SAMPLE OF ORGANIZATIONS PARTICIPATING IN CONSOLIDATED APPEALS AARREC CRS Humedica MENTOR TGH ACF CWS IA MERLIN UMCOR ACTED DanChurchAid ILO Muslim Aid UNAIDS ADRA DDG IMC NCA UNDP Africare Diakonie Emerg. Aid INTERMON NPA UNDSS AMI-France DRC Internews NRC UNEP ARC EM-DH INTERSOS OCHA UNESCO ASB FAO IOM OHCHR UNFPA ASI FAR IPHD OXFAM UN-HABITAT AVSI FHI IR PA UNHCR CARE FinnChurchAid IRC PACT UNICEF Caritas FSD IRD PAI UNIFEM CEMIR International GAA IRIN Plan UNJLC CESVI GOAL IRW PMU-I UNMAS CFA GTZ Islamic Relief Première Urgence UNOPS CHF GVC JOIN RC/Germany UNRWA CHFI Handicap International JRS RCO VIS CISV HealthNet TPO LWF Samaritan's Purse WFP CMA HELP Malaria Consortium Save the Children WHO CONCERN HelpAge International Malteser SECADEV World Concern COOPI HKI Mercy Corps Solidarités World Relief CORDAID Horn Relief MDA SUDO WV COSV HT MDM TEARFUND ZOA MEDAIR
Table of Contents
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 Humanitarian Dashboard ...... 3 Table I. Requirements per cluster ...... 5
2. 2011 IN REVIEW ...... 6 2.1 Changes in the context ...... 6 2.2 Achievement of 2011 strategic objectives and lessons learned ...... 9 2.3 Summary of 2011 cluster targets, achievements and lessons learned ...... 11 2.4 Review of humanitarian funding ...... 12 2.5 Review of humanitarian coordination ...... 15
3. NEEDS ANALYSIS ...... 17
4. THE 2012 COMMON HUMANITARIAN ACTION PLAN ...... 25 4.1 Scenarios ...... 25 4.2 The humanitarian strategy...... 26 4.3 Strategic objectives and indicators for humanitarian action in 2012 ...... 30 4.4 Criteria for selection and prioritization of projects ...... 30 4.5 Cluster response plans ...... 32 4.5.1 Agriculture ...... 32 4.5.2 Food ...... 38 4.5.3 Nutrition ...... 43 4.5.4 Health ...... 50 4.5.5 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) ...... 58 4.5.6 Protection ...... 66 4.5.7Education ...... 74 4.5.8 Livelihoods, Institutional Capacity-building and Infrastructure (LICI) ...... 81 4.5.9 Multi-Sector: Cross-border Mobility ...... 86 4.5.10 Multi-Sector: Assistance to Refugees ...... 91 4.5.11 Coordination and Support Services ...... 95 4.6 Logical framework ...... 99 4.7 Roles and responsibilities ...... 101
5. CONCLUSION ...... 105
ANNEX I: LIST OF PROGRAMMES ...... 106
ANNEX II: NEEDS ASSESSMENT REFERENCE LIST ...... 109
ANNEX III: CLUSTER ACHIEVEMENTS IN 2011 ...... 111 ANNEX IV: DONOR RESPONSE TO THE 2011 APPEAL…………………………………… 132
ANNEX V: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... 138
Please note that appeals are revised regularly. The latest version of this document is available on http://www.humanitarianappeal.net. Full project details, continually updated, can be viewed, downloaded and printed from http://fts.unocha.org.
iii ZIMBABWE - Reference Map
LUSAKA Cabora Bassa Lake Z A M B I A Zambezi River Cahora Kafue Bassa Mazabuka Chirundu MOZAMBIQUE
Monze Makuti Lake Kariba Hunyani Kariba M A S H O N A L A N D C E N T R A L Rushinga Centenary Karoi Mount Guruve Darwin Choma Mazoe M A S H O N A L A N D W E S T Kalomo Zave Siyakobvu Shamva Sanyati Bindura Chinhoyi Mutoko Maamba Odzi Mazowe M A S H O N A L A N D E A S T Binga Murehwa Livingstone HARARE Goromonzi Victoria Falls Norton Ruwa Gokwe Chitungwiza Nyanga Hwange Kadoma Chegutu Marondera Matetsi Sengwa
Rusape Dahlia Z I M B A B W E Wedza Gwayi Shangani Lupane Nkayi Kwekwe Redcliff Mutare
M ATA B E L E L A N D N O R T H M I D L A N D S Buhera Eastnor Gweru M A N I C A L A N D
Gutu Save Tsholotsho Mutirikwi Inyati Shurugwi Nata Gwayi Chimanimani Masvingo Bikita Bulawayo Nata Zvishavane Lake Mutirikwi Chipinge Plumtree Esegodini Chivi Zaka Espungabera Mberengwa B O T S W A N A M A S V I N G O Mangwe Gwanda Runde Triangle Chiredzi West Nicholson Manisi Francistown Shashe M ATA B E L E L A N D S O U T H Mbizi Makado Mwenezi
0 50 100 150 200 Selebi-Pikwe Thuli km Changane Beitbridge Limpopo Malvernia S O U T H A F R I C A MOZ A MBI QUE
National capital Disclaimers: The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not Provincial capital imply the expression of any opinion District capital whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status Populated place of any country, territory, city or area or of its International boundary authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its Provincial boundary frontiers or boundaries. District boundary Map data sources: CGIAR, United Nations Cartographic Section, ESRI, Europa Technologies, UN OCHA.
iv ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL
1. Executive Summary
The humanitarian situation in Zimbabwe continues to be stable but fragile due to many factors. The main humanitarian needs in Zimbabwe relate to food security, the continued threat of disease outbreaks, and requirements relating to specific needs of a wide range of highly vulnerable groups, such as child- or female-headed households, the chronically ill, internally displaced people (IDPs), returned migrants, and refugees and asylum-seekers. The food security situation improved slightly in 2011 thanks to joint and concerted efforts by the Government and the humanitarian community in timely provision of agricultural inputs and increased acreage planted plus extension support. However, uneven rainfall distribution and a dry spell in the 2011 agricultural season affected six of the country‟s ten provinces and forestalled a potential good harvest that could have reversed the food aid needs. The increasingly uncertain pattern of weather, characterized by droughts and poor rains, is making farming difficult and unpredictable.
It is projected that 1.026 million people (12% of the Consolidated Appeal for Zimbabwe population) will still require food assistance at the Key parameters peak of the 2012 lean season. Rates for chronic and Duration 12 months (Jan - Dec 2012) acute child malnutrition still stand at 34% and 2.4%, Key Harvest: April 2012 respectively. A third of rural Zimbabweans still milestones Planting: October 2012 in 2012 drink from unprotected water sources and are thus Continuing political and exposed to water-borne diseases. While cholera constitutional process incidence is significantly decreased compared to past Target 1.446 million people at risk of beneficiaries years, localized outbreaks continued in 2011 due to food insecurity. poor infrastructure for water, sanitation, hygiene and Eight million people with health. The low coverage of basic health care has limited access to WASH and led to rising maternal and child mortality and overall health services. excess morbidity and mortality. The HIV/AIDS Three million children, prevalence stands at 13.7% and substantially including orphans and increases vulnerabilities. vulnerable children, need education assistance. Due to economic hardships fuelled partly by the Some two million vulnerable over-60% unemployment rate in the country, an people benefit from cross- estimated three million Zimbabweans live abroad, cutting protection initiatives, the majority in Botswana and the Republic of South including children, women Africa, mostly on irregular status. The moratorium and IDPs. that Zimbabwean migrants enjoyed from April 2009 One million children under in South Africa was lifted in October 2011, implying five at risk of malnutrition. the resumption of deportation of irregular migrants Thousands of Zimbabweans from South Africa, in addition to the deportations of deported or returning from approximately 2,500 people per month from South Africa and Botswana, Botswana. Many of these deportees require and 5,700 refugees and humanitarian aid. Zimbabwe also continues to be asylum-seekers. affected by mixed migration flows of refugees, Total funding Funding requested asylum-seekers and migrants, as well as trafficked requested per beneficiary people, primarily fleeing conflicts, drought and $268,376,059 $33 serious economic challenges from the Great Lakes and the Horn of Africa region. Significant numbers of IDPs and those in displacement-like situations continue to need humanitarian aid and support for durable solutions.
Sustained engagement by all actors has opened possibilities for longer-term, recovery- and development-oriented interventions focusing on the underlying root causes of the emergency. With funding expected to increasingly come from non-humanitarian channels in 2012, the Humanitarian Country Team proposes a more humanitarian-focused Consolidated Appeal (CAP) showing clear complementarities and linkages between humanitarian and recovery/development components. While
1 maintaining the programme-based approach that was adopted in 2011, priority humanitarian needs will be covered under the 2012 CAP while recovery activities will be addressed by other initiatives such as the Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework and other relevant government and non-governmental organisation mechanisms.
In order to address the identified priority needs of the vulnerable groups, the 2012 CAP requests a total of US$1268,376,059 to meet its strategic objectives. While this request is a significant reduction from requirements in the 2011 CAP, it should not be interpreted to imply a reduction in humanitarian needs of the country: the reduction in financial requirements comes mainly from transition of recovery activities to non-CAP funding mechanisms that became operational in 2011. Furthermore, fragility of the humanitarian situation in Zimbabwe may require a revision of the funding requirements should the scenarios outlined in this document need to be re-visited.
1 All dollar signs in this document denote United States dollars. Funding for this Appeal should be reported to the Financial Tracking Service (FTS, [email protected]), which will display its requirements and funding on the current appeals page.
2 Humanitarian Dashboard – Zimbabwe (as of 10 Nov 2011)
PEOPLE IN NEED SITUATION OVERVIEW PRIORITY NEEDS . Outlook: food insecurity expected to peak between Nr. of people affected N/A 1. Food Security: poor weather patterns, large number of labour- January to March 2012. Politically-motivated violence Nr. of people in need 8.07 million constrained individuals and decreased purchasing power has leading to displacement towards election period Displaced population Unknown significantly contributed to the number of individuals who Refugees 4,435 in country 24,089 (abroad) require seasonal targeted food assistance. A large percentage . Most affected groups: food-insecure rural Women & children in 3 million 1 million (under of vulnerable rural farmers still depend on NGO and Government-subsidised agricultural inputs. households, migrants who have been forcefully need (women) age 5) returned from neighbouring countries, asylum-seekers and refugees from Horn of Africa and Great Lakes KEY FIGURES 2. Protection and migration-related: the need to render region, displacement-affected populations, children humanitarian aid to vulnerable Zimbabweans being forcibly sufferingHumanitarian from chronic and Dashboard acute malnutrition, rural . 1.446 million vulnerable people at risk of food insecurity returned from abroad, mainly from South Africa and Botswana, populations without access to basic WASH and health (ZIMVAC assessment May 2011) continues. A considerable number of those who are either displaced or recovering from displacement need humanitarian services, HIV/AIDS and unemployment-affected . 8 million with limited access to WASH & health services support. The chronic crisis in the Great Lakes and Horn of Africa pushes many asylum-seekers and refugees into Most affected areas: Matebeleland Province, parts of . 13.7% HIV prevalence rate . Zimbabwe. Masvingo Province and parts of Manicaland Province . 3.488 million children vulnerable (including orphans) . 1 million children under 5 years at risk of malnutrition 3. Health and WASH: high mortality rates; widespread outbreak . Main drivers of the crisis: slow implementation of the of preventable diseases like cholera and typhoid; 33% of all Global Political Agreement, inadequate recovery/ . 100,000 IDPs (planning) and other vulnerable beneficiaries rural Zimbabweans drink from unprotected water sources; 98% development assistance, poor weather patterns . Cholera-affected districts decreased by 50% and case fatality of cholera cases were in rural areas. rate increased from 2.1 to 3.9 in 2011. . ESTIMATED HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND TARGETS. BY CLUSTER 2011 RESPONSE OVERVIEW Funding 2012 . A total of 1,552,640 smallholder households benefited from Cluster requested ZUNDAF* combined input schemes (560,000 from the Presidential Well- Wishers Agricultural Inputs Scheme, 443,640 from Government Multi-Sector: 4,862,544 - Crop Input Scheme, 550,000 from donor-funded input scheme Refugees implemented by humanitarian organization). Multi-Sector: . Infrastructure rehabilitation and skills-training program 12,200,000 - Cross-border implemented with 12% achievement. LICI 10,300,000 3,940,000 . Returned migrants and over 90,000 of displacement-affected individuals were assisted with inputs to start livelihood Agriculture 32,325,397 4,740,000 activities. . 1.6 out of 1.7 million food-insecure people assisted through Food 127,710,380 12,580,000 near- to medium-term recovery interventions to vulnerable Protection 21,500,000 3,115,000 groups, incorporating disaster risk reduction frameworks. . 1.75 out of 3.27 million students and 49,890 out of 101,402 Nutrition 5,600,000 12,000,000 teachers supported through the delivery of quality essential WASH 23,600,000 15,908,000 basic services activities. . 2 million out of 7.5 million people reached with safe water Education 9,429,200 57,200,000 and benefited from hygiene and sanitation promotion program.
Health 16,688,608 144,200,000 . 7,035 out of 115,000 IDPs provided with emergency assistance and over 90,000 displacement-affected individuals Coordination 4,159,930 - benefited from ER interventions. 3 MAP TREND ANALYSIS Pre-crisis or previous Latest Indicators Trend data Population 11.7m (UNFPA SWP 2000) 12.3 m (CSO 2011) ↑ Human Development Index 0.372 (UNDP HDR 2000) 0.376 (UNDP HDR 2011) ↑ Life expectancy 43.5 (UNDP HDR 2000) 51.4 (UNDP HDR 2011) ↑ Adult literacy rate (15+ age) 87.2% (UNDP HDR 2000) 91.9% (UNDP HDR 2011) ↑
Refugees (in-country) 4,958 (UNHCR 2010) 4,435 (UNHCR 2011) ↑ Refugees (abroad) 12,782 (UNHCR) 24,089 (UNHCR 2011) ↓ GNI per capita (PPP $) $189 (UNDP HDR 2005) $376 (UNDP HDR 2011) ↑ 36% (UNDP HDR 2000) 56.1% (UNDP HDR % population living on <$1/day ↓ 2008) Crude death rate 20/1,000 (DHS 2006) 15/1,000 (UNICEF 2009) ↑ Maternal mortality (p/100,000) 725 (ZMIPS 2007) 790 (UNICEF 2008) ↓ Under-5 mortality (p/1,000 live births) 82 (DHS 2003) 94 (MIMS 2009) ↓ No.of cholera cases & fatality rate 68,153 / 3.9% (MoHCW 09) 789 /2.5% (MoHCW 2010) ↑ Chronic malnutrition (stunting) 26% (DHS 2000) 34% (FNC 2010) ↓ Global acute malnutrition (GAM) 2.4% (MIMS 2009) 2.4% (NNS 2010) ↔
TIMELINE
OPERATIONAL CONSTRAINTS
. Long unexpected dry spell leading to drought at the middle of the agricultural season. Lack of market linkages and delay in agriculture input distribution.
. Lack of WASH sector strategic/intervention plans. High HIV prevalence and high case fatality rate for cholera. Lack of health workers and funding gaps. . Reporting multi-year non-emergency pooled funding into CAP/FTS and difficulties in mainstreaming gender issues in education. Delay in conducting comprehensive assessment to find out exact nature, numbers, and location of IDPs.
INDICATORS INFORMATION GAPS AND ASSESSMENT PLANNING Top- Level Outcome / Humanitarian Indicators Information Gap Assessment Planned Crude mortality rate (p/1,000) 15 (Unicef, 2009) Lack of IDP profiling lead to no IDP figures IDP Profiling, HC U5 mortality rate (p/1,000 live births) 94 (MIMS 2009) U5 global acute malnutrition (GAM) 2.4% (NNS, 2010) Causes of high mortality, fees/barriers to access National Micronutrient Survey, MoHCW/FNC primary health care, and adult nutritional status. Chronic malnutrition (stunting) 34% (FNC, 2010) ITCF formative research, MoHCW % of population in worst quintile of functioning, incl those Lack of information on teacher turnover rate, N/A with severe or extreme difficulties in functioning pupil enrolment, attendance, and drop-outs.
4 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL
Previous data or pre- Additional basic humanitarian and crisis baseline data Most recent data Trend2 development indicators for (2000, unless Zimbabwe otherwise noted) ↓ Infant mortality rate 725/100.000 (MIMS 2011) 640/100.000 (DHS 2006) Health Measles vaccination 95% (NID campaign 92% (NID campaign ↑ rate 2010) 2009) GHI 18.6: serious level GHI 20.9: alarming level: ↑ Food Security Global Hunger Index (1990, using data from 58th out of 84 countries 1988 – 1992) Percentage children N/A Nutrition receiving minimal 8% (NNS 2010) N/A acceptable diet
Table I. Requirements per cluster
Consolidated Appeal for Zimbabwe 2012 as of 15 November 2011 http://fts.unocha.org
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by appealing organizations. Requirements Cluster ($) AGRICULTURE 32,325,397 COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES 4,159,930 EDUCATION 9,429,200 FOOD 127,710,380 HEALTH 16,688,608 LIVELIHOODS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING & 10,300,000 INFRASTRUCTURE MULTI-SECTOR 17,062,544 NUTRITION 5,600,000 PROTECTION 21,500,000 WATER,SANITATION AND HYGIENE 23,600,000 Grand Total 268,376,059
(Note: this document does not present the usual summary of requirements per organization, because the appeal does not contain a breakdown of specific planned actions and budgets per organization.)
2 The symbols mean the following: ↑ situation improved; ↓ situation worsened; ↔ situation remains more or less same
5 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL
2. 2011 in review
2.1 Changes in the context
The humanitarian community continued to address the effects of the socio-economic collapse of the past decade and the protracted 2008 elections that led to the formation of an Inclusive Government (IG) in February 2009, after the signing of the Global Political Agreement between the main political parties in September 2008. As reflected in the trend chart below, different natural and man-made disasters of significant proportions have affected the country since 2000, and their continued threat calls for increased capacity for preparedness and response. The humanitarian community has been simultaneously addressing two different (and closely intertwined) aspects of humanitarian needs in Zimbabwe: the vulnerability generated in the population by the decline of basic social services and the effects and consequences of the different outstanding emergencies which affect the country in a seemingly cyclical manner. While government leadership and support to the humanitarian actors towards response to these emergencies have been increasing reliable, it is apparent there is still little resilience in existing structures to provide adequate response unassisted.
According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), between 1990 and 2010 Zimbabwe's Human Development Index (HDI) score dropped by 15% from 0.425 to 0.364, while the sub-Saharan average score rose over the same period by 30% from 0.347 to 0.453. In 2010, Zimbabwe‟s HDI was ranked lowest amongst 169 countries surveyed, while for 2011, the country‟s ranking changed to 173 out of 187 independent states assessed by UNDP. The multi-year HDI trends illustrate some of the gaps in well-being and life opportunities that contribute to the current humanitarian needs of Zimbabwe, and underscore the extreme difficulties faced by the population to cope with unexpected shocks, whether man-made or natural. While the HIV/AIDS rate has gone down in the last decade, the heavy burden brought about by the HIV/AIDS pandemic exacerbates the difficulties of the vulnerable, while existing national capacities to respond to this state of affairs are still very limited.
6 2. 2011 in review
0.500
0.450
0.400
0.350
Zimbabwe 0.300
Sub-Saharan Africa HumanDevelopment (HDI) Index value
0.250 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Zimbabwe’s HDI 1980-2011, as compared to the average HDI value of Sub-Saharan Africa. Source: UNDP Human Development Indicators (http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ZWE.html)
The cooperation and coordination between the Government of Zimbabwe and its partners in addressing the humanitarian situation considerably improved once again in 2011. Indicators of this progress are, among others, the role of the different line Ministries in cluster coordination as well as improved access to vulnerable communities. Also, the Government launched in July 2011 the Medium Term Plan (MTP), 2011-2015, a comprehensive economic blueprint succeeding the previous Short Term Emergency Recovery Programmes (STERP I and II). On its side, the United Nations presented in 2011 the Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework (ZUNDAF), which is the UN‟s strategic programme framework to support national development priorities for the period 2012-2015. Donors have increasingly showed an interest in supporting recovery interventions that address the underlying causes of the humanitarian emergency. Support especially towards the Education Transition Fund (ETF) and the recently launched Health Transition Fund (HTF) is likely to lead to a reduction of the humanitarian requirements in these areas in 2012 and beyond.
While Zimbabwe has seen a sustained improvement of its economy since 2009, some fundamental elements are still needed in order to consolidate the growth gains and make them sustainable, and to translate the recent positive trends into improved living conditions for the average Zimbabwean. The economy continues to operate on a multi-currency system, which has contributed to an improved macroeconomic climate in the country. Zimbabwe achieved a real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.7% in 2009, 9.0% in 2010 and a projected GDP growth rate of 9.3% in 2011.3
On the other hand, Zimbabwe continues to face serious budgetary constraints and has a very large unregulated external debt of $6.9 billion4. Over 60% of the country‟s budget is presently aimed at recurrent expenditure, principally payment of civil servants‟ basic salaries. This leaves very little public resources for investment, capital development or repair of basic infrastructure which has degraded over the last decade and substantially contributed to the current humanitarian situation. The continued uncertainties brought about by the ongoing discussions on the political roadmap of Zimbabwe, legislation pertaining to trade and the private sector, and the global economic recession may have a negative effect both on foreign investment and on the general situation, with potential humanitarian consequences very difficult to predict at this point.
3 Zimbabwe 2011 budget statement, Budget Strategy Paper 2012. 4 International Monetary Fund Article IV consultation 2011.
7 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL
At present, extensive donor support is still necessary to enable implementation of the above-mentioned frameworks. The IMF has called on the government to undertake land audit, improve the labour market‟s flexibility and reform the banking sector. But such deep-rooted policy reforms are unlikely to happen before the general elections.
Despite increased provision of inputs to farmers and the area planted, a prolonged dry spell and uneven distribution of rainfall affected crop production in the 2010-2011 agricultural season, increasing vulnerability in six of the country‟s ten provinces. This situation especially affected people requiring food assistance, such as people living with HIV/AIDS and households headed by women and children, putting additional pressure on the World Food Programme (WFP) food pipeline. At the end of April 2011, the Republic of South Africa announced substantial restrictions on asylum claims from third-country nationals (TCNs) transiting through Zimbabwe and other neighbouring states, a measure that resulted in increasing numbers of asylum-seekers being stranded in Zimbabwe. This situation became particularly difficult to deal with due to a large number of asylum-seekers emanating from the Great Lakes and the Horn of Africa region because of drought and conflict in their area of origin. Many asylum-seekers affected by this development continue to arrive and seek humanitarian aid in Zimbabwe, further straining the resources available to the Government and its humanitarian partners. Deportation of Zimbabwean migrants from South Africa resumed, as announced, in October 2011, affecting those who had failed to regularize their status in there. It is thus expected that Zimbabwe will receive increasing numbers of returned migrants over the next months or years. Current estimates suggest that the figures could escalate to about 8,000 per month, many of whom would be vulnerable and needing humanitarian aid. Simultaneously deportations of Zimbabweans continue from Botswana at rates of between 2,000 to 4,000 people per month. This puts additional pressure to particularly Food Security, Livelihoods, Institutional Capacity-building and Infrastructure (LICI), and Protection Clusters and the Multi-sector Sector. The situation leads to escalation of vulnerabilities especially in Matebeleland North, Matebeleland South and Masvingo Provinces from which most of the undocumented migrants emanate. The coordination and cooperation between the Government, the donors and the humanitarian community continued to improve in 2011. Key results of continued cooperation included the merger between the Health and Water-Sanitation-Hygiene Emergency Response Units (HERU/WERU) so as to improve preparedness and response to health and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) emergencies and to adequately complement government efforts. Similarly the Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) initiated efforts to ensure effective dialogue between humanitarian, recovery and development actors. The 2012 CAP will therefore be developed with a view to support humanitarian needs while encouraging the recovery/development actors to ensure that needs not covered in the CAP are addressed.
8 2. 2011 in review
2.2 Achievement of 2011 strategic objectives and lessons learned
The matrix below provides a concise overview of the achievements and progress made to date in achieving the overall strategic objectives measured against the indicators and targets as outlined in the 2011 CAP and subsequent Mid-Year Review (MYR) documents.
Key indicators Target Achieved Support restoration of sustainable livelihoods through integration of humanitarian 1 response into recovery and development action with a focus on building capacities at national and local level to coordinate, implement and monitor recovery interventions. Number of households 1,200,000 households 1,552,640 small-holder households benefitted assisted with agricultural (minimum) from combined input schemes. and other livelihood The Presidential Well-wishers Agricultural Inputs programmes. Scheme supported 560,000 households. Government Crop Input Scheme supported 443,640 households. Donor-funded input schemes implemented by humanitarian organizations supported 550,000 households. Plans for the 2011/12 season are currently under discussion. Percentage of LICI Cluster 100% 12%. programmes with focus on infrastructure rehabilitation and skills-training funded and implemented. Percentage of IDPs and 160,000 returnees Over 90,000 displacement-affected individuals returned migrants assisted 115,000 IDPs were assisted with inputs to start livelihood with inputs to start livelihood activities. activities. 2 Save and prevent loss of life through near- to medium-term recovery interventions to vulnerable groups, incorporating disaster risk reduction frameworks. Percentage of food-insecure 100% (of 1.7 million food- 95% (1,612,383 food-insecure people assisted). people assisted. insecure people) Levels of acute malnutrition Stunting <34%. Indications are that rates of both chronic and and stunting rates. Global acute malnutrition acute malnutrition remained stable over the past (GAM) <2.4% year. Levels of excess morbidity Case fatality rate (CFR) CFR (cholera) 3.9%. and mortality rates related to (cholera) <1% CMR 0.017/1,000. preventable disease Crude mortality rate (CMR) outbreaks. <20/1,000 3 Support the population in acute distress through the delivery of quality essential basic services.
Number of people reached 3,272,756 students, and 1,750,450 students and 49,890 teachers. with select education, health 101,402 teachers and 1,992,101 people reached with PHC. and nutrition interventions. school administrators 4,980,253 people reached with primary health care (PHC) Number of people with Estimated 7.5 million men, Two million reached with safe water. availability to safe water and women and children benefit Two million reached with hygiene and sanitation sanitation services. from WASH intervention. promotion. Number of IDPs assisted 115,000 IDPs. 7,035 IDPs provided with emergency with emergency and early assistance. recovery (ER) interventions. Over 90,000 displaced-affected individuals benefited from ER interventions.
9 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL
Challenges to Humanitarian Operation in 2011 (by Cluster) Long unexpected dry spell at the middle of the agricultural season leading to drought affecting parts of the country. Food Resource shortfalls. Delay in release of assessment results. Creation of market linkages. Agriculture Timing of the CAP not aligned to agricultural season. Delay in input distribution in some part of the country. Lack of sector strategic plan/absence of WASH investment plan. WASH Funding and capacity gaps in urban and rural WASH. Gaps in information and knowledge management. High HIV prevalence. Lack of human resources in some key areas. Health Link Health Cluster/development partners. Funding gaps for Cluster Coordinator position and other programmes. Reoccurring outbreaks of communicable diseases, coupled with high case fatality rate for cholera. Low funding and reporting of received funds. Lack of clear cluster transition strategy. Nutrition Limited interventions and sustainability in certain geographic areas. Limited coordination and delivery capacity at provincial and district level. Challenges encountered in reporting multi-year non-emergency pooled funding into CAP/Financial Tracking Service (FTS). Education Education priorities not seen as emergency requirements (not perceived as life-saving) by many partners. Difficulties in mainstreaming gender issues in education. Conducting comprehensive assessment to find out exact nature, numbers and locations of IDPs not available. Insufficient funding to specific protection programmes. Protection No pro-active/consistent participation of Government representation in the cluster. Lack of tangible support towards national organ for reconciliation and healing. Low funding. Lack of ER strategy and plan. LICI Limited information on projects funded outside CAP. Absence of full-time cluster coordinator. Continued difficulties in accessing travel documents. Change in asylum policies in South Africa resulted in increased caseloads of TCNs in Zimbabwe. Cross-border Lack of sustainable re-integration options of returnees and refugees. Lack of detection and follow-up of infectious diseases affecting migrants, e.g. tuberculosis.
10 2. 2011 in review 2.3 Summary of 2011 cluster targets, achievements and lessons learned
The support given to agricultural inputs at the beginning of the 2010/2011 agriculture season led to achievement of most of the targets by the time of drafting the CAP 2012. Several input assistance schemes were implemented, including the Government Crop Input Scheme supporting 440,000 households; donor-funded input schemes implemented by humanitarian organizations supporting 550,000 households; and the Presidential Well-wishers Agricultural Inputs Scheme supporting 560,000 households. Similarly, despite funding shortfalls, WFP managed to provide food assistance to 1.4 million people by the end of the peak lean season of January to March 2011. Thus, the lesson learnt is other actors are also making contributions that lead to a reduction of humanitarian needs, and that pooling of resources, both humanitarian and otherwise, works.
However, a dry spell severely affected six out of ten provinces which benefitted from inputs and extension support, thus they recorded minimal harvest. This increased vulnerabilities especially among people living with HIV/AIDS, female- and child-headed households and additional people requiring food assistance, and put pressure on the WFP food pipeline. Funding constraints, especially for early recovery, resulted in low levels of achievements for restoration of livelihoods and infrastructure. Gains made in the education sector, especially under the basic education assistance module (BEAM) implemented under the ETF led to a reduction in the humanitarian needs in the education sector. The Multi-sector programmes adequately addressed the influx of asylum-seekers and migrants who sought assistance in Zimbabwe following changes in asylum policy in South Africa. Similarly, the humanitarian needs of Zimbabwean migrants from Botswana were largely addressed. While large-scale movement of migrants from South Africa to Zimbabwe that was anticipated early this year did not take place until October due to a decision by the South African authorities to extend the period for special dispensation to Zimbabwe nationals living there, humanitarian partners responded adequately to the caseload. Coordination and support services targets have so far been met, although low levels of funding towards the Emergency Response Fund (ERF) and some Cluster Coordinators positions (LICI, Health, Multi-Sector and Protection) remains a challenge. The Health and WASH Cluster partners managed to adequately respond to disease outbreaks, especially rapid response to cholera, typhoid and malaria which have been largely contained through the HERU/WERU. Health responses were delivered through a three-pillared programme covering emergency preparedness and response (EPR), emergency reproductive health (ERH) and vital and essential medicines (EDM).
For EPR, 17 districts were successfully targeted for rapid response team and case management training as well as updating EPR plans. In the area of ERH, basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric and neonatal care (EmONC) at primary and secondary levels in six districts, targeting 30 health facilities was improved. Health staff in 16 districts was trained in medicine stock management. However one of the main challenges remained the high CFR rate for cholera of 4%, which largely affected one province. The coordination mechanisms in place such as the Health Cluster and its sub- systems such as the HERU, the strategic working group and supporting structures such as the C4 provided important lessons on how effective coordination is essential towards achieving quick results in the intended objectives for emergency health response.
Support from humanitarian and development partners towards urban WASH programme contributed a lot towards restoration of basic urban WASH systems. However, due to high deterioration in Zimbabwe‟s health and WASH infrastructure, the country continues to be affected by disease outbreaks. While a malaria outbreak in parts of the country, which exceeded epidemic levels and quickly spread to different parts of the country partly due to lack of anti-malarial drugs at the national level, ended in May 2011, water-borne diseases like cholera and typhoid continued in 2011 and took time to be controlled. For detailed overview of cluster-specific achievements, challenges and lessons learnt please see Annex III.
11 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL
2.4 Review of humanitarian funding
In 2011, the Zimbabwe HCT adopted a programme-based approach to CAP. The rationale behind this move was that the unique and complex nature of the Zimbabwean situation required a flexible and strategic approach. The programme-based approach differs from the standard CAP model in that it did not express requirements in the form of agency-based projects. Only high priority programmes, involving multiple partners as identified by the HCT, were developed. This new approach provides flexibility in reporting donor funding to the 2011 CAP programmes and donors consistently expressed interest in the approach throughout the year. In March 2011, a delegation from Good Humanitarian Donorship visited the country to understand the new approach and assess how best to support it. The approach has also encouraged continuous dialogue among donors in country – who, being more familiar with this process have more professed support for it – cluster coordinators, cluster members and Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Donors have, for example, provided a breakdown of funds that they have committed to disburse to individual cluster members which contribute to achieve the objectives of the CAP‟s programmes (though this equates to the worldwide standard practice of donor real-time reporting to FTS). The approach has also enabled better understanding of other funds that are currently being received by cluster members that go towards meeting humanitarian activities and highlighted the need to improve financial reporting. The programme-based approach worked very well especially with pooled funding (Central Emergency Response fund/CERF and ERF) which was allocated through the cluster system in consultation with the HCT and ERF Advisory Board respectively, thereby making it easy for the cluster coordinators and OCHA to track and report the financial information in FTS in a timely manner. The approach equally enabled easy identification and analysis of humanitarian gaps in specific cluster programmes.
The process has its own challenges when it is compared with traditional reporting mechanisms. Without agency-specific projects and requirements, it is difficult for the FTS to track funding against expressed requirements. Funding cannot be committed to projects, but must instead be committed either to identified activities or as loosely earmarked funding. Cluster leads in Zimbabwe then communicate against which specific activity the funding is to be reflected, using the programme approach‟s standard operating procedures for assigning financial contributions. „Projects‟ in the Zimbabwe CAP are thus created by cluster leads or OCHA Zimbabwe only when funding is received for activities within the programmes. This process takes time and requires additional human resources.
Despite the overall joint donor support to the programme-based approach as indicated above, some donors still continued channelling their resources through traditional partners, by-passing the projected cluster consultation mechanism. This made it difficult to track all the funds contributed to implementing humanitarian activities in the country as the subsequent reporting had to rely on the goodwill of the implementing agencies. A positive aspect to this was that follow-up on these types of financial contributions opened a window for increased and sustained dialogue between the implementing agencies, the cluster coordinators and OCHA.
12 2. 2011 in review
Funding for Zimbabwe CAPs (2007-2011)
Total ‘Out- Funding funding to side’ Original Revised Funding % reported Zimbabwe CAP Year requirements requirements received funding funded ‘outside’ emergency ($) ($) ($) as % of CAP (CAP + total ‘outside’) funding 2007 214,476,053 395,551,054 229,183,189 58% 107,856,104 337,039,293 32% 2008 316,561,178 583,447,922 400,468,563 69% 71,596,692 472,065,255 15% 2009 549,680,117 722,198,333 456,361,623 63% 185,781,560 642,143,183 29% 2010 378,457,331 478,399,290 227,885,506 48% 90,030,861 317,916,367 28% 2011 415,275,740 478,582,358 218,260,069 46% 22,180,346 240,440,415 9% Total 1,874,450,419 2,658,178,957 1,532,158,950 58% 477,445,563 2,009,604,513 24%
Whereas donors have indicated appreciation and willingness to continue supporting the programme- based approach, funding levels for the 2011 CAP were low compared to the Zimbabwe CAPs since 2007. The financial requirements for the 2011 CAP were some of the lowest in the last five years. Requirements were increased at MYR, largely due to the availability of better data for agriculture needs, and a slight increase in needs for the WASH and food aid programmatic areas. As of 15 November 2011, the overall 2011 CAP funding stands at 46%. From analysing the table above, it is fairly clear the extent to which „outside‟ funding has fallen due to the programme approach capturing more of the funding going towards humanitarian activities in Zimbabwe. As such, this would indicate a success of the approach. Otherwise, in percentage terms, there is neither a clear increase nor drop in funding from 2010, with 2010 itself marking a significant drop in funding from 2009.
Given the few examples available for analysis, drawing firm conclusions is not easy. One conclusion which might be drawn is that donors and their funding patterns – both what and who they prefer to fund – are relatively fixed. A second might point, as outlined above, to the need for continued and renewed advocacy within the HCT to convince partners to report their funding, in as much as it goes towards activities in the CAP. Funding to non-CAP initiatives
In 2011 donors continued to provide considerable support to a number of new and existing frameworks that support recovery initiatives in Zimbabwe. Examples here include the ETF, Global Fund, Joint Initiative, Environmental Health Alliance and Multi-Donor Trust Funds. Some of these funds went into programmes that addressed priority needs and activities highlighted in the 2011 CAP. The continuation of these additional sectoral funding frameworks was necessitated by the fact that some of the chronic vulnerabilities in Zimbabwe require a more medium to long-term approach for the needs to be addressed satisfactorily. The table below shows some of the funding streams to Zimbabwe that contributed substantially towards humanitarian purposes, but which recipients did not report to FTS as humanitarian funding.
13 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL
Funding Mechanism Donors Priority Area Consortium for Southern United States Agency for Reduce food insecurity for vulnerable Africa Food Emergency / International Development individuals in eight districts by 2012. Promoting Recovery in (USAID) Zimbabwe ETF Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Procurement of education commodities, USAID, United Kingdom (UK), provision of technical assistance and Sweden, Australia, Japan, European development of sector strategic Commission (EC), Finland, New planning. Zealand, Germany BEAM Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Payment meeting educational needs for USAID, UK, Sweden, Australia, poor and vulnerable children to attend Japan, EC, Finland, New-Zealand, primary school and secondary school. Germany Emergency Vital Medicines European Commission Directorate Procurement and distribution of Support Programme for Humanitarian Aid and Civil essential drug supplies. Protection (ECHO)/EC, Canada, Ireland, Australia, Netherlands, UK Emergency Health UK Improvement of referral hospital Infrastructure Support infrastructure and equipment in six key hospitals. Protracted Relief Australia, Denmark, Norway, Improvement of food security, access to Programme (PRP) Phase II Netherlands, EC, World Bank water and sanitation, and social (WB), UK protection and care to most vulnerable. Support to orphans and Sweden, UK, New-Zealand, Increase access by OVC to basic social vulnerable children (OVC) Germany, EC, Netherlands, services (i.e. education, food, health Australia services, water and sanitation and protection) and improve their protection from all forms of abuse (beneficiaries: 409,926 children). Multi-Donor Trust Australia, Denmark, Germany, Infrastructure investments in water, Fund/ZIMfund Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK sanitation and energy Environmental Health ECHO Rapid response to disease outbreaks Alliance Global Fund to Fight International community and private HIV, tuberculosis (TB), malaria and Tuberculosis, AIDS and foundations health systems including top-up Malaria payments to skilled health workers. Expanded Support on UK, Norway, Canadian HIV (prevention, treatment). Health Programmes International Development Agency, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), Ireland Presidential Emergency USAID, United States Centres for Intensive systems strengthening for Plan for AIDS Relief Disease Control and Prevention, US delivery of prevention, care, and Embassy Public Affairs Section treatment. Development of innovative, evidence- based programme models and tools. Capacity development of indigenous organizations.
As indicated in the above table, some emerging funding mechanisms contributed towards early recovery. However, the recipients or relevant cluster coordinators did not count such contributions as CAP funding, nor reduce their cluster funding requests in the CAP commensurately, even though some of the programmes and activities covered part of the 2011 CAP‟s strategic objectives. This was partly due to the challenges of fully understanding, at different levels, an approach so substantially different to that of previous years, as well as to the unique context in Zimbabwe which often makes difficult to draw a clear line between humanitarian, transitional or developmental programmes and actions.
14 2. 2011 in review
Some funds were reported either as humanitarian action falling outside the CAP framework (captured in Table H on FTS) or not reported at all. In an attempt to ensure that financial tracking in 2012 is better managed, the HCT has initiated a process in the CAP 2012 that will ensure that cluster coordinators can track all funds contributing to the specific CAP 2012 strategic objectives through respective cluster programmes, while ensuring that coordination and linkages between the humanitarian, recovery and development actors exist and work together. This will ensure that all actors understand and track the various funding streams that contribute towards meeting specific sectoral objectives.
2.5 Review of humanitarian coordination
The Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Country Team was officially transformed into the HCT in March 2010 after endorsing the terms of reference (ToR) in line with the IASC Guidance Note. The adopted ToRs provide clear guidance on the function and scope of the HCT and extend membership to up to five non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including one representative from an umbrella national NGO (NANGO). Donors join in the HCT meeting every other month while the Red Cross family are standing observers in all HCT meetings. The presence of donors and NGOs in HCT meetings have played a pivotal role in consolidating the views of the humanitarian community on issues related to the humanitarian reform process and consistently raising these at HCT meetings in a bid to improve overall effectiveness and partnership in aid delivery. In April 2011, the HCT established a taskforce with broad representation to deal with specific issues identified by the HCT. OCHA acts as the secretariat of the HCT and supports the Humanitarian Coordinator (HC) in all aspects related to HCT issues. Despite constraints in some clusters, the majority of the clusters significantly benefited from the presence of dedicated cluster coordinators, leading to better focused cluster coordination meetings, planning, monitoring, and information sharing. However, some clusters are likely to lose this capacity in 2012 due to lack of funding. OCHA convenes and chairs the Inter-Cluster Forum where joint inter- cluster issues are discussed. Multi-Sector, LICI, Protection and Health Clusters did not have full time Cluster Coordinators in 2011. The Health, WASH and Protection Clusters included the participation of the Red Cross movement and the Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) family as observers. Nearly all clusters adopted the Strategic Advisory Group model first piloted by the WASH Cluster, which brings together five to ten active cluster members to assist the cluster in the development of draft policies, tools and guidance for final endorsement by the broad cluster membership. Cluster- specific web pages on the Zimbabwe humanitarian website hosted by OCHA offer crucial assessment and monitoring data, including who/what/where databases for most Clusters.5 The LICI Cluster rolled out its activities to one province in 2011. The cluster coordinators as part of the HCT played a crucial role in doing the initial review of projects submitted to both the ERF and CERF for possible funding.
The unveiling of the MTP by the Government in July 2011 has helped the aid community to better coordinate and align its programmes to the priorities set by the Government. Several key line ministries have developed or are in the process of developing multi-year strategic plans some with direct support from cluster leads.6 A number of previously dormant Government structures at provincial and district level tasked with the coordination of humanitarian and development activities have been resuscitated often benefiting from the support of cluster members. The emphasis of the humanitarian clusters has been to avoid establishment of parallel structures and ensure smooth transition of humanitarian programmes into relevant recovery and development sectors. To this end, the cluster coordinators started working very closely with the relevant ZUNDAF thematic groups which are co-chaired by government counterparts and the relevant UN agencies, funds and programmes focal points.
5 http://ochaonline.un.org/Default.aspx?alias=ochaonline.un.org/zimbabwe. 6 Education, Health and Nutrition Clusters.
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Increased dialogue and deeper understanding of coordination by all key stakeholders involved in aid delivery was achieved through the roll-out of humanitarian reform workshops to two more provinces in 2011. The workshops provided an ideal opportunity for government officials and humanitarian aid community members to exchange thoughts on issues such as humanitarian principles, standards in aid delivery, and government and humanitarian coordination structures. The Ministry of Regional Integration and International Cooperation (MoRIIC) continued to play its central role in providing a valuable interface for the aid community to interact with Government on all issues related to the effective humanitarian aid. In September 2011, the Government endorsed the local launching and planned roll- out of the new Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response (SPHERE) handbook and the humanitarian standards contained therein to guide humanitarian actions.
Cross-cutting issues including gender, HIV/AIDS, environment and human rights, have been consistently highlighted in inter-cluster discussions and documents throughout the year. The position of GenCAP (Gender Capacity) adviser for Zimbabwe was extended throughout 2011, while the existing networks of gender and HIV/AIDS focal points were revitalized and several trainings conducted to ensure the cross-cutting issues remain part of all cluster planning and monitoring activities. A workshop on integrating environment into humanitarian action which involved the participation of all cluster coordinators, key Government and NGO officials was conducted in May.
Gender marker In 2011, Zimbabwe was one of the pilot countries for implementation of the IASC Gender Marker Project. The Project has encouraged clusters to strengthen mainstreaming of gender-related issues throughout all stages of the programme cycle management, including needs analysis, activities and planned responses. Interest among clusters to develop programmes that are gender responsive is increasingly growing, with cluster leads encouraging cluster members to participate in gender marker trainings. All clusters are now aiming at producing programmes that score a code of 2a or 2b. Monitoring of projects to assess the impact of the gender marker on programmes in the field has revealed that some of the programmes are indeed meeting the needs of women, girls, men and boys. The Framework for Gender Equality Programming (ADAPT) and ACT was used in the monitoring process and proved to be helpful. The post-monitoring feedback by the GenCap Adviser to clusters has prompted others to see the need and the importance of project monitoring.
Gender mainstreaming and marker sessions for clusters have been organized with a total of 300 people having been trained. In addition, the online course on Different Needs Equal Opportunities has gained momentum with a couple of organizations making it mandatory to complete this training. Accordingly, there is marked improvement in gender marker coding in the CAP 2012 compared to 2011 as indicated in the table below.
Programme No. of requirements as % Gender marker level programmes of total funding required 2011 2012 2011 2012 0 - No signs that gender issues were considered in project design 8 9 3.36% 62.2% 1 - The project is designed to contribute in some limited way to 6 13.1%% gender equality 14 70.13% 2a - The project is designed to contribute significantly to gender 6 20.4% equality 8 13.51% 2b - The principal purpose of the project is to advance gender 3 4.3% equality 5 13% Grand Total 35 24* 100% 100% * Note: there are 25 programmes in the 2012 Zimbabwe CAP. The Emergency Response Fund programme has the gender marker set to ‘unspecified’.
16 3. Needs analysis
3. Needs analysis
In 2012, Zimbabwe is expected to continue its gradual recovery from the effects of a deep socio- economic and humanitarian crisis that began over ten years ago and peaked in 2008-2009. While in several sectors the main scope of activities may continue to shift steadily but gradually from humanitarian to recovery and transition, the country still requires considerable humanitarian aid, particularly in the rural areas. The gradual recovery is nevertheless punctuated with and held back by new emergencies, such as continued cholera outbreaks or spells of drought that tend to affect mainly southern Zimbabwe, setting back many of the improvements in the country‟s food security situation. Furthermore, many essential services in the country, such as the provision of clean drinking water or the distribution of agricultural inputs for the farmers, are still inadequate and have considerable humanitarian consequences. In this respect, the improvement in these fields depends on continued assistance from the international community. The country may therefore require some more time to become self-sufficient. The situation in Zimbabwe is characterized by considerable variations in the level of humanitarian needs both sectorally and geographically. Many urban areas, particularly Harare, experienced a quicker recovery from the effects of the 2008-2009 crises. However, other places that relied on industry as their main source of livelihood continue to suffer from depressed economy and job market, as the country‟s industrial output has not yet reached the pre-2008 levels. Effects of the recent socio- economic crisis still linger in much of Zimbabwe‟s rural areas, where agricultural production, level of income, provision of basic social services, as well as availability of water and sanitation facilities has not yet returned to pre-crisis levels and remain low, despite considerable year-to-year growth in recent years. Vulnerable populations country-wide continue living on the threshold and rely heavily on humanitarian aid due to unavailability of alternative livelihood options complicated by the use of multiple currencies and triggering adverse coping mechanisms especially in rural areas and low-level wage earners.
Zimbabwe‟s GDP grew by 8% in 2010 and is expected to grow by 7 9.3% in 2011, being driven mainly Change in GDP per capita in Zimbabwe and neighbouring countries by the mining sector and some 1980-2010 (2008 US dollars in purchasing power parity). modest improvements in Source: UNDP HDR 2010 – HDI (http://hdr.undp.org/en/data/explorer/). agriculture.8 Zimbabwe‟s GDP For the newest data, please refer to the 2011 Human Development growth in 2012 may vary subject to Report, to be released in November 2011 and not available at the time of writing. political developments related to the constitutional referendum and elections, with a modest increase in the agricultural sector and decreasing output in manufacturing.9 Zimbabwe‟s GDP per capita at $434, continues to be the second-lowest GDP per capita in the South
7 Government data. 8 Country Report: Zimbabwe – September 2011, The Economist Intelligence Unit, pg.8. 9 Ibid., pg.8.
17 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL
African Development Community (SADC) region, comparable only to that of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).10 In terms of sectoral analysis, the needs and response in several clusters – notably Education, Health and WASH – have to a large extent moved beyond humanitarian aid and are currently focusing mainly on addressing medium to long-term needs and root causes through recovery and transition programmes. Other clusters – notably Food, Protection and Multi-Sector – continue to focus predominantly on humanitarian aid due to the nature of the needs in Zimbabwe or the type of response needed. However, efforts are made especially by the Food Assistance Working Group to include recovery activities such as food-for-assets and increased local procurement of commodities. The root causes of the current humanitarian situation in Zimbabwe that is being addressed with this 2012 CAP stem back to the economic crisis that affected Zimbabwe since early 2000s. In the peak of the crisis, many sectors of the economy, including manufacturing, agriculture and tourism, suffered a near-collapse, while hyper-inflation affected the livelihoods of both urban and rural dwellers, and led to insufficient support to the public services. Furthermore, economic policies, coupled with land redistribution, has undercut the self-sufficiency of multiple small-scale land holders and contributed to deterioration of food security levels in the country.
As a result, the Zimbabwean farmers are currently largely dependent on free or subsidized agriculture inputs, while 12% of the rural population are expected to become food-insecure during the lean season in the first quarter of 2012. Also, the predictable seasonal nature of food insecurity mainly in natural regions IV and V, in the absence of a substantive and national programme addressing transitory and seasonal needs of the most vulnerable households, WFP and partners‟ seasonal feeding supported from emergency funding has turned into a seasonal safety net programme. The humanitarian situation in the country was further aggravated by a cholera epidemic and generalized violence/disturbance in 2008 that affected large parts of Zimbabwe. Cases of cholera continue to be reported to date, with the fatality rate of 4% exceeding by 300% the World Health Organization (WHO) minimal standard.
The main humanitarian challenges in Zimbabwe relate to food security, continued threat of cholera outbreaks and specific needs of IDPs, migrants, asylum-seekers, refugees and other vulnerable communities. Key beneficiary groups in 2012: ■ 1,446 million vulnerable people at risk of food insecurity. ■ Eight million with limited access to WASH and health services. ■ 3,488 million children, including orphans, vulnerable children. ■ One million children under five at risk of malnutrition. ■ Zimbabweans with irregular status deported/returning from South Africa and Botswana, asylum-seekers, refugees and TCNs. ■ 100,000 IDPs and other vulnerable groups targeted with protection and other assistance. Food security and livelihoods Inter-related challenges of food production, food security and livelihoods impact the lives of some 8.5 million rural dwellers in Zimbabwe, out of which 1.026 million are considered food-insecure. These constitute the largest group requiring humanitarian aid in the country.
Since 2000, food production has been devastated by economic and political crises and natural disasters. Hyper-inflation and the collapse of pricing systems have halted service delivery and caused chronic shortages of food and agricultural inputs. HIV/AIDS affect 13.7% of the population, with 1,090 people dying each week; there are approximantely1.6 million orphans and other vulnerable children in Zimbabwe.
10 2010 GDP per capita figures quoted in ZimVAC report, pg. 6. The Economist Intelligence Unit estimates Zimbabwe‟s GDP per capita at $183. Country Report: Zimbabwe – September 2011, The Economist Intelligence Unit, pg. 8.
18 3. Needs analysis
While levels of food insecurity and agriculture production in Zimbabwe have improved as compared to the peak of the economic crisis in 2007-2008, they are still below the pre-2000 levels. The Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Commission (ZimVAC) rural food security report (May 2011) estimates that during the lean season in January-March 2012, an estimated 12% of country‟s rural population will be food-insecure (1,026,000 people).11 In three provinces – Masvingo, Matabeleland North and Matabeleland South - the food insecurity level in the first quarter of 2012 is expected to exceed 16%.12
In some districts, namely Binga, Kariba and Mudzi, food insecurity is projected to exceed 30% at the peak of the lean season (January – March 2012). ZimVAC urban food security report (April 2011) estimates that 13% of urban and peri-urban households are food-insecure, down from 33% in
2009. Among urban population, Graph 2: Prevalence of food-insecure population over time highest proportions of food insecurity Source: 2011 ZimVAC, pg. 79 persists in Mashonaland Central (23%), Bulawayo (17%) and in Matabeleland North (16%).
The decrease in food-insecure households, as shown in Graph 1, can be attributed to the general stability of urban and rural livelihoods since 2009. Even with the significant reduction of seasonal food-insecure populations in the last few years a group of highly vulnerable, mainly labour constrained households – in many cases affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic – will not be able to meet their food consumption requirements until the next harvest from March 2012. According to Famine Early Warning Service
Network (FEWS NET), most food insecurity in Zimbabwe is chronic and Map 1: Proportion of food-insecure households at peak hunger driven by low income, limited season (January-March 2012) employment opportunities, and chronic Source: 2011 ZimVAC, pg. 83 illnesses. The food insecurity, experienced in 2011 by some rural households, has been related to poor rainfall in localized areas that are normally dependent on agricultural production, particularly cash crops.13
Despite modest improvement in the agricultural sector, as compared to 2007/08, Zimbabwe‟s agricultural output is still well below the levels recorded in 2000. A large percentage of rural farmers continue to depend on Government or NGO-run distribution programmes for maize seeds (42% of
11 ZimVAC, pg. 82. 12 ZimVAC, pg. 82. The combined population of these three provinces that is projected to be food-insecure in the first quater of 2012 is approx. 435,000 people. 13 Zimbabwe Food Security Outlook Update – September 2011, FEWS NET, pg.2.
19 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL rural households) as well as other cereals (37% of households).14 This dependence puts a considerable strain on crop producers in case delivery of in-kind inputs, such as seeds or fertilizer, does not come in time for the planting season. Shortage of financial resources that can be used for improvement of agriculture production can also, in part, be attributed to absence of sufficient credit opportunities from either the local financial institutions or the international community. In contrast to the food aid needs that will be addressed predominantly through humanitarian aid, the Agriculture Cluster intends to provide assistance through a mix of humanitarian and recovery interventions. This will include the provision of free agriculture inputs (mainly seeds and fertilizer) to extremely vulnerable households. However, majority of agriculture interventions will involve collection of a co-financing fee from the beneficiaries these interventions have been programmed under the 2012-15 ZUNDAF and other relevant NGO and Government activities. This means that as of 2012, all agricultural inputs will be subsidized and require a co-payment from the beneficiary, instead of being distributed free of charge, as in the previous years.
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% 2011production as % of the 2000production per category
0% Total agricultural Maize Cotton Groundnuts Plantation crops Beef slaughter production (sugar, tea, coffee, (excluding beef) flowers, etc.)
Graph 3: Agriculture production in Zimbabwe in 2011 as % of the 2000 output. Source: Country Report: Zimbabwe, September 2011, The Economist Intelligence Unit, pg. 12-13
Insufficient food production at the household level is compounded by economic hardships of many rural dwellers and limited options of non-agricultural income. As a result, average monthly income of a rural household is only $5815 which corresponds to approx. $0.30 per person per day, well below the internationally-recognized poverty line of $1.25 per person per day. Zimbabwe, previously a producer of surplus food, has faced recurring food shortages since 2001 due to a combination of factors including erratic weather, high HIV/AIDS prevalence rate and a series of economic crises precipitated in part by policy constraints. The introduction of a multi-currency system in early 2009 increased the availability of basic foods, but households continue to face difficulties in obtaining cash and food as a result of the longer-term impacts; many households barter assets for food. This combination of factors has deepened vulnerability to hunger and poverty and increased the ranks of the food-insecure. In 2011, Zimbabwe had a national food gap of at least 159,900 MTs.
14 ZimVAC, pg. 64. 15 ZimVAC, pg. 44.
20 3. Needs analysis
The resulting crisis, which has both chronic and emergency dimensions, requires a response that meets urgent needs while simultaneously helping to preserve the resilience of the population and build their food self-reliance. According to the Urban Livelihood Assessment, 15% of urban households lived below the food poverty line and as many as 70% of urban households cannot afford all necessary food and essential non-food expenditures. A high proportion of Zimbabweans are forced to adopt various consumption strategies (reducing portion sizes and number of meals; eating less preferred foods, like vegetables and black tea only, food sharing) as well to readjust their livelihood strategies. The latter included more casual labour activity; increased vegetable production and sales; more livestock sales and asset disposal; gathering of wild foods; petty trading; brick moulding and sales; illegal mining and stress migration.
7
6
5 Unmet needs Food assistance beneficiaries 4
3
2
Food assistanceFood beneficiaries (millions) 1
0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Graph 4: WFP food assistance targets and beneficiaries in Zimbabwe: reached 2007-2011 and targets for 2012.
Closely related to food security are nutrition needs that result in high level of chronic malnutrition (stunting) at 34%, characterized by low height for age, and high prevalence of nutrition-related deaths, estimated at 12,000 per year. Other nutrition needs relate to low prevalence of exclusive breast feeding (6%) which is a key contributor to stunting among children of 6-59-months of age, and need to continue de-worming of children. Zimbabwe‟s GAM rate of 2.4% is below the emergency threshold but continues to be above WHO-recommended levels, and therefore requires concerted action focusing on the promotion of breast-feeding, nutrition interventions and micronutrient supplementation in most vulnerable communities, affected by acute malnutrition. Other, country-wide programmes, such as the promotion of breast feeding and de-worming will be addressed through recovery and transition programmes as framed by the 2012-15 ZUNDAF and other relevant NGO and government activities. In comparison to other emergency-affected countries, Zimbabwe has a high percentage of vulnerable population. The proportion of households with orphans is particularly high at 32%16 which can be attributed mainly to the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The percentage of households with chronically ill or mentally-challenged people exceeds 14%.17
Similarly to Agriculture, the LICI Cluster will implement a majority of its activities through recovery and transition initiatives, combined with emergency livelihoods interventions. In terms of
16 ZimVAC, pg. 16. 17 Ibid.
21 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL humanitarian aid, the interventions will focus on small-scale infrastructure to support livelihoods of extremely vulnerable households. Other interventions, such as improved water management, support to small-scale businesses, capacity development and infrastructure will be implemented through recovery and transition initiatives.
Protection and migration-related challenges A considerable number of Zimbabweans affected by humanitarian crisis of previous years have been displaced and continue to live in and some are recovering from displacement in various parts of the country. In case of a new cycle of natural or man-made disasters, a further protraction of the situation for the already vulnerable populations currently in need of humanitarian aid cannot be completely ruled out. Hence, there is a need to maintain sustained support to the Government in effectively addressing the protection, humanitarian and durable solutions needs of the affected and vulnerable populations in an age-gender sensitive manner. Priority needs will be finalized at cluster level. However, the objectives for programmes in the CAP 2012 will encompass the following: promote protection, strengthen the protection environment, engage and support the Government in improving protection, and support to mainstreaming of age, gender and protection in both CAP and non-CAP tools. As the Government is currently in the process of ratification of the African Union (AU) Convention on the Protection and Assistance of IDPs in Africa18 as well as the Palermo Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in People, Zimbabwe‟s commitment towards addressing internal displacement and victims of trafficking through institutionalizing national legal frameworks is clearly manifested in its commendable efforts. The chronic crisis in the Great Lakes region, coupled with the displacement caused by the drought and humanitarian crisis in the Horn of Africa, have led to increasing numbers of asylum-seekers, refugees and migrants continuing to enter Zimbabwe in pursuit of international protection and humanitarian aid, as well as many en route in search of more favourable economic and social opportunities in South Africa. These groups will need to be supported through provision of basic humanitarian aid (food, non-food, shelter, medical, educational and social services), protection (access to due process, documentation, protection from refoulement, physical/legal safety/protection of vulnerable), integration programmes as well as appropriate durable solutions.
At the beginning of October 2011, over 5,700 refugees and asylum-seekers, vast majority originally from the Great Lakes Region, continue to reside and enjoy international protection and assistance in Zimbabwe. Many of these refugees and asylum-seekers reside mainly in the Tongogara Refugee Camp (TRC) in Chipinge District of the Manicaland Province, close to the Mozambican border. Government‟s encampment policy, which is exercised with a degree of flexibility, requires all asylum- seekers and refugees to reside in TRC as their designated official residence.
In addition to the above, the need to render humanitarian aid to the vulnerable Zimbabweans being forcibly returned from abroad, mainly from South Africa and Botswana persists. Over the past 10 years high numbers of Zimbabweans have immigrated to neighbouring countries in search of protection, employment and education opportunities. As in previous years, many such vulnerable migrants do not have adequate documentation to regularize their stay and are often forcefully returned without due regard to their humanitarian needs. Such individuals continue to be in urgent need of humanitarian aid comprising of: protection assistance and health related assistance including referrals, information about safe migration, including how to access documents, food and transport assistance to their place of origin.
Unaccompanied minors represent a particularly vulnerable group amongst the returned in need of: protection, temporary shelter, health referral, counselling, family tracing and reunification and transport. Furthermore, the most vulnerable returnees present needs assistance to sustainable reintegration in forms of training and livelihoods activities. The agencies involved in the 2012 Zimbabwe CAP will continue to support the Government in addressing the humanitarian consequences caused by mass deportation of Zimbabwean citizens from South Africa and Botswana.
18 Statement by the Minister of Labour and Social Services of the Republic of Zimbabwe Hon. Paurina Mpariwa to the 62nd EXCOM meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, 3-7 October 2011.
22 3. Needs analysis
On the road to recovery In some clusters, the majority of immediate, time-critical and life-threatening needs have been addressed through humanitarian actions in the recent years. However, the level and complexity of some needs requires interventions that address root causes and thus are protracted in nature. During 2011, WASH, Health and Education Clusters have made a significant progress in transitioning some of their assistance from humanitarian to recovery and this trend is expected to continue in 2012. The three clusters providing public services – WASH, Health and Education – focus on addressing humanitarian consequences of the collapse of these services that took place in late 2000s. In case of water, 33% of Zimbabwe‟s rural population accesses water from unprotected sources. This percentage is considerably higher in Manicaland, Midlands and Matabeleland South, were a third of the population uses unsafe water.19 Approximately 50% of rural households fetch water from improved sources located at least 500m from the households; approximately 15% of households walk over one kilometre (km) to access water.20
The humanitarian action mobilized by the international community and national institutions over the last three years in response to the cholera breakout and emergency has brought about improvements to the water and sanitation services both in rural and urban areas. Despite these achievements a lot needs to be done to bring WASH services in Zimbabwe back to where it was in the early 2000s, particularly in the rural areas to avert disease outbreaks. A case in point is the fact that currently as many as 98% of all cholera cases are currently reported in the rural areas.
The sanitation situation in Zimbabwe‟s rural areas is worse. While over a half of rural households use improved or shared sanitation facility, more than a third engage in open defecation,21 which carries numerous sanitation risks, including the spread of cholera. However, the latter practice does not correlate geographically with areas of limited water supply: open defecation is practiced by over 60% of households in the north-west and extreme south of Zimbabwe, while in Matabeleland North only 29% of households have their own sanitation facility.22
Incidences of cholera emergencies have reduced throughout the country except in the vulnerable areas in the eastern and south eastern parts where situations that contribute to cholera outbreaks have not yet been fully put under control. Of the total reported cholera cases of 1,140 in 2011 (Ministry of Health and Child Welfare/MoHCW and WHO epidemiological reports), 320 were confirmed positive by laboratory tests. The majority of the cases 870 (76%) were reported from Manicaland Province and 262 cases (23%) from Masvingo Province. Thus 97% of the cases came from six districts in the two Provinces of Manicaland and Masvingo in the south-eastern part of Zimbabwe. Key cholera statistics in Zimbabwe as of 2 October 2011 (Source: MoHCW/WHO)
Indicator 2010 2011 % Change Districts affected 20 10 -50 Cumulative cases 1,022 1,140 12 Clinical cases 899 820 -9 Confirmed cases by culture/ RDT 123 320 160 Deaths 22 45 105 Case fatality rate 2.1 3.9 86
19 ZimVAC, pg. 26. 20 ZimVAC, pg. 28. 21 ZimVAC, pg. 33. 22 ZimVAC, pg. 35-36.
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2011 cases Average of 2008 to 2010 cases
4500 140
4000 120
3500
100
3000
2500 80
2000
60 2011 Cases
1500
40 Average of 2008 to 2010 Cases 2010 to of2008 Average 1000 20 500
0 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 Graph 5: Comparison of cholera 2011 cases and average of 2008 to 2010 cases as of 2 October 2011. Source: MoHCW/WHO
Similar needs dominate in the Health Cluster, where cholera and reproductive health remain the main humanitarian needs. Main interventions, focusing on reinforcement of the health system, including setting up of communication systems, human resource development and provision of as essential medicines, as well as integrated Health Facility assessment (medicines, staff, and infrastructure) will be funded through the HTF. The humanitarian activities included in the 2012 Zimbabwe CAP include provision of emergency reproductive health and preparedness activities for sudden-onset emergencies, including disease outbreaks. The humanitarian needs in the Education Cluster have their roots in a weak Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) mechanism within the sector and economy that have mechanisms struggling to contain disease outbreaks and maintain infrastructure. Just like in clinics and communities, schools have equally poor WASH facilities. A United Nations Children‟s Fund (UNICEF) report23 indicates that more than 40% of diarrhoea cases in school children originated from transmission at schools. The Ministry of Education Interim Strategic Investment Plan prioritizes the major repairs on infrastructure including WASH facilities needed on 1,282 primary schools and 288 secondary schools.24 Main interventions will focus on strengthening DRR, Emergency in Education network preparedness and response to the severe situations of storm/floods damage to schools that mainly come with the rainy season. The ETF will deal with the building of the education system resilience by dealing with issues of the long term development needs of the sector, access to, and quality of education.
23 ZIMWASH: UNICEF supported WASH Project, 2006 2011 funded by the EU. 24 Education Interim Strategic Investment Plan 2011, Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture (MoESAC).
24 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan
4.1 Scenarios
The most likely scenario is based on assumption that while the political activities in Zimbabwe will intensify in 2012, culminating into anticipated elections likely to be held in 2012 or 2013, both the country‟s economy or the wider humanitarian situation will not be significantly affected. Appeals to shun violence and respect to rule of law have been publicly repeated at the highest level and echoed by various levels of the political leadership as well as civil society in the country. While political tension is likely to build up prior to and during the constitutional reform process and the anticipated subsequent parliamentary elections, and whereas the humanitarian community desires that no major displacement or other humanitarian emergency re-surface in Zimbabwe, based on the recent history and experience of 2008 political/electoral processes the possibility of a humanitarian crisis including population displacement/movement cannot be categorically ruled out in case the anticipated political process were to occur in an atmosphere of generalized/localized violent disturbances or disregard to rule of law. The food security situation in Zimbabwe is expected to remain similar to the one in 2011, with the possibility of it declining as a result of a potential drought in the south-western part of the country and other weather-related calamities, e.g. floods. Similar to 2010-11, the country is expected to experience sporadic disease outbreaks; another outbreak of cholera during the rainy season (October-January) cannot be ruled out. Health response is expected to improve thanks to gradual improvement in availability of drugs and improved capacity of the health sector to respond to outbreaks. Similar progress is less likely in the WASH sector, where insufficient infrastructure development and maintenance may require continued and sustained interventions. Flows of asylum-seekers, stranded migrants (TCNs), forcibly returned migrants and refugees are expected to continue on the increase. Funding flows for Zimbabwe are expected to remain at a level similar to 2011, with a possible increase in recovery and development funding.
The best-case scenario is conditioned on positive political and economic developments. This includes timely and peaceful completion of the constitutional process, including endorsement by all major political parties, as well as peaceful and uncontested elections. Good economic growth and increased budgetary income allows for marked improvement in socio-economic environment and public services. This in turn results in improved social safety nets and revival of social services like health, education, nutritional sectors and water-sanitation. With a more stable political climate, reintegration of IDPs (numbers unknown) and forced returnees proceeds at a good pace, while an increased number of Zimbabweans in the diaspora voluntarily return to their homeland, increasing the human resource capacity of the country.
Good rains and no absence of natural disasters allow for increased crops and improved food security situation and reduction in chronically food-insecure population. Productive engagement of SADC, European Union (EU) and AU, as well as international financial institutions and the international donor community, clears a path for a substantial increase in development assistance and further strengthening of transition funds. The worst-case scenario is related to one of the scenarios included in the National Inter-Agency Contingency Plan. Its core elements include civil unrest, mainly related to failed election and/or constitutional referendum or collapse of the current power-sharing agreement between the main political parties. Politically-motivated violence may result in widespread violations of human rights, particularly in high-density or politically-sensitive areas, as well as in significant displacement of population, both within Zimbabwe (projected figure: two million) and out of the country (projected figure: two million). This may in turn prompt neighbouring countries to step up deportations of Zimbabweans who emigrated in the recent years due to economic reasons.
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Reintroduction of the local currency results in collapse of the current multi-currency system in Zimbabwe and severe economic disturbances, including in domestic and international trade. Economic growth may be also adversely affected by implementation of additional taxes and levies. In turn, decreased budgetary income will reverse recent improvements in provision of public services and maintenance of basic infrastructure, bringing both to a state of near-collapse. Either severe economic disturbances or a large-scale natural disaster (drought or flood) can have a devastating effect on food production and food security in the country. In extreme situation, up to three million Zimbabweans can be rendered food-insecure. Political upheavals may have a direct impact on Zimbabwe‟s relations with main donor countries and result in reduced development, transitional, and perhaps also humanitarian aid. The funding flows to Zimbabwe may also be lower than in 2011 due to the impact of the global financial crisis, adversely impacting implementation of priority humanitarian and recovery projects.
4.2 The humanitarian strategy
The humanitarian strategy for Zimbabwe in 2012 is based on continued, existing humanitarian needs, as outlined in the section above. Progress so far achieved in addressing economic, social and humanitarian consequences of the crisis that peaked in 2008-2009 allowed for a degree of improvement across the social sectors – mainly WASH, education and health. This in turn has opened a possibility for longer-term, recovery-oriented interventions that focus on the respective underlying and root causes in these sectors, with the funding increasingly coming from non-humanitarian channels. On the other hand, as highlighted in the Needs Analysis above, other clusters continue to address humanitarian needs that need to be tackled before recovery activities can be scaled up. In this respect, the HCT proposes a more humanitarian-focused CAP that aspires to show clear complementarities and linkages between the humanitarian and recovery/development components, as reflected in the table below.
Fig. 1: Relationship between Zimbabwe CAP and recovery/transition initiatives
Core Continued/regular Recovery / Development humanitarian humanitarian transition programmes actions operations programmes
2011 2011 Zimbabwe CAP
UN agencies’ projects as framed by ZUNDAF 2012 2012 Zimbabwe CAP 2011-2015
Relevant government -led programmes
Relevant NGO programmes
Humanitarian funding Non-humanitarian funding programmed under the CAP 2012 (recovery, transition, development)
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The humanitarian strategy underpinning this 2012 Zimbabwe CAP has been developed along three tracks:
Areas of intervention Clusters 1. Continued humanitarian aid to address residual effects of socio-economic and humanitarian crisis that affected Zimbabwe in the recent years. These interventions focus predominantly on food security and extremely vulnerable populations and include: a) Food distribution to the extremely vulnerable households during the lean Food season. Nutrition b) Curative and preventive nutrition assistance. Agriculture c) Agriculture interventions, aimed at improving food security of rural dwellers through increasing their agricultural output and warding off threats to their livelihoods, such as animal diseases, and decreasing their reliance on LICI food aid. d) Livelihoods interventions, aimed at restoring basic livelihoods and improving rural households‟ income and enabling them to purchase food Multi-Sector during the lean season, thus reducing their vulnerability and their dependence Protection on food aid. e) Assistance to refugees, asylum-seekers, returning migrants, as well as to internally displaced and other populations uprooted in the recent years, including children on the move. 2. Enhance preparedness and maintain response capacity to new emergencies, both natural and man-made disasters, as well as limiting the risk of disasters experienced in the recent years. These preparedness activities include: Health, WASH a) Maintaining a capacity to respond quickly to new emergencies and disease outbreaks, such as measles and other communicable diseases. WASH, Health b) Preventing new outbreaks of cholera and other water-borne diseases by Education improving access to water supply and adequate sanitation, particularly in the rural areas and in public facilities, such as healthcare centres and LICI schools. Coordination c) Strengthening critical elements of rural infrastructure and improving capacity of the Zimbabwe‟s authorities to respond to natural disasters. 3. Promoting transition from humanitarian to recovery, particularly in the Health area of social services. This support includes a joint humanitarian and Nutrition recovery action, coordinated within each cluster, where humanitarian and Education recovery funds are being used to address a wide range of needs, from WASH disaster preparedness, through emergency response, addressing immediate needs to longer-term projects, looking into broader underlying causes of particular, sectoral needs.
As part of the humanitarian response strategy for 2012, the humanitarian community in Zimbabwe will strive to institutionalize strategic inter-linkages among humanitarian and development actors in order to strengthen linkages and complementarities between humanitarian actions programmed under this CAP on one side and recovery/transition initiatives, such as UN agencies‟ programmes as framed by the 2012-15 ZUNDAF and other relevant NGO and government activities, on the other. The two approaches outlined above allow for a clear division between humanitarian, included in the CAP, and non-humanitarian/recovery projects, as framed by the 2012-15 ZUNDAF and other relevant NGO and Government activities. The table below includes the main hallmarks of the two types of interventions in each cluster:
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Main non-humanitarian / recovery Main interventions included in the Cluster interventions, not included in the 2012 Zimbabwe CAP financial requirements of the 2012 CAP Agriculture Provision of subsidized agriculture inputs Agriculture extension services. to improve food security of rural Introduction of improved farming solutions. households and limit their dependence on food aid. Food Provision of food assistance to extremely Food/cash-for-assets; food security vulnerable; mainly labour-constrained assessments/surveys; Conducting of and food-insecure households (1.4 trainings and capacity-building. million people) during the lean season (October – March). Nutrition Treatment and prevention of acute Addressing chronic and acute malnutrition. malnutrition though high impact infant, young child and maternal nutrition interventions, including behaviour change communication integrated with broader maternal, new-born and child health (MNCH) services within the health sector. Ensuring nutrition sensitiveness of other multi-sectorial analysis and interventions such as social protection/cash transfer, agriculture/food (e.g. food fortification, post-harvest management). Policy and capacity development of government partners and communities. WASH Improving water and sanitation Improving water and sanitation situation in the rural areas. situation in the urban areas. EPR, particularly to the cholera Expanded WASH interventions in the threat. rural areas. Health EPR to the threat of cholera and MNCH and nutrition. other communicable diseases. Emergency RH will be taken over by Coverage of emergency the HTF once it becomes operational. reproductive health issues until the Medical products, vaccines and HTF is operational. technologies (medicines and commodities). Human resources for health (including health worker management, training and retention scheme). Health policy, planning and finance (Health Services Fund Scheme and Research). LICI Emergency livelihood interventions Economic livelihoods and targeting extremely vulnerable employment. households and communities (flood and Institutional capacity-building. drought-affected and IDPs). Infrastructure. Education DRR, emergency preparedness and Provision of teaching and learning response. materials, assessment. Emergency rehabilitation of disaster- Curriculum review. damaged school buildings to Improving quality of teaching. maintain school attendance. Sector wide programming and sub- Encouraging continued girls‟ sector policy analysis. attendance. School improvement, monitoring, Addressing the threat of water-borne supervision and support. diseases at the school facilities in Second chance education targeting conjunction with the WASH Cluster. out of school children and youth.
