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A Systematic Analysis of Retail Centre Distribution and Customer Travel Behaviour

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A Systematic Analysis of Retail Centre Distribution and Customer Travel Behaviour A Systematic Analysis of Retail Centre Distribution and Customer Travel Behaviour Author Shobeiri Nejad, Seyedeh Maryam Published 2016 Thesis Type Thesis (PhD Doctorate) School Griffith School of Environment DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/2456 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367354 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au A Systematic Analysis of Retail Centre Distribution and Customer Travel Behaviour Seyedeh Maryam Shobeiri Nejad B.Arch. (Hons), M.Sc. School of Environment Griffith Sciences Griffith University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2015 Abstract The important role of retail trips in the overall transport sustainability of cities in Australia has been broadly overlooked within travel demand management programs (TDMs). Brisbane, as the third largest city in Australia, has undergone fast and extensive urban development and become heavily reliant on an increasing number of shopping centres to provide its residents with products, services, leisure and lifestyle opportunities. Based on the 2009 Household Travel Survey data, shopping centres were the destination for more than half of weekly ‘retail trips’ in Brisbane. The evolving structure of a modern one-stop, multi-purpose retail format provides more options to customers who rely on their cars to travel to shopping destinations. The evident economic success of these centres over recent decades has made their owners and operators powerful and wealthy and consequently hard to compete with. Planning policies such as zoning, required Environmental Impact Assessments, and transit-oriented developments (TODs) have tried to control the wide-ranging impacts of these shopping centres. However, these policies have not typically been accepted by developers and land owners and have not proved to be successful. While a significant number of international studies have been conducted on retail, there is a clear lack of systematic research on the potential for reductions in trip numbers or length, and also on how, in the current car-reliant environment, shoppers can be encouraged to shift to other transport modes. Furthermore, very few studies have specifically address the impacts of shopping centres on customers’ retail travel behaviour. This research addresses a broader range of elements which potentially affect customers’ travel behaviour and their choice of retail destinations. It aims to identify improved planning policies regarding the location and distribution of these centres to encourage the use of other transport modes except the cars. Given that shopping centres are sited at specific locations in the city, it is important to understand what influences shoppers’ destination choice, and also to consider how destination choice affects travel behaviour and mode choice. A wide range of potentially influential factors including current retail travel I behaviour, customers’ socio-demographic characteristics and the spatial characteristics of shopping centres were therefore studied. A destination choice model was developed to quantify the impacts of these factors on customers’ choice of large, medium or small shopping centres as their trip destination. The preferences and concerns of significant retail players including developers and planners were then investigated through a number of interviews with professional practitioners. This informed a more comprehensive understanding of the likely implications of current and future retail trends and assisted in predicting the impacts of potential future policies on retail travel behaviour. The results from the destination choice model, together with findings from the interviews formed the basis for proposed future scenarios for retail development in Brisbane. An existing transport demand model (Brisbane Strategic Transport Model) was then used to predict mode choice and travel distances under future proposed policy and development scenarios for retail. The results showed that large shopping centres will undoubtedly remain attractive destinations for purchasing clothes, household and personal goods. On the other hand, shoppers show a strong aversion to travelling longer distances to purchase groceries and food. Consequently, the transport implications of daily shopping for necessities should not be ignored. Planning approaches which provide these necessities more locally could succeed in modifying retail travel behaviour. For example, a larger number of big neighbourhood centres or village-type shopping centres distributed more evenly along transport corridors will not only support non-motorised and public transport trips, but will also reduce the distances travelled by cars and thus help to create a more sustainable environment. Encouragingly, this type of policy has started to attract considerable support from businesses and among planners. II Statement of Originality This work has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. Seyedeh Maryam Shobeiri Nejad III Dedicated to my parents for their endless love, support and encouragement IV Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................... I Statement of Originality .................................................................................. III Table of Contents ............................................................................................ VI List of Figures .................................................................................................. XI List of Tables ................................................................................................ XIV Abbreviations ............................................................................................... XVI Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... XVII Publications during candidature ............................................................... XVIII Keywords .................................................................................................... XIX Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................... 1 1.1 Statement of the problem ....................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Significance of the research ................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Research Aims and Questions ............................................................................................... 7 1.4 Justification of approach & structure of the thesis ................................................................. 9 Chapter 2 Literature Review ........................................................................ 12 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Economic geography and retailers’ concept of spatial distribution of retailing .................... 18 2.2.1 The concept of trade area and methods applied for its measurement ...................... 19 2.3 Urban form, retail form and travel behaviour ....................................................................... 30 2.3.1 General methods of studying interactions between urban/retail form and travel behaviour ................................................................................................................................ 35 2.4 Discussion of research gaps in the literature ....................................................................... 40 Chapter 3 The Case Study Settings ............................................................ 45 3.1 Why Brisbane? ..................................................................................................................... 47 3.2 Identifying Brisbane’s retail structure ................................................................................... 48 3.2.1 History of retail locations ............................................................................................ 49 3.2.2 The beginning of the shifts ......................................................................................... 49 VI 3.2.3 The expansion of shopping centres ........................................................................... 52 3.2.4 Shopping centres’ catchment areas........................................................................... 53 3.3 Retail accessibility in Brisbane ............................................................................................. 55 3.4 Regulatory concerns ............................................................................................................ 60 3.4.1 Commercial public policy and regulations in Brisbane .............................................. 60 3.4.2 Statutory documents and retail schemes ................................................................... 63 3.4.3 Planning documents and their intended policies ....................................................... 64 Chapter 4 Research Methodology ............................................................... 71 4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................
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