single muscle spindle receptors was identified where there are very few myofilaments. The secondary in the usual manner (e.g., Poppele, 1981). Mechanical endings are formed in the juxtaequatorial region where measurements were made on isolated spindles obtained there are abundant myofilaments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Somatic Nervous System Mimi Jakoi, Phd Jennifer Carbrey, Phd
    Introductory Human Physiology ©copyright Jennifer Carbrey & Emma Jakoi The Somatic Nervous System Mimi Jakoi, PhD Jennifer Carbrey, PhD The underlined headings correspond to the two Somatic Nervous system videos. 1. Introduction and structure The efferent portion of the peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls the function of glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and the neurons of the GI tract. It is composed of two neurons in series that can either excite or inhibit the target organ. In contrast, the somatic nervous system contains single neurons that excite skeletal muscles. The movements controlled by the somatic nervous system can be voluntary or involuntary (reflexes). Motor Unit The axons of motor neurons are myelinated and have large diameters for fast conduction of action potentials. As the axon approaches a skeletal muscle fiber (muscle cell) it usually branches to form synapses with anywhere from three to one thousand muscle fibers. However, each muscle fiber is usually innervated by only a single neuron. A motor unit consists of a neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. A single neuron innervates fibers from only one muscle and the innervated muscle fibers are usually spread throughout the muscle. The portion of the skeletal muscle fiber plasma membrane that synapses with the motor neuron axon is called the motor end plate. Once an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, the depolarization of the membrane opens voltage-gated calcium channels (Fig. 1). An increase in intracellular calcium at the terminal causes release of acetylcholine vesicles into the neuromuscular junction.
    [Show full text]
  • Histology of Muscle Tissue
    HISTOLOGY OF MUSCLE TISSUE Dr. Sangeeta Kotrannavar Assistant Professor Dept. of Anatomy, USM-KLE IMP, Belagavi Objectives Distinguish the microscopic features of • Skeletal • Cardiac • Smooth muscles Muscle • Latin musculus =little mouse (mus) • Muscle cells are known as MYOCYTES. • Myocytes are elongated so referred as muscle fibers Fleshy • Definition • Muscle is a contractile tissue which brings about movements Tendons Muscle makes up 30-35% (in women) & 40-45% (in men) of body mass Type of muscles BASED ON BASED ON BASED ON LOCATION STRIATIONS CONTROL Skeletal / Somatic STRIATED / STRIPED VOLUNTARY Smooth / Visceral UN-STRIATED / IN-VOLUNTARY UNSTRIPED Cardiac STRIATED / STRIPED IN-VOLUNTARY SKELETAL MUSCLE Skeletal muscle organization Muscles are complex structures: arranged in fascicles Muscle bundles / fascicles • Epimysium surrounds entire muscle – Dense CT that merges with tendon – Epi = outer, Mys = muscle • Perimysium surrounds muscle fascicles – Peri = around – Within a muscle fascicle are many muscle fibers • Endomysium surrounds muscle fiber – Endo = within SKELETAL MUSCLE • Each bundles contains many muscle fiber Structure of a skeletal muscle fiber • Elongated, unbranched cylindrical fibers • Length- 1 mm – 5 cm, Width – 10 mm - 100μm • Fibers have striations of dark & light bands • Many flat nuclei beneath sarcolemma • Plasma membrane = sarcolemma • Smooth endoplsmic reticulum = sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) • Cytoplasm = sarcoplasm • Mitochondria = sarcosomes • Each muscle fiber made of long cylindrical myofibrils Structure
    [Show full text]