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Main non-humanitarian / recovery Main interventions included in the Cluster interventions, not included in the 2012 Zimbabwe CAP financial requirements of the 2012 CAP Protection Emergency child protection, Child and HIV-sensitive social including support to children on the protection interventions, including move, and support to critical child social cash transfers to 25,000 protection services providing health, extremely poor households. legal and welfare support to children Strengthening the justice for children affected by emergencies system in Zimbabwe, including child Prevention of gender-based violence friendly courts, investigations and (GBV) in non-household setting procedures for all children in contact Legal aid to IDPs, women, children with the law. at risk Building back the social welfare Humanitarian emergency assistance workforce in Zimbabwe. to IDPs Birth registration. Durable solutions for IDPs Legislative and policy reform for child Human Rights and Rule of Law protection including advocacy for Programme through advocacy, children‟s rights in the new sensitization and practical constitution. interventions for and on behalf of the Development of good practice in most vulnerable individuals/groups in psycho-social support. a humanitarian/emergency situation. Prevention of GBV in a household setting (domestic violence). Improving access to justice for the most vulnerable groups (poor, women and children). Enhancing capacities of national institutions for promotion and protection of human rights. Multi-Sector: Humanitarian aid to forcibly returned Technical support to migration migrants migrants from South Africa and management legislation. Botswana as well as to stranded Technical support to development of undocumented TCNs and asylum labour migration policy. seekers. Reintegration assistance to vulnerable migrant returnees, returning to Zimbabwe from abroad. Multi-Sector: Protection and material assistance to refugees refugees and asylum-seekers in Zimbabwe. Coordination Humanitarian coordination. & support Cluster coordination. services Capacity-building in DRR.
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4.3 Strategic objectives and indicators for humanitarian action in 2012
As part of the humanitarian response strategy for 2012, the humanitarian community in Zimbabwe will strive to institutionalize strategic inter-linkages among humanitarian and development actors in order to strengthen linkages and complementarities between humanitarian actions programmed under this CAP on one side and recovery/transition initiatives, such as UN agencies‟ programmes as framed by the 2012-15 ZUNDAF and other relevant NGO and Government activities, on the other.
Strategic Objective Monitoring Indicator(s) Target method 1. Support the population affected by emergencies through the delivery of quality essential basic services. % of public health alerts assessed and responded to 100% Health Cluster within 72 hrs. Improved access to quality basic and comprehensive 95 % Health Cluster EmONC, including for adolescents 100% % of WASH-related alerts assessed within 48hrs and responded to within 72 hrs. 100% WASH Cluster % of new, accessible displacement assessed within 72 hrs. 179,500 Protection Cluster Number of returned and stranded migrants offered humanitarian aid through the existing modalities. 100% Multi-Sector Cluster % of asylum-seekers having access to territory and refugee status determination (RSD) procedures. 2. Save and prevent loss of life through near-to medium-term recovery interventions to vulnerable groups, incorporating DRR framework. % of rural health institutions and schools in 20 targeted 90% (health WASH Cluster districts with adequate WASH facilities. facilities) Number of schools with repaired/rehabilitated water 70% Education Cluster sources and sanitation facilities. (schools) 100 3. Support the restoration of sustainable livelihoods for vulnerable groups through integration of humanitarian response into recovery and development action with a focus on building capacities at national and local level to coordinate, implement and monitor recovery interventions Number of households receiving agriculture inputs. 150,000 Agriculture Cluster Food consumption score. 35 or better Food Cluster Number of vulnerable migrants receiving quick-impact 5,000 Multi-Sector Cluster reintegration assistance.
4.4 Criteria for selection and prioritization of projects
Under Zimbabwe‟s programme-based approach, instead of projects, high priority programmes are identified and designed by the clusters in consultation with all the relevant stakeholders. The humanitarian programmes included in this appeal were selected by each of the participating clusters based on the following set of criteria: ■ The programme does not overlap or compete with recovery and development activities that will be implemented in Zimbabwe in 2012. ■ The programme targets humanitarian financing, hence programmes seeking financing from recovery / transition funds were not included in this appeal.
30 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan
■ The programme is in line with the Sector Response Strategy and, to the extent possible, supports or feeds into the Government-led recovery initiatives. ■ The participating agencies have sufficient and proven delivery capacity to implement the programme by the end of 2012. ■ The programme‟ objectives fit within the three Strategic Objectives identified by the HCT.
31 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL 4.5 Cluster response plans
4.5.1 Agriculture Summary of cluster response plan FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED Cluster lead agency NATIONS Cluster member AGRITEX, NGOs, DVS, farmers‟ unions, FEWS NET and private sector organizations Number of projects 3 Provide humanitarian input assistance to vulnerable small-holder farmers with a special focus on female headed households to improve household food and nutrition security. Cluster objectives Improve crop and livestock productivity, control crop and livestock diseases and promote market linkages in the small holder farming sector. Strengthen coordination mechanisms and early warning systems. Number of 300,000 households beneficiaries Funds required $32,325,397 Constance Oka - [email protected] Contact information Asmund Pryts - [email protected]
Category of Rural Households Category Number of Number of Type of agriculture intervention households households to receive assistance A: Poor households with limited 107,408 - - land and labour B1: Poor households, with 322,223 150,000 households Provide humanitarian input access to labour and land, but 78,000 female- assistance to vulnerable small- no cash. Households can gain headed households holder farmers with a special focus food security through cereal 72,000 male- on female-headed households to production support, or improved headed households improve household food and garden or livestock production nutrition security. in combination with extension. B12: Emerging small-holder 889,949 150,000 households Improve crop and livestock farmers with land and labour 78,000 female- productivity, control crop and but cash constraints. headed households livestock diseases and promote 72,000 male- market linkages in the small-holder headed households farming sector. C: Farmers that have labour 214,815 - - and land, but no credit access. Support engagement into market linkage arrangements with private sector and produce surplus. TOTAL 1,534,396 300,000
Note: this table is a categorization of the population of rural households in Zimbabwe, not a table of households in need. Households to be assisted will be a portion of this total.
32 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan
A. SECTORAL NEEDS ANALYSIS Since 2000, the agriculture sector has experienced challenging constraints. Periodic droughts, deteriorating macro-economic conditions, a constrained policy environment and the HIV/AIDS pandemic have drastically reduced output and productivity. The smallholder farming sector, once able to sustain household cereal requirements for maize and small grains has been unable to meet household food requirements. The food production capacity of the country, and in particular that of rural households, is growing in line with the recovering economy, however, it is still estimated that 1.026 million people will be food-insecure in January -March 2012. The near collapse of the livestock industry has resulted in limited capacity to provide animal health services and a reduction of household income-generating activities and subsequent protein intake in meals. According to the 2011 second Round Crop Assessment Report livestock are an important livelihood asset in the smallholder farming system through provision of draught power, manure, milk and meat. According to the 2011 ZimVAC, 45% of rural households own cattle. Traditionally cattle are under the control of the male member of the household whilst small ruminants (goats and sheep) are largely owned by women. Small ruminants and non-ruminants, particularly poultry are also important for rural households as they constitute an important safety net and rapidly disposable asset in the event of drought. According to numbers from the Department of Livestock and Veterinary Services national livestock numbers are decreasing, and the decrease in numbers requires an extra effort to increase production and productivity in the livestock sector to strengthen rural livelihoods. Livestock numbers in Zimbabwe 2000-2010
Year Cattle Sheep Goat Pig Donkey 2000 6,112 ,045 690,643 3,803 589 339,977 424,121 2001 6,351,045 690,643 3,778 382 312,918 473,519 2002 5,173,198 643,028 3,380 998 183,241 502,096 2003 5,232,123 515,306 3,275 669 418,742 444,658 2004 5,166,219 477,567 3,105 458 169,236 445,496 2005 4,987,411 415,901 3,268 718 167,775 401,569 2006 5,048,218 413,871 3,124 187 188,863 523,868 2007 5,050,650 391,982 3,334 224 182,796 402,691 2008 5,255,011 405,033 3,210 102 207,967 517,249 2009 5,221,720 474,680 4,172 812 291,263 492,166 2010 4,688,278 391,190 3,031,771 248,733 371,795
Generally, crop and livestock productivity are too low to allow farmers to produce beyond subsistence levels. Farmers unions and other institutions have been lobbying that most communal farmers could overcome the chronic problems of low productivity in both crop and livestock production systems if contract growing arrangements were implemented. Inputs are generally available throughout the country in the 2011/2012 agricultural season, but the very limited cash income in rural areas, averaging $58 per household/month (ZimVAC) is a constraint when it comes to households‟ access to the inputs. To address the issue of input availability and output marketing it is important to link existing local farming expertise with private sector support to carry out community oriented livelihood improvement interventions in communal areas. This will stabilize the fragile production environment, improve crop and livestock productivity, support sustainable land use management in the target areas and link farmers with markets for their surplus produce. Specifically in crop production systems the use of conservation agriculture (CA) techniques will be promoted with input and market support from the contracting companies. CA adoption will significantly increase productivity of smallholder farmers, but CA impact and adoption depends largely on sound and constant extension and training support. Private sector companies will contract farmers for crops marketed by the respective companies providing input support, markets, technical support (extension) and transport. Such support will also be cognisant of the different types of
33 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL farmers, taking into account the different gender needs that will enable men and women to actively participate. For instance, some communities would prefer extension support to be provided to women by women. Such considerations will also be made. Without substantial humanitarian support and measures to sustain smallholder agricultural production, Zimbabwe would have undergone further decline in the small-holder agriculture sector. During the 2010/2011 season approximately 550,000 households benefitted from donor-funded agriculture support. About 62% of this support was in the form of vouchers where beneficiaries were free to choose the type of inputs they needed. Purchase patterns of the vouchers show farmer preferences differ according to agro ecological region as well as districts. Studies by GRM show that farmers purchased seed mostly in dry areas where the effect of fertilizer is less, while fertilizers were more popular in the higher rainfall areas. The extent of relief interventions – humanitarian and recovery/development – supporting the agricultural sector has been significant, estimated at $53 million in 2010/2011 and $90 million for the current 2011/2012 season, although funding reported to FTS for those years is significantly less.25 Approximately 200,000 households have received input support through subsidized vouchers, while 600,000 farmers have benefitted from training, extension and market linkage support. The support is expected to help beneficiary households increase production and productivity to meet beyond household food security requirements. Owing to timely commitment of funds by donors, and preparatory ground work by NGOs, it is expected that most beneficiaries will receive their inputs on time to make effective use of the rainfall season. The Government has $45 million available for the 2011/2012 summer cropping programme and will assist farmers with vouchers for purchases of seeds and fertilizer. The fertilizer is adequate to cover 83,400 hectares (ha) whilst the maize seed and sorghum seed is adequate to cover 120,000 ha and 600 ha, respectively. The NGO donor-funded programme is complementary to the Government programme. Coordination meetings consisting of the Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development (MoAMID), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), donors, NGOs and to ensure effective coverage of the programmes to avoid overlapping. According to the Meteorological Services Department normal to below normal rainfall is expected for all parts of the country from October – December 2011 and normal to above for January – March 2012. Should the outcome of the rainfall season be as predicted; and given the improved availability of inputs on the market compared to last year, there is expectation for an improvement in cereal production relative to the 1.6 million MTs produced last year. The estimated cereal need for consumption is approximately 1.7 million MTs. The response plan for the 2012/2013 agriculture season will depend on the performance of the 2011/2012 season. Subsequent agricultural interventions will have to be reviewed following the assessment of the situation in 2012. The current priority needs are outlined below: ■ Provide humanitarian input assistance to vulnerable small-holder farmers to improve food security. ■ Improve crop and livestock productivity, control crop and livestock diseases and promote market linkages in the small holder farming sector. ■ Strengthen coordination mechanisms and early warning systems.
Overview of the key indicators to identify priority needs Figures in Zimbabwe Population food-insecure January to March 2012 1.026 million Rural households owning cattle 45% Rural households owning goats 43% National maize yield (2010/11) 0.69 MT/ha 2010/11 domestic cereal production 1,607,711 MTs 2010/11 national cereal requirement 1,707,000 MTs
25 Please note that these figures differ from a) funding reported to FTS and b) and in how they are calculated, with requirements tracked across years, instead of by calendar year. Therefore, funding to agriculture activities in the 2010 CAP according to FTS amounts to $16 million, and $45 million in 2011.
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Identified challenges and constraints to address these needs ■ The population identified by the 2011 ZimVAC as being food-insecure is used as a proxy to identify the number of households in need of agricultural input assistance. There is need to revise existing assessments to explicitly identify households in need of agricultural input assistance. ■ Agricultural field extension workers have limited resources to enable them to carry out their duties. Furthermore, recently trained extension workers do not have the technical capability to assist farmers because they were not adequately trained. ■ Agritex officers are still comprised mostly of men, which may pose a challenge for extension to female farmers. ■ Still-weak market linkages in the economy. Risks analysis Three main risks have been identified that can impact food production in Zimbabwe in 2012. These include unfavourable rainfall and poor rainfall distribution, which may cause droughts or floods; political uncertainty during the upcoming election period, which might affect the possibility of increased food production in Zimbabwe; and delayed inputs for the planting season 2011/2012.
Inter-relations of needs with other sectors The activities of the Agriculture Cluster are closely interlinked with activities covered by other clusters, such as WASH and LICI. It can be difficult to distinguish between agricultural and non- agricultural livelihoods and the market linkages that often tie them together. The Agriculture Cluster focuses on production, value addition and market linkages in the small-holder agriculture sector. The Cluster works with cross-sectoral institutional capacity building, which will, in some instances, overlap with individual clusters interventions. It will be covered by the Agriculture Cluster, if not already covered in a sectoral cluster.
B. COVERAGE OF NEEDS BY ACTORS NOT IN THE CLUSTER OR CAP MoAMID, donors, FAO and NGO representatives have developed national guidelines for the small- holder agriculture inputs, and extension and market support programmes for the summer crop season 2011/2012. These guidelines provide the framework under which agricultural support should be provided during the 2011/12 season and are aiming to produce a surplus production beyond household consumption levels. Other objectives are to enable “graduation” from one socio-economic group to the next and decrease dependence on annual input support programmes.
Other features of the programme seek to support farmers with enough inputs to farm one ha; the target is to increase maize yields to two MTs per ha. The programme also envisions linking farmers with output markets and access to credit. In line with the guidelines and the improved macroeconomic dispensation in the country the Agriculture Cluster is proposing to focus more on recovery projects for future development of the country. The ZUNDAF will be an important tool in this strategy.
C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS The overriding objective of all humanitarian actions in the agriculture sector is to improve households‟ food security with the aim of reducing reliance on food assistance.
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Cluster Objectives Outcomes with corresponding Outputs with Indicators with corresponding targets corresponding targets targets and baseline 1. Provide humanitarian input assistance to vulnerable small-holder farmers with a special focus on female-headed households to improve household food and nutrition security. 150,000 record increased 150,000 use vouchers for Input vouchers distributed to agriculture production and food agriculture inputs 150,000 households. security 2. Support crop and livestock productivity and commercialization in the smallholder farming sector. 150,000 households record 150,000 households engage 150,000 households targeted for increased crop and livestock in crop and livestock crop and livestock models. productivity an decreased production models incomes 3. Strengthen coordination mechanisms and early warning. An effective institutional Expansion of the 1st and 2nd round crop assessment coordination framework has been agriculture and food conducted. developed and strengthened security monitoring Agriculture and Food Security amongst all stakeholders system to all districts in Monitoring System (AFSMS) undertaking agricultural and food the country. collects data on a monthly basis. security interventions in National assessments Zimbabwe. carried out to evaluate ZimVAC conducted. the agriculture situation in the country (e.g. national crop assessments, post- planting and post- harvest.) Hold regular coordination meetings. Information sharing and dissemination to all stakeholders. Monthly coordination.
D. CLUSTER MONITORING PLAN Monitoring and Evaluation A Monitoring and Evaluation Committee has been constituted to oversee the monitoring and evaluation of the 2011/12 Agriculture Support Programme. The committee is chaired by the MoAMID, FAO serves as the secretariat, and members include the Departments of Economics and Markets, AGRITEX, Livestock and Veterinary Services, WFP, SNV and GRM. Activities of the Monitoring and Evaluation Committee include the following:
Progress Monitoring ■ Review of secondary information and key informant interviews. ■ Field missions in collaboration with implementing partners. ■ Incident Reporting Protocol in collaboration with field officers (AGRITEX and NGOs). Impact Assessment The committee will oversee the development of data collection tools. The following assessments will be carried out: ■ Baseline survey. ■ Assessment on access and utilization of inputs - January/February 2012. First Round Crop and Livestock Assessment as well as NGO post-planting surveys. ■ Assessment on crop yields and production performance - May/June 2012: Second Round Crop and Livestock assessment and NGO post-harvest surveys.
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4.5.2 Food Summary of cluster response plan Cluster lead agency WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME ADRA, Africare, CARE, Christian Care, Concern, CRS, Goal, Cluster member IFRC, IOM, MCTHelp from Germany, ORAP, Oxfam, PI, RMT, SC, organizations and WVI Number of projects 1 Protect lives and livelihoods, and enhance self-reliance in vulnerable households in response to seasonal food shortages. Improve the well-being of chronically ill adults to achieve greater Cluster objectives capacity for productive recovery. Increase government and community capacity to manage and implement hunger reduction policies and approaches. Nmber of beneficiaries 1,446,000 Funds required $127,710,380 Contact information Liljana Jovceva - [email protected]
Disaggregated number of affected population and beneficiaries
Affected population26 Beneficiaries Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Food-insecure (rural) 533,520 492,480 1,026,000 533,520 492,480 1,026,000 Food-insecure (urban) 275,600 254,400 530,000 218,400 201,600 420,000 Totals 809,120 746,880 1,566,000 751,920 694,080 1,446,000
A. SECTORAL NEEDS ANALYSIS According to the May 2011 ZimVAC assessment, Zimbabwe has a food entitlement deficit of 54,633 MTs27; 1.02 million food-insecure people living in rural areas28 – equivalent to 12% of the total population – continue to need assistance. The highest proportions of food insecurity will be in Masvingo, Matebeleland North and Matebeleland South. The dry spell experienced in February 2011 particularly affected the aforementioned traditionally food-insecure areas located in natural region IV and V. These same areas remain susceptible to dry spells and continuous focus on maize production at the expense of drought resistant crops makes the harvest prone to production risk. The ZimVAC Urban Livelihoods Assessment implemented in April 2011, indicates that 13% of urban and peri-urban households are food-insecure.
Even with the significant reduction of seasonal food-insecure populations in the last few years from seven million in 2008/09 to 1.5 million in 2009/10, to 1.3 million in 2010/11 and 1.03 million projected in 2011/12, a group of highly vulnerable, mainly labour-constrained households – in many cases affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic – will not be able to meet their food consumption requirements until the next harvest is available. Food sector partners seek to provide assistance to transitory and chronic food-insecure people living in food-insecure wards29 to protect lives and livelihoods of the most affected groups (including, people living with HIV/AIDS, orphans and vulnerable children), as well as preserve their nutritional status. Efforts are also made to consolidate the activities implemented in previous years and initiate early recovery with a view to achieving sustainable solutions to food insecurity and inadequate nutrition.
26 More people might be affected, especially as part of the safety net category of beneficiaries; however, there is no reliable reference data. 27 The entitlement deficit is the amount of food required by food-insecure households to reach the minimal level of acceptable food consumption. 28 ZimVAC rural livelihoods assessment, May 2011. 29 A ward is the smallest administrative unit in Zimbabwe.
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Contrary to previous years, other food pipelines are not available for the 2011/12 hunger season; hence the WFP is required to mobilize resources for all households identified as food-insecure by the ZimVAC rural assessment. The WFP food assistance pipeline will be the only main source to respond to the emergency needs. Subject to local conditions and operational possibilities, WFP will continue with a response combining relief and early recovery and also consisting of a mix of interventions involving unconditional food support, food/cash-for-asset creation, local/regional purchase strategies, cash transfers and vouchers. Despite the fact that food is available on the market, the poor liquidity and low purchasing power due to high unemployment and low productive capacity make food still inaccessible for many Zimbabweans, especially in the rural districts. Vulnerability is further compounded as there are no major signs of improved income opportunities coupled with slow economic recovery of rural economy.
Risk analysis Drought and floods will continue to affect rural livelihoods and reduce resilience to shocks. Asset- creation interventions depend on the availability of technical expertise and financial resources from the government, partners and donors. Insufficient implementation capacity might hamper these interventions, and lack of commitment or resources for complementary interventions through other clusters may affect the efficiency of food assistance. Improved coordination will be necessary amongst all stakeholders to ensure that interventions are sustainable.
Inter-relations of needs with other sectors Food sector response is closely coordinated with FAO‟s agricultural response, with UNICEF in the areas of nutrition, child protection (including the Child Protection Fund/CPF) and education, with the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in support to IDPs and returning migrants, and with WHO, Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) on HIV-related interventions. Implementation of joint assessments and analysis of food, input and nutritional needs are some of the coordination tools used on a regular basis. Livelihood support programmes will be essential component of the seasonal targeted assistance and effective partnership is key to their successful implementation.
B. COVERAGE OF NEEDS BY ACTORS NOT IN THE CLUSTER OR CAP National Action Plan (NAP) for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Phase II through the CPF (NAP II & CPF) The NAP II is a Government programme that aims to secure the basic rights of the most vulnerable children in Zimbabwe through the provision of quality social protection and child protection services. The CPF – launched late September 2011 – is a multi-donor, multi-year funding mechanism for the implementation of NAP II; it finances specific interventions within the broad NAP II programme, in particular social cash transfers, child protection services and access to primary education through the BEAM. The area with direct complementarities with WFP-led food assistance is the social cash transfers targeting food-insecure and labour constrained households. The target-for-cash transfers, supported by CPF for the period up to 2014 is 55,000 households while the intended target is to reach 25,000 households incrementally in 2012.
Coordination is ongoing with a taskforce formed to synchronize the beneficiary database for CPF and Seasonal Targeted Assistance. Activities of the CPF are captured in the ZUNDAF. The ZUNDAF recognizes that improved basic social services are central to improved quality of life and social well being of Zimbabweans with the United Nations Country Team (UNCT) aiming to enhance national capacity to support increased access to such services, while aiming to reduce exclusion, vulnerability and inequality.
The government programme under the framework of the Food Deficit Mitigation Strategy will be closely coordinated with WFP activities. The Government has set aside 50,000 MTs of maize for its food relief programme; however, this programme has limited cash resources required for the delivery of this assistance. Fund releases have been erratic and unpredictable. According to the Government,
39 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL the programme is meant to mitigate the immediate needs of those most food-insecure in the period July-October 2011. In October 2011, a Government representative stated that they expect WFP, donors and partners to cover the bulk of the food needs during the 2011/12 lean season.
C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS Cluster Objectives Indicator with corresponding Outcomes Outputs target 1. Protect lives and livelihoods and enhance self-reliance of vulnerable households during seasonal food shortages. 1.1 Improved food consumption 1.1.1. Food and non-food items Food consumption score over assistance period for (NFI) including cash and/or exceeds 35.30 targeted populations. voucher distributed in sufficient Number of women, men, girls quantity and quality to targeted and boys receiving food and women, men, girls and boys NFIs, by category and as % of under secure conditions. planned. (Target: 100%) % of tonnage distributed. (Target: 100%) % of NFIs distributed. (Target: all NFIs distributed as planned) 2. Safeguard food access and consumption of highly vulnerable food-insecure households, and support the recovery of livelihoods and access to basic services.
2.1 Adequate food consumption 2.1.1 Food and NFIs including Food consumption score exceeds over assistance period for cash and/or voucher distributed 35. targeted communities and in sufficient quantity and quality households. to targeted women, men, girls and boys under secure conditions. 3. Improve the nutritional well-being of chronically ill adults as a stepping stone towards greater capacity for productive recovery. 3.1. Improved nutritional 3.1.1. Number of patients who Two consecutive readings of BMI recovery of TB, pre-ART, started food assistance at body >18.5. PMTCT and home-based care mass index/BMI <18.5 who have patients. attained body mass index >18.5 in two consecutive measures after termination of assistance. 4. Enhance government and community capacity to manage and implement hunger reduction policies and approaches. 4.1. Increased marketing 4.1.1. Food purchased locally. Food purchased locally31 as % of opportunities at the national level food distributed in-country. with cost-efficient local purchase.
D. SECTORAL MONITORING PLAN Standard checklists, questionnaires, reporting forms and a shared database will be used for on-site M&E of implementation. Qualitative and quantitative findings will be shared with stakeholders each month. Output reporting is compiled by partners from distribution data. A protocol will be used to address adverse incidents in programme implementation – an independent panel of respected citizens is being considered to increase objectivity in incident resolution. Clinic-based activities will integrate nutritional indicators into patient information systems to link clinical results with nutritional recovery in outcome reporting. Community and household surveillance (CHS) surveys are conducted twice a year to monitor the impact of the food assistance in terms of pre-determined variables. The October 2011 CHS will provide baseline data on household food consumption scores. The UNICEF 2010
30 Household food consumption score measures the frequency with which different food groups are consumed in the seven days before the survey. A score of 35 or more indicates acceptable food consumption. 31 Purchases of food originating in Zimbabwe.
40 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan national nutrition survey will be the baseline for assessing the national nutrition situation and will be used in future programming. All pilot activities will be followed by an evaluation.
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4.5.3 Nutrition Summary of cluster response plan
Cluster lead agency UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND CHILD WELFARE Co-lead (National Nutrition Department) Batanai HIV/AIDS Service Organization, Beacon of Hope & Joy Trust, Bio –Innovation, CADEC, CADS, CAFOD, CARE, CCORE, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Child and Guardian Foundation, CPS, CRS, Concern Worldwide, CPT, Christian Care, Crown Agents, Cultiv Agro Zimbabwe, Dananai Child Care, DAPP, FACT- Rusape. FCTZ, FEWSNET, FAO, NFC, Global Heritage, Goal, HKI, Help Age, Hilfswerk Austria Cluster member International, HIFC, ICRAF, IMC, IOM, ISL Trust, Island Hospice, organizations Jubilee Empowerment Trust, MeDRA, NAYO, OPHID Trust, Oxfam, PENYA Trust, PI, Prison Friends Network, SC, Shalom Children‟s Home Trust, Thamaso Zimbabwe, UNICEF, Upenyu Health Group, UMC, University of Zimbabwe, Value Addition Project Trust, WFP, WVI, ZAPSO, Zimbabwe Orphans Support Through Extended Hands, ZVITAMBO Number of projects 3 1. To reduce acute malnutrition-related morbidity and mortality in disaster- prone areas/disaster-affected men, women, boys and girls. Cluster objectives 2. To prevent acute malnutrition among disaster-affected boys and girls, thought improved infant young child feeding (IYCF) and caring practices. 123,000 (of which over 8,000 acutely malnourished, 15,000 moderately Number of malnourished, about 50,000 mother/care taker and infant/child pair beneficiaries benefit from preventive IYCF interventions). Funds required $5,600,000 Tobias Stillman - [email protected] Contact information [email protected]
Disaggregated number of affected population and beneficiaries
Category of affected Number of people in need Targeted beneficiaries people female male total female male total Acutely Malnourished 5,604 5,173 10,777 4,268 3,939 8,207 Children under five 520,000 480,000 1,000,000 7,800 7,200 15,000 Women of 3,000,000 3,000,000 75,000 25,000 100,000 reproductive age Total 123,277
A. SECTORAL NEEDS ANALYSIS Priority needs The humanitarian scenario for 2012 in Zimbabwe predicts a likelihood of events that have potential to fuel the deterioration of the nutrition situation of men, women and boys and girls who are already at risk of or suffering from malnutrition. Malnutrition remains a major challenge to the survival of boys and girls and to development in Zimbabwe. Globally, maternal and child under-nutrition contributes to 35% of all deaths in boys and girls. In Zimbabwe, under-nutrition is likely to contribute to more than 12,000 deaths in boys and girls each year. Surviving undernourished boys and girls suffer life- long consequences – they are more susceptible to disease, and are likely to have poorer educational outcomes, poorer birth outcomes, and reduced economic activity than men and women. Food shortages are projected in some parts of the country. The 2011 ZimVAC shows that while the prevalence of food-insecure men, women and boys and girls is lower than that of last year, 11.9% of rural households will be food-insecure during the peak hunger period (January - March 2012). A total of 1.026 million rural men, women, boys and girls, at peak, will not be able to meet their minimum
43 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL cereal needs during the 2011/12 season. This represents about 12% of the total rural population although is lower than the 15 food insecurity prevalence for the 2010/11 consumption year. Matabeleland South, Midlands and Masvingo provinces are estimated to have the highest proportions of food-insecure men, women and boys and girls in the 2011/12 consumption year.32 Another event that may affect nutritional status of boys and girls is diarrhoea and/or cholera outbreaks because diet and disease are intimately related – a sick child is likely to have reduced appetite, higher caloric requirements, and difficulty absorbing nutrients, and a poorly nourished child is more susceptible to disease. While malnutrition can result from either poor dietary intake or disease, it often results from an interaction between the two. Other events that may likely affect nutritional status of boys and girls include flooding since above average rains are forecast for the period from January to March 2012 and subsequent displacement that leads to disruption to livelihoods and IYCF practices. The dietary intake and health status of boys and girls are determined by three primary underlying factors: food insecurity, sub-optimal care practices, and limited access to health and WASH services, all of which have been exacerbated by the protracted crisis in Zimbabwe. The 2011 ZimVAC, in addition to highlighting the food security situation, shows that more than a third of rural households in Zimbabwe engage in open defecation and efforts are needed to improve access to improved drinking water sources and appropriate sanitation. The assessment noted that only 20% of the survey households had water near their toilet facilities, this is highly suggestive of limited hand washing after toilet use.
Although breastfeeding is a common practice in Zimbabwe (77% of children are breastfed through their first birthday), just 6% of children under the age of six months are exclusively breastfed. Nearly one in three children (27%) receives complementary foods before the age of three months, and more than half (52%) receive complementary foods before the age of six months. Mixed feeding is common in Zimbabwe. Globally, mixed feeding is associated with higher rates of illness and increased risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV.33 The ZimVAC assessment (2011) shows that 16.4% of children aged 6-59 months had four or more meals the previous day and of the 58.8% households with under five children, 68% had their children accessing Vitamin A supplementation, while 32% were not accessing Vitamin A supplement.
1200 1097
1000
800
620 SC 600 OTP 448 400
200 101 75 81 89 95 10 17 13 27 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
32 ZimVAC, Food and Nutrition Council, SIRDC, (2011). Rural Livelihoods Assessment. July 2011 Report. 33 UNICEF, CASS, Government. (2010). A Situational Analysis on the Status of Women‟s and Children‟s Rights in Zimbabwe, 2005-2010. A call for reducing disparities and improving equity.
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While rates of stunting have risen steadily over the past decade, rates of acute malnutrition have remained relatively stable or declined over time. At 2.5%, GAM represents a limited public health threat at this time.34 This figure, however, obscures disparities between wealth groups, boys and girls and children residing in rural and urban areas35 as well as a relatively high ratio of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) to moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). The national nutrition survey (2010) suggests that boys are more likely to be malnourished than girls and children residing in rural areas are significantly more likely to be malnourished than children residing in urban areas.
Rates of GAM in children aged six to 24 months are twice as high as those for children aged 24 to 59 months and more than 15,000 young children suffer from SAM each year. The risk of death in children with SAM is ten times higher than the risk of death in their non-malnourished counterparts.36 Largely funded by resources mobilized though CAP and CERF, in 2011, community management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) coverage improved to about 75%, with 1,192 out of 1,600 facilities nationally providing the treatment of SAM on routine basis, representing over 550 more facilities introducing treatment of SAM on routine service in 2011. Anecdotal information from monitoring reports suggests that the intervention would benefit from improvements in consolidated and integrated data management for feedback, supply monitoring reflective of targeting malnourished boys and girls and men and women on ante-retroviral therapy, provision of adequate anthropometric equipment and sufficient integration with the entire health delivery system. A comprehensive review of the CMAM intervention is planned for the last quarter of 2011 in order to inform on lessons learnt during the implementation of CMAM within the current complex environment and to investigate possibilities of integrating CMAM with other maternal and newborn care interventions.
The management of severe acute malnutrition is complemented by referrals to programmes managing moderate malnutrition. There are still limited supplementary feeding programmes (SFP) for the treatment of moderate malnutrition. In 2011, WFP with support from CERF engaged partners in eight of 14 districts marked for supplementary feeding coverage. This quantity was adequate to feed 25,800 children and mothers for duration of three months. Lessons from the intervention point to a need for monitoring equipment as well as improved coordination between the supplementary feeding and treatment of SAM via the CMAM intervention. Significant progress has been made in 2011 towards the social and policy environment that will set the framework for improvements in the nutrition status of men, women, boys and girls. Guidelines for CMAM and IYCF are being finalized and the Food and Nutrition Security policy has progressed well towards endorsement by the cabinet after which a broad based food and nutrition strategy is anticipated. With respect to the coordination of emergency response, the national Department of Civil Protection conducted a stakeholder‟s workshop on June 20 to 24, 2011 to develop, plan and implement a system to minimize vulnerability to natural and man-made or technological hazards. The forum provided input into the review of the Civil Protection Act Chapter 10:06 which provided the legislative framework for civil protection in Zimbabwe. The new legislative and policy framework constitutes the draft Disaster Risk Management Bill and policy. In their current form, these two pieces of legislation embody a paradigm shift where disaster risk management is mainstreamed into line ministries which in the case of nutrition would be the sector lead or the MoHCW‟s National Nutrition Department. Monitoring data from partners suggests that significant investments are still required particularly at district and provincial level to ensure that early warning and appropriate multi-sector responses are effectively led by the Food and Nutrition Security teams at this level.
34 FNC, National Nutrition Unit, UNICEF Zimbabwe. (2010). National Nutrition Survey – 2010: Preliminary Results. 35 UNICEF. Government of Zimbabwe et al. (2010). A Situational Analysis on the Status of Women‟s and Children‟s Rights in Zimbabwe, 2005-2010. A call for reducing disparities and improving equity. 36 The risk of death in children with SAM is 9.4 times the risk in their non –malnourished counterparts. The risk of death in children with MAM is 2.5 times that in their non-malnourished counterparts. (Lancet, 2008).
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Risk analysis The main humanitarian challenges in Zimbabwe relate to food security, continued threat of cholera outbreaks and specific needs of IDPs, migrants, refugees and other vulnerable communities.
Inter-relations of needs with other sectors The multi-sectoral nature of the solutions to malnutrition calls for cross-sector analysis and planning, an improvement in surveillance, reporting and collaboration with food security implementers to mainstream nutrition into their efforts. Addressing food insecurity, limited WASH service provision highlighted particularly in the recent ZimVAC assessment both point to critical needs that will affect the nutrition status of men, women, boys and girls affected by additional shocks of disasters and emergency.
Collaboration will be called for within the agriculture working group, the WASH Cluster and with the Health Cluster to address systemic causes of childhood illness such as diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections and HIV which have implications on nutritional status. In addition, the evolution of the community management of acute malnutrition at health facility and community level to a more integrated intervention within other child survival services will require engagement with the health sector.
B. COVERAGE OF NEEDS BY ACTORS NOT IN THE CLUSTER OR CAP ZUNDAF Recognizing that improved basic social services are central to improved quality of life and social well- being of Zimbabweans, the UNCT aims to enhance national capacity to support increased access to such services, while aiming to reduce exclusion, vulnerability and inequality. The ZUNDAF framework provides a supportive implementation environment for all nutrition activities within the humanitarian, recovery and development framework in that an expected outcome is for all key policy and strategy documents developed and implemented to create an enabling policy, legislative and budgetary environment for health service delivery by 2015. More specifically, integrated maternal and newborn care and health/HIV/AIDS services in all health and nutrition fora (including the partners‟ forum on peri-portal fibrosis/HIV/AIDS and TB) will be advocated for. Free access to services by children under five and pregnant and lactating effective in all health facilities is a planned output. Additional outputs include: ■ Free access to services by children under five and pregnant and lactating mothers is effective in all health facilities. ■ Monitoring and evaluation systems, including routine health management information system, strengthened. ■ Policy and strategy documents developed and operationalized. ■ Capacity for health sector partnerships, coordination, planning and management strengthened. ■ Advocacy for health financing strengthened to meet Abuja target of 15%. ■ Capacity to implement the HRH strategy strengthened. ■ New health guidelines and standards adopted.
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C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS Cluster objectives Outcomes Outputs with corresponding targets Indicators 1. To reduce acute malnutrition-related morbidity and mortality in disaster-prone areas/disaster-affected men, women, boys and girls. Improved CMAM 1.1. CMAM implementing health facilities in Percentage of eligible Service delivery emergency-affected populations supplied with health facilities in infrastructure in ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), F 100, and emergency-affected emergency-affected Resomal. areas delivering CMAM populations. 1.2. CMAM implementing health facilities equipped services. with standardized anthropometric equipment for CMAM. Percentage of CMAM 1.3. CMAM implementing facilities in priority facilities with adequate districts supplied with fortified supplementary foods supplies of ready-to-use for treatment of moderate malnutrition. therapeutic food and 1.4. Health centre staff in outpatient care of SAM equipment. has enhanced capacity to provide outpatient care for existing providers in emergency-affected areas. Percentage of priority 1.5. District health workers have enhanced capacity districts with at least in inpatient care of SAM, and provide on the job 50% of village health training and refresher training to participating health workers trained in rapid workers. nutrition assessment. 1.6. CMAM integrated in health management information system at the district and provincial Percentage CMAM level. competent facilities in Increased demand 2.1 Village health workers (VHWs) and community priority districts received for CMAM services. volunteers in emergency-affected districts CMAM communication enhanced with capacity in rapid assessment of materials. malnutrition using mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) + oedema (screening). 2.2. CMAM participating districts supplied with monitoring and communication materials. Improved social and 3.1. National supplementary feeding guidelines policy environment updated and disseminated. for delivery of 3.2. Sustainable supply chain for CMAM CMAM. stocks developed and implemented. 2. Delivery of life-saving emergency IYCF interventions. Improved 1.1. Hospital-based nurses and nutritionists and emergency IYCF health centre staff in emergency-affected districts service delivery enhanced with capacity in infant feeding Percentage of health infrastructure. counselling. facilities in priority 1.2. VHWs and community volunteers in districts with at least one emergency-affected districts enhanced with competent infant feeding capacity in IYCF messaging. counsellor - by type of 1.3: Intervention districts supplied with IYCF facility. supplies and equipment such as child health cards and salter scales. Increased uptake of 2.1. IYCF support groups established and Percentage of NGOs emergency IYCF functional in communities in emergency-affected implementing nutrition practices and districts. programmes in priority services. 2.2. Locally adapted IYCF counselling materials districts with at least one disseminated nationwide. trained IYCF provider. 2.3. Men and women in emergency-affected communities receive appropriate breastfeeding Percentage of counselling and information. government health Improved social and 3.1. IYCF implementation guidelines finalized and facilities (by type) and policy environment disseminated. NGOs in priority districts for IYCF. 3.2. Support training and field visits for monitoring using IYCF of the Code for the Marketing of Breast Milk communication Substitutes in emergency-affected districts. materials.
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3. Analysis, coordination and oversight for early warning and appropriate multi-sector response. Coordinated 1.1 Nutrition Atlas updated to articulate “who is Percentage of humanitarian doing what where”. intervention districts with nutrition response. 1.2 Establishment of a functional Food and district specific nutrition Nutrition Analysis Unit supported. profiles. 1.3 Food and nutrition security teams in rural Monthly cluster districts and provinces strengthened. meetings. 1.4 MoHCW national nutrition department strategy Nutrition Atlas finalized developed to facilitate disaster risk management. and disseminated in Nutrition Cluster phase-out strategy developed. third quarter of 2012.
D. CLUSTER MONITORING PLAN The current strategy of the Nutrition Cluster has an accountability framework consistent with the objectives and indicators laid out in the 2011 CAP, and will be revised to provide the platform for cluster reporting for CAP 2012. Once established, cluster members will report against specified indicators once each quarter. Should the situation deteriorate into an acute crisis, reporting will be more frequent. Nutrition surveillance (i.e. the feeding centre database and the nutrition surveys) will help monitor progress. Consistent with the past four years, the cluster will release a comprehensive 3W (nutrition atlas) in the third quarter of 2012.
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4.5.4 Health Summary of cluster response plan Cluster lead agency WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ACF, ADRA, Africare, Action Aid, CARE Zimbabwe, CDC, CH, CRS, CWW, DAPP, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, GOAL, Cluster member Humedica, MERLIN, IMC, IOM, IRC, MDM, PI, SC, Sysmed, UNFPA, organizations UNICEF, WHO, WVI and other partners Observers: MSF (Belgium, Holland and Spain), ZRCS Number of projects 2 Reduce morbidity and mortality of mothers and their newborns through strengthening service provision and referral systems for reproductive Cluster objectives health. Reduce the excess morbidity and mortality caused by communicable disease outbreaks and other public health emergencies. Number of Estimated 4,559,084 million men, women, boys and girls beneficiaries Funds required $16,688,608 Contact information [email protected]
Disaggregated number of affected population and beneficiaries Category Affected population Beneficiaries Male Female Total Male Female Total Emergency Reproductive Health Newborns 381,300 Expected pregnancies, 3,245,000 3,245,000 443,300 443,300 including teenage pregnancies Sub-total ERH 3,245,000 3,245,000 443,300 824,600 Emergency Preparedness and Rapid Response37 Children 1,493,793 1,493,794 Adults 2,240,690 2,240,690 Sub-total EPRR 3,734,483 3,734,484 Grand total EPR+EPRR 4,559,084
A. SECTORAL NEEDS ANALYSIS Although many efforts have been made by the Government and its partners, the economic decline over the past decade has detrimentally affected public health expenditure from the state budget. This has led to deterioration in health care facility infrastructure at all levels, with the greatest needs in the rural areas where the critical condition of health infrastructure is unable to meet basic health facility standards for patient care and infection control. As a result of serious shortage and disruption of transport, poor road conditions and lack of communication (i.e. radio and mobile phones) several key activities including the referral of critical patients, drug distribution, data reporting and the supervision of district and rural health centres have been seriously compromised. All factors have contributed to the degradation of key public health programmes and inadequate quality and coverage of basic social services such as emergency response and reproductive health services. Furthermore, support from donors has not been adequate to sustain the capacity of the health sector to provide quality health services.
37Response to outbreaks and other public health emergencies covers the whole country as per the needs, the affected population and areas concerned.
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This situation is most noticeable in MNCH, with a national maternal mortality ratio (MMR), an important indicator of a country‟s development status and quality and access to health care services, of 725/100,000 (Zimbabwe Maternal and Perinatal Mortality Study/ZMPMS 2007). This unacceptably high figure has nearly tripled from 1994 where the MMR was reported to be 283/100,000. Because of the increase in number of births as well as the low quality of care, neonatal mortality has risen to 31/1000 live births in 2011 (Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey/ZDHS 2010-2011), with 65.1% of births occurring within a health facility.
The majority of maternal and child deaths are avoidable and can be prevented through improved availability, accessibility and quality of emergency obstetric care; services the health care system currently struggles to provide. Physical access to health centres is hindered by both distance and available transport and communications for referrals to higher levels of care. User fees are also a major barrier to achieving increased number of institutional deliveries. The country continues to experience the impact of the national brain drain, negatively contributing to the availability of skilled health professionals such as doctors, nurses and midwives particularly at the primary and secondary levels of the health care system and in rural areas. While these issues are endemic nationally, priority should be given to strengthen services at rural and district level. Interventions at these levels will reach the most people and the most vulnerable groups. Especially district level hospitals need to be revitalized in terms of human and material resources to ensure quality service provision at the referral level for rural women. However, strengthening of referral mechanisms from these levels onwards is also crucial to ensure quality Change in maternal mortality rate (1990-2008) in Zimbabwe and comprehensive EmONC neighbouring countries. Source: UNDP HDR 2010 – HDI (http://hdr.undp.org/en/data/explorer/). services for both rural and For the newest data, please refer to the 2011 HDR, to be released in urban populations. November 2011, thus not available at the time of writing.
In most districts, outreach activities including the routine expanded programme for immunization (EPI) are not achieving adequate levels of coverage needed to achieve herd immunity particularly amongst marginalized populations including those affected by displacement who often reside unplanned and under-served areas. The consequence of poor EPI coverage was highlighted during the 2010 measles outbreak with over 11,000 suspect cases reported.
In 2008/09 Zimbabwe experienced the worst cholera outbreak recorded in the country‟s history, resulting in over 99,000 cases, nearly 5,000 deaths with a case fatality rate of 4.2%. From 2010-2011, 2,071 suspect cases have been reported and 67 deaths resulting in a CFR of 3.2%. From January to June 2011, 1140 cases and 45 deaths (CFR 4.0%) of cholera were reported. While the reporting of suspected cases has improved over the last few years, the CFR remains unacceptably high in comparison to internationally recognized standards of below 1%. The country wide breakdown of sewage and water supply and water treatment systems remains a key factor for continued water-borne disease outbreaks which are expected to continue in 2012.
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The current situation has led to diminished capacity of the MoHCW for timely detection and control of epidemic-prone diseases. The major lessons learned from the above mentioned outbreaks is the imperative need to improve multi-sectoral preparedness and response capacity at all levels, including community. Therefore, it is important to continue to address public health emergency response by revitalizing the rapid response capacity and mechanisms of the MoHCW by improving early detection and response to disease outbreaks through training health staff in case management, Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) as well as training rapid response teams (RRT) at provincial and district levels, while providing support to community level cadres such as the VHW who serves a vital role in outbreak detection and referral of suspect cases. There is also need to strengthen laboratory capacity in confirmation of disease outbreaks through providing adequate reagents and supplies. The Health Cluster identified 15 vulnerable districts that will be targeted for EPR based on epidemiological profiles, poor communication networks, and limited accessibility due to dilapidated road infrastructure. The response to epidemics will target all affected areas as the needs arise. Despite a decline in prevalence of HIV/AIDS to 13.7% (among the 15-49 years age group), HIV/AIDS remains a critical public health issue with significant cross-sector implications including national development potential. HIV/AIDS accounts for over 25% of maternal deaths as reported by the MoHCW. AIDS still represents a key mortality factor within the general population. By the end of 2010, 53% of an estimated 594,202 adults and children requiring treatment were actually receiving anti-retrovirus (ARVs). With the adoption of WHO‟s new treatment guidelines, the number of people requiring treatment will substantially increase. Therefore the need to improve the response to the HIV/AIDS emergency is critical. The primary response to this epidemic will come through development channels in Zimbabwe such as the Global Fund. However, Health Cluster partners will mainstream HIV/AIDS awareness and communicate needs identified in the field. The MoHCW is currently in discussion with a number of donors to support a HTF, a multi-donor pooled fund which focuses on four main pillars: maternal, new-born and child health, human resources for health, vital and essential medicines and health financing. However, the final strategy and implementation modalities of the HTF are still to be finalized and it is not sure when this will come into effect. Once the HTF becomes operational it is expected to take on an increasing share of tasks, programmed to-date in the CAP. Currently, the National Integrated Health Facility Assessment is being conducted, and the results should be available in the first half of 2012. These findings will be able to give a full picture of the gaps in staff capacity, infrastructure and quality of care at facilities throughout Zimbabwe. The two identified priority areas (see table below) identified by the Health Cluster for 2012 are in line with the MoHCW priorities. The Health Cluster will continue to nurture its close interaction/coordination with the MoHCW to ensure the alignment of the CAP 2012 Health Cluster priorities with the MoHCW priorities and strategic directions. The interventions will address the critical gaps; restore basic and life-saving services by strengthening the existing MoHCW systems and structures and by reinforcing weak components of the health care delivery system with focus on the most vulnerable rural and peri-urban districts.
Priority Needs Geographic priority area Affected population (sex & age) Emergency Reproductive Pregnant women and girls, Country-wide Health new-born girls and boys Early Warning and Rapid Country-wide Crisis-affected populations Response
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Figures in Overview of the key indicators to identify priority needs Zimbabwe Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births (ZMPMS 2007) 725 Neo-natal mortality rate, per 1,000 live births 31 Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (ZDHS 2010-2011) 57 Under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births (ZDHS 2010- 2011) 84 HIV prevalence (15-49 years age group) 13.7 % Women tested for HIV during ante-natal care (ANC) visit for the last pregnancy 58 Cholera CFR (January- June 2011) 4.0 Contraceptive prevalence rate % (ZDHS 2010- 2011) 59 Routine EPI coverage 64 % of deliveries conducted at facilities by skilled health staff 66.2 % of health facilities with functioning emergency communication (radio, phone, etc.) 60 % of district hospitals with means of transport for referral below 40% % of district hospitals offering basic EmONC below 55% % health facilities reporting no stocks out of selected essential drugs 29-58%
Identified challenges and constraints to addressing needs through the CAP ■ The need to increase the capacity of the MoHCW at all levels to better prepare, respond and coordinate health interventions during emergencies. ■ Limited capacity to scale up EPI coverage during outbreaks. ■ Health facilities infrastructure degradation and lack of basic and essential equipment. ■ Weak linkage, communication and coordination between clusters and development partners. ■ Limited availability of quality EmONC. ■ Limited identification, response and outbreak management skills among health workers. Needs addressed through development channels ■ PMTCT and other HIV/AIDS life-saving care and services availability at peripheral level (district hospital and rural clinics). ■ Human resource crisis and continued high vacancy rates in critical areas such as midwives, nurses, environmental health technicians, pharmacists and senior medical doctors in the provinces. ■ Limited capacity of NatPharm to adequately supply the essentials drugs to district and rural health centre level. ■ User fees as a major barrier to access basic health services e.g. access to essential and emergency maternal health care. ■ Low routine EPI coverage due to constraints in outreach programming and health objectors. Risk analysis Although Zimbabwe is in a chronic state of humanitarian crises, the potential for acute health-related emergencies, due to political violence, economic collapse, disease outbreaks and natural disasters, remains constant. The rainy season has been predicted to start early with the risk of early flooding in the north, south-eastern and western parts of the country. This increases the risks to diarrhoeal disease and malaria outbreaks as well as reduces physical accessibility of populations to health services. Possible elections in 2012 are likely to trigger political violence with high risks for sexual and gender- based violence.
Inter-relations of needs with other sectors The gradual movement from emergency to recovery/development through a period of transition requires strong collaboration between the Humanitarian cluster and the development partners.
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Through the efforts of the Health Development Partners Coordination Group /HDPCG (UN agencies in health and bilateral partners), the MoHCW has set up the Review and Planning Group (RPG) which includes the HDPCG, the MoHCW itself, one INGO and one NNGO. The RPG meeting is chaired by the MoHCW and involves these key stakeholders of the Health Sector including the donors.
The response of diarrhoeal disease outbreaks is done in close collaboration with the WASH Cluster and through Environmental Health Alliance partners. The alert protocol between the WASH and Health Cluster which was developed during the 2008 cholera epidemic and updated in 2010 is still in place and functioning. This protocol is used to appropriately share critical information for investigation of alerts/rumours and events. Through the inter-cluster forum, the clusters liaise and coordinate with: (1) the Nutrition Cluster regarding the medical treatment of acute malnutrition; (2) the Protection Cluster for the medical treatment of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) cases; (3) the Logistics Cluster for transport/logistic and emergency communications; and, (4) the Food Security Cluster as regard to the food for hospitalized patients.
B. COVERAGE OF NEEDS BY ACTORS NOT IN THE CLUSTER OR CAP There are opportunities being provided by other actors in the fields of both ERH and EPR. Mechanisms such as ZUNDAF and the HTF incorporate ERH and EPR to some extent. Under the ZUNDAF outcome 5.2 (Access to and Utilization of Quality Basic Health and Nutrition Services by 2015) the UN and its government partners seek to address a range of interventions aimed at improving service delivery in the areas of ERH, EPR, medicines supply management, nutrition services and general health systems. Under the HTF, focus will be on reducing maternal and child mortality through abolishing user fees and supporting high impact interventions and health systems strengthening. The HTF is a multi-donor pooled fund for health in Zimbabwe that will run 2011 – 2015. It will be national in focus targeting women (in particular pregnant and lactating women) and children under five. Programme delivery will be through four main thematic areas:
1. Maternal, newborn, child health and nutrition. 2. Medical products, vaccines and technologies (medicines and commodities). 3. Human resources for health (including health worker management, training and retention scheme). 4. Health policy, planning and finance (Health Services Fund Scheme and Research).
C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS Cluster Objectives Outcomes with Outputs with corresponding Indicators with corresponding targets corresponding targets targets and baseline 1. Reduce the morbidity and mortality of mothers and their newborns, through strengthening service provision and referral system for reproductive health. Improved access to quality 95% pregnant women % pregnant women receiving at basic and comprehensive receiving four ante-natal least four ante-natal care visits. EmONC, including for care visits in selected Proportion of pregnant women adolescents. districts. delivering in health facility. 95% pregnant women % post-partum women attending delivering in health facilities. PNC after delivery. 95% post-partum women % of caesarean sections as a attending post-natal care proportion of all births. (PNC) after delivery. CFR among women with obstetric 95% district hospitals with complications. available emergency % of district hospitals with available transport and emergency transport (ambulances) communication system and communication system (radio, (radio, phone) in selected phone in clinics/hospitals) in the provinces/districts. selected provinces.
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Ensure implementation of 95% clinics/hospitals in % clinics/hospitals in affected areas minimum initial service emergency-affected that have clean delivery kits. package for reproductive districts with clean delivery Proportion of health facilities with health (MISP) in kits. supplies for universal precautions. emergency responses. 95% health facilities in Proportion of clinics in affected emergency-affected areas has provision for emergency districts with supplies for referral including transport and universal precautions. communications. 95% clinics and hospitals with access to referral facilities and communication systems. 2. Reduce the excess morbidity and mortality caused by communicable disease outbreaks and other public health emergencies. Strengthened epidemic- 100% alerts of public health % of alerts of public health prone disease surveillance emergencies assessed and emergencies assessed and system and capacity for responded to within 72 hrs. responded to within 72 hours. rapidly responding to 100% sentinel sites Proportion of sentinel sites public health emergencies submitting complete weekly submitting weekly disease from community to data on time. surveillance data to district. provincial levels. 100% selected provinces T538 completeness and timeliness. holding regular coordination Proportion of provinces with monthly meetings. EPR and coordination meetings 100% districts with EPR involving partners. plans. Proportion of district holding monthly 100% selected districts with coordination meetings with partners trained RRTs. and stakeholders. 100% health staff in % of District Health Executive (DHE) selected districts trained in with updated EPR plans. IDSR. % of the selected districts with 100% laboratories in trained RRTs. selected district with % of health staff trained in IDSR in adequate reagents and selected districts. other supplies. % laboratories with adequate reagents and other supplies in selected districts. Improved case CFR and thresholds within CFR for public health emergencies management at all levels the WHO limits for all including outbreaks do not exceed of the health system (from disease outbreaks. MoHCW/WHO standards. community to provincial) in At least one health staff Proportion of health facilities with at response to epidemic- trained in case least one health staff trained in case prone diseases and other management in selected management in selected districts. health consequences districts. resulting from emergencies.
D. CLUSTER MONITORING PLAN The Health Cluster will use mechanisms at its disposal (health cluster meetings, strategic working group meetings, joint health/WASH meetings, Environmental Health Alliance /EHA coordination meetings, etc.) to continually measure progress against the expected outcomes and objectives. The cholera command and control centre (C4) situated in WHO will continue to provide regular analyses and feedback on the epidemiological situation. The level of success in responding to emergencies will be measured through information collected and analysed by the cluster members and the EHA partners as part of the on-going monitoring.
The EHA partners‟ feedback will inform and improve preparedness and response. The minutes of the various meetings (Health Cluster, SWG, task forces, sub-group, C4) will inform progress. The
38 Standard health information system tally form that captures outpatient disease conditions at a health facility.
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MoHCW epidemiological bulletin will reflect diseases trends. Partners‟ surveys, will also contribute to monitor the situation of the targeted population. Field M&E visits conducted by cluster members will be made available and shared with the rest of the cluster, the IASC and HCT members. The Health Cluster produces and disseminates regular Updates/Bulletins and also contributes to the production of the OCHA monthly Humanitarian Update. The MoHCW National Health Information System has produced a list of indicators (99-indicators) used for monitoring and evaluation of health activities in the Country. The Health Cluster will use those indictors that correspond to the cluster activities.
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4.5.5 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Summary of cluster response plan
Cluster lead agencies UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND and OXFAM-UK ACF, Africa 2000 Network, Africare, CAFOD, CARE International, Christian Care, Concern, CPT, CRS, DAPP, Dialogue on Shelter, FCTZ, Cluster member GAA, GOAL, IMC, IOM, IRC, IRD, ISL, IWSD, MDM, Medair , MeDRA , organizations Mercy Corps, MERLIN, Mvuramanzi Trust, SDC, Oxfam UK, PENYA Trust, Plan, PSI, SNV, UNICEF, WVI, ZimAHEAD, Zimbabwe Thamaso, ZCDA, Zvitambo Number of projects 3 1. Rapid and effective humanitarian response to the WASH needs of the affected populations, i.e. girls, women, boys and men. 2. Arrest decline of and restore WASH services for vulnerable girls, women, boys and men in rural districts, small towns, growth points Cluster objectives and peri-urban settings. 3. Improve sector coordination, information and knowledge management and build sector & community capacities for effective humanitarian/early recovery responses and enhanced disaster risk management. Number of Estimated 4,231,800 girls, women, boys and men beneficiaries Funds required $23,600,000 Belete Muluneh Woldeamanuel - [email protected] Contact information Ransam Mariga - [email protected]
Disaggregated number of affected population and beneficiaries
Targeted beneficiaries Category of affected people female Male total Storm damage/flooding 44,720 41,280 86,000 Cholera cases* 13,000 12,000 25,000 Internally displaced 936 864 1,800 Returnees/deportees** 74,880 69,120 144,000 WASH services Clean water supply, rural districts 325,000 300,000 625,000 Clean water supply, five small towns 130,000 120,000 250,000 Water treatment, 20 small towns 1,040,000 960,000 2,000,000 Appropriate sanitation 52,000 48,000 100,000 Hygiene promotion 520,000 480,000 1,000,000 Totals 2,200,536 2,031,264 4,231,800 *Source: WHO, MoHCW, Zimbabwe outbreaks. Epidemiological Update as at 21 August 2011. ** Source: Zimbabwe Inter-agency National Contingency Plan, August 2011 to July 2012
Replacement Estimated Total New capital cost of capital rehabilitation capital requirements stock (new requirements cost and existing) Urban WASH Annual cost ($ million) Water 60.5 16.0 250.00 326.5 Sanitation 40.4 6.0 250.0 296.4 Sub-total 100.9 22.0 500.0 622.9 Rural WASH Annual cost ($ million) Water 43.4 33.2 50.0 126.6 Sanitation 15.1 8.4 30.0 53.5 Sub-total 58.5 41.6 80.0 180.1 Total 159.4 63.6 580 803 requirements Annual Capital Development Requirements for Urban and Rural WASH in Zimbabwe ($ million) Source: World Bank (CSO2 Report, pg. 30)
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A. SECTORAL NEEDS ANALYSIS Following years of neglect during the last decade the WASH sector in Zimbabwe has deteriorated badly both in urban and rural areas and its current needs for repair, rehabilitation, and expansion are big. The Country Status Overview (CSO2) Report for Zimbabwe, prepared by the Water & Sanitation Programme of the World Bank & the Government indicates that Zimbabwe is far from meeting the Millenium Development Goal (MDG) targets (see table on previous page). Since the cholera outbreak in 2008/2009, over $80 million has been spent by the humanitarian community and WASH service delivery has improved considerably but much remains to be done in emergency rehabilitation, recovery and development interventions to bring basic services to reliable and sustainable levels both in rural and urban areas. The current investment levels are nowhere close to the CSO2‟s estimated requirements of around $800 million per year. There is, thus, an urgent need to conduct a comprehensive country-wide needs assessment study for the WASH sector to provide the data and information necessary to develop reliable sector investment plans for both urban and rural WASH. The focus looking forward should now be on the one hand to consolidate and sustain the gains made so far and on the other to adopt appropriate approaches and financing mechanisms to facilitate the transfer from a humanitarian mode to a development mode while maintaining capacity for emergency response during the transition. The work so far accomplished under the UNICEF-managed Emergency Response and Risk Reduction (ER & RR) Programme of the 2010 and 2011 CAPs has contributed immensely not only to arrest the deterioration of but also to further improve the WASH service delivery systems in Harare and 20 urban councils and several growth centres under Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA). Major potential disasters have been contained and many utilities, including Harare are now strengthened and able to provide more reliable services. In rural areas although situations have improved and incidences of cholera emergencies have reduced throughout the country there are still highly vulnerable areas like Chipinge and Chiredzi in the eastern and south eastern parts of Zimbabwe where situations contributing to cholera outbreaks have not yet been fully put under control and unnecessary loss of life due to cholera and other WASH-related diseases still continues. Current arrangements for emergency interventions by in large do not allow partners to rehabilitate water facilities or build new ones in places where the WASH services are known to be either none existent or in poor conditions unless there are some sort of cholera or other disease outbreaks that warrant emergency response. Again, if the gains made so far are to be built upon and unnecessary expenses avoided at a later date, it would be important to prevent emergency outbreaks before they happen particularly in areas that are at high risk. A catchment- wide approach that would attempt to remove future threats in addition to handling current emergencies would be Number of cholera cases in Zimbabwe imperative. August 2008 – August 2011 Source: UNICEF
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Emergency Preparedness and Response The MoHCW and WHO recent epidemiological reports indicate that the cholera cases in 2011 come from 10 of the 62 districts in the country compared to 20 districts in 2010 and 56 districts in 2009. The 10 cholera-affected districts were Bikita, Buhera, Chimanimani, Chegutu, Chipinge, Chiredzi, Kadoma, Murewa, Mutare and Mutasa, and a total of 1,140 cases and 45 deaths were reported so far in 2011, giving a crude case fatality rate of 3.9%.
Of the total reported cholera cases of 1140 in 2011, 320 were confirmed positive by laboratory tests. The majority of the cases 870 (76%) were reported from Manicaland Province and 262 cases (23%) from Masvingo Province. Of the cases, 97% came from six districts in the two provinces of Manicaland and Masvingo in the south-eastern part of Zimbabwe. Of the 45 deaths reported in 2011, 29 deaths (65%) were from the districts of Chipinge (20 deaths)) and Chiredzi (nine deaths). Over 99% of the cases reported in 2011 are from rural areas.
Up to June 2011, 97.6% of WERU responses to emergency alerts such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid, storm damage, flooding and displacement were accomplished within 48 hours and safe water supplies were made available within 72 hours in over 95 % of the cases. In addition, 100% clinics were provided with appropriate water and sanitation facilities during outbreaks. An independent evaluation of the WERU approach undertaken by ECHO confirmed the effectiveness of the WERU approach and emphasized the importance of inter-personal communication for the success achieved. The delays in some cholera responses are mainly due to: ■ Delay in recognition of the disease. ■ Delay in initiation of home care. ■ Delay because of lack of transport (or funds for transport) or lack of access to the Central Transmission Corridor (CTC) or a health facility. ■ Delay in initiation of health care at the CTC or facility. These causes of delay still represent serious shortcomings and contribute to unnecessary suffering and in some cases loss of lives of vulnerable girls, women, boys and men. To achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness the WERU and the HERU partners, with the support of ECHO, have recently joined forces to form an integrated group known as the Environmental Health Alliance (EHA). This newly structured EHA partners will be responsible for WASH and Health emergency responses during 2012 (see map at the end of the response plan).
WASH response In light of the occurrence and geographic distribution of cholera and other WASH- related diseases in Zimbabwe as outlined above, and as confirmed by the data from the MoHCW and WHO epidemiological reports for 2011, the focus of the CAP WASH response in 2012 will be by in large on rural areas with particular emphasis on the vulnerable women, girls, boys and men in 20 highly vulnerable rural districts including the six in the south-eastern part of Zimbabwe. The 20 districts were identified jointly by NGO partners, ECHO, UN agencies including OCHA, based on several vulnerability considerations Populations in some small towns, growth centres and peri-urban areas are also at high risk of diarrhoeal and cholera outbreaks and would be targeted to alleviate the critically dysfunctional WASH facilities in these areas. This was clearly witnessed in Kadoma town in February 2011 and the ongoing diarrheal outbreak in the same town. Functional WASH services in clinics are critical to the delivery of emergency and other clinical health services. The WASH Cluster proposes to engage in the rehabilitation of clinic water and sanitation services and to contribute to the development of a surveillance system that will facilitate maintenance of services and ultimately effective health service delivery. The repair and rehabilitation of WASH services in schools is also a priority and will be done in collaboration with the Education Cluster with
60 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan lobbying and advocacy for sector wide standards on technology options and the updating of the hygiene promotion curriculum in schools. Knowledge, attitude, behaviour and practice (KABP) gaps still exist and are a risk factor for WASH- related epidemics. The KABP study undertaken through the ZIMWASH project39 revealed that 67.9% of people wash hands after using the toilet, 82.7% before eating and 9.4% after handling child faeces. Diarrhoea also remains one of the top ten diseases affecting under five in Zimbabwe,40 causing around 4,000 deaths among children under five every year.
To counter these adverse effects extensive work will need to be done in the promotion of Participatory Health and Hygiene Education (PHHE) and behaviour change for girls, women, boys and men targeting groups vulnerable to WASH-related outbreaks and mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS.
The National Action Committee (NAC) made up of Permanent Secretaries and chaired by the Ministry of Water Resources Development and Management is working to develop a comprehensive sector policy and an integrated Rural WASH programme that focuses to build sector capacity and improves WASH services to the rural population. A National Sanitation and Hygiene Strategy has been drafted and is soon to be endorsed by government and launched. The overall objective of the strategy is to provide a framework for improving and sustaining sanitation and hygiene service delivery for the attainment of zero open defecation and the water supply and sanitation (WSS) MDG targets through improved coverage and access to safe dignified sanitation facilities and sustained positive hygiene behaviours.
The NCU has plans to strengthen the existing community health clubs (CHCs) and further establish new ones and empower them to act as owners and operators of WASH facilities at the community level. CHCs including school and other institutional health clubs would be crucial to implement comprehensive PHHE interventions at scale and would contribute greatly to pave the way to attain open defecation free communities within short periods. This strategic community-based environmental health approach being formulated and promoted by the rural WASH sub-group of the NAC is a step in the right direction and would be invaluable in establishing sustainable rural water supply and sanitation systems. The WASH Cluster would work closely and facilitate the implementation and mainstreaming of these reforms and approaches.
Sector Disaster Risk Management & Coordination The national Department of Civil Protection conducted a stakeholder‟s workshop on 20-24 June 2011 to develop, plan and implement a system to minimize vulnerability to natural and man-made or technological hazards. The forum provided input into the review of the Civil Protection Act Chapter 10:06 which provide the legislative framework for civil protection in Zimbabwe. The new legislative and policy framework constitutes the draft Disaster Risk Management Bill and policy. In their current form, these two pieces embody a paradigm shift where disaster risk management is mainstreamed into line ministries which in the case of WASH would be the sector lead or Ministry of Water Resources, Development and Management (MoWRDM).
In October 2010, an improved framework was established to facilitate sector coordination. The re- branded NAC41, made up of Permanent Secretaries and chaired by the MoWRDM, has three sub- committees for rural, urban and water resources management.
While the MoWRDM chairs the main NAC and the sub-committee on Water Resources Management, the Ministry of Local Government Rural and Urban Development (MoLGRUD) and the Ministry of Transport Communication and Infrastructure Development (MoTCID) chair the urban sub-committee
39 ZIMWASH in a UNICEF supported WASH project 2006 – 2011 funded by the EU. 40 Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey -2009. 41 Key ministries and agencies that form the NAC are: MoWRDM, MoAMID, Ministry of Energy and Power Development, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Ministry of Economic Development, Minsitry of Finance, MoHCW, Ministry of Local Government Rural and Urban Development, Ministry of Transport Communications and Infrastructure Development, Ministry of Women Affairs Gender and Community Development, District Development Fund (DDF), Environmental Management Agency (EMA), ZINWA.
61 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL and the rural WASH sub-committee respectively. The capacity of this new structure to coordinate EPR has not yet been formally evaluated and its leadership in emergency response is varied at the different levels from national to district. According to an evaluation by ECHO (Action in the Water and Sanitation/Public Health Sector in Zimbabwe), MoWRDM has recently received an improved budget from the Treasury and has convened a WASH sector task force with invitations to all the current NGOs in the sector to contribute to its work. While recognizing their still weakened and under-budgeted status the Ministry is actively courting the involvement and support of the cluster – often viewed as a parallel structure put in place during the cholera crisis (including the WERU partners) and is adopting an inclusive and proactive stance in the sector. This presents the WASH Cluster members and the WERU partners with an opportunity to contribute positively to the development of the Water and Sanitation (WatSan) Sector over the next year and more.
Risk analysis The WASH component of the 2012 CAP is structured with a focus on emergency WASH response covering the whole country and rehabilitation and recovery type interventions in vulnerable rural districts and some five small towns and peri-urban areas. The assumption is that the big urban centres like Harare and Bulawayo and the district urban councils would be fully responsible for their WASH needs. The WASH interventions have also been limited to critical life-saving type of activities on the assumption that other recovery and development oriented programmes will make up for the interventions now no longer included in the CAP. There are specific risks associated with these assumptions particularly considering the fact that the WASH sector in Zimbabwe is still fragile and needs immediate and substantial investments. There is obviously risk in raising the funds for this downsized CAP itself. It is also assumed the health component of the 2012 CAP will be well funded to provide public health responses alongside the WASH Cluster to the vulnerable girls, women, boys and men affected by cholera and other WASH- related diseases. In addition there are the usual obvious risks associated with the coming elections, return of deportees from South Africa, drought, food shortages, IDPs, etc.
Inter-relations of needs with other sectors The WASH Cluster activities straddle many sectors and have linkages with the actions of many other clusters. The provision of adequate and safe WATSAN services to schools, clinics and other health facilities, IDP shelters, feeding centres, refugee camps, etc. is invaluable for the efficient and effective operation of the facilities. Thus close linkage and cooperation will be maintained with all clusters, more particularly with the Health, Education, Protection, Livelihoods & Nutrition Clusters. Joint working groups and implementation programmes will be set up to create synergy and maximize benefits. The currently on-going CERF-funded WASH programmes in schools and clinics jointly sponsored by the Health, Education and WASH Clusters are examples of good practice in this connection. The WERU and the HERU have so far been working together to provide joint and coordinated responses to outbreaks of cholera, diarrhoea, and other WASH-related diseases. To achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness the WERU and HERU partners, with the support of ECHO have recently joined forces to form an integrated group known as the EHA. The 2012-2015 ZUNDAF will become operational in 2012. The WASH Cluster will establish linkages and work closely with the WASH sub-thematic group and others within ZUNDAF to enhance coordination and synergy between the two programmes and also to ensure that activities that have been taken out of the CAP 2012 are adequately taken up by other programmes under the ZUNDAF.
B. Coverage of needs by actors not in the Cluster or CAP
Government WASH programmme The total Government budget allocated for rural WASH in 2011 is $13.94 million. Of this some $6.16 million is allocated to the MoTCID for rehabilitation and OM of rural WASH facilities in some 29 vulnerable districts; $5 million dollars to DDF for construction of new boreholes, and some $2.78
62 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan million to MoHCW for environmental health. A further $60.2 million for urban WASH services: $35.2 m to ZINWA & $25m to the MoLGRUD to implement water and sewerage reticulation in 32 urban settings and 60 rural authorities for 12 months in 2011. It is expected that a similar or greater total budget will be allocated for WASH in 2012.
The government with the support of UNICEF is also in the process of developing a Rural WASH Programme (with a projected value of $50 million over five years). The Rural WASH Programme will support Zimbabwe‟s continued WASH institutional and regulatory reform process that will lead to a comprehensive sector policy. The programme will work to ensure sector capacity is improved for knowledge and information management, evidence-based policy review and strategic planning. In particular, approaches and models developed in the rural WASH Programme will inform national- scale planning – responding to the key government endorsed recommendations in the 2010 CSO.
ZUNDAF Recognizing that improved basic social services are central to improved quality of life and social well being of Zimbabweans, the UNCT aims to enhance national capacity to support increased access to such services, while aiming to reduce exclusion, vulnerability and inequality.
C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS Cluster Objectives Outcomes with Outputs with corresponding Indicators with corresponding corresponding targets targets targets and baseline 1. Rapid and effective humanitarian response to the WASH needs of the affected populations, i.e. girls, women, boys and men. 1. CMR & U-5 mortality is 1. Conduct joint investigation 1. 100% of WASH emergency alerts maintained at or is and assessment of affected assessed within 48 hours (Target: lower than one community and clinic with 100%). death/10,000 and two partners and authorities 2. Affected girls, women boys and deaths/10, 000 (Civil Protection men have access to a minimum of people/day Unit/CPU/RRT) (48hrs) and 10 litres per person per day (lts respectively when source basic emergency ppd) of safe water and SPHERE disasters occur. supplies from within the water standards met at emergency district, provincial or national health institutions (45 ltrs ppd) 2. District civil protection stores if required (72hrs). within 72 hours of an alert (Target: units are able to 2. Institutional capacity-building 100%). respond to for EPR. 3. Clinics with appropriate water and emergencies within 48 3. Contingency planning and sanitation facilities, target 80%, hours of alerts. DRR. 100% during WASH-related 4. Effective coordination with epidemics. other stakeholders and local 4. 100% of priority households authorities during response. receive NFIs, if required, within 72 5. Emergency provision of hours of alert, and use for intended essential water treatment purpose. chemicals to 20 towns and 5. Percentage of water treatment growth points. plant shut downs due to lack of chemicals in small towns and growth points. 2. Arrest decline of and restore WASH services for vulnerable girls, women, boys and men in rural districts, small towns, growth points and peri-urban settings. 1. Improved quality of 1. Installation or rehabilitation 1. 90% rural health institutions have institutional, communal of WASH facilities in priority adequate WASH facilities in the 20 and household institutions (clinics, schools, vulnerable rural districts (Baseline drinking water supplies prisons, etc.) and rural wards estimated to be 60%). as per SPHERE with 30% or more non- 2. 70% of rural schools having standards. functional WASH facilities functional improved water supply 2. Maintenance or taking into accounts needs sources in the 20 vulnerable rural enhancement of of people with disability and districts (Baseline estimated to be improved water and chronically ill. 50%). appropriate sanitation 2. Development of sustainable 3. Percentage of girls, women, boys coverage. community based and men, in the 20 vulnerable
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3. Reduction of open management systems districts demonstrating proper defecation. including cooperation with hand washing with soap or ash 4. Improved hygiene private sector for improving after handling child faeces (Target practices among girls, parts supply. 50%; Baseline 9.4%). women, boys and 3. PHHE targeting groups 4. Water delivery to most vulnerable men. vulnerable to WASH-related populations in five critical small outbreaks and towns, growth points and peri- mainstreaming gender and urban areas is increased by at HIV/AIDS. least 20% (Baseline site-specific). 4. Emergency rehabilitation of water and sanitation infrastructure, provision of alternative water sources and hygiene promotion, in at least five critical small towns, growth points and peri-urban areas. 3. Improve sector coordination, information and knowledge management and build sector & community capacities for effective humanitarian/early recovery responses and enhanced disaster risk management. Improved coordination and 1. Support and capacity 1. 50% of the staff at targeted district capacity of local development of national CPU is trained in principles of NGOs/CBOs, NGOs & community-based outbreak investigation and control Communities, Private organizations (CBOs), NAC of communicable diseases. Sector, District and structures from community to 2. 100% of targeted high-risk Provincial Government to national level. communities have had their key respond to disasters in 2. Support MoWRDM in public health risk addressed. 2012. developing a clear DRM 3. 100% of high-risk communities approach. have community-based health and 3. Facilitation of development WASH structures established or of EPR/DRR plans for strengthened. identified high-risk 4. 100% of affected communities communities and clinics & activate their emergency response health institutions. plans within 48 hrs. 4. Actively support coordination 5. Updated data/information on mechanisms within and WASH for urban and rural areas across sectors at districts, (WASH Atlas 2012, WASH (who, provincial & national levels. what, where/3W & (who, what, where, when/4W matrices, etc…) provided to all humanitarian actors on a timely basis.
D. CLUSTER MONITORING PLAN The quality and effectiveness of emergency responses will be tracked via the EHA monitoring mechanisms which take into account outputs, outcomes and indicators stipulated above. The EHA is planning a baseline survey or district level assessment to inform interventions in 2012 as aligned to this response plan. Data from this process will contribute to cluster monitoring. Routine cluster meetings will include programme feedback to facilitate required changes in planned programmes. Disease morbidity trends will be reflected in MoHCW and WHO updates. The state of sector coordination will be informed through regular meeting updates and information bulletins provided by the NCU.
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The proposed intervention areas of partners in the EHA are depicted in the map below in addition to the prioritization of districts for WASH response.
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4.5.6 Protection Summary of cluster response plan UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES Cluster lead agency for broad protection cluster, UNICEF for Child Protection Sub-cluster and UNFPA for GBV Sub-cluster ANPPCAN, Caritas, CARE, CESVI, Childline, Christian Aid, Christian Care, Coalition Against Child Labour, Counselling Services Unit, COSV, CRS, GAPWUZ, GOAL, FST, Forum for African Empowerment, Habakkuk Trust, Help/Germany, HelpAge, Helpline, Help Initiative, Halo Trust, Humanitarian Reform Project, Human Rights and Development Trust, IMC, IRC, ISL, Cluster member Island Hospice, LCEDT, LFCDA, MSF Belgium/Holland, MDM Zimbabwe, organizations Mercy Corp, MeDRA, Miracle Missions, MTLC, Musasa Project, NANGO, New Hope Foundation, NRC, OXFAM Australia/GB, Pacesetters, Padare, PI, REPSSI, ROKPA Support, SC, SOS Children‟s Village, Southern Africa Dialogue, TAAF, Tearfund, Transparency Int‟l, UMCOR, Victims Action Committee, WAG, WEG, WVI, ZCDT, ZACRO, ZLHR, ZWLA, UNICEF, IOM, UNFPA, WFP Number of projects 4 Through continuous advocacy and partnership with authorities, CSO and communities, promote a protective environment and durable solutions to protection issues through age- and gender-sensitive interventions and with particular attention to specific needs of vulnerable groups including IDPs. Strengthen the protection environment (health, security, psycho- social and legal response) especially for the most vulnerable (women, children, survivors of GBV and/or of trafficking, and IDPs), while supporting community-based and rights-based reconciliation and voluntary/sustainable solutions for displacement. Strengthen the protection environment (material, physical, psycho-social and legal response) especially for the most vulnerable (women, children, survivors of GBV and/or trafficking, and IDPs), while supporting Cluster objectives community-based and rights-based reconciliation as well as voluntary/sustainable solutions for displacement. Through sustained support and engagement, further enhance the capacity of key stakeholders (government, civil society, affected community and other agencies), in better assessing and responding to the protection needs of the most vulnerable women, men, girls, boys and survivors of GBV and/or trafficking, as well as prevention of internal displacement. Support main-streaming of protection, age and gender diversity into both humanitarian and transitional/developmental sectors, while maintaining and coordinating a thematic focus on child protection, displacement, GBV and human rights/rule of law. 2,000,000 people – the entire estimated population of concern – benefit either directly or indirectly from cross-cutting protection initiatives. Direct Number of beneficiary numbers reflect only a tabulation of specific targets as set forth in beneficiaries programme sheets and cannot account for unknown or unpredictable factors such as the total number of IDPs or potentially stateless or trafficked people. $21,500,000 (approx. 49% decrease from 2011 owing to „‟stricter focus on core humanitarian/critical early recovery/emergency‟‟ and proposed Funds required coverage of some activities under non-CAP (e.g. ZUNDAF) funding mechanisms. Contact information Shubhash Wostey - [email protected]
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Disaggregated number of affected population and beneficiaries Affected Population Beneficiaries Category Female Male Total Female Male Total IDPs (Lead: IOM) N/A N/A N/A 50,000 50,000 100,000 Children (Lead: UNICEF) 12,500 12,500 25,000 12,500 12,500 25,000 GBV (Lead: UNFPA) 600,000 300,000 900,000 185,000 15,000 200,000 Rights Holders 1,000,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 922,500 752,500 1,675,000 Totals N/A N/A N/A 1,170,000 830,000 2,000,000
A. NEEDS ANALYSIS The key overall priority for the Protection Cluster remains to ensure that the protection needs of the population of concern are effectively identified and addressed, through a coherent and coordinated response involving all relevant humanitarian partners. The main areas of concern are the protection and assistance for IDPs, children affected by natural disasters, generalized outbreaks, protracted displacement, child and women survivors of violence, including GBV and strengthening of the rule of law and human rights, as reflected in the protection cluster/sub-cluster structure and the four thematic programmes.
IDP Protection and Assistance 2010-2011 saw several IDP protection achievements, particularly in terms of improved cooperation and understanding between governmental and non-governmental actors resulting in new opportunities to address mitigation and durable solutions. These gains come on the backdrop of a 2009 Government/UN agencies Joint Needs Assessment which resulted in increased recognition of the existence and needs of IDPs. Furthermore, at provincial/district levels, new opportunities continue emerging for cooperation between all stakeholders concerning durable solutions for IDPs. This linked with the finalization of a contextualized Humanitarian Guidance Framework for Resettlement as a Durable Solution for IDPs sets the stage for constructive engagement in 2012. However, the following key needs remain priorities for 2012. 1) As recommended in the Joint Needs Assessment, conducting a nationwide IDP profiling exercise remains a key priority. Data concerning numbers/locations, vulnerability profiles, livelihood opportunities, HIV, gender and security will enhance short and longer-term protection planning and response, as well as create an opportunity for inclusion in longer-term development initiatives.
2) Building on recent successes developing partnerships with government at the local level to find durable solutions for IDPs, the need to advocate for and create a practical and coordinated policy framework for supporting durable solutions in line with Government‟s signing and on-going ratification of the Kampala Convention is a priority. Such a policy will facilitate improved dialogue with and response capacity of the Government at local and central levels, while integrating of IDP communities into district level planning processes and addressing issues such as land tenure and civil status documentation. 3) Provision of direct assistance to support for durable solutions such as housing, access to basic services (water, schools, clinics), livelihoods assistance, as well as legal support (e.g. civil status documentation, secured access to land) and other forms of community-based assistance. 4) Protection actors in the field will continue interventions aimed at assisting existing IDPs and host communities in obtaining access to basic services, livelihoods, civil status documentation, legal/physical/psycho-social support and other material assistance, all with an eye towards enhancing prospects for durable solutions. 5) Although the number of new displacements has decreased in 2011, there remains a risk of new displacement in the context of on-going land reform and slum clearance policies, as well in the context of potential economic and political challenges. Maintaining a robust ability to provide emergency response (e.g. material, legal, physical and psycho-social support) to victims of new displacement
67 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL remains a key priority. Meanwhile, efforts to reduce the threat/risk of displacement through advocacy, peace/reconciliation activities and capacity-building of Government and communities are also a priority. The Protection Cluster has agreed that there is a need for a more holistic approach, and that the most vulnerable amongst the IDPs require special assistance (children, the youth, women, the chronically ill, the elderly, people with disabilities, people lacking documentation, etc.), recognizing that IDPs are among the most adversely affected since the start of the humanitarian crisis. Interventions aimed at national reconciliation and healing, combined with sensitizing all stakeholders on the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement are key in this respect, as well as gradually widening the intervention focus from immediate material inputs to those that facilitates beneficiaries‟ mid- to-long- term economic sustainability and independence in the context of critical immediate recovery activities which will provide a nexus with more development-oriented initiatives.
Child Protection and Support Significant investments have been made to improve service delivery (health, psycho-social, legal and other support) to vulnerable children in 2011, but special measures continue to be required to addresses those affected by emergency. Such children include irregular child migrants who cross the borders with South Africa, Botswana and Zimbabwe without sufficient identification and support mechanisms and are at risk of violence, exploitation and abuse. The exact number of children crossing into Zimbabwe from South Africa and Botswana is not known; most children are unregistered by formal documentation systems. Child Protection Partners working at the borders, however, have managed to support at least 500 separated children in 2011 with comprehensive support, including identification, tracing and reunification with their families.
There continues to be a need to support Zimbabwe‟s critical support services for vulnerable children, including health, legal, psycho-social and welfare support in view of the ongoing capacity gaps in the Ministry of Labour and Social Services (MoLSS) and other relevant Government ministries. Coordination of emergency responses and capacity to address child irregular migration in particular has been strengthened through the MoLSS Taskforce on unaccompanied and separated children in operation since May 2010 and new inter-Governmental Standard Operating Procedures have been introduced in 2011 with the Governments of South Africa and Zimbabwe for children on the move. Partnerships across the country require robust support to ensure that children that are the focus of these procedures receive comprehensive support, including pre-assessments, identification, tracing, reunification and follow-up care. Simultaneously, there is need to strengthen EPR for all actors involved in children‟s care and protection on these and other new and emerging policies and guidelines.
Gender-based Violence The social, political and economic instability in Zimbabwe has led to increased vulnerability to GBV, especially among women and girls. Estimates indicate 47% of women in Zimbabwe have experienced either physical or sexual violence (or both) with 25% of women above 15 years of age having been sexually abused (ZDHS, 2005-6). While these data illustrate that GBV is a wide-spread phenomenon throughout the country, they represent only a tip of the iceberg, since most cases go unreported.
In this context where GBV is endemic and condoned across the country, it is known that incidents of opportunistic and systemic use of sexual violence during times of crisis and in situations of displacement surge even more. Already an increase in risky behaviour, such as commercial sex work and transactional sex, has been noted as individuals and families struggle to cope with political, social and economic risks and shocks. These further amplify the vulnerability to GBV in both urban and rural areas. Finally, GBV prevention and response are considered of cross-cutting importance in humanitarian action, given that an abused woman or child will not be able to benefit from other humanitarian aid if her psycho-social and medical needs are not met. While GBV is recognized as a protection priority, there are very limited resources for comprehensive response. Services for survivors of GBV remain very limited, with only three sites in the whole country offering coordinated multi-sectoral services to survivors (so-called „one-stop services‟ for
68 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan medical, psycho-social and legal support), and only five provinces (including Harare and Bulawayo provinces) having specific clinics for abused adults and children specifically. Furthermore, only about a third of courts are victim-friendly and the victim-friendly services, including police, experience a shortage of trained officers. Access to support is further impeded given that the few services available are concentrated in the urbanized areas, which means that both survivors and services-providers often have to travel long distances to reach the service-points, hampering timely management of cases. Another major challenge is the shortage of shelters and safe places for survivors of GBV.
Despite the engagement of civil society, UN and government actors regarding GBV, there are still major needs and challenges, especially in the rural areas. Services for survivors of GBV remain very limited, with only three sites in the whole country offering coordinated multi-sectoral services to survivors and only about a third of courts are victim-friendly. In addition, the victim-friendly services experience a shortage of trained officers. Access to support is further impeded given that the few services available are concentrated in the urbanized areas, which means that both survivors and service-providers often have to travel long distances to reach the service-points, hampering timely management of cases. Another major challenge is the shortage of shelters and safe places for survivors of GBV.
Therefore, the broad areas for strengthening include community-based shelters, rapid response transport system for survivors of GBV, provision of coordinated and victim-friendly health, psycho- social and legal support. Research and documentation of GBV remains a key priority, as is the mainstreaming and coordination of GBV initiatives in a holistic and multi-sectoral manner. Community capacity needs to be strengthened through, for example, strengthening of community- based GBV committees and awareness raising among vulnerable groups, such as displaced people, refugees and children, regarding their right to protection from GBV, how to report incidents and available services. Return of irregular migrants from South Africa, which will resume deportations now that it has changed its policy towards migrants from Zimbabwe.
Human Rights and Rule of Law While Zimbabwe continues to uphold the tradition of respect for and appreciation of a rights-based environment, various challenges continue to pose serious strains on the human rights context. As one of the relevant key national institutions, the Organ for National Healing and Reconciliation (ONHRI) continues to stride towards instituting peace, reconciliation, peaceful co-existence and rule of law, including through the planned commissioning of advanced academic programme in these areas. Similarly, Zimbabwe have registered notable progress in institutionalizing the protection and promotion of human rights; while the long-pending composition of the Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission was completed in early September 2011, the process towards enacting the Bill on Human Rights Commission has advanced further in the legislative process, and is currently awaiting parliamentary adoption. National and civil society entities such as these will benefit from continuous engagement and support, with due regard for our humanitarian and non-political approach. The pressing need to assist in building the capacity of the Human Rights Commission to enable them to perform their duties according to international standards of independent human rights institutions continues to prevail. Trafficking of women, men and children is also a global human rights challenge and is exacerbated by situations of vulnerability, poverty, xenophobia and civil unrest. Like many other countries in the region, Zimbabwe is a source, transit and destination country for men, women and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labour, sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. Zimbabwe is moving towards strengthening its ability to combat human trafficking by signing the Palermo Protocol. The protocol is up for ratification end 2011 and domestication in 2012. This will make it possible to criminalize the act of human trafficking at the same level as in neighbouring countries, and thus lower the risks for Zimbabweans to fall prey.
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Coordinated efforts amongst the humanitarian community and a timely engagement of these institutions are required for maximizing the support to address their identified priorities with regards to promoting and upholding human rights, rule of law, peace, national reconciliation, peaceful coexistence and reintegration in addressing humanitarian matters in short, medium and long-term in Zimbabwe. Noting that Zimbabwe has re-affirmed its national and international commitment towards protection and human rights of IDPs by signing the Kampala Convention on internal displacement in 2009 and the Palermo Protocol in 2007, it will be prudent for the humanitarian community to mobilize and put all necessary support (e.g. in the form of expertise advice, facilitation of the consultation process within and outside of parliament) at the disposal of Zimbabwe to assist in the domestication of this landmark Convention. Landmines in border areas dating from the 1970s also pose a risk to people living in and crossing through those areas. Continuing joint efforts by the Government, civil society and international organizations to prevent and respond to abuses and risks are a priority.
Risk analysis There are numerous factors/events which may create additional risks and therefore increase the needs of affected populations in the coming months. Protection issues are inherently cross-cutting and can be affected by a variety of factors. An economic downturn, for example, might increase risks associated with migration as well as coping mechanisms of people in displacement or seeking to achieve durable solutions, as well as the risk factors related to GBV. Unexpected changes or disruptions in the socio-political context might lead to further displacement or delays in achieving durable solutions. Changes in regional policies and or relations (for example, increased deportation from South Africa), might likewise negatively impact the current vulnerable but relatively stable context.
Interrelation of needs with other clusters The specific needs identified in each of the key thematic areas are intuitively and closely linked with the overall needs identified by other clusters, especially given the cross-cutting nature of protection issues and activities. In particular, for example, durable solutions needs of IDPs are directly related to basic needs identified in other clusters such as access to food, suitable water/sanitation and livelihoods. Empowering and supporting survivors of violence including GBV, especially women and children, also has strong linkages with health and livelihoods clusters. In short, based upon the cross- cutting nature of protection, the Cluster will make every effort to ensure the mainstreaming of protection concerns through the cluster structure.
B. COVERAGE OF NEEDS BY ACTORS NOT IN THE CLUSTER OR CAP While the programmes and activities proposed in this Response Plan above and individual programme documents are aimed at appealing fund within the CAP framework for responding to core humanitarian needs/situations as well as potential emergency/humanitarian crisis situation, some of the equally important activities aimed at enhancing a sustainable protection environment in medium and longer term are desired to be covered under the ZUNDAF during 2012 - 2015, as exemplified below. These include, but are not limited to: ■ Access to justice for the most vulnerable groups including women and children. ■ Capacity-building of national human rights institutions (ONHRI, HRC) and civil society. ■ Promotion of/advocacy for ratification of relevant regional instruments. ■ Advocacy for adoption of national policy on internal displacement. ■ Strengthening a sustainable and conducive protection environment including for vulnerable children and women. ■ Strengthening of national capacities for prevention, management and conflict resolution. ■ Access to social protection services for most at risk population including children.
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■ Access to income generating activities for IDPs. ■ Demining of landmines and unexploded ordnance. ■ Establishment and implementation of laws, policies and frameworks to ensure gender equality. ■ Empowerment of women and girls as well as a sustainable service/response mechanism. In 2012, the Protection Cluster‟s proposed response plan and the four individual programmes focus on a smaller target population with a significantly reduced estimated budget (by approx. 49%) compared to CAP 2011 thanks to: a) preparation of the plan and programme focusing on the core humanitarian aspects with associated critical early recovery needs and emergency response preparedness/capacity); and, b) proposed coverage of related and equally important activities with medium and long-term impact under non-CAP mechanisms such as ZUNDAF. As such, the activities/programmes exemplified below are independent of the estimated budget for the CAP 2012 response plan. Effective and appropriate complimentary linkage between the Protection Cluster and the corresponding non-CAP funding structures covering the relevant aspects will be ensured through coordination with relevant entities.
C. Objectives, outcomes, outputs, and indicators
Cluster Objectives
Outcomes with Outputs with Indicators with corresponding targets corresponding targets corresponding targets and baseline
Strengthening of emergency Preparation of joint Number of policy documents and protection policy contingency plans if and as advocacy initiatives prepared and/or frameworks, contingency required. undertaken related to emergency planning and advocacy preparedness, prevention and response efforts to better serve the needs of IDPs, children affected by emergencies and survivors of violence including GBV. Improved information/data Support provided for Number of confidential data collection gathering and analysis centralized GBV database. systems at district level. concerning the numbers, . Completion of IDP durable solutions status and protection needs surveys with Government. of IDPs, children affected Establishment of incidence National database on child protection by emergencies and reporting system for monthly incidence through regular surveillance survivors of abuse, GBV incidence reporting and monitoring and reporting exploitation and violence, within GBV sub-cluster. mechanisms. particularly through continuous IDP profiling and durable solutions surveys, as well as GBV prevention/response and child protection incidence monitoring and reporting. Strengthening of protection Protection structures and Number of active protection fora structures and coordination coordination mechanisms (including but not limited to sub-clusters) mechanisms (in particular established, operationalized with at least monthly regular meetings. for IDPs, children affected or strengthened in areas by emergencies, survivors beyond Harare. Number of protection fora outside of of violence including GBV, Harare (including but not limited child and other victims of abuse, protection working groups and GBV exploitation and violation of committees. rights), with an emphasis on
71 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL extension of such structures/mechanisms to rural areas. 2. Strengthen the protection environment (material, physical, psycho-social and legal response) especially for the most vulnerable (women, children, victims/survivors of gender- based violence and/or trafficking, and IDPs), while supporting community-based and rights- based reconciliation as well as voluntary/sustainable solutions for displacement. Provision of emergency and All new, accessible 100% new displacements accessed by interim material, legal/civil displacements within 72 protection actors within 72 hours. status, psycho-social and/or hours, access permitting. medical assistance for new Provision of emergency 80% of newly displaced, including most displacements, those support to 80% of new vulnerable women and children, receive remaining in displacement displacements, support for most essential emergency support. and, as appropriate, issuance of civil status returnees, with an documentation to most 100% of most vulnerable, including emphasis on assisting the vulnerable groups including displaced people as well as women and most vulnerable (especially displaced people, and children in need, receive support for children and survivors of 100,000 people benefiting issuance of civil status documentation. violence/abuse) and directly and indirectly from including host communities. livelihoods and reconciliation 100,000 people, with an emphasis on the support during displacement most vulnerable women and children, or in the context of durable benefit from livelihoods and reconciliation solutions, with an emphasis support during displacement or in the on supporting the most context of durable solutions. vulnerable including women and children.
• At least one safe house for GBV • Availability of safe houses victims available in each affected in affected provinces, province. Provision of multi-sectoral availability of essential • 100% availability of essential services for survivors of medicines and materials for medicines and materials for victim- GBV and sexual victim-friendly medical and friendly medical and police services in the exploitation and abuse police services. affected areas. (SEA) in emergencies, • Quality medical • 100% of adult and child survivors who including medical, psycho- services/treatment available report within 72 hours receive quality social and legal support. for adult and child survivors medical services. within 72 hrs. • 80% of adult and child survivors • Comprehensive multi- receive comprehensive multi-sectoral sectoral support (medical, support (medical, legal and psycho-social legal and psycho-social services) services) and transport • 80% of adult and child survivors assistance available to the receive transport to ensure timely needy adult and child support. survivors. Advocacy concerning Assessment, through IDP 100% request to support durable provision of material, sub-cluster of request to solutions assessed. legal/civil status, livelihoods support durable solutions and 100% beneficiaries identified as engaged and peace/reconciliation provision of material and in implementing a durable solution assistance in support of other support to populations assisted with material and other supports. durable solutions including engaged in implementing a voluntary durable solution. resettlement/relocation, local integration and return, with an emphasis on recipient and host community participation. 3. Through sustained support and engagement, further enhance the capacity of key stakeholders (government, civil society, affected community and other agencies), in better assessing and responding to the emergency protection needs of the most vulnerable women, men, girls, boys and victims/survivors of gender-based violence and/or trafficking refugees, as well as prevention of internal displacement.
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Strengthening the capacity Nationwide awareness Number of awareness campaigns held of: (a) national, provincial campaigns held on key nationwide. and local authorities; (b) issues such as GBV, child Number of trainings/workshops held on service providers and abuse and trafficking. UN Guiding principles and /or IDP in NGOs (especially national Trainings organized on UN provinces/districts. NGOs); and, (c) Guiding Principles for Number of counter trafficking workshops communities to assess, provincial/district officials in held for border authorities and law prevent and respond to the each province. enforcement. emergency, interim and Number of government officials trained in long term protection needs counter trafficking. of IDPs, children affected by emergencies, child and women survivors of GBV prevention/response Number of GBV prevention/response violence including GBV, trainings held. trainings. and other victims of abuse, exploitation and violation of NGOs, FBOs and other Number of NGOs, faith-based rights through general and service providers trained in organization (FBO) and other service targeted key thematic areas such as providers trained in key thematic areas. trainings/workshops on child protection in protection issues (e.g. UN emergencies, GBV and SEA, Guiding Principles, trafficking and other human peace/reconciliation, rights issues prevention of and response to GBV and other forms of Government officials trained Number of government officials trained violence/exploitation, and and/or sensitized on human and/or sensitized to various human rights the special needs of rights issues including on issues. children, human rights and statelessness and trafficking. humanitarian law), as well as through provision of other material support and/or technical advice. 4. Support main-streaming of protection, age and gender diversity into both humanitarian and transitional/developmental sectors, while maintaining and coordinating a thematic focus on child protection, displacement, GBV and human rights/rule of law. Strengthening of protection Participation in all inter- 100% ICF meetings attended by Cluster structures and coordination cluster forum (ICF), HCT and Lead. 100% HCT and UNCT meetings mechanisms (in particular UNCT meetings. attended by Cluster Lead for IDPs, children, survivors of violence including GBV, Contribution to monthly 100% monthly humanitarian updates and other victims of abuse, humanitarian updates on receive a thematic updates. exploitation and violation of thematic areas. rights), with an emphasis on All non-Protection Cluster actors (e.g. extension of such Provision of protection other clusters, Zimbabwe United Nations structures/mechanisms to input/perspective, guidance Development Assistance rural areas. to non-Protection Cluster Framework/UNDAF, etc.) are provided actors. with protection input/perspective/guidance, as requested.
D. MONITORING PLAN Each programme will develop a monitoring and evaluation framework with detailed processes, intermediate and final impact indicators. Through an updated sector response plan, the Protection Cluster will collect and monitor information at regular intervals.
E. MAP OR TABLE OF PROPOSED COVERAGE PER SITE SITE / AREA ORGANIZATIONS Cluster, Sub-Cluster and Network members /partners as contained in the Countrywide response plan.
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4.5.7 Education Summary of cluster response plan Cluster lead agencies UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND Co-lead SAVE THE CHILDREN MoESAC, MoRIIC, UNICEF, UNESCO, ADEA, IOM, SC, PLAN, WVI, CAMFED, Childline, Mavambo Trust, FOST, VVOB, SNV, FAWEZI, Cluster member organizations ECOZI, World Education, NRC, COLAZ, PTUZ, ZIMTA, TUZ, CRDT, DVV, Goal, FfF, NEAB, PENYA Trust, ZIMAhead, ZICHISO, ZIMCHE and others Number of 3 programmes To provide safe learning spaces for children affected by storms and floods in 100 affected schools. To provide emergency school WASH for boys and girls (water source, hand washing facilities, toilets) and emergency sanitary wear kits for girls in 100 of the affected schools. Cluster objectives To rehabilitate and storm proof 100 storm/floods damaged schools of those ranked in „severe situation: needing urgent intervention‟ and strengthen the community to maintain their schools. To strengthen the DRR systems, Education Sector coordination and emergency network on monitoring, preparedness and response at all levels. Beneficiaries: an estimate of 3,300,000 boys and girls and 104,832 men Number of and women beneficiaries Funds required $9,429,000 Moses Tapfumaneyi Mukabeta - [email protected] Contact information Dr E Marunda - [email protected] and Mr Z Chitiga - [email protected]
Disaggregated number of affected population42 and beneficiaries
Category of affected Number of people in need Targeted beneficiaries people female male total female male total Schools with emergency school 233,158 224,014 457,172 43,674 31,626 75300 WASH needs Storm/floods damaged schools and 340,088 280,119 620,207 58,890 54,369 113,250 communities DRR, Emergency Network and Education 1,716,000 1,584,000 3,300,000 1,716,000 1,584,000 3,300,000 Sector coordination43 Totals 2,289,246 2,088,133 4,377,379 1,818,564 1,669,995 3,488,550
A. SECTORAL NEEDS ANALYSIS Zimbabwe‟s education system is still facing immense challenges that pose a potential threat capable of derailing the progress made so far in the sector by the ETF support44 and other measures taken by
42 MoESAC Strategic Investment Plan, 2011 indicates 1,282 schools in the country are in dire need of major WASH and buildings repair. 43 Education sector coordination is of benefit to the entire school and teacher population under the MoESAC with about 3.3 million boys and girls and about 101,000 men and women serving as teachers. 44 Between 2009 and 2011, ETF I has provided the much needed textbooks and stationery in particular to primary schools to alleviate the dire situation in terms of teaching and learning resources and provide for learning to take place. In essence, ETF I has boosted the early recovery of the education sector from the decline experienced in
74 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan various stakeholders45 to support the early recovery of the education sector. These challenges are multi-faceted and include immediate and long-term issues that need to be addressed. At school level, there are challenges that remain immediate threats to the safety and well-being of learners. These include inadequate school WASH facilities, the poor hygienic conditions in most schools and unsafe and collapsing school infrastructure. The Education Cluster, in partnership with the WASH Cluster, seeks to strengthen the schools‟ and communities‟ response and preparedness to deal with immediate repairs of school buildings, water and sanitation facilities in some of the worst-affected schools in the short term within the framework of DRR and mitigation.
Identification of priority needs, populations and locations based on key indicators
School WASH infrastructure Whilst the quality of teaching and learning is directly Side of view of a cracked Boys‟ toilet affected by the quality and availability of learning materials and teachers, the learning environment and the infrastructures that support learning play a critical role in having a safe and secure environment. Facilities for boys and girls are in general very poor and substandard, especially in the primary school sector. This is characterized by 26% (1,282) and 16% (288) of the secondary schools needing major repairs.46 School WASH needs remain a priority, especially after a cholera epidemic in 2008/9 that keeps rearing its ugly head in statistics periodically published by the A team of builders from the community MoHCW and WHO in some of the districts even in building a new toilet to replace the cracked late 2011. UNICEF reports that more than 40% of one at Vhombozi School (credit: Moses diarrhoea cases in school children originated from Mukabeta, Cluster Coordinator) transmission in school than homes.47 Thus, the importance of adequate toilets for both boys and girls in school and sources of safe and clean water cannot be overemphasized. In addition, the same report points out those girls suffer more when the school environment and WASH facilities do not provide the privacy they require for their sanitary and personal hygiene needs. Hence some girls48 end up dropping out of school or missing lessons. In this regard, the planned school WASH response to repair and rehabilitate WASH services in target schools will be done in collaboration with the WASH Cluster so as to tap on technology options and a revamped school hygiene education.
School rehabilitation and DRR In the past, MoESAC supported schools with per capita grants or grants-in-aid for the school infrastructure development and maintenance. Funding for this kind of support has been severely limited for the last few years. Consequently, maintenance in schools has had low priority in the limited available financial resources. In June 2011, the education network partners reported that out of 2,500 schools assessed, nearly 30% of these schools were storm or flood damaged and were ranked „severe situation‟ requiring urgent intervention with repairs so that they do not collapse on the the recent years. ETF I is supporting the training of School Development Committees to improve the school governance systems and management of resources for the benefit of learners. 45 Zimbabwe Medium-Term Plan (MTP) 2011 – 2015, Ministry of Economic Planning & Investment Promotion, Harare. 46 Education Interim Strategic Investment Plan 2011, MoESAC. 47 ZIMWASH in a UNICEF-supported WASH project 2006 – 2011 funded by the EU. 48 A report by FAWEZI of 2011 indicates as many as 10% of the girls may lose lessons for four to five days each month as they experience mensuration, especially in the most needy rural districts/areas.
75 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL learners. During the first week of October 2011, freak storms that came with the early rains caused damage in ten schools assessed ranked „severe situation‟. Thus, there are as many as one third of the schools in the country in need of urgent repairs. The proposed school rehabilitation will be done using a holistic and community-based approach where the school development committees will mobilize the locally Change in the combined gross enrolment ratio (both sexes) between 1980 available materials for and 2010 in Zimbabwe and neighbouring countries. Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2010 – Human Development the repair and Indicators (http://hdr.undp.org/en/data/explorer/). For the newest data, please maintenance of the refer to the 2011 HDR to be released in November 2011, which was not targeted schools. This available at the time of writing. approach will strengthen community participation and build capacity to maintain their school structures. Training in DRR and storm proofing the school structures will underpin the planned intervention in this appeal.
DRR and Education in Emergency Network coordination The ability of the cluster to effectively plan for and respond to emergencies (storm or flood damage to schools) is severely undermined by the lack of school-based data which are critical to develop school, district, provincial and national level plans. While MoESAC, through the ETF, will strengthen Education Management Information System (EMIS), the Emergency in Education Network will in 2012 play the role, alongside MoESAC structures, of monitoring, collecting data, analysing, planning and responding to emergence situations as they arise.
Risk analysis The ability of the state to deal with storm/floods damage to schools is likely to remain weak due to the competing needs for state resources. The needs in the WASH sector remain huge given the likelihood of possible sporadic outbreaks of water-borne diseases and related illnesses. In these circumstances, the poor state of school WASH and infrastructure remain areas of concern, especially when considering the health and safety of children in school.
Inter-relations of needs with other sectors The objectives identified as part of the Education Cluster appeal have linkages with a number of other clusters. These include WASH on provision of school water and sanitation facilities; Health on school hygiene education49 and clubs, Protection on safety and secure learning environments. Thus, where appropriate, sub-working groups will be established which will include members from each of the relevant clusters to plan jointly and respond to the identified needs. In addition, a close link will be maintained with activities supported by ETF in both early recovery and long-term development needs so that emerging emergencies in the sector are catered for.
49 A recent study MoHCW and WHO indicates the need to de-worm at school level to fight schistomiasis.
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B. Coverage of needs by actors not in the CAP
Zimbabwe MTP 2011 - 2015 The Zimbabwe MTP envisages using the national fiscus to make strides towards achieving by 2015 the targets on Universal Primary Education (UPE) and gender parity at all levels of the education system. The MTP take girl child school drop-outs and low pass rates as causes of concern. MTP envisages policy objectives and actions that include rehabilitating existing schools to make them safe and secure. The MTP envisage that from the national fiscus, up to 30% of the total budget will be allocated to the education sector annually so that the mounting challenges will be addressed and barriers to accessing education removed. In this regard, the Plan takes into account the need to refurbish school infrastructure and banks on an improving economy and income that will support the school infrastructure. Despite this positive planning, the current economic indicators suggest there may not be substantial budgetary increase for the Education Sector in 2012. The table below indicates the most likely scenario where MoESAC assumes there will be moderate public expenditure increase in the sector.50
Public expenditure on education as % of public expenditure and projected expenditure in 2012-2015.
Source: MoESAC
The Education Transition Fund The scope of ETF II envisages a range of programmes to support the early recovery and long-term development of the Education Sector in the areas of curriculum review, provision of teaching and learning materials, improving the quality of teaching, sector wide programming and sub-sector analysis, school improvement, monitoring, supervision and support as well as second chance education targeting out of school children and youth. For 2012, it is envisaged the ETF will support these activities with a budget of $23m.
ZUNDAF (2012 – 2015) The ZUNDAF, 2012 – 2015 looks forward to leveraging resources to complement government efforts in a range of programmes on increasing access to and utilization of quality basic social services for all. The social services include the Education Sector and in particular there is focus on achieving UPE and reaching 100% completion rate in the primary school for boys and girls. ZUNDAF seeks to raise about $55,593m to address the long-term development needs for the education sector in 2012.
50 Education Medium-Term Plan, 2011.
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C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS Cluster Objectives Outcomes with corresponding Outputs with Indicators with corresponding targets corresponding targets targets and baseline 1. To provide safe learning spaces for children affected by storms and floods in 100 affected schools Repaired and rehabilitated school Water sources of 100 100 schools out of 1,282 with water and sanitation facilities in schools functional WASH facilities; Improved 100 schools. repaired/rehabilitated or pupil/squat hole ratio from 40:1 to sunk; 100 units of 10 squat 20:1 (girls) and 25:1 (boys). hole toilets built. 2. To provide emergency school WASH for boys and girls (water source, hand washing facilities, toilets) in 100 needy schools and emergency sanitary ware kits for girls in 250 of the affected schools A target of 65,000 girls provided Provision of emergency A target of 65,000 girls supported to with sanitary ware in sanitary wear kits in improve attendance rate. disadvantaged communities in 20 schools in 10 target target districts. districts for nine months. Boys and girls provided with Provided school-based Reduced incidents of water-borne hygiene education. hygiene education in 100 diseases/infections that are traced to schools. schools. 3. To rehabilitate and storm proof 100 storm/floods damaged schools of those ranked in ‘severe situation: needing urgent intervention’ and strengthen the community to maintain their schools. Rehabilitated 100 schools 100 storm-damaged Boys and girls learning in safe and infrastructure (classrooms, schools repaired. secure classrooms of the rehabilitated furniture and teacher housing). school infrastructure. 100 school DRR plans and 100 High-risk schools DRR plans in place at all levels contingency measures to mitigate mapped and contingency (school, district, provincial, national) in disasters / emergencies. plans in place. line with CPU and Disaster Management Bill. 4. To strengthen the DRR systems, education sector coordination and emergency network on monitoring, preparedness and response at all levels Emergency Network working with Effective cluster response Cluster able to assess and respond to MoESAC at all levels in to emergencies with 2012 emergencies in schools within 72 responding to reported version of the Education hours. emergencies. Atlas. Provincial monthly coordination Effective response to On-going assessment of schools with meetings chaired by PEDs held emergencies in schools partner organizations and MoESAC and supported by lead NGO in within 72 hours for the provincial and district officials each the Education in Emergencies benefit of a target of term to better prepare for and Joint Response Network 302,823 boys and 343,200 respond to emergencies as they arise (EEJRN). girls in emergency -prone (storms, floods, and etc.) schools. Cluster as an effective platform Provincial education offices Shared vision of the nexus between for broad discussion and shared have contingency the development and humanitarian vision and understanding of the response plans shared emergency response within the national education thrust led by with partners‟ monthly context of the Education Cluster. MoESAC. national education cluster meetings.
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D. CLUSTER MONITORING PLAN The Education Cluster‟s sector monitoring plan will be closely linked to the activities highlighted under objective 3. This will allow for country-wide systematic monitoring of schools across the country. Data to be collected will include areas related to student and teacher numbers (disaggregated by gender), attendance and drop-out rates (disaggregated by gender), school facilities and infrastructure, community participation, WASH, food and nutrition, health and protection. Schools will be visited by a monitoring team consisting of an NGO and MoESAC representative every school term. Data capture will be conducted centrally with information then mapped according to „levels of severity‟ by sub-sector (shown below). This data will provide the basis from which the Ministry‟s district level response plans will be developed and / or updated.
Red Severe situation: urgent intervention required Orange Situation of concern: surveillance required Yellow Lack of/unreliable data: further assessment required Green Relatively normal situation; local population can cope; no action required
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Map of proposed coverage The map below shows the organizations responsible for school monitoring and district level planning and coordination as outlined in objective 3, linked to the Joint Emergency Response Network.
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4.5.8 Livelihoods, Institutional Capacity-building and Infrastructure (LICI) Summary of cluster response plan UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, Cluster lead agencies INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION Cluster member IOM, DAPP, Africa 2000 Network, AEA, HIPO, HWA, VAPRO, organizations Thamaso, NRC, HFRS Number of projects 1 To support and improve emergency livelihood restoration, for vulnerable communities through quick impact initiatives that serve to reduce the vulnerability of those most affected by crisis, reduce dependence on negative coping strategies and Cluster objectives particularly reduce dependence on humanitarian aid. Ensure capacity-building support in policy, strategic planning and coordination of recovery of livelihoods and community infrastructure. Number of beneficiaries 68,500 Funds required $10,300,000 Kirstine Primdal - [email protected] Contact information Andrew Ziswa – [email protected]
Disaggregated number of affected population and beneficiaries
Number of people in need Targeted beneficiaries Category of affected people female male total female male total Flood- and drought- N/A N/A 435,000 30,450 13,050 43,500 affected IDPs N/A N/A N/A 17, 500 7,500 25,000 Totals 47,950 20,550 68,500
A. SECTORAL NEEDS ANALYSIS Throughout 2010 and 2011, Zimbabwe has experienced positive socio-political and economic developments, including the formation of an inclusive government and the introduction of a multi-currency system which ended the period of hyper- inflation. Whilst a proportion of the population remains in need of humanitarian aid, the macro-economic stability that has been brought about by these events have contributed to creating the conditions for early recovery approaches to be implemented and to plan longer-term interventions.
Ultimately, the aim of ER is to restore communities‟ capacity to recover from crisis, to enter a transitional phase and to build back better. “Early” in this regard is characterized by the urgency of the needs to be met on one hand, and the types of opportunities for recovery interventions that are immediately Drought affected Tonga women at available and rapidly generating benefit to the affected the market with produce from populations. community gardens (credit: Marike Jensen) In 2010, on the basis that early recovery is a cross-sectoral transition phase rather than a sector per se, the ER Cluster was redefined as the LICI Cluster for Zimbabwe. The three programme sectors were selected because they are considered the most critical for catalysing Zimbabwe‟s ER and also because they are not addressed directly through any other clusters in Zimbabwe.
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Within these three sectors, the overall character of interventions prioritized by the LICI Cluster can be summarized as being small-scale and having a quick and direct impact on the most vulnerable communities (particularly targeting the youth, IDPs, female and child-headed households, people with disabilities and chronically ill). The LICI Cluster considers the need to address the massive level of unemployment through job creation, entrepreneurship and skills development as a first priority and a majority of the proposed interventions contributed directly or indirectly to this. A detailed sectoral breakdown of the needs is provided below.
Economic Livelihoods In the context of over 60% unemployment, resultant high levels of labour migration and a significant loss of livelihoods, particularly concerning seasonal agricultural cash based labour, interventions that support households to regain economic livelihoods are prioritized by LICI as an essential sector for Zimbabwe‟s ER. Economic livelihood support is most needed for micro-entrepreneurs and small- scale businesses, where quick impact interventions will enable businesses to take root, households to stabilize, sustain themselves, regain a dignified means of living, and provide a platform for further development. Although the collapse of Zimbabwe‟s economy has affected a broad demographic of Zimbabwe‟s population, evidence suggests that the following population sectors have been most adversely affected, resulting in a particular focus of support to rebuild economic livelihoods. Women whose livelihoods have been lost have resorted, in some cases, to high risk livelihood activities, including, for example, commercial sex work and irregular migration. As a population category particularly at risk of GBV, women are prioritized for interventions that support the recovery of their economic livelihoods. The continuation of political instability and risk of civil unrest, combined with the increased livelihood stress cited above has eroded traditional safety nets and coping mechanisms, especially amongst mobile and vulnerable populations and other vulnerable groups. Many of these trends could be countered by establishing appropriate macro-economic policies that will support sustainable economic livelihoods activities. The IDPs are a highly vulnerable group and there is a need to assist with means to secure an adequate standard of living through return, resettlement or reintegration and supporting IDPs with quick impact basic livelihood interventions will contribute positively to them progressing towards durable solutions. A youth migration survey commissioned by IOM in 2009 indicates that youth from rural communities has less knowledge (44% has knowledge) about the requirements to migrate legally than their urban counterparts (74% has knowledge), hence they are more prone to irregular migration and the risks associated with it. The LICI Cluster conducted a Youth Livelihoods Baseline in 2011 showing that the youth populations remain at risk of engaging in illicit or risky livelihood activities and irregular labour migration due to lack of income earning opportunities. The study showed a great potential for youth to become a driver of ER, through interventions that support their skills development and job creation.
The 2010/11 agricultural season was characterized by low erratic rainfall and prolonged the mid- season dry spell that occurred between February and March 2011 resulting in drought and later floods especially affecting the three provinces of Matabeleland South, Matabeleland North and Masvingo. The shocks destroyed agro-ecological livelihoods and resulted in humanitarian needs for populations unable to recover from the negative effects of the continuing socio-economic challenges. The Ministry of Agriculture Second Round Crop and Livestock assessment predicts that 435,000 people in these three provinces will be affected by food insecurity again in 2012. These areas are predicted to be severely affected by the drought and time critical interventions will be required for the largely pastoralists communities where livestock and drought resistant small grain crops are the primary source of livelihood. There is consensus within government departments and other stakeholders that timely interventions to support the food-insecure vulnerable households in the drought-affected areas is critical to ensure as
82 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan well as ensuring the survival of productive animals which are essential for nutrition, transport and ploughing. Moreover the most vulnerable part of the food-insecure (10%) need to be supported with alternative livelihoods strategies that can take them through the drought and flood periods and secure a larger resistance to future shocks.
Recognizing that the country is still in the early stages of recovery, the emphasis in this sector is on quick impact initiatives focused on creating income earning opportunities that serve to reduce the vulnerability of those most affected by the crisis, reduce dependence on negative coping strategies and particularly reduce dependence on humanitarian aid. In light of the large number of Zimbabweans living and working outside the country, diaspora engagement should be sought to encourage financial and human resource investment in recovery programmes related to the creation of economic livelihood opportunities.
Capacity-building, coordination and mainstream cross cutting issues Capacity-building and synergies need to be improved to rationalize the efforts of different actors such as CSOs, governmental institutions and humanitarian organizations. National and local authorities, as well as community leaders and CBOs, but also marginalized people should be fully supported in capacity-building programmes through trainings, meetings and knowledge-sharing. Women still being more vulnerable, they should be particularly supported to reinforce their role and responsibilities in the communities. The LICI member organizations will implement capacity-building initiatives which ensure that the existing institutions (including local government departments, ministries, vocational training colleges, commodity associations, producer and trade associations, rural credit and savings institutions etc) are able to take on recovery initiatives in an inclusive and effective way. LICI member organizations will prioritize support to small-scale initiatives that have a quick impact on the economic and social stabilization of vulnerable communities. Capacity-building will also focus on interventions that forge closer relations between the local authorities and their respective constituencies.
To a great extent, of the three sectors under the LICI Cluster, institutional capacity-building is regarded as an essential complementary component to the other two sectors (infrastructure and economic livelihoods) as the transition from humanitarian to ER depends on building up the institutions that have primary responsibility to support the economic, social and development needs of communities in Zimbabwe.
Infrastructure Support to the rehabilitation and construction of small-scale infrastructure (including community centres, libraries, resource centres, recreation centres, irrigation dams, small roads and bridges) is prioritized by LICI as a key sector in contributing to Zimbabwe‟s ER. Small-scale, community level infrastructure interventions will complement interventions in other sectors, particularly the two other sectors covered by the LICI Cluster (institutional capacity-building and economic livelihoods). The needs of the infrastructure sector, under the LICI Cluster are divided into the following four thematic areas: community centres/infrastructure; productive spaces; enhanced land use; and transport infrastructure.
Key priority response areas for the CAP 2012 The LICI Cluster programme aims at restoring the most immediate emergency livelihoods and infrastructural needs and thus ensuring food security for vulnerable populations through one time sensitive interventions. The programme will consequently counter the exposure of the extremely marginalized and vulnerable groups to the effects of for example droughts, floods, food insecurity and other shocks. The target population groups are food-insecure in the three districts with highest level of food insecurity. The numbers for food-insecure in these districts are 435,000 people. The Cluster will target 10% of this population, it being the segment prone to extreme vulnerability in relation to shock. This amounts to 43,500 people. Moreover, the Cluster partners will assist 25% of 100,000 IDPs in need of basic livelihoods support, amounting to 25,000 people.
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The Cluster is thereby targeting a total of 68,500 people where the proportion of extremely vulnerable in relation to floods and drought will be targeted in the three provinces of Matabeleland North, South and Masvingo.
B. COVERAGE OF NEEDS BY ACTORS NOT IN THE CLUSTER OR CAP ZUNDAF The national focus on early recovery interventions will follow three tracks: i) livelihoods stabilization; ii) local economic recovery for employment and income generation; and, iii) long-term employment and inclusive economic growth, with a special focus on the infrastructure and institutional capacity needed in the three tracks. This will be complemented by joint UN efforts to restore the recovery capacity of communities, linking humanitarian and development efforts through a multi-sectoral approach.
Risk analysis The following are factors which may increase the risks on the needs and contribute to aggravate the situation of the targeted population: ■ Unfavourable rainfall amounts and rainfall distribution. ■ Different donors approach to allocation of resources to the on-going humanitarian crisis in the country may leave vulnerable populations without adequate assistance. ■ Delays in release of assessment results could compromise OCHA‟s ability to advocate for funding. ■ Continued differences between the main principals in the Government of National Unity may also contribute to the delay of certain key decisions which is likely to impact heavily on the completion of the constitution review process and the upcoming general elections preparation process. ■ Mass return or massive internal population movements can put additional pressure on existing initiatives. It is also important to note that, any restriction and limitation on access to the most vulnerable populations would pose additional risk on the needs of the affected population as the success of these interventions hinges on community participation at all levels of programme implementation. In addition, South Africa has informed the Government of the pending forced return of an unknown number of undocumented Zimbabweans following discontinuation of special immigration procedures for Zimbabweans.
The Government and other actors continue to put emphasis on the development agenda. There is a risk of reduced humanitarian funding due to this shift of emphasis from humanitarian to recovery and also due to the impact of the global financial crisis. No clear framework exists to facilitate a smooth transition from humanitarian to recovery. This year humanitarian and development partners will formulate a strategy for a smooth transition from emergency to recovery.
Inter-relations of needs with other clusters The LICI Cluster covers gaps in the humanitarian action not covered by other clusters. However, the sectors are closely interlinked with activities covered by other clusters, such as WASH and Agriculture. It can be difficult to distinguish between agricultural and non-agricultural livelihoods and the market linkages that often tie them together. The LICI Cluster focuses on processing, value addition, micro and small businesses and creating markets for agricultural as well as non-agricultural products. Production and manufacturing only covers non-agricultural products. Providing livelihoods possibilities to the most vulnerable will often be linked to IDPs and the Cluster will closely work with the Protection Cluster. The Cluster works with cross-sectoral institutional capacity-building which will, in some instances, overlap with individual clusters interventions. It will be covered by the LICI Cluster if not already covered in a sectoral cluster.
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C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS AND INDICATORS Cluster Objectives Outcomes with Outputs with Indicators with corresponding corresponding targets corresponding targets targets 1. To support and improve emergency livelihood restoration, for vulnerable communities through quick impact initiatives that serve to reduce the vulnerability of those most affected by crisis, reduce dependence on negative coping strategies and particularly reduce dependence on humanitarian aid. Improved access to 25% of most vulnerable IDPs # IDPs assisted with livelihood livelihoods for vulnerable are assisted with support for interventions. IDPs. livelihoods. Improved access to 50% of target beneficiaries # Households in drought-affected and livelihoods for food- are assisted with small flood-affected communities assisted insecure communities livestock. with basic livelihood intervention. affected by drought/ floods 50% of target beneficiaries in target districts. are supported with access to micro finance and small grants. Target beneficiaries are # Food-insecure HH assisted with assisted with basic livelihood restoration interventions. infrastructure to support livelihoods interventions. 2. Ensure capacity-building support in policy, strategic planning and coordination of recovery of livelihoods and community infrastructure. Improvement of capacities LICI Cluster is decentralized # Local projects implemented using for post-conflict recovery to provincial level in areas both community and gender-based and coordination in with need for emergency approaches. planning and livelihood interventions. implementation is increased at national and local scale. Improved capacity Local NGOs trained in ER, # Meetings held in provinces by LICI amongst local NGOs to gender-based approaches Cluster member organizations for implement emergency and coordination. coordination of emergency livelihoods livelihood interventions. interventions.
Monitoring plan Whereas each partner will monitor progress with their own respective project, the LICI Cluster will measure progress against the above-mentioned indicators through information gathered by the 3W tool. All funded CAP projects under the Cluster report progress to the cluster and do presentations on status of implementation to Cluster meetings. If the implementation is through partners in the districts, these will take part in decentralized cluster meetings. The Cluster work plan and guidance note are useful tools in terms of M&E of developments taking place within the LICI Sector in Zimbabwe.
SITE / AREA ORGANIZATIONS Masvingo DAPP, Africa 2000 Network , IOM, NRC, HWA, HIPO, VAPRO Matabeleland North AEA, SCC Matabeleland South AEA, SCC, Hlekweni Friends Rural Service IDPs in border areas IOM, Africa 2000 Network, SCC, NRC
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4.5.9 Multi-Sector: Cross-border Mobility Summary of cluster response plan Cluster lead agency INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION Cluster member PI, CARE Zimbabwe, CRS, SC, NRC, CP trust, FST, LRF, MoLSS, organizations MoHA, MoHCW, IOM, UNCHR, UNICEF Number of projects 1 Address the humanitarian needs of forcefully returned Zimbabwean migrants from neighbouring countries in particular South Africa and Botswana, including unaccompanied minors (UAMs) as well as asylum-seekers and stranded TCNs within Zimbabwe. Cluster objectives Provide quick impact reinsertion and reintegration support to returnees and communities severely affected by migration. Improve regional dialogue on cross-border migration between Zimbabwe and neighbouring countries. Number of 184,500 direct beneficiaries beneficiaries Funds required $12,200,000 Contact information Natalia Perez - [email protected]
Disaggregated number of affected population and beneficiaries Category of affected Number of people in need Targeted beneficiaries people Female Male Total Female Male Total Returned migrants 35,000 125,000 160,000 35,000 125,000 160,000 UAMs 1,000 3,500 4,500 1,000 3,500 4,500 Migration-affected 5000 communities TCNs 3,000 12,000 15,00 3,000 12,000 15,000 Totals 39,000 140,500 179,500 39,000 140,500 184,500
A. SECTORAL NEEDS ANALYSIS Despite significant overall improvements in the economic situation of Zimbabwe, Zimbabweans continue to move across borders, joining the hundreds of thousands who have migrated to neighbouring countries, such as South Africa and Botswana, and further afield over the past decades. Some move in search of protection, while the vast majority seek what are perceived to be better economic opportunities. Due to lack of knowledge on legal ways to travel, or inability to access travel documents, many find themselves in an irregular migrant status in the host countries.
This exposes them to the challenges and dangers associated with irregular migration, including labour- related abuses and exploitation, smuggling and trafficking in people. In addition, by breaching immigration laws, they become exposed to detention and forced return. The process through which Zimbabwean nationals are being returned continues to raise concerns in relation to migrants‟ rights in host countries, and represents a challenge to Zimbabwe‟s absorption capacity if faced with continuously large influxes of migrant populations.
As a consequence of the on-going humanitarian crisis in the Horn of Africa, an increasing number of asylum-seekers51 and other categories of migrants seek to transit through Zimbabwe en route to South Africa, where, due to shift in asylum policy, they are increasingly turned away and returned to Zimbabwe. These TCNs often arrive from Mozambique and Zambia after having travelled long distances on foot, with no resources to care for themselves. They often suffer from dehydration, skin diseases and malaria and tend to present symptoms of long-term malnutrition. Close to 100% of those
51 1,400 asylum-seekers per month were registered crossing into Zimbabwe from Mozambique during the first three months of 2011. An average of 2,400 asylum-seekers were registered per month at Beitbridge border post during the same period of time.
86 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan amongst those caseloads that cross into Zimbabwe are undocumented. This makes them vulnerable to smuggling rings and makes temporary detention a common result of their irregular entry status. Irregular and returned migrants and third country nationals Prior to 2006, migrants returned from South Africa and Botswana were simply left at the border or police stations – in volumes that exceeded the capacity of national authorities to assist. Migrants would thus be left to their own meagre means, and this frequently resulted in women and girls resorting to commercial sex work to earn money for food and transport home, and youths would often resort to crime to achieve the same ends. To ensure that immediate humanitarian needs of returned migrants are met and avoid adverse effects of migration in the immediate area of return, reception and support centres (RSCs) were thus established in Beitbridge and Plumtree (border points between Zimbabwe and Botswana) in 2006 and 2008, respectively, in support of government efforts to improve emergency service delivery to very large caseloads of returning migrants, who continue to present many vulnerabilities in relation to their irregular migration journey. The centres stand ready to provide forcibly returned migrants with food, protection assistance, basic healthcare, referral of severe health and GBV cases, vocational training centre, temporary accommodation for vulnerable cases and onward transportation to the place of origin. In addition, a special child facility provides protection assistance, family tracing and reunification support, as well as shelter, food and transport to UAMs.
To date, the Beitbridge RSC has assisted 473,400 migrants while the Plumtree RSC has assisted 140,245, including a total of 1,811 UAMs from June 2008 to October 2011. With the conclusion of the Zimbabwean Documentation Process, which should lead to the regularization of approximately 270,000 Zimbabwean migrants residing in South Africa, the authorities there have lifted special dispensation measures that had been in place since mid-2009. As a result, forced removals have resumed in early October 2011, and it is expected assisted volumes at the Beitbridge RSC will increase sharply. This should also impact return patterns from Botswana, where assisted volumes have averaged 2,000-3,000 individuals per month in 2011. Cross-border mobility dynamics therefore call for increased support to people on the move, who continue to present specific vulnerabilities and face significant challenges in accessing necessary services. In regards to incoming caseloads of third country nationals, there is an urgent need to strengthen the capacity to monitor cross-border movements along the country‟s northern entry points, with particular focus on areas bordering Zambia and Mozambique, and provide assistance as required, including the possibility to offer temporary reception support, provide screening and protection assistance, basic medical services, including referral to public institutions in cases where severe health and GBV issues are identified, food, and transport to TRC for those who wish to seek asylum in Zimbabwe. Additionally, mobile services are increasingly requested to provide humanitarian aid and transport to stranded migrants who have been detained due to their lack of documentation. Solutions provided to such groups include transportation to TRC and assisted voluntary return home for those who may be able and willing to do so.
Specific actions/targets 1. UAMs Unaccompanied minors on the move represent a particularly vulnerable group with special needs. It is therefore pivotal to step up the capacity related to the purpose-built child centres, managed by the Department of Social Services (DSS), with support from UNICEF, Save the Children (SC) and IOM. Cases are received through collaboration between the Department of Social Development (DSD) in South Africa and the DSS in Zimbabwe and are in urgent need of humanitarian aid including family tracing and assessments, temporary accommodation, counselling and care, leading to reunification (or alternative arrangements as necessary). Follow-up on the reunited children must be carried out, and where possible they should be referred to on-going government programmes to help secure their reintegration. This caseload also needs support towards obtaining such documentation as birth certificates.
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2. Emergency Voluntary Return Assistance Due to increasing economic hardships in South Africa and the resumption of forced returns, it is recommended that resources be made available towards offering voluntary return support to target particularly vulnerable groups, as an alternative to the deportation process. To this effect, an agreement is in place on both sides of the border to facilitate voluntary return movements.
3. Improving Cross-Border Cooperation To provide coordinated response to cross-border mobility challenges, strengthening the dialogue between Zimbabwean authorities and their counterparts in neighbouring countries as well as among various humanitarian actors and local authorities in border areas and places of high returns has been identified as an emerging priority. Focus has been placed on the prevention, identification and assistance of protection cases in border areas, including building cross border capacity to improve coordination for prevention of migrants smuggling and human trafficking, as well as on harmonizing approaches towards mixed migration flows originating in the Great Lakes and Horn regions.
4. Improving Information Dissemination and Information Management In parallel to the operation of border reception and support centres, information dissemination strategies have been established to raise awareness on safe migration, as well as the risks of HIV/AIDS, SGBV, smuggling and human trafficking to all potential migrants, especially youth who constitute the majority of migrants. Information is disseminated through group sessions, dramas, demonstrations and discussions. To improve targeting efforts must expand towards comprehensive baseline assessments and the identification of specific migration patterns, including demographic and geographic data, in relation to Zimbabwean migrants and TCNs.
5. Quick Impact Opportunities Quick impact reintegration opportunities are needed for vulnerable cases in order to: a) make it possible for people to take up assistance (as opposed to adopting risky coping mechanisms); and, b) help prevent them and their families from falling into crisis situations (e.g. due to increased pressure on their food security situation). Reintegration opportunities will be tailored according to the identified needs of respective target groups, with particular attention to such vulnerable caseloads as OVCs, UAMs and child-headed households. In some cases, support may take on the form of legal assistance, or assistance to obtain documents such as birth certificates, but in other cases a more comprehensive, though quick-impact, approach might be necessary, especially for children and child migrants found to be heads of their household. The same is true of the disabled and whose reintegration prospects may be hindered by a lack of initial capital, training or equipment. More comprehensive quick impact reintegration assistance, for instance through income generation, livelihoods training, and/or cash-transfer assistance will be a prerequisite if return assistance to vulnerable populations is to be sustainable and meaningful in the long run.
Risk analysis With South Africa announcing a resumption of deportations in September 2011 and adding to on- going deportations from Botswana, Zimbabwe is bound to experience increased pressure on existing resources in the country, depending on the coping mechanism identified by those who return the economic situation of the regions they return to and the services available.
In addition, many communities have become at least partly reliant on remittances, and in many areas marked by outward migration, such sources of income appear to have been falling as the neighbouring region, particularly South Africa, is facing a sharpening economic downturn. Border areas, where families are often single-headed or child-headed, require additional assistance with income generation, mainly in agriculture or horticulture, to improve nutritional levels and provide marketable produce.
Inter-relations of needs with other sectors Needs strongly related to the WASH and Health Sectors have been identified, as well as needs related to the child protection, SGBV and LICI Sectors. Activities are continuously coordinated with partners via the established border coordination mechanisms chaired by the respective district authorities (DA).
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B. COVERAGE OF NEEDS BY ACTORS NOT IN THE CLUSTER OR CAP A number of needs related to mitigating the longer-term effects of high levels of migration as well as to present viable and sustainable alternatives are presented in the ZUNDAF for instance Output 2.1.1.4 “Integration of migration and population issues into national development policies and strategies” and Output 5.3.1.6 Advocacy and technical support for anti-trafficking legislation endorsement and implementation strengthened. A number of UN agencies and NGOs would be ideal partners to address these needs as follows:
C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS Cluster Objectives Outcomes with corresponding Outputs with Indicators with corresponding targets targets corresponding targets and baseline 1. To provide humanitarian aid to returned migrants, including unaccompanied minors, TCNs, including asylum-seekers and other vulnerable migrants. This will be done through humanitarian aid as well as through awareness-raising, capacity-building for response to cross border migration and humanitarian challenges. Humanitarian and protection needs At least 179,500 returned 100% of targeted 179,500 of vulnerable migrants are fully and stranded migrants migrants receive humanitarian aid addressed. offered humanitarian aid (disaggregated by assistance i.e. health, through the existing RSCs protection, food, transport, age and Vulnerable migrants are aware of and mobile support gender). their rights, available referral structures (including services and safe migration transport). procedures. At least 4,500 UAMs in 100% of targeted 4,500 children Increased knowledge on safe need of care in border provided with humanitarian and migration, SGBV, counter- areas provided with interim protection assistance (disaggregated by trafficking. care, food and type). accommodation, family tracing and reunification services.
At least 184,500 100% of TCNs receive humanitarian aid prospective migrants (disaggregated by assistance i.e. health, reached with information protection, food, transport, age and on safe migration, SGBV gender). and human trafficking. 100 % of targeted 179,500 returnees/beneficiaries receive information on HIV prevention, SGBV, human trafficking and safe migration. 2. To provide quick impact reinsertion and reintegration support to returnees and communities receiving high number of returns. Improved reintegration 5,000 most vulnerable 100% of reintegrated migrants are able opportunities for returned migrants, migrants and their to sustain themselves in migrant-sending focusing on especially vulnerable communities are assisted areas. cases such as UAMs, the disabled, with quick impact etc. reintegration assistance. 3. To improve regional dialogue on cross-border migration between Zimbabwe and neighbouring countries. Improved awareness, collaboration At least four cross-border 100% of targeted beneficiaries assisted on migrants‟ rights amongst coordination meetings in a timely manner (within 12hrs). governmental authorities and other conducted. stakeholders in Zimbabwe and its neighbouring countries.
D. CLUSTER MONITORING PLAN The overall monitoring of the implementation of the plan will be done via the multi-sector/cross- border working group building on the information contributed from each partner. Information will be recollected and discussed amongst partners, to make sure objectives are discussed and updated continuously corresponding to needs.
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E. MAP OR TABLE OF PROPOSED COVERAGE PER SITE
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4.5.10 Multi-Sector: Assistance to Refugees Summary of cluster response plan
Cluster lead agency UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES Activities for refugees are coordinated by UNHCR, with Christian Care and Department of Social Welfare (UNHCR) within the MoLSS Cluster member as implementing partners and the JRS as operational partners, and organizations supported by IOM, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, WHO, government bodies and donors. Number of projects 1 Strengthen RSD mechanisms to ensure the integrity of the institution of asylum in Zimbabwe, and the right of refugees to access physical/legal protection. Provide timely and adequate assistance to camp-based refugees, ensuring their basic needs are met and strengthening Cluster objectives self-reliance projects in an attempt to improve their overall protection and viability of their stay in the host country, as well as seek ways to support urban refugees. Seek durable solutions for refugees including resettlement, voluntary repatriation and local integration, while also providing legal and, if required, material support to refugee returnees. Number of beneficiaries 5,700 refugees, asylum-seekers and refugee returnees Funds required $4,862,544 Contact information Beat Schuler - [email protected]
Disaggregated number of affected population and beneficiaries
Affected Population Beneficiaries Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Current urban 487 612 1099 487 612 1,099 AS/refugees Current camp 1,984 2,504 3,641 1,984 2,504 4,693 AS/refugees Totals 2,508 3,121 5,704 2,508 3,121 5,704
A. SECTORAL NEEDS ANALYSIS At the beginning of October 2011, UNHCR had records of 5,704 people of concern (4,693 refugees and 969 asylum-seekers) enjoying international protection and access to basic assistance in Zimbabwe with the vast majority of people originally from the Great Lakes Region: DRC: 4111; Rwanda: 793; Burundi: 595. The remainder are from Angola, Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and other African countries. The majority of refugees (4,563 people) reside at the TRC located in Manicaland Province in a remote area close to the Mozambican border. TRC is the designated official residence of all refugees in Zimbabwe as the Government continues to implement its encampment policy, but with a significant degree of flexibility. Some 1,099 refugees still reside in urban centres, mostly in Harare. Zimbabwe continues to receive approximately 100 new asylum- seekers per month.
UNHCR and the Government cater to virtually all of the legal/physical/material assistance needs of people of concern. Recent socio-economic and other challenges have put serious strains on the capacity and resources of the Commissioner for Refugees and associated governmental bodies which continue to require capacity-building and resources to ensure proper discharge of their duties. The slow pace of the country‟s socio-economic recovery has affected the majority of refugees who resided in urban centres and UNHCR continued to observe a steady increase in the number of refugees relocating to TRC. With increased numbers come increased strains on the camp‟s limited facilities and resources, i.e. access to shelter, water, sanitation, health and education. Against this background, UNHCR‟s priority needs for the refugee age-gender sensitive programme will focus on:
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■ Protection of asylum-seekers, refugees and refugee returnees. ■ Assistance to asylum-seekers, refugees and refugee returnees, including material and durable solutions support. Protection: UNHCR will continue to build and help maintain the Government‟s capacity to ensure the integrity of the institution of asylum in Zimbabwe and that acceptable asylum reception and RSD procedures and facilities are in place. UNHCR will also ensure the registration / documentation and protection of asylum-seekers and refugees including vulnerable boys and girls (e.g. separated or unaccompanied children) and women through community and rights-based approach. UNHCR will also generally support and promote the collective and individual legal and human rights of refugees, asylum seekers and refugee returnees through individual and other interventions. Assistance: To ensure that refugees and asylum seekers are not exposed to different forms of abuse and/or exploitation that may be associated with the lack of access to basic assistance and services, the group needs timely and adequate material assistance. UNHCR in cooperation with the Government ensures that the assistance in the form of food, NFIs, shelter, education, health, water, sanitation, community services and income-generating activities are available to refugees and asylum seekers in an age and gender-sensitive manner in TRC. Urban-based refugees cater for their needs by themselves and UNHCR intervenes with material assistance only for urgent and extremely vulnerable individuals and for refugees facing protection problems. The programme is also seeing an increased number of vulnerable groups with specific needs such as unaccompanied and separated children, single mothers and elderly people.
The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the camp has remained 10% since 2009, as compared to 2% in 2008. This is a cause of concern although the prevalence remains relatively low when compared to the national statistics (14.3% in the 15-49 years age group according UNAIDS-Zimbabwe estimate of 200952). UNHCR will continue to scale up its HIV/AIDS activities (awareness, prevention, care and support) and advocate for an increased number of refugees including affected children and women to benefit from the national HIV/AIDS, anti-retroviral treatment (ART) programme. As at October 2011, 53 cases have been confirmed HIV positive at TRC including two children. Of the 53, 46 are on the ART. The camp environment is often prone to occurrences of GBV, and UNHCR and its partners will continue efforts to strengthen its prevention and response activities. UNHCR and its partners will continue to endeavour to promote and encourage gender awareness and stronger participation from women in decision making in all relevant refugee committees. UNHCR will continue to explore durable solutions for refugees. Despite efforts by both the Government and UNHCR in providing information on the changed conditions in their countries of origin (such as Rwanda and Burundi) refugees have not expressed willingness to voluntarily repatriate. The situation in eastern DRC, from where the majority of refugees and asylum seekers originate, continues to be unstable, but UNHCR will facilitate voluntary repatriation for DRC refugees to the areas that are assessed as safe. Resettlement to third countries will continue to be used as durable solution and protection tool and as per strictly established criteria, with particular emphasis on women-at-risk, survivors of violence and people with legal/physical protection needs. Given the gravity of the social and economic situation in Zimbabwe and the government‟s preference of voluntary repatriation of refugees, local integration does not seem to be viable option for refugees‟ durable solution at this point in time.
Risk analysis The current context suggests two basic risks associated with protection and assistance for refugees. Continued refugee-generating conflicts (e.g. DRC and Somalia) will result in continued new arrivals of asylum seekers. If new conflicts arise or the scale of existing conflicts increases, the number of asylum seekers can be expected to increase, placing additional burdens on government institutions and camp-based infrastructure already straining to meet current needs. Also, while the overall socio- economic situation in Zimbabwe has made delicate gains, additional internal shocks could likewise
52 http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/Zimbabwe.
92 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan challenge the capacity of government and UNHCR to fully meet the protection and assistance needs of refugees without additional external support. Finally, unless and until there are sustainable longer- term improvements in Zimbabwe, the likelihood that refugees will be given full access to the domestic labour market and/or local integration opportunities remains low.
Inter-relation of needs with other clusters Although the Government, with the full support of UNHCR and its implementing partners, directly address all of the major protection and assistance needs of refugees and asylum-seekers, there are clear inter-relations with other clusters that can directly and indirectly impact needs. Specifically, because refugees and asylum-seekers make use of basic government services such as health, WASH and education, the work of these clusters can impact on meeting protection and assistance needs. Refugees directly access education and referral health facilities run solely by the Government, as well as civil / immigration documentation. Also, to the extent refugees will be able to access agricultural lands; there are potential linkages with the Agriculture Cluster. Finally, pursuant to a global agreement with WFP, if the refugee population exceeds 5,000, it is possible that WFP will be called upon to provide food aid.
B. COVERAGE OF NEEDS BY ACTORS NOT IN THE CLUSTER OR CAP Programmes aimed at ensuring mainstreaming of the refugee protection and assistance into the relevant national mechanism of Zimbabwe as well as other stakeholders, with medium and longer- term impact, are desired to be covered by non-CAP funding structures. These include, but are not limited to, mainstreaming of refugees/asylum-seekers' effective access to HIV/AIDS treatment/related services, mainstreaming refugee/asylum-seeker children's access to education and related assistance/support. Similarly, strengthening of favourable international protection environment contributed potentially through non-CAP sources will eventually benefit also the asylum-seekers and refugees.
C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS AND INDICATORS Cluster Objectives Outcomes with Corresponding Outputs with Indicators with Corresponding targets corresponding targets targets and baseline 1. Strengthen RSD mechanisms to ensure the integrity of the institution of asylum in Zimbabwe, and the right of refugees to access physical and legal protection. Provision of protection to asylum- 100% of asylum-seekers Percentage of asylum-seekers seekers and refugees in close have access to territory accessing territory and protection cooperation with the and UNHCR/Government from UNHCR/Government. Government - including respect of protection. their basic human rights with special emphasis on meeting their material, legal and physical safety requirements and ensuring the right to seek asylum. Ensuring freedom from No cases of refoulement. Number of individual cases refoulement. refouled. Ensuring the right to a fair and 100% of asylum-seekers Percentage of asylum-seekers transparent RSD procedure. have access to RSD accessing RSD procedures. procedures. 2. Provide timely and adequate assistance to camp-based refugees, ensuring their basic needs are met and strengthening self-reliance projects in an attempt to improve their overall protection and viability of their stay in the host country, as well as seeking ways to support urban refugees. Provision of basic needs to 100% of refugees and Percentage of asylum-seekers in refugees including women and asylum-seekers have need of food and non-food items children with food, shelter, water, access to food, shelter, accessing such services. sanitation, health, community water, sanitation, health, services and education community services and assistance. education at TRC.
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Promotion of social integration on 100% of registered all fronts, including family unity asylum-seekers, refugees with special emphasis to and refugee returnees extremely vulnerable refugees, receive appropriate women, children and assistance, including unaccompanied/separated income generation, children, as well as an emphasis meeting their basic needs on equal representation of and ensuring safe and refugee women in leadership, dignified stay and/or access to registration and ID return, with particular cards, prevention and response to attention to the High SGBV and active involvement of Commissioner‟s five refugee women in management Commitments to Refugee of food and provision of sanitary Women. materials. Scaling up of HIV/AIDS activities 100% of refugees access Percentage of refugees in need of and ensuring access to treatment health and/or HIV/AIDS health ARV therapy and as appropriate with focus on treatment from the accessing it. vulnerable boys, girls and women. national programme. Percentage of refugees in need of basic health assistance actually getting it. 3. Seek durable solutions for refugees including resettlement, voluntary repatriation and local integration, while also providing legal and, if required, material support to refugee returnees. Carry out appropriately identified 700 refugees submitted Number of individual refugee durable solutions for refugees. for resettlement, with an clients submitted for resettlement. emphasis on women-at – risk, survivors of violence and people with legal/physical protection needs.
D. CLUSTER MONITORING PLAN UNHCR has a well-established monitoring and evaluation mechanism that functions through the verification of financial and narrative reports from partners and field-based staff; frequent field visits; regular meetings with the beneficiaries and partners as well as mid-term reviews and annual reports. In addition to established minimum sectoral standards for the delivery of assistance to refugees, performance and impact indicators are utilized in project implementation.
E. MAP OR TABLE OF PROPOSED COVERAGE PER SITE Zimbabwe follows the encampment policy with respect to refugees and therefore all services for refugees are provided at TRC in Chipinge district, Manicaland Province. Very few refugees are permitted to stay in urban centres (mostly) Harare and therefore can access some basic services in Harare.
SITE / AREA ORGANIZATIONS TRC Government, UNHCR, JRS and Christian Care Harare Government, UNHCR, and JRS
94 4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan 4.5.11 Coordination and Support Services Summary of cluster response plan
Cluster lead agency OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS Cluster member UN and NGOs organizations Number of projects 3 Strengthen humanitarian coordination and advocacy through: Supporting decentralizing of cluster coordination systems to provincial levels in order to facilitate effectiveness and timely humanitarian and ER interventions. Ensuring adequate inter-linkages between humanitarian and recovery Cluster objectives coordination structures by strengthening relationships with a wider group of operational partners and other relevant actors to advance humanitarian and ER action. Providing short-term, predictable and timely funding for humanitarian actions. Number of NGOs, UN agencies, relevant line government ministries beneficiaries Funds required $4,159,930 Contact information Fernando Arroyo - [email protected]
A. SECTORAL NEEDS ANALYSIS Over the last three years, the humanitarian situation in Zimbabwe has progressively improved although it remains vulnerable to shocks. The root causes of the crisis have not been fully addressed and challenges linked to the prevailing degradation of infrastructure in the basic sectors of health, water and sanitation, and food security remain. The broader population remains vulnerable to frequent natural disasters (floods, drought) induced by climate change. Coordination efforts that will bridge Government efforts and those of humanitarians are therefore required to ensure that vulnerable populations gain access to humanitarian aid. While ER activities are on-going as part of humanitarian action, the lack of major funding for recovery and development remains one of the key hindrances to decidedly moving the country out of a situation of generalized humanitarian need. Effective coordination and inter-linkages between the various humanitarian aid and development tools is therefore required to address the existing humanitarian and ER needs in Zimbabwe. In 2012, the partners will strive to consolidate gains and strengthen the link between humanitarian, recovery and development activities. This is aimed at ensuring strategic and operational coherence between humanitarian, recovery and development assistance. Effective coordination will be crucial in order to link on-going humanitarian activities to recovery and development initiatives that are simultaneously undertaken by humanitarian and development partners as well as the Government. Presently, the humanitarian clusters supported by OCHA are in a unique position to offer this service and should be optimally tapped into to ensure an interface between the actions of different humanitarian clusters and their corresponding recovery and development forums. Similarly, the clusters are being encouraged to devolve to the provincial levels and interface with existing Government structures to bring services closer to where it is most needed.
Lead UN agencies have provided cluster coordination support for the last three years. This has provided necessary leadership in policy formulation and day to day management of interventions undertaken by the clusters. The leads are supported by a strategic advisory group which brings together active cluster members to assist the cluster in the development of draft policies, tools and guidance for final endorsement by the cluster. For inclusive management of the clusters, it has been recommended that clusters appoint co-leads from both the relevant Government authorities as well as NGOs. To this end, it is only WASH and Education which have NGO and Government co-leadership,
95 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL respectively. There is therefore a need to continue strengthening relevant government participation and leadership roles especially in identifying opportunities for inter-linkages with existing development structures as well as a devolvement of the cluster system to the provincial levels for smooth transition to recovery. Advocacy with donors to fund the cluster coordination positions will be crucial both for the success of the programme based approach as well as for effective transfer of sectoral coordination mechanisms to the Government. On the political front, it is anticipated that the process of enacting a new constitution will pave the way for general elections. Lack of consensus on these issues might lead to increased tensions in the country and result in heightened insecurity and access constraints to humanitarian staff and operations. This calls for stepping up of efforts by all the stakeholders to monitor closely the developments and better respond to any eventuality. OCHA intends to work closely with all the humanitarian actors and stakeholders including vulnerable men, women boys and girls so as to ensure that humanitarian needs are addressed.
Risk analysis The following are additional factors which may increase the risks on the needs and contribute to aggravate the situation of the targeted population: Different donors approach to allocation of resources to the on-going humanitarian crisis in the country may leave vulnerable populations without adequate assistance. Delays in release of assessment results could compromise OCHA‟s ability to advocate for funding. Continued differences between the main principals in the Government of National Unity may also contribute to the delay of certain key decisions which is likely to impact heavily on the completion of the constitution review process and the upcoming general elections preparation process. In addition, South Africa has informed the Government of the pending forced return of an unknown number of undocumented Zimbabweans following discontinuation of special immigration procedures for Zimbabweans. Over the last three years, the Government and other actors have continued to put emphasis on the development agenda. There is a risk of reduced humanitarian funding due to this shift of emphasis from humanitarian to recovery and also due to the impact of the global financial crisis. No clear framework exists to facilitate a smooth transition from humanitarian to recovery.
Interrelations of needs with other clusters The shift from emergency to recovery/development should be allowed a natural progression with the support of strong and continued coordination and advocacy to facilitate communication and collaboration between the Humanitarian Clusters and the development partners. Participants at the 2012 CAP workshop recommended retention of Clusters as a platform for dialogue between humanitarians and development partners, however some of the agencies accommodating cluster leads are experiencing funding constraints for these positions which could deprive the clusters of the institutional memory, expertise and services of cluster coordinators and negatively influence the evolution of emerging structures. Clusters are at varying levels of engagement with their development counterparts, some of whom attend Cluster meetings. However, the available leadership of the Resident Coordinator/Humanitarian Coordinator presents an opportunity to address some of these issues. Efforts by cluster leads and OCHA to effectively engage government departments at provincial levels can also help to harmonize the coordination arrangements. Some of the HCT members are also members of the UNCT and this helps in addressing some of the common programming issues. Interactions have already started with the preparation of the Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance 2012-2015 and these interactions should be further strengthened.
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B. COVERAGE OF NEEDS BY ACTORS NOT IN THE CLUSTER OR CAP The HC has initiated efforts that are designed to ensure continued engagement between all the donors, Government line Ministries and other actors who are involved in recovery and development, but are not part of the HCT. It is envisaged that these discussions will eventually lead to the development of a joint aid coordination mechanism led by the Government that has full participation of all the key stakeholders. The MTP Clusters are in the various stages of development and will lead the implementation of the government led MTP until 2015.
The ZUNDAF thematic groups, which are co-lead by a UN agency and a government country, will also continue during this period to address the implementation of ZUNDAF 2012-2015. To this end, the ZUNDAF Programme Management Team (PMT) meetings are already taking place on a monthly basis and these will continue. These coordination structures cover the needs of the other actors who are not directly involved in either the humanitarian coordination structures or the CAP.
C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS (SEE OVERLEAF)
D. CLUSTER MONITORING PLAN By its mandate, OCHA is not a direct implementer of programmes. However, coordination and support services do produce tangible results that will be monitored in collaboration with HCT members, NGOs, donors and government partners. Further, OCHA will monitor the impact of coordination tools in ensuring that there is adequate coverage and that gaps in the humanitarian response are addressed through MYR of the work plans and the CAP cycle processes. In addition, OCHA will carry out joint monitoring of projects funded under the CERF and ERF with the support of cluster leads and their membership. Regarding the overall humanitarian programming in Zimbabwe, OCHA offers cluster-specific web pages on the Zimbabwe humanitarian website where crucial assessment and monitoring data, including which what where databases for most clusters is posted.
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C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS Cluster Objectives Outcomes with corresponding targets Outputs with corresponding targets Indicators with corresponding targets and baseline 1. Improve effectiveness and timeliness of humanitarian and early recovery interventions by strengthening humanitarian coordination. Strengthened humanitarian leadership at all Policy issues addressed in relation to humanitarian Number of coordination meetings (Cluster, HCT, levels. and ER issues during 12 HCT/donor meetings, donor meetings, NGO consultative meetings, and monthly cluster monthly meetings, three HC/NGO thematic groups) held. meetings. Number of inter-agency assessment missions and/or Supporting interagency assessments. joint missions with Government undertaken in collaboration with humanitarian partners. All eight cluster to have NGO/Government co- Number of cluster co-lead by NGOs/government. leadership to facilitate consultation with the Coordination meetings at provincial level. Government line ministries. Number of clusters holding coordination meetings at At least three clusters holding provincial coordination provincial level. meetings. Enhanced humanitarian funding. More than 60% resource mobilization achieved under Overall support to CAP 2012 as captured in the FTS. the CAP. 2. Support partners in humanitarian response preparedness. Enhanced preparedness and response to National Inter-Agency Contingency Plan updated on Number of times the inter-agency contingency plan is humanitarian needs. an annual basis. updated through involvement of all partners. Monthly update of early warning indicators updated Number of times early warning indicators are updated and shared on OCHAOnline. and reports shared through OCHA website. Increased cooperation with the local media in Number of times early warning and preparedness publishing early warning and preparedness information appears in the media. information in relation to key humanitarian events such as flooding, cyclones, drought and food insecurity. At least two early warning and EPR workshops are At least two early warning and EPR workshops are done for UN agencies, NGOs, churches and districts done for UN agencies, NGOs, churches and districts administrators. administrators at district or provincial level. 3. Ensure adequate inter-linkages between humanitarian and recovery coordination structures
Improved coordination between All Cluster and ZUNDAF Thematic Group meetings to Number of sectoral coordination meetings between humanitarian and development actors. identify relationships and complementarities between humanitarian and development partners to address Reduced duplication of efforts. the humanitarian and recovery/development vulnerabilities and emerging recovery priorities. programming and interventions. Improved targeting of humanitarian resources. 100% coverage in mapping of existing government No. of clusters integrating into development coordination capacities. coordination frameworks. Comprehensive mapping of national and international coordination capacities and systems and existing government structures Reduced duplication of efforts between development and humanitarian actors.
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Enhanced joint programming between humanitarian and development actors. No. of coordination meetings between humanitarian and development actors. 4. Strengthen relationships with a wider group of operational partners and other relevant actors to advance humanitarian and ER action. Improved coordination between humanitarian Cluster coordination meetings continue to be attended Number of active members attending and participating and relevant Government counter parts. by more than 200 implementing partners. in clusters and other humanitarian coordination OCHA responds to 100% of information management mechanisms. products requests by partners. Two joint assessments supported through active Three workshops on humanitarian principles and participation in developing survey plans, methodology, reforms conducted in 2012. piloting, questionnaire design, field missions, data collection cleaning, analysis, and mapping. Number of NGO, HCT members and donor participation in humanitarian information sharing and OCHA information products. Number of Information Management Unit products (maps/graphs/analysis presentations / reports) used in humanitarian information, meetings, joint assessments. Number of trainings on humanitarian principles and reforms.
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4.6 Logical framework
Strategic Objective Key indicators with targets Corresponding cluster objectives 1. Support the restoration of sustainable livelihoods for vulnerable groups through integration of humanitarian response into recovery and development action with a focus on building capacities at national and local level to coordinate, implement and monitor recovery interventions. Provide humanitarian input assistance to vulnerable small-holder farmers with a special focus on Agriculture female-headed households to improve household food and nutrition security. Agriculture Support crop and livestock productivity and commercialization in the small-holder farming sector. Safeguard food access and consumption of highly vulnerable food-insecure households and Food support the recovery of livelihoods and access to basic services. Voucher-based agriculture inputs Through sustained support and engagement, further enhance the capacity of key stakeholders distributed to 150,000 households. (government, civil society, affected community and other agencies) in better assessing and Protection Food consumption score exceeds 35. responding to emergency protection needs of the most vulnerable (...), as well as prevention of 5,000 most vulnerable migrants internal displacement. assisted with quick-impact To support and improve emergency livelihood restoration for vulnerable communities through reintegration assistance. quick-impact initiatives that serve to reduce the vulnerability of those most affected by crisis, LICI reduce dependence on negative coping mechanisms and particularly reduce dependence on humanitarian aid. To provide quick-impact reinsertion and reintegration support to returnees and communities Multi-Sector receiving high number of returns. Coordination Ensure adequate linkages between humanitarian and recovery coordination structures. 2. Save and prevent loss of life through near-to medium-term recovery interventions to vulnerable groups, incorporating DRR framework. Nutrition Delivery of life-saving emergency IYCF interventions. Arrest decline of and restore water, sanitation and hygiene services for vulnerable girls, women, WASH boys and men in rural districts, small towns, growth points and peri-urban settings. 90% of rural health institutions and To provide emergency WASH for boys and girls (water source, hand-washing facilities, toilets) 70% of schools in 20 targeted districts Education and emergency hygiene kits for girls. To prevent WASH-related disease outbreak in school-going with adequate WASH facilities. age children in 20 prone districts. 100 schools with repaired/rehabilitated Ensure capacity-building support in policy, strategic planning and coordination of recovery of LICI water sources and sanitation facilities. livelihoods and community infrastructure. To improve regional dialogue on cross-border migration between Zimbabwe and neighbouring Multi-Sector countries.
Coordination Support partners in humanitarian response preparedness.
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Strategic Objective Key indicators with targets Corresponding cluster objectives 3. Support the population affected by emergencies through the delivery of quality essential basic services. Protect lives and livelihoods and enhance self-reliance of vulnerable households during seasonal Food food shortages. Improve the nutritional well-being of chronically ill adults as a stepping stone towards greater Food capacity for productive recovery. To reduce acute malnutrition-related morbidity and mortality in disaster-prone areas/disaster- Nutrition affected men, women, boys and girls. Reduce the morbidity and mortality of mothers and their new-borns through strengthening service Health provision and referral system for reproductive health. Reduce the excess mortality and morbidity caused by communicable diseases and other public Health health emergencies. Rapid and effective humanitarian response to the WASH needs of the affected populations, i.e. 100% public health alerts assessed WASH and responded to within 72 hrs. girls, women, boys and men. All new WASH-related alerts Through continuous advocacy and partnership with authorities, communities and other assessed within 48 hrs and stakeholders, promote a protective environment and sustainable protection solutions with Protection responded to within 72 hrs. particular age and gender-sensitive attention to vulnerable groups, including groups with specific All new, accessible displacement needs, internally displaced and other individuals. assessed within 72 hrs. Strengthen the protection environment (material, physical, psychological and legal response) 179,500 returned and stranded Protection especially for the most vulnerable, while supporting community-based and rights-based migrants offered humanitarian aid reconciliation as well as voluntary/sustainable solutions for displacement. through the existing modalities. Education To establish safe learning spaces for children affected by storms/floods. 100% of asylum-seekers have To rehabilitate and storm proof 150 storm/floods-damaged schools of those ranked in „severe Education access to territory and RSD situation‟ and strengthen the community to manage the schools procedures. To provide humanitarian aid to returned migrants, including unaccompanied minors, TCNs and Multi-Sector other vulnerable migrants. Strengthen RSD mechanisms to ensure the integrity of the institution of asylum in Zimbabwe, and Multi-Sector the right of refugees to access physical and legal protection. Provide timely and adequate assistance to camp-based refugees, ensuring their basic needs are Multi-Sector met and strengthening their self-reliance projects in an attempt to improve their overall protection and viability of their stay in the host country, as well as seeking ways to support urban refugees. Seek durable solutions for refugees, including resettlement, voluntary repatriation and local Multi-Sector integration, while also providing legal and, if required, material support to refugee returnees. Improve effectiveness and timeliness of humanitarian and early recovery interventions by Coordination strengthening humanitarian coordination.
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4.7 Roles and responsibilities
The Zimbabwe HCT is the highest level coordination body for humanitarian non-governmental actors. It supports the HC in his remit by, amongst others: setting common objectives and priorities, promoting implementation of various global IASC guidelines and procedures on humanitarian action, promoting closer linkages with, and undertaking periodic oversight of, the cluster approach, the ERF/CERF and other initiatives within the overall humanitarian reform agenda. The HCT ToRs provide clear guidance on the function and scope of the HCT and extend membership to up to five NGOs, including one representative from an umbrella NANGO. Donors join in the HCT meeting every other month while the Red Cross family are standing observers in all HCT meetings. Key decisions of the HCT are shared by the HC with the government counterparts and non-humanitarian donors through various channels
In 2012, in consultation with all the relevant stakeholders, the HC will continue engaging and updating both humanitarian and development donors to ensure coherent and systematic response to both humanitarian and recovery needs of the country. The dialogue that has been initiated towards establishing an all-inclusive aid coordination mechanism for the country will continue.
Membership of the Zimbabwe HCT is composed of the following participants:
■ Chair: Humanitarian Coordinator ■ Secretariat: OCHA ■ Heads of UN agencies: FAO, IOM, OCHA, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, WHO, the World Bank ■ Heads of four INGOs and one NNGO ■ Cluster coordinators Observers: heads of ICRC, IFRC and ZRCS Relevant Cluster Cluster members and other humanitarian governmental Cluster lead name stakeholders institution ACF, Action Aid, ACHM, ACTED, ADRA, Africa 2000, Africare, AGRITEX CADS, CAFOD, CARE, Christian Care, Concern, Cordaid, CSO, CRS, CTDT, Dabane Trust, DAPP, DVS, Environment Africa, FACHIG, FCTZ, GAA, GRM, GOAL, HELP, Help Age, ICRAF, ICRISAT, IOM, LEAD Trust, Mercy Agriculture MoA / FNC FAO Corps, MoAMID, MTLC, ORAP, OXFAM America, Oxfam GB, PENYA Trust, Plan, Practical Action, PSDC, River of Life, SAFIRE, SAT, SC, SIDA, SIRDC, FEWSNET, Solidarités, USAID, UZ, WFP, WFT, WVI, ZCDT, ZFU, ZRCS and other partners Africare, CARE, CFU, Chiedza, CRS, ECOZI, FAO, FAWEZ, FOST, GCN, IOM, Mercy Corps, MoESAC, NHF, NRC, PLAN, Education MoE UNICEF / SC SC, SNV, SOS, TDH, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, WVI, ZIMTA and other partners ADRA , Africare, CARE, COSV, CRS, Christian Care, Concern, GOAL, HAZ, IOM, Food Aid MoLSS WFP IPA, Mashambanzou Care Trust, NRC, ORAP, Oxfam-GB, Plan International, SC,
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USAID, WVI and other partners ACF, ADRA, Africare, Action Aid, CARE Zimbabwe, CDC, CH, CRS, CWW, DAPP, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Health MoHCW WHO Merlin, GOAL, Humedica, IMC, IOM, IRC, MDM, Plan International, SC, Sysmed, ZRCS, UNFPA, UNICEF, WHO, WVI and other partners ADRA, CARE, Christian Aid, Christian Care, CRS, FABAZIM, FAO, GOAL, IFRC, IOM, IRC, LDS, MTLC, NHF, NPA, NRC, Oxfam LICI MoSMECD UNDP / IOM GB, Progressio, SC, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNFPA, UNHABITAT, UNHCR, UNICEF, USAID, WFP, WHO, ZPT and other partners Batanai HIV/AIDS Service Organization, Beacon of Hope & Joy Trust, Bio – Innovation, CADEC, CADS, CAFOD, CARE, CCORE, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Child and Guardian Foundation, CPS, CRS, Concern Worldwide, CPT, Christian Care, Crown Agents, Cultiv Agro Zimbabwe, Dananai Child Care, DAPP, FACT- Rusape. FCTZ, FEWSNET, FAO, NFC, Global MoHCW Heritage, Goal, HKI, Help Age, Hilfswerk (National Nutrition UNICEF Austria International, HIFC, ICRAF, IMC, Nutrition IOM, ISL Trust, Island Hospice, Jubilee Department) Empowerment Trust, MeDRA, NAYO, OPHID Trust, Oxfam, PENYA Trust, PI, Prison Friends Network, SC, Shalom Children‟s Home Trust, Thamaso Zimbabwe, UNICEF, Upenyu Health Group, UMC, University of Zimbabwe, Value Addition Project Trust, WFP, WVI, ZAPSO, Zimbabwe Orphans Support Through Extended Hands, ZVITAMBO ACF, Africa 2000 Network, Africare, CAFOD, CARE International, Christian Care, Concern, CPT, CRS, DAPP, Dialogue on Shelter, FCTZ, GAA, GOAL, IMC, IOM, IRC, UNICEF and WASH IRD, ISL, IWSD, MDM, Medair , MeDRA , Oxfam UK Mercy Corps, MERLIN, Mvuramanzi Trust, SDC, Oxfam UK, PENYA Trust, Plan, PSI, SNV, UNICEF, WVI, ZimAHEAD, Zimbabwe Thamaso, ZCDA, Zvitambo ANPPCAN, Caritas, CARE, CESVI, Childline, Christian Aid, Christian Care, Coalition Against Child Labour, Counselling Services Unit, COSV, CRS, GAPWUZ, GOAL, FST, Forum for African Empowerment, Habakkuk UNHCR for Trust, Help/Germany, HelpAge, Helpline, broad protection Help Initiative, Halo Trust, Humanitarian cluster, UNICEF Reform Project, Human Rights and for Child Development Trust, IMC, IRC, ISL, Island Protection Protection Sub- Hospice, LCEDT, LFCDA, MSF cluster, Belgium/Holland, MDM Zimbabwe, Mercy and UNFPA for Corp, MeDRA, Miracle Missions, MTLC, GBV Sub-cluster Musasa Project, NANGO, New Hope Foundation, NRC, OXFAM Australia/GB, Pacesetters, Padare, PI, REPSSI, ROKPA Support, SC, SOS Children‟s Village, Southern Africa Dialogue, TAAF, Tearfund, Transparency Int‟l, UMCOR, Victims Action
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Committee, WAG, WEG, WVI, ZCDT, ZACRO, ZLHR, ZWLA, UNICEF, IOM, UNFPA, WFP Multi-sector: PI, CARE Zimbabwe, CRS, SC, NRC, CP cross border IOM trust, FST, LRF, MoLSS, MoHA, MoHCW, mobility IOM, UNCHR, UNICEF Activities for refugees are coordinated by UNHCR, with Christian Care and Department Multi-sector: of Social Welfare (UNHCR) within the assistance UNHCR MoLSS as implementing partners and the to refugees JRS as operational partners, and supported by IOM, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, WHO, government bodies and donors. Coordination and Support OCHA UN and NGOs Services
104 5. Conclusion 5. Conclusion
The humanitarian needs identified under the current CAP require direct donor support, but there is an increasing understanding within the aid community that most chronic vulnerabilities need to be addressed through more strategic medium to long-term recovery programmes. The reduction in humanitarian requirements under the current CAP therefore does not mean that the needs have reduced. It only means that the needs have been shifted from one funding mechanism to another. This therefore calls for donor support for both humanitarian and development needs simultaneously. Failure to address one at the expense of the other is likely to lead to negative consequences and reverse the gains that the country has made in recent past towards recovery and development The main objective of the 2012 CAP is to ensure that while room is provide to recovery initiatives to be firmly grounded, the existing acute vulnerabilities will be addressed and well-functioning coordination structures such as the humanitarian clusters will continue to provide strategic guidance and leadership, while at the same time exploring opportunities to gradually merge with emerging recovery structures once sufficient capacity has been identified under Government leadership. Through increased coordination in planning, implementation and monitoring of the overall response, it will be possible to address humanitarian and recovery priority needs in the most efficient way. The 2012 CAP will therefore require the full support of the donor community to meet the needs of the most vulnerable in Zimbabwe who would otherwise be at risk of losing their lives or livelihoods. At the same time, efforts by recovery actors which address the root causes of the crisis and steps towards budget support to government institutions as a long-term measure needs to be supported.
105 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL Annex I: List of programmes
Table II: List of Appeal programmes (per cluster)
Consolidated Appeal for Zimbabwe 2012 as of 15 November 2011 http://fts.unocha.org
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by appealing organizations.
Project code Title Appealing agency Requirements (click on hyperlinked project ($) code to open full project details)
AGRICULTURE
Strengthened coordination mechanisms UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/A/45795/5826 1,125,397 and early warning systems (details not yet provided) Provision of Basic Agricultural Inputs and Extension Support to Male and Female UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/A/45796/5826 27,450,000 Smallholder Farmers in the Communal (details not yet provided) Sector Improve crop and livestock productivity, control crop and livestock diseases and UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/A/45797/5826 3,750,000 promote market linkages in the small holder (details not yet provided) farming sector.
Sub total for AGRICULTURE 32,325,397
COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES
UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/CSS/45823/5826 Cluster Coordination Support in Zimbabwe 1,300,000 (details not yet provided) Humanitarian Coordination and Advocacy in UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/CSS/45836/5826 2,859,930 Zimbabwe (details not yet provided)
Sub total for COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES 4,159,930
EDUCATION
Education in Emergency Network and UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/E/45260/5826 1,949,200 sector coordination (details not yet provided) Emergency school infrastructure UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/E/45263/5826 5,610,000 rehabilitation (details not yet provided) Emergency school WASH rehabilitation and UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/E/45266/5826 1,870,000 hygiene kits for girls (details not yet provided)
Sub total for EDUCATION 9,429,200
FOOD
Assistance for Food-insecure Vulnerable UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/F/45792/5826 127,710,380 Groups (details not yet provided)
Sub total for FOOD 127,710,380
HEALTH
Strengthening the Early Warning and UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/H/45882/5826 Response to Outbreaks and Other Public 9,688,608 (details not yet provided) Health Emergencies in Zimbabwe. Improving emergency reproductive health services in Zimbabwe by strengthening the service delivery and referral system for UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/H/45883/5826 essential maternal and newborn health care, 7,000,000 (details not yet provided) focusing on the following elements: implementation of minimum initial service package (MISP) and EmONC.
Sub total for HEALTH 16,688,608
106 Annex I: List of programmes
LIVELIHOODS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING & INFRASTRUCTURE
UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/ER/45697/5826 Emergency Livelihoods Restoration 10,300,000 (details not yet provided)
Sub total for LIVELIHOODS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING & INFRASTRUCTURE 10,300,000
MULTI-SECTOR
Humanitarian aid to Returnees, third country nationals including unaccompanied minors UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/MS/45828/5826 12,200,000 and migration affected communities in (details not yet provided) border regions Protection, Assistance and durable solutions UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/MS/46037/5826 to Refugees and Asylum seekers in 4,862,544 (details not yet provided) Zimbabwe
Sub total for MULTI-SECTOR 17,062,544
NUTRITION
UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/H/45254/5826 Treatment of Acute Malnutrition 4,000,000 (details not yet provided) Prevention of Acute malnutrition through UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/H/45265/5826 1,000,000 Emergency Infant and Young Child Feeding (details not yet provided) Nutrition Analysis, Co-ordination and UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/H/45281/5826 600,000 Oversight (details not yet provided)
Sub total for NUTRITION 5,600,000
PROTECTION
IDP Protection, Assistance and Durable UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/P-HR-RL/45034/5826 11,000,000 Solutions (details not yet provided) UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/P-HR-RL/45037/5826 Child Protection 5,500,000 (details not yet provided) UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/P-HR-RL/45045/5826 Human Rights and Rule of Law Programme 1,500,000 (details not yet provided) Gender-Based Violence Prevention and UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/P-HR-RL/45048/5826 3,500,000 Response (details not yet provided)
Sub total for PROTECTION 21,500,000
WATER,SANITATION AND HYGIENE
Restore water, sanitation and hygiene UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/WS/45033/5826 services in rural districts and peri-urban 16,250,000 (details not yet provided) settings Sector Disaster Risk Management & Co- UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/WS/45043/5826 1,350,000 ordination (details not yet provided) UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/WS/45051/5826 Emergency Preparedness and Response 6,000,000 (details not yet provided)
Sub total for WATER,SANITATION AND HYGIENE 23,600,000
CLUSTER NOT YET SPECIFIED
Zimbabwe Emergency Response Funds UN Agencies and NGOs ZIM-12/SNYS/45905/5826 - (ERF) (projected needs $3.5 million) (details not yet provided)
Sub total for CLUSTER NOT YET SPECIFIED -
Grand Total 268,376,059
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Table III: Summary of requirements (grouped by gender marker)
Consolidated Appeal for Zimbabwe 2012 as of 15 November 2011 http://fts.unocha.org
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by appealing organizations. Requirements Gender marker ($) 2b - The principal purpose of the project is to advance gender equality 11,500,000 2a - The project is designed to contribute significantly to gender equality 54,620,000 1 - The project is designed to contribute in some limited way to gender equality 35,221,744 0 - No signs that gender issues were considered in project design 167,034,315 Grand Total 268,376,059
108 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL Annex II: Needs assessment reference list Existing and planned assessments and identification of gaps in assessment information
EVIDENCE BASE FOR THE 2011 CAP: EXISTING NEEDS ASSESSMENTS Geographic areas and Cluster/ Lead Agency and population Date Title or Subject sector Partners groups targeted FEWS NET, FAO, Agr/Food National Feb 2011 Livelihoods Zoning OCHA Agr/Food National FAO, WFP Jun 2011 CFSAM First Round Crop and Livestock Agriculture National MoAMID Jan 2011 Assessment Second Round Crop and Agriculture National MoAMID Apr 2011 Livestock Assessment Joint Recovery Opportunities All Clusters National HC office Sep 2010 Assessment Government, All clusters National Oct 2009 Multi-Indicator Monitoring Survey UNICEF Government, Education National May 2010 BEAM Rapid Needs Assessment UNICEF Government, Education National Dec 2009 2009 Annual Schools Census UNICEF Government, FAO, March Zimbabwe Vulnerability Food National WFP, OCHA 2011 Assessment Committee Government, FAO, June/July Zimbabwe Vulnerability Food National WFP, OCHA 2011 Assessment Committee Post-vaccination Coverage Health National WHO Jun 2010 Assessment Emergency Radio Health Provincial WHO Nov 2009 Communication Assessment Measles Outbreak and Needs Health National WHO Apr 2010 Assessment Health Cluster Response to the Health National WHO Nov 2009 cholera Outbreak Minority Group Study and Health National WHO Feb 2010 Access to Health Care in Beitbridge Youth from a sample of UNDP, ILO and areas covering Youth and LICI April 2011 Youth Livelihoods rural, peri- Livelihoods urban and Working Group urban youth. Selected UNDP, Capacity Assessment of LICI April 2011 Districts MoMSMECD Economic Actors Multi- Refugee participatory Needs Sector National UNHCR Mar 2011 Assessment (refugees) FNC, NNU, Zimbabwe NNS – 2010: Nutrition National Feb 2010 UNICEF Preliminary Results Nutrition & FNC, UNICEF, Food National MoLSS, CSO, Jun 2010 Strengthening Food and Nutrition Security FAO, WFP Security Analysis in Zimbabwe: A
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Conceptual, Technical and Institutional Framework for Moving Forward Government, Joint UN/Government IDP Protection National Aug 2009 partners Assessment WB, UNICEF, WASH National Feb 2010 Country Status Overview WHO, AfDB CURRENT GAPS IN INFORMATION Cluster/ Geographic areas and Title/ sector population groups targeted Subject Teacher turnover,% qualified to Education National unqualified teachers Pupil enrolment for 2010/2011, Education National pupil drop out and attendance Mortality and causes of deaths in Health National emergency-affected district User fees and barriers to access Health National emergency PHC LICI National Livelihoods needs LICI National Infrastructure needs Institutional capacity needs in LICI National districts Development potential of LICI Zimbabwean Diaspora Zimbabweans in the diaspora Micronutrient status of Nutrition National Zimbabwean women and children Nutritional status of adults in Nutrition National Zimbabwe Barriers and enabling factors Nutrition National associated with adoption of optimal IYCF practices Protection National/IDPs IDP profiling – phase II Protection National Human trafficking in Zimbabwe Food National National food insecurity PLANNED NEEDS ASSESSMENTS Geographic Lead areas and Cluster/ Agency Planned Title/ Funding To be population sector and date Subject (amount) funded by groups Partners targeted Situational Province analysis and WHO and Health Border South WHO 2011 assessment for TBC partners Africa contingency planning Protection National/IDPs HC TBC IDP profiling $400,000 TBC National MoHCW/ Fourth Nutrition National micronutrient $300,000 TBC FNC Quarter survey Third and IYCF formative Nutrition National MoHCW fourth $100,000 UNICEF research quarter
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Annex III: Cluster achievements in 2011
Agriculture Cluster Cluster Objectives Indicator with corresponding target 2011 target Achievements and challenges 1. Provide humanitarian input Number of households assisted At least 500,000 households Input distribution is on-going. So far assistance and extension to through agriculture projects. receive agriculture input assistance 214,000 households are in the vulnerable small-holder farmers to and extension support process of receiving agriculture improve food security. inputs through direct distribution or voucher mechanisms. 2. Increase crop productivity and The target is to assist 200,000 farmers. 200,000 rural households receive 198,000 households will receive commercialisation in the small- Geographical and household agricultural support to increase agricultural training and market holder farming sector through targeting. productivity and generate surplus linkage support. increased agricultural intensification, Development of specific crop for sale. contract farming, cash crop production models. production and improved market Identification of implementation linkages partners (NGOs, academic institutions, Government and private sector). Procurement of materials and inputs. Implementation of training program for both extension officers and farmers Implement selected production models. 3.Increase livestock productivity 540,000 households will benefit from the 540,000 households will benefit Livestock support is on-going; so far through improved livestock livestock production programme. from the livestock interventions. 13,500 households have received production systems, strengthened Develop small stock production assistance. livestock marketing systems, and the models. provision of healthcare aimed at Implement selected production reducing livestock mortality models. Implement a comprehensive animal health care programme in ten selected districts. Procure veterinary care drugs / equipment and implement a general veterinary care programme.
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Produce and distribute extension materials 4. Strengthen coordination Expansion of the Agriculture and Approximately 150 organisations First and second Round Crop mechanisms and early warning Food Security Monitoring System and institutions to benefit through Assessments were conducted in systems to mitigate the impact of (AFSMS) to all districts in the strengthened sector coordination February 2011 and April unexpected crises on an affected country. and availability of information. 2011respectively. population. National assessments carried out to Fieldwork for the Zimbabwe evaluate the agriculture situation in Vulnerability Assessment the country (e.g. national crop Committee (ZimVAC) is currently assessments, post-planting and underway. post-harvest). The AFSMS collects data on a Information sharing and monthly basis from 50districts. dissemination to all stakeholders. Monthly coordination meetings held. Monthly coordination meetings.
Coordination and Support Services Cluster Objectives Indicator with corresponding target 2011 target Achievements and challenges Objective 1: Strengthen humanitarian coordination and advocacy 1.1: Improve effectiveness and Number of coordination meetings Regular coordination meetings and Six HCT Meetings, 20 ICF, four timeliness of humanitarian and early (Cluster, HCT, donor meetings, forum ensured. HC/NGO Consultative meeting, four recovery interventions by NGO consultative meetings, and HCT/donor meetings, Five ERF strengthening humanitarian thematic groups) held. Board Meetings, ten meetings with coordination NGOs, 14 meetings with donor agencies, seven meetings with Government line ministries, four donor technical meeting, one HCT Subcommittee meeting.
Number of inter-agency assessment Four joint inter-agency assessment Urban Zimbabwe Vulnerability missions and/or joint missions with missions. assessment (ZIMVAC) in March Government undertaken in 2011 jointly by UN and government. collaboration with humanitarian Rural Zimbabwe Vulnerability assessment (ZimVAC) in May/June partners. 2011 jointly by UN and government. Inter-agency assessment for the affected/displaced population by the heavy rains, wind/hailstorm, and
112 Annex III: Cluster achievements in 2011
flash floods in the country. Six joint field missions with the officials from the MoRIIC in Masvingo,Midlands,Manicaland,Ma shonaland and Matebeleland Provinces. In addition, OCHA Zimbabwe extensively supported Cluster coordinators through the adopted OCHA Cluster Focal points mechanism. Number of cluster co-lead by At least, two clusters leaded by the Education and Nutrition Clusters are NGOs/government. Government line ministries. co-led by MoESAC. Working groups in Agriculture, Nutrition and Health have relevant Government representatives co-leading working groups. 1.2: Support partners in humanitarian Number of times the interagency Inter-agency contingency plan Inter-agency contingency plan was response preparedness contingency plan is updated through updated every six months with updated in July 2011 for the period involvement of all partners representative stakeholders July 2011 to June 2012. Number of times early warning Four times. Shared regularly OCHA‟s quarterly indicators are updated and reports report on early warning and regional shared. bulletin by OCHA Regional Office for Southern and East Africa. Number of civil protection units As required. Weekly updates on regional rainfall supported district disaster risk patterns shared during the rains reduction in targeted high-risk period of November 2010 to March areas. 2011. At least two Early Warning and EPR Two Early Warning and EPR OCHA supported and facilitated two workshops are done for UN workshops organized or facilitated. disaster, emergency preparedness agencies, NGOs, churches and and response planning workshops districts administrators at district or at provincial level as well as four provincial level. disaster risk reduction on hazards associated with rainfall season in the flood prone areas in the country. 1.3: Ensure adequate linkages Number of sectoral coordination As required. WASH and Health Clusters are between humanitarian and recovery meetings between humanitarian working towards formation of a coordination structures and development partners to group to ensure smooth transition to
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address vulnerabilities and recovery. emerging recovery priorities. Reduced duplication of efforts As required. With the objective to ensure the between development and linkage between the CAP and humanitarian actors. ZUNDAF, efforts are under way to Improved targeting of humanitarian inherence coordination between resources. humanitarian clusters and ZUNDAF Enhanced joint programming Working Groups. between humanitarian and development actors. No. of coordination meetings between humanitarian and development actors. No. of clusters integrating into development coordination frameworks. 1.4: Strengthen relationships with a Number of active members Close to 200 representatives of wider group of operational partners attending and participating in NGOs, UN agencies and line and other relevant actors to advance clusters and other humanitarian ministries are attending cluster humanitarian and ER action. coordination mechanisms. meetings.
Two joint assessments supported At least, two joint assessments See cluster objective 1.1. through active participation in supported. Provided technical support and developing survey plans, mapping to ZimVAC-Urban Food methodology, piloting, questionnaire Security Assessment and design, field missions, data advocated for data sharing and use collection cleaning, analysis, and of data standards and provided mapping. technical support to the CSO in mapping and data digitizing.
Number of NGO, HCT members All humanitarian partners operating Developed dedicated web-based and donor participation in in Zimbabwe. sections for Health, WASH, humanitarian information sharing Nutrition, Food Aid, LICI, Protection, and OCHA information products. Education and Agriculture Clusters, as well as customized 3W charts for the Health, LICI and Protection Clusters.
114 Annex III: Cluster achievements in 2011
Number of Information Management Information products shared with Kept OCHA HQs and key Unit products humanitarian stakeholders at a humanitarian actors, donors and (maps/graphs/analysis regular basis. Government timely informed on presentations/reports) used in breaking and new developments in humanitarian information, meetings, on-going humanitarian issues joint assessments. through various information products including: o Ten monthly humanitarian updates. o Two Situation Reports. o 10 operational briefs. o Four key messages. o 42 internal weekly reports. o 42 weekly humanitarian bulletins. Developed two media packages, and updated briefing pack.
2. Provide common security support Number satellite offices established. Two UNDSS satellite office Not achieved due to lack of funding. to humanitarian actors. Number of security reports shared established and operational. with humanitarian actors. 3. Manage an ERF in order to Number of projects applications As required. Ten projects funded for provide easy access to short term received/funded. implementation from January to emergency funding in order to fill October 2011. geographical and response gaps and to enhance the timeliness and Number of ERF Board meetings to As required. Five Board meetings to discuss effectiveness of humanitarian discuss ERF policy issues or ERF ERF policy issues or ERF response applications. applications from January up to October 2011.
Review and adoption of ERF ERF charter reviewed. ERF Charter was reviewed and Charter. adopted.
Adoption of project selection ERF projection selection criteria ERF projection selection criteria criteria. adopted. adopted and implemented.
Success and challenges Success With the roll out of the cluster approach, the improvement of the Emergency Response Fund (ERF) and gradually more
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inclusive CAP process, there was increased engagement in the implementation of the Common Humanitarian Action Plan. Meanwhile, it remains a priority to ensure that effective coordination and response mechanisms support the Humanitarian Country Team and clusters at national and provincial level for joint assessments and analysis, resource mobilization and humanitarian response Following an increased engagement of clusters in the development of the Common Humanitarian Action Plan the programme-based approach was adopted and used by the HCT in CAP 2011 to ensure strategic focus in addressing evolving needs and monitoring of gaps in resource and in response. The new approach required strengthened monitoring and evaluation of on-going cluster activities and analysis of outstanding gaps. OCHA assisted all clusters through consistent support with information management tools and provision of direct coordination support through the OCHA cluster focal points. Clusters were strengthened with emphasis on improving inter and intra cluster synergies, and linkages to corresponding recovery forums at national and provincial level for joint planning, assessments and analysis, resource mobilization and allocation, as well as monitoring and evaluation in response. Throughout 2011, cross-cutting issues including gender have been consistently highlighted in the planning and response process. The position of GenCAP (Gender Capacity) adviser for Zimbabwe was extended throughout 2011, while the existing networks of gender and HIV/AIDS focal points were revitalized and several trainings conducted to ensure the cross-cutting issues remain part of all cluster planning and monitoring activities. As Zimbabwe remains one of the pilot countries for implementing the IASC Gender Marker Project, clusters were encouraged to strengthen mainstreaming of gender-related issues throughout all stages of the programme cycle management, including needs analysis, activities and planned responses, such as assigning the CAP Project sheets a Gender Marker code and these codes taken together reflect the level of success of each cluster.
Challenges In 2011, improved coordination across clusters as a result of deployment of experienced cluster coordinators and consistent OCHA support significantly enhanced the effectiveness and timeliness of humanitarian response. However, these clusters are still largely concentrated at the national level and do not have active presence outside Harare. Strengthening cluster coordination at provincial level remains a key priority for humanitarian coordination and resource mobilization. Limited Financial Resources to carry out all the activities stipulated in the work plan due to global financial crisis and its impact on overall humanitarian funding.
Education Cluster Cluster Objectives Indicator with corresponding target 2011 target Achievements and challenges 1. Increase access to education for Vulnerable children accessing 300,000 children on BEAM support. About 307,000 vulnerable children the most vulnerable children with a school. on BEAM support. focus on those who are economically A programme in place for out-of- A study report on out of school ToRs for the out-of- school children disadvantaged, children with special school children and youth. youth and children and a and youth study are in place.
116 Annex III: Cluster achievements in 2011 needs, and marginalised and programme in place on second displaced communities chance education. A refocused BEAM programme. A revised BEAM programme An evaluation of BEAM is under responding to key issues of way. concern. 2. Improved quality of teaching and Improved Grade 7 pass rate. Improved Grade 7 pass rate from Textbooks distributed to the schools learning for all primary and 38% to at least 45%. including Oxford dictionaries. secondary school students through Parity on enrolment between girls Increased proportion of girls to boys Distribution of secondary school the provision of quality learning and boys in the secondary school. transitioning to secondary schools. textbooks is about to begin. materials and supporting teacher Reduced # of unqualified teachers Proportion of unqualified teachers in MoESAC, MoHTE and partners training and living conditions in the school system. the schools reduced from 25% to discussing modalities to reduce the 20%. # of unqualified teachers. 3. Improved school and system Maps of schools ranked in terms of All schools in the 10 provinces All schools in five of the 10 infrastructure through upgrading severity for school WASH needs. mapped. provinces mapped in terms of facilities and training SDCs on severity. improved school management A school grants programme in All schools benefitting from a school School grants system has not place. grants scheme. started as it is part of ETF II which is under discussion with the stakeholders. Trained SDCs in secondary All secondary school SDCs trained. Secondary school SDCs training yet schools. to start. 4. Strengthening DRR systems EEJRN established with three lead A network with three lead NGOs in The network is present in all the 10 through the establishment of the NGOs. place and functioning. provinces and working with the EEJRN PEDs. Reports on training/sensitisation of provincial and district level staff on emergency response. A set of school level monitoring A set of monitoring tools developed Over 2,000 schools assessed and tools. and in use. ranked in terms of storm/floods damage. Successes and challenges Successes: The monthly cluster coordination meetings have been held at national and provincial levels; a network of 17 NGOs and 3 TTCs worked on the „Back to School‟ campaign; the EEJR network has conducted school assessments jointly with MoE and mapped the severity of the infrastructure repairs needed; partners/CSOs working in the districts have been mapped; school infrastructure repairs made in 70 schools; and CERF I has supported school WASH in 50 schools in 5 cholera hit districts (water points, hand washing facilities, building new latrines, health and hygiene clubs). Challenges: the difficulty to raise enough resources to respond to emergencies that meet life-threatening criteria in the education sector; the difficulty to track all humanitarian expenditure by education sector partners.
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Food Cluster Cluster Objectives Indicator with corresponding target 2011 target Achievements and challenges 1. Protect lives and livelihoods, and Food consumption score exceeds Food consumption score exceeds Food consumption score exceeds enhance self-reliance in vulnerable 35.53 35. 35. households in response to seasonal Number of women, men, girls and 100% Number of women, men, girls and food shortages boys receiving food and NFIs, by boys receiving food and NFIs, by category and as percentage of category and as percentage of planned. planned (Target: 100%). Percentage of tonnage distributed. 100% Percentage of tonnage distributed (Target: 100%). Percentage of NFIs distributed. All NFIs distributed as planned. Percentage of NFIs distributed (Target: all NFIs distributed as planned). 2. Safeguard food access and Food consumption score exceeds 100% of beneficiary households 78% of beneficiary households had consumption of highly vulnerable 35. have acceptable consumption. acceptable consumption (i.e. Food food-insecure households, and Consumption Score above 35). support the recovery of livelihoods and access to basic services 3. Improve the well-being of Number of patients who started Two consecutive readings of body 6,269 patients discharged by mid- chronically ill adults to achieve food assistance at body mass index mass index (BMI) >18.5. year. greater capacity for productive <18.5 who have attained body mass recovery index >18.5 in two consecutive measures after termination of assistance. 4. Increase government and Food purchased locally54 as 16% of cereals procured since June community capacity to manage and percentage of food distributed in- 2011 is of Zimbabwean origin. implement hunger reduction policies country. Food-for-work and asset and approaches programmes implemented. WFP has prepared a report detailing different procurement models which can be used for the Zimbabwean context. Twenty-nine Zimbabwean suppliers have been short-listed, and with it an increased
53 Household food consumption score measures the frequency with which different food groups are consumed in the seven days before the survey. A score of 35 or more indicates acceptable food consumption. The score was established through the Community and Household Surveillance. 54 Purchases of food originating in Zimbabwe.
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expectation of local procurement. The output marketing usually starts after harvest in June-July. Successes and Challenges Success During the 2010/11 lean season, at peak WFP assisted some 1.3 million people in Zimbabwe until March 2011 as part of the seasonal targeted assistance (STA) and Safety Net (SN) programmes. The PRIZE and Canadian Grain-Bank assisted a further 300,000 beneficiaries The STA programme was implemented with no major incidents thanks to intensive joint monitoring by the CPs & WFP. Dialogue was maintained with Government on FFA/CFA. A working group was established, chaired by Ministry of Labour and Social Services, to develop a national framework for Community Productive Assets supported by the World Bank. Coordination between WFP, PRIZE, and other smaller pipelines (UMCOR & Christian Care) was satisfactory, Pilots were implemented e.g. cash-for-cereals (an evaluation of this pilot has been conducted), FFA pilots conducted and still underway. The e-voucher programme was expanded to Bulawayo and plans are made to expand to Mutare. Evaluation has been conducted. Safety Nets – improved targeting and complementarities with other activities e.g. joint CERF proposal under the Nutrition Cluster including the moderately malnourished. Food and Nutrition Security Policy: a joint initiative with Food & Nutrition Council and three UN agencies. A draft policy document has been prepared and a strategy to improve food security and nutrition analysis capacity in progress. Coordination efforts were maintained with Government, WFP and partners at national level and sub nationally. Nationally, coordination was fruitful with the Ministry of Labour and Social Services. Coordination was also conducted through food assistance working group meetings which met monthly. WFP strengthened the local/regional procurement initiative, a programme to strengthen farm output marketing. (i.e. a study commissioned & a report detailing procurement models prepared; 350 MTs of maize grain procured in Magunje with another 377 MTs expected from Centenary etc). Developed an action plan for progressing with FFA/CFA initiatives and in the process of finalizing internal guidelines.
Challenges Main challenge was the underfunded Safety Net programme as resource shortfalls resulted in the food basket being halved in April. Predictable seasonal nature of food insecurity mainly in Natural Regions IV and V. In the absence of substantive and national programmes addressing transitory, seasonal needs of the most vulnerable households, WFP seasonal feeding, supported from emergency funding, has turned into a seasonal safety net programme. Addressing underlying causes of household food insecurity requires consensus on needs analysis and long-term investment. Government has limited food and cash resources and delivery capacity faces challenges.
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Economic and agricultural recovery particularly in most parts of Natural Region IV and V remains slow. Unlike in previous years WFP and FAO did not participate in the Crop and Livestock Assessments. Delay in release of ZimVAC results led to delays in the commencement of the STA programme. Earlier in 2011 à Implementation of WFP food and Government cash transfer programme under the Food Deficit Mitigation Strategy was demanding in terms of targeting and streamlining implementation modalities. Government fund releases were sometimes not easily predictable and official communication to districts was inadequate. Also for FFA/CFA a no work could be done between November and February, which left little time for meaningful productive asset creation.
Health Cluster Cluster Objectives Indicator with corresponding target 2011 target Achievements and challenges 1.Reduce the morbidity and mortality Improved access to quality antenatal 120VHWs trained, average of 80% 720VHWs trained, average of 80% of mothers and their newborns, care (ANC), delivery and post natal care nurses trained in FP, ANC, EmONC. nurses trained in FP, ANC, EmONC. through strengthening service through, access to quality EmONC, & Between 50% & 100% facilities Between average 80% facilities provision and referral system for access to quality adolescent and supporting exclusive breast feeding, supporting exclusive breast feeding, reproductive health reproductive health services through having equipment &commodities, having equipment &commodities, training VHWs in basic safe equipment, MWH, data collection equipment, MWH, data collection motherhood, and training nurses in FP systems, youth friendly facilities, and an systems, youth friendly facilities. provision, ANC, EmONC. Health improved referral system. facilities promoting exclusive breast feeding, having equipment & commodities including MWH, holding maternal death audits, youth friendly information materials and improved data collection systems, improved referral systems. 2. To increase the availability of vital Number of relevant health staff trained 100% health staff in targeted districts All outcome indicators were achieved to drugs for vulnerable children, women in stock management including trained in stock management including a large extent, especially where health and men at clinic level in Zimbabwe timeliness and completeness in timeliness and completeness in partners operational in districts by strengthening the district drug reporting, support supervisory visits by reporting. Supervisory support visits by implementing the outlined indicators are management systems, including the district pharmacist, facilities with district pharmacist in selected districts stationed. Bikita, Chiredzi, Mutare, supply chain mechanism, supporting updated stock records and reporting no carried out quarterly. 100% health staff Makoni, Chimanimani, Nyanga, Mutasa, the rationalization and strengthening stockouts. # of health staff trained in in selected districts trained in drug Hurungwe, Gwanda and Mangwe were the drug management systems drugs prescriptions, proportion of prescriptions, more than 80% health covered. including capacitating health staff facilities practicing rational prescriptions facilities practicing rational prescriptions and improving communication within and refurbished drug stores. and all drug stores refurbished. the supply chain mechanism by the
120 Annex III: Cluster achievements in 2011 end of 2011.
3. Contribute to reducing the excess Excess morbidity and mortality reduced 100% alerts assessed and responded >80% alerts assessed and responded morbidity and mortality caused by through strengthening disease outbreak within 72hours, CFR in cholera within 72hours, CFR in cholera communicable disease outbreaks surveillance and increasing outbreak outbreaks <1%, % sentinel surveillance outbreaks were 4%, an average sentinel and other public health emergencies preparedness at all levels. Indicators sites submitting weekly reports, # of surveillance sites submitting weekly include proportion of alerts of public districts with trained RRTs, Community reports, RRT teams trained in Bikita, health emergencies assessed and health workers trained in disease Chimanimani, Nyanga, Mutare, responded to within 72hours, CFR less surveillance, # of selected districts with Mangwe, Hwange, Gwanda, Chiredzi, that <1% for cholera outbreaks; sentinel EPR plans, # of health facilities Masvingo Districts. sites submitting weekly reports, districts implementing MISP for reproductive All selected districts with 100% health holding EPR meetings and developing health in the event of a sudden onset facilities implementing MISP for EPR plans, community health workers emergency. reproductive health in the event of a trained in disease surveillance. sudden onset emergency. Indicators also include health facilities implementing MISP for reproductive health in the event of a sudden onset emergency: supplies for universal precautions, provision for emergency referral, people accessing medical treatment after sexual assault.
Multi-Sector: Cross Border Mobility Objectives Indicator with corresponding target 2011 target Achievements and challenges 1. Address the humanitarian needs 100% of registered migrants have 247,000 Returnees 19,025 assisted through Plumtree. of returned Zimbabwean migrants received humanitarian aid Delayed resumption of deportations from (disaggregated by assistance i.e. from South Africa through neighbouring countries and asylum- food, health, transport). Beitbridge was a challenge for seekers from third countries denied operational planning. entry Number of asylum- seekers/mixed 2,000 TCNs. 1,886 TCNs received food, health, into neighbouring countries. migrants registering for protection and transports
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humanitarian aid in Zimbabwe at assistance. entry point. 2. Ensure that potential girl, boy, Percentage of target population 1,000,000 people. All assisted returned migrants have female and male migrants or returned (disaggregated by age and sex) received information on Safe girl, boy, female and male migrants with comprehensive and correct Migration, HIV, GBV and HT and have knowledge of legal, safe knowledge of safe migration referrals for follow up as needed. migration to prevent and mitigate practices, HIV/AIDS and SGBV and irregular migration and its associated counter-trafficking. risks, including HIV/AIDS. 3. Facilitate legal and safe temporary Number of Zimbabwean migrant 5,000 labour migrants. Legal and safe temporary labour labour migration of Zimbabweans to workers matched to employment migration has been facilitated in South Africa and Botswana in opportunities in neighbouring pilot phase, and the service is in accordance with their countries. demand in South Africa. constitutionally guaranteed rights. Successes and challenges. Successes Immediate humanitarian, protection and medical needs for returned migrants met to a high degree (including UAMs). A total of 19,025 migrants returned through Plumtree (91% assisted). TRC has improved and expanded reception facilities, and asylum seekers are better able to access it. Refugees have been provided with timely and adequate assistance at TRC. Expansion of information dissemination and practical assistance into border, migration-affected communities. Challenges Change in South Africa regulations for refugees and migrants further complicated the mixed-migration challenge. Continued limited access to travel documents also complicates some protection issue follow-ups. Limited resources and capacity for sustainable re/integration of refugees and returnees (including temp, circular labour migration).
Multi-Sector: Refugees Objectives Indicator with corresponding Achievements and challenges target 1. Strengthen RSD mechanisms to 100% of asylum-seekers have All [100%] asylum seekers, who availed themselves to Government/UNHCR ensure the integrity of the institution access to territory and protection accessed territory. of asylum in Zimbabwe, and the right UNHCR/Government One capacity-building training conducted in June 2011 for some 30 Government of refugees to access physical and protection. officials representing various departments involved in RSD and providing other legal protection. services/assistance to asylum-seekers and refugees UNHCR collaborates with IOM and local authorities in providing information, inter alia, on asylum procedures to new arrivals, and arranging their transportation to TRC. Some 500 individuals were arrested and detained for alleged illegal entry (to
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Zimbabwe) mainly at Kariba border post and Mutare Forbes border post. UNHCR intervened on all cases for the individual clients to be released from since both international refugee law and the Zimbabwe Refugees Act provides for stay of proceedings regarding illegal entry by asylum-seekers. No cases of refoulement. There have been no cases of refoulment to date in 2011. Six individuals were detained under Expulsion Notices, which if executed, would amount to refoulement. Five of the six were resettled to a third country as emergency protection cases in April 2011. 100% of asylum seekers have 60% of all asylum-seekers who have availed themselves to UNHCR/GoZ accessed access to fair and transparent RSD procedures at Tongogara Refugee Camp, while the remaining are awaiting RSD procedure. convening of the planned RSD sessions by the Zimbabwe Refugee Committee (ZRC). Financial resources constrained the achieving the target of all RSD sessions by ZRC. Out of the five planned for 2011, only three sessions (i.e. 60%) were conducted at the time of reporting. 2. Provide timely and adequate 100% of refugees and asylum 100% of refugees and asylum-seekers have access to food, shelter, water, assistance to camp-based refugees, seekers have access to food, sanitation, health, community services and education at TRC. ensuring their basic needs are met shelter, water, sanitation, Government encampment policy requires all asylum- seekers/refugees entering and strengthening self-reliance health, community services Zimbabwe, or all TCNs including those deported back from South Africa to projects in an attempt to improve and education at TRC. Zimbabwe, who demonstrate/indicate asylum intent, are hosted and assisted (e.g. their overall protection and viability with food, medical, shelter) in the TRC. After spending a brief period (few days or of their stay in the host country, as couple of weeks) in the camp, a significant number spontaneously abandon the well as seeking ways to support camp (Out of 2,373 new arrivals so far in 2,011, 845 abandoned the camp). This urban refugees. has seriously constrained the already scarce resources (esp food and shelter), and major delays and disruptions in providing the basic needs in a timely manner in TRC. 100% of registered asylum- 100% of registered asylum-seekers, refugees and refugee returnees receive seekers, refugees and refugee appropriate assistance, including income generation; meeting their basic needs returnees receive appropriate and ensuring safe and dignified stay and/or return, with particular attention to the assistance, including income High Commissioner‟s five Commitments to Refugee Women. generation; meeting their basic needs and ensuring safe and dignified stay and/or return, with particular attention to the High Commissioner‟s five Commitments to Refugee Women. 100% of refugees access 100% of refugees access health and/or HIV/AIDS treatment from the national
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health and/or HIV/AIDS programme at TRC with referrals to Harare for acute cases. treatment from the national programme. 3. Seek durable solutions for 750 refugees submitted for Currently 340 refugees have been submitted for resettlement to a third country, refugees including resettlement, resettlement, with an with an emphasis on women-at –risk, survivors of violence and people with voluntary repatriation and local emphasis on women at risk, legal/physical protection needs. integration, while also providing legal survivors of violence and and, if required, material support to people with legal/physical returnees. protection needs.
Nutrition Cluster Cluster Objectives Indicator with corresponding target Achievements and challenges 1. Delivery of life-saving IYCF Percentage of health facilities in Supported by UNICEF, MoHCW has now a pool of over 90 trainers of interventions. priority districts with at least one trainers, of which about 10 master trainers. competent infant feeding counsellor Towards ensuring optimal IYCF practices, 1887 community health workers - by type of facility. and voluntaries from 10 districts have been given skills based training and attached to about 19,000 new-born/mother pairs and pregnant women to provide skilful counselling and support. Percentage of NGOs implementing In most of the districts where NGOs are implementing, there is at least one nutrition programs in priority districts IYCF counsellor. The intention of MoHCW and UNICEF is to expand IYCF with at least one trained IYCF counselling service at home, community and facility level. By the end of Dec. provider. 2011, 10 districts would have trained all their village health workers and facility workers (six already done, four in the process of training). Percentage of government health A globally tested material (UNICEF), for community IYCF counseling has facilities (by type) and NGOs in been adapted and used for training in Zimbabwe. Interactive materials priority districts using state of the art including key messages and counseling cards are being used to assist IYCF communication materials. counseling. 2. Delivery of essential micronutrient Percentage of health facilities in Over 90% of the facilities report adequate stocks of vitamin A and iron/folate, and de-worming interventions. priority districts reporting adequate as part of essential medicines programme. supplies of vitamin A and iron/folate supplements. Percentage of primary schools in Limited Progress priority districts participating in at UNICEF supported national study on soil transmitted worms and least one de-worming campaign. Schistosomiasis. The study was finalized, results disseminated and policy development initiated. The national prevalence of worms (6%) does not necessitate mass treatment. However the survey indicated that there are a few districts with high prevalence and need mass deworming. In addition, the survey revealed very high prevalence of Schistosomiasis in school children
124 Annex III: Cluster achievements in 2011
with severe health (including HIV) and educational consequences. Discussions are on-going with health and education sectors. IOM conducted de-wormed to 6,858 school-aged children in Chipinge. Percentage of government health Limited Progress facilities in priority districts with state Discussion on going with MoHCW/national nutrition department for of the art micronutrient and de- development of national nutrition strategy and accompanied materials, worming communication materials. including communication materials. All facility-based nutrition services need to be integrated with other MNCH services; this is considered an ambitious target for the cluster, considering the context. 3. Delivery of life-saving care for Percentage of eligible health By the end of 2011, over 1,190 facilities (about 76% of facilities nationally) acute malnutrition. facilities nationwide and in priority provide treatment of SAM as routine care, of which 487 introduced the districts delivering CMAM services. treatment in 2011. In the process over 3,000 health workers have been trained and a national protocol and training material for management of acute malnutrition has been reviewed. Percentage of functioning CMAM Limited Progress facilities with adequate supplies of During the third quarter stock out has been reported in one province while ready-to-use therapeutic food and others are over stocked. A critical national review of the CMAM programme equipment. and RUTF supplies management is required. Development of a quick guide/protocol (drafted in the second quarter) on CMAM would further contribute to rational use of supplies. Eight of 14 districts provided supplementary feeding to 2,169 mothers and 2,805 under-fives in September 2011 (WFP, 2011). Percentage of CMAM providers Limited Progress: nationwide and in priority districts Integration of CMAM with IYCF or HIV has been a real challenge in trained in IYCF and early diagnoses Zimbabwe and globally. UNICEF and MoHCW initiated a model project of HIV/AIDS. towards full integration of IYCF, CMAM, Pediatric HIV and PMTCT in eight districts, using, non-emergency resources. The community IYCF trainings, includes modules on IYCF in HIV context and those trained health workers are expected to practice effective cross-referral between nutrition and HIV interventions. Considering the scope, this target is considered ambitious for the cluster. Percentage of priority districts with All VHW 14 districts were trained supported by CERF funding. at least 50% of VHWs trained in rapid nutrition assessment. Percentage CMAM competent Limited progress: facilities nationwide and in priority In Zimbabwe context, where prevalence of SAM is very low, treatment and districts with CMAM communication education on CMAM need to be integrated within wider MNCH services. materials. Integrated and context specific communication material for all nutrition
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interventions will be developed in 2012, supported by HTF. 4. Strengthened analysis, Sector-wide investment case and Limited Progress coordination, and oversight for accountability framework in place. The National Food and Nutrition Policy (FNSP), supported by Nutrition delivery of essential nutrition Cluster, calls for sector specific strategies and accountabilities. However, interventions. progress has been limited towards development of a nutrition sector specific strategy and accountability framework. MoHCW plans to engage in nutrition strategy development once the FNSP is endorsed (planned for Nov/Dec. 2011). Nutrition Atlas released, and district Nutrition Atlas maps done. To be completed by December 2011. nutrition profiles developed for 80% of priority districts. Nutrition mainstreamed into the HKI IYCF training has reached all PRP partners. PRP and Programme of Support. A functioning FNSAU with a senior Limited Progress advisor and analyst. The national FNC has completed a three year strategy, started implementing various steps, including recruitment of staff/consultants to support the establishment of FNSAU. A functioning FNSAU SAG, with ToR for SAG completed agreement among UN agencies to support. high level representation from Government, UN, donors, and INGOs. A re-invigorated ZimVAC that Led by senior advisor/consultant to FNC, ZIMVAC operational and technical includes active participation from frameworks and TOR are reviewed, in a consultative process. A multi- key nutrition stakeholders. sectorial workshop planned for mid Nov-2011, to discuss and finalize these products and come up with revamped ZIMVAC strategy. A technical consultant being recruited for review of methodologies (during Nov – Dec 2011) for livelihoods assessments. Functioning emergency food and FNC, with own resources, conducted Food and Nutrition nutrition management teams in 24 Management/Security Team (FNST) capacity assessment and drafted a priority districts and their respective guideline on re-establishing and strengthening FNMTs. The guideline will provinces. serve as foundation for capacity building efforts moving forward. Number of bi-annual nutrition Considering the context (low acute malnutrition rate), bi-annual nutrition surveillance reports finalized and surveillance is not indicated. However further nutrition surveillance and disseminated. analysis is contingent upon progress on FNSAU. A national micronutrient survey design has been finalized and going through ethical approval process. The survey is planned for early 2012, and will be taken as an opportunity to also assess anthropometric indicators.
126 Annex III: Cluster achievements in 2011
Protection Cluster Cluster Objectives Indicator with corresponding target 2011 target/Achievements and challenges 1. Advocate for and work with Preparation of joint contingency A humanitarian guidance Framework for Resettlement as a Durable Solution authorities, communities and plans if and as required. was endorsed by the cluster and shared/ presented to the HCT. individuals to promote a protective The Protection cluster has sustained engagement with ONHRI and others to environment and sustainable seek ways in which humanitarians may support mitigation of violence, protection solutions with particular especially at the grassroots level, while remaining true to the core principles attention to IDPs and other of neutrality, impartiality and humanity. individuals and groups with specific The Protection Cluster has provided and will continue to provide regular needs confidential updates to the HC as well as suggestions for advocacy concerning efforts to mitigate the same consistent with the core values of humanity, neutrality and impartiality. Establishment of information sharing and contingency planning forum between the Protection Working Group in South Africa and The Protection Cluster in Zimbabwe. Inter-Agency Task Force for Children on the Move has updated the Contingency Plan for children on the move, including with reference to Botswana and South Africa border movement in particular. Number of policy documents and Facilitation of mission by A.U Sub-Committee on Refugees, Returnees and advocacy initiatives prepared and/or IDPs mission to Zimbabwe focusing on the ratification of the AU/Kampala undertaken. Convention on IDPs and the situation of Refugees and IDPs. Cluster partners facilitated consultation meetings on land access for IDPs in Zimbabwe international land and settlement experts, local academics, and land and agrarian specialists, and development partners. The consultation meetings explored critical issues affecting land access for IDPs possible solutions. Cluster partners engaged the Provincial authority of Mavsingo to facilitate implementation of community- based planning in Mavsingo and Chiredzi Districts. Makoni Rural District Council regularized 10 IDP communities totaling 345 individuals and eight other communities are in the process of regularization. A referral guide for assistance of victims of trafficking was developed and distributed by IOM. Planning and implementation of 16 days of activism against violence against women with all GBV sub-cluster partners. New-inter-country SOPs for identification, documentation, tracing and reunification for unaccompanied children were adopted by the Governments of South Africa and Zimbabwe; forming the basis for any policy and
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programme work. These SOPs take into account advocacy from child protection agencies/partners to respect the children‟s right to protection enshrined in national and international child rights instruments (CRC, ACRWC) as well as best practice programming principles for separated and unaccompanied children. Support provided for centralized Cluster partners working with MoESAC to set up an administrative system for GBV database. training teachers and pupils on child sexual abuse. Sub-cluster supported MWAGCD in the development of national GBV M&E forms and an electronic data base as part of M&E Framework within the National GBV strategy. Monthly data collection on GBV indicators rolled out nation-wide. A National Survey on the Life Experiences of Adolescents was led by the National Statistics Agency, ZIMSTAT with UNICEF support to capture national prevalence data on gender-based violence against children and adolescents. Number of confidential data Forms for data collection for the national M&E system collected at district collection systems at district level. level and entered at provincial level, as part of the nation-wide roll out of monthly data collection. Completion of nationwide No progress on IDP assessment with government. quantitative IDP assessment with Government. Number of active protection for a Two active sub-clusters [IDP and GBV], and establishment of a child (including but not limited to sub- protection network where thematic issues are discussed in detail and with clusters) with at least monthly regular monthly meetings. regular meetings. Number of protection fora outside of Establishment of a Matabeleland Protection Working Group. Harare (including but not limited Child protection network established and meeting regularly in Harare with Child Protection Working Groups broad participation from UN, civil society and government partners. and GBV committees). 2. Strengthen and support the All new, accessible displacements Support of issuance of civil status documentation (birth certificates) for 1,500 protection environment (material, within 72 hours, access permitting. beneficiaries. physical and legal) environment Identification of more than 14,000 new beneficiaries and provision of especially for the most vulnerable humanitarian and other forms of assistance. (women, children, victims/survivors Provision of emergency support to Cluster partners facilitated advocacy efforts with provincial authorities in two of GBV and/or trafficking, and IDPs), 80% of new displacements, support provinces to allow for access to sensitive displacements. while supporting community-based for issuance of civil status 1406 households (approx. 7,000 individuals) beneficiaries and host and rights-based reconciliation as documentation for at least 15,000 community members received hygiene NFI distribution targeting vulnerable well as voluntary/sustainable displaced people, and 100,000 group such as orphans, child headed families, the elderly, disabled,
128 Annex III: Cluster achievements in 2011 solutions for displacement people benefiting directly and chronically ill and widows. indirectly from livelihoods and reconciliation support during displacement or in the context of durable solutions, with an emphasis on supporting the most vulnerable including women and children. Assessment, through IDP Sub- 100% of requests for durable solutions support have been assessed by the cluster, of 100% of request to IDP Sub-Cluster. support durable solutions and 200 households in Mugondi resettlement area benefit from improved provision of material and other sanitation facilities. In addition, 115 of 150 planned latrines for residents of support to 100% of populations Darby and Knowlevillages were completed. identified as engaged in implementing a durable solution. 26 ha irrigation scheme are under construction in Mugondi resettlement area which will benefit 260 households beneficiaries including 130 households from host communities. Ten broiler-production groups of 30 members each were established in Mhondoro- Ngezi district‟s ward 11. Seven committee members drawn from each group received training in management skills. Cluster partners commenced work with the District Administrator (DA) Chipinge, Manicaland Province to explore possibilities for durable solutions for the Muzite community which refused to be resettled in Mugondi in Manicaland Province and remains in temporary shelter. Cluster partners commenced implementation of community based projects in selected communities in Makoni and Chipinge, Manicaland, Chiredzi in Masvingo Province and Hurungwe, Makonde, and Mhondoro-Ngezi in Mashonaland West Province to promote the integration of IDPs into host communities through livelihood interventions. National Action Plan for Orphans NAP for OVC II launched in September 2011 and targeting for the national and Vulnerable Children revised social cash transfer scheme will be complete by end 2011. 2011-2015 (NAP II), including a plan to provide 25,000 households living in extreme poverty and vulnerability with social cash transfers. Separated and unaccompanied Child Protection Network Lead and partners worked together with the children are supported with Department of Social Services to reunify more than 500 separated and
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comprehensive support and care in unaccompanied children with their families in 2011. line with national and international standards. Number of Victim Friendly Police Two new victim-friendly courts were established in 2011, one new victim- Units, Courts, Clinics, One-Stop friendly clinic and one new Victim Friendly Police Unit established CPN Lead Centres, safe/transitional housing support. units established/supported. CPN Lead, GBV Sub-Cluster and and other Protection Cluster partners continue to provide technical and other capacity support to security, legal and judicial actors to better process cases of violence, exploitation and abuse against women and children in line with national and international standards. Cluster partners increased support for Zimbabwe Prisons Services. Support for provision of counselling Cluster partners conducted a community survey in Mbare to assess beliefs services (GBV, child abuse). and practices regarding sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) as well as health Seeking behaviour and barriers to access of services. Cluster partners supported a coalition of women survivors of GBV from Zimbabwe attend the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), at its 269th meeting held on 28 March 2011, which devoted an open session to the theme: “Women and children and other vulnerable groups in armed conflicts.” Increases in reports of calls received via the Helpline with a peak of 373 000 in one month. The increase in calls is more of an increase in awareness/access to reporting mechanisms. Counter-trafficking toll free line established for reporting as well as seeking advice on trafficking related issues. SGBV clinic was opened in Mbare. Child Protection Network Lead continues to support three NGO partners to provide psycho-social support to up to 10,000 children and women in 2011. 3. Engage key stakeholders Number of nationwide awareness Number of government officials trained and/or sensitized to various human (Government, civil society, as well as campaigns on key issues such as rights issues such as statelessness and trafficking. other agencies) in sensitization and GBV, child abuse and trafficking. GBV resource packages for community leaders, teachers and children are build their capacity to better assess being developed to use nationwide campaign. and respond to internal displacement Number of UN guiding principles Six UNGP trainings conducted in coordination with relevant local authorities as well as the protection needs of and /or IDP trainings for women, men, girls and boys provincial/district officials in each province. Number of GBV Two NGOs trained in key thematic areas such as GBV. prevention/response GBV Sub-Cluster and Child Protection Network Leads organized two
130 Annex III: Cluster achievements in 2011
trainings. trainings on GBV coordination (the global handbook) and Care for Survivors. One training and ToT of Care for Survivors of Sexual Violence. Number of NGOs, faith based 13 NGOs were trained on of Care for Survivors of sexual violence training organization and other service and the ToT. providers trained in key thematic areas such as child abuse/labour, GBV, trafficking and other human rights issues. Number of government officials 20 government officials trained/sensitized on human rights issues. trained and/or sensitized to various 11 government officials from Ministries were trained on Care for Survivors of human rights issues such as sexual violence and ToT. statelessness and trafficking. 30 parliamentarians trained on CRC and the Optional Protocols. Some 30 government officials trained on CRC, GBVs. 4. Support the mainstreaming of Protection-lead attendance at all Full Protection-lead attendance at all inter-cluster fora, HCT and UNCT protection, gender, age and diversity inter-cluster fora and HCT and Meetings. into other sectors while maintaining UNCT meetings Referral system for victims of trafficking has been set up in seven provinces. and coordinating a thematic focus on 60 anti-trafficking schools clubs have been established in seven provinces. displacement, child protection, GBV Monthly humanitarian updates 100% monthly humanitarian updates provided with a thematic focus. and human right/rule of law. provided with a thematic focus. Providing protection Protection Cluster participation in the OCHA facilitated Donor visit, with a site input/perspective, as requested, to visit to a Child Protection project. non-Protection Cluster actors (e.g. Inclusion of Protection Cluster perspective in the Universal Periodic Review. other Clusters, JROA Zimbabwe ZUNDAF). Successes and Challenges Department of Social Services resources remain highly constrained. There is need for more support. The Working Party of Officials under the National Action Plan for OVC II did not meet in 2011, thereby limiting coordination efforts among child protection actors. Proactive and regular participation of relevant line departments/ministries in Cluster forum needs to be further strengthened.
WASH Cluster Cluster Objectives Indicator with corresponding target 2011 target Achievements and challenges 1. Rapid and effective humanitarian Disease case load stabilized or One week. 100% of the humanitarian responses response to the WASH needs of the reduced within one week of provided have resulted in disease affected population. intervention in the affected area. case load stabilized or reduced. Clinics with appropriate water and 90 % during WASH related epidemics 100% during cholera and typhoid
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sanitation facilities. outbreaks. Affected men, women and children 90% provided Over 95% provided with water within provided with access to a minimum of 72 hours. 7.5 to 15 litres per capita per day safe water for drinking within 72 hours, 90% target. 2. Arrest decline of and restore water, Number of urban centres wherein 20 towns All 20 towns sanitation and hygiene promotion sufficient water chemicals are services for vulnerable population in available to ensure proper treatment urban settings. of all water distributed. Percentage of water treatment plant 0% 0% shut downs due to lack of chemicals in large urban centres. Number of cities, towns and growth 20 towns, cities and growth points. 20 towns points wherein water delivery to most vulnerable populations is increased by at least 20%. Number of staff of municipalities 50 operators 430 operators trained trained in operation and maintenance of water and sanitation infrastructure, target = 50. 3. Arrest decline of and restore water, 60% rural health institutions have 60% Over 90% sanitation and hygiene promotion adequate WASH facilities. services for vulnerable men, women Percentage of rural wards having 50% Assessment yet to be done, Village and children in rural areas. functional improved water supply based data collection formats source. developed & distributed to partners
Percentage of men, women and Assessment yet to be done children demonstrating proper hand washing with soap or ash at critical times. 4. Improve sector information and WASH humanitarian coordination NCU playing leading role in cluster NCU provides regular briefing and knowledge management and capacity within the National functions guidance to the monthly national coordination for an effective Coordination Unit and National Aids WASH Cluster meetings humanitarian / recovery response. Council. Availability of updated 2009/10 WASH Atlases distributed to data/information on WASH for urban partners, 2010/2011 WASH Atlas, and rural areas provided to all 3Ws under finalization humanitarian actors on a timely basis
132 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL Annex IV: Donor response to the 2011 appeal
Table IV: Summary of requirements and funding (grouped by cluster)
Consolidated Appeal for Zimbabwe 2011 as of 15 November 2011 http://fts.unocha.org
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by donors and appealing organizations.
Cluster Original Revised Carry- Funding Total Unmet % Uncommitted requirements requirements over resources requirements Covered pledges available ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) A B C D E=C+D B-E E/B F
AGRICULTURE 25,297,088 80,603,794 - 45,253,219 45,253,219 35,350,575 56% -
COORDINATION AND SUPPORT 4,285,778 4,463,486 268,213 1,772,646 2,040,859 2,422,627 46% - SERVICES
EDUCATION 32,360,000 22,360,000 - 5,377,054 5,377,054 16,982,946 24% -
FOOD 158,630,642 167,694,962 41,408,968 70,723,074 112,132,042 55,562,920 67% -
HEALTH 28,342,152 28,342,152 - 8,950,722 8,950,722 19,391,430 32% -
LIVELIHOODS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY 31,083,076 31,083,076 - 6,747,495 6,747,495 24,335,581 22% - BUILDING AND INFRASTRUCTURE
MULTI-SECTOR 26,419,504 26,419,504 - 3,580,658 3,580,658 22,838,846 14% -
NUTRITION 13,912,500 14,219,963 - 4,073,768 4,073,768 10,146,195 29% -
PROTECTION 41,845,000 41,845,000 - 7,569,239 7,569,239 34,275,761 18% -
WATER, SANITATION AND 53,100,000 61,550,421 - 21,281,154 21,281,154 40,269,267 35% 300,000 HYGIENE
CLUSTER NOT - - 1,749,903 (496,044) 1,253,859 n/a n/a - YET SPECIFIED
Grand Total 415,275,740 478,582,358 43,427,084 174,832,985 218,260,069 260,322,289 46% 300,000
NOTE: "Funding" means Contributions + Commitments
Pledge: a non-binding announcement of an intended contribution or allocation by the donor. ("Uncommitted pledge" on these tables indicates the balance of original pledges not yet committed.) Commitment: creation of a legal, contractual obligation between the donor and recipient entity, specifying the amount to be contributed. Contribution: the actual payment of funds or transfer of in-kind goods from the donor to the recipient entity.
The list of projects and the figures for their funding requirements in this document are a snapshot as of 15 November 2011. For continuously updated information on projects, funding requirements, and contributions to date, visit the Financial Tracking Service (fts.unocha.org).
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Table V. Requirements and funding per organization
Consolidated Appeal for Zimbabwe 2011 as of 15 November 2011 http://fts.unocha.org
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by donors and appealing organizations.
Appealing Original Revised Carry- Funding Total Unmet % Uncommit- organization requirement requirement over resources requirement Covered ted s s available s pledges ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) A B C D E=C+D B-E E/B F ACF - France - - - 200,000 200,000 (200,000) 0% - ADRA