  • Bsc-Zoology-Syllabus
    CMS COLLEGE KOTTAYAM (AUTONOMOUS) Affiliated to the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala CURRICULUM FOR UNDER GRADUATE PROGRAMME BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ZOOLOGY UNDER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM 2018 (With effect from 2018) Approved by the Board of Studies on 26-03-2018 CONTENTS 1. Acknowledgement 2. Preface 3. Curriculum a. Graduate Programme Outcome b. Programme Specific Outcome 4. Programme Design 5. Programme Structure Semester wise 6. Programme structure category wise a. Core Courses b. Complementary Courses c. Open Courses d. Extra Credit Courses e. Add on Courses 7. Detailed Syllabus of the Courses Offered by the Department 2 BOARD OF STUDIES IN ZOOLOGY CMS College (Autonomous), Kottayam Dr. Johnson Baby (Chairman) Associate Professor and Head Department of Zoology Christian College, Chengannur Dr. A.P Thomas (Subject Expert) Director, ACESSD M G University, Kottayam Dr. C.A Jayaprakash (Industry Representative) Principal Scientist and Head Division of crop protection, CTCRI Thiruvananthapuram Dr. Reethamma O.V (Member) Associate professor Dept. of Zoology, Assumption College, Changanasserry Dr. Maya B Nair (Alumni Representative) Assistant professor Dept. of Zoology SD College, Alleppey Dr. Abraham Samuel. K (Member) Head, Division of survey TIES. Kottayam Dr. Sosamma Oommen (Member) HOD, Dept. of Zoology CMS College, Kottayam Dr. Jobin Mathew (Member) Assistant Professor Dept. of Zoology CMS College, Kottayam Dr. Nisha P Aravind (Member Secretary) Assistant Professor Dept. of Zoology CMS College, Kottayam Dr. Pushpa Geetha S (Member) Assistant Professor Dept. of Zoology CMS College, Kottayam 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Board of Studies in Zoology (Under Graduate), CMS College takes this opportunity to express our deep appreciation to all academicians and representatives from the industry who participated in the various meetings that were arranged during the year, held at CMS College.
    [Show full text]
  • 26 April 2010 TE Prepublication Page 1 Nomina Generalia General Terms
    26 April 2010 TE PrePublication Page 1 Nomina generalia General terms E1.0.0.0.0.0.1 Modus reproductionis Reproductive mode E1.0.0.0.0.0.2 Reproductio sexualis Sexual reproduction E1.0.0.0.0.0.3 Viviparitas Viviparity E1.0.0.0.0.0.4 Heterogamia Heterogamy E1.0.0.0.0.0.5 Endogamia Endogamy E1.0.0.0.0.0.6 Sequentia reproductionis Reproductive sequence E1.0.0.0.0.0.7 Ovulatio Ovulation E1.0.0.0.0.0.8 Erectio Erection E1.0.0.0.0.0.9 Coitus Coitus; Sexual intercourse E1.0.0.0.0.0.10 Ejaculatio1 Ejaculation E1.0.0.0.0.0.11 Emissio Emission E1.0.0.0.0.0.12 Ejaculatio vera Ejaculation proper E1.0.0.0.0.0.13 Semen Semen; Ejaculate E1.0.0.0.0.0.14 Inseminatio Insemination E1.0.0.0.0.0.15 Fertilisatio Fertilization E1.0.0.0.0.0.16 Fecundatio Fecundation; Impregnation E1.0.0.0.0.0.17 Superfecundatio Superfecundation E1.0.0.0.0.0.18 Superimpregnatio Superimpregnation E1.0.0.0.0.0.19 Superfetatio Superfetation E1.0.0.0.0.0.20 Ontogenesis Ontogeny E1.0.0.0.0.0.21 Ontogenesis praenatalis Prenatal ontogeny E1.0.0.0.0.0.22 Tempus praenatale; Tempus gestationis Prenatal period; Gestation period E1.0.0.0.0.0.23 Vita praenatalis Prenatal life E1.0.0.0.0.0.24 Vita intrauterina Intra-uterine life E1.0.0.0.0.0.25 Embryogenesis2 Embryogenesis; Embryogeny E1.0.0.0.0.0.26 Fetogenesis3 Fetogenesis E1.0.0.0.0.0.27 Tempus natale Birth period E1.0.0.0.0.0.28 Ontogenesis postnatalis Postnatal ontogeny E1.0.0.0.0.0.29 Vita postnatalis Postnatal life E1.0.1.0.0.0.1 Mensurae embryonicae et fetales4 Embryonic and fetal measurements E1.0.1.0.0.0.2 Aetas a fecundatione5 Fertilization
    [Show full text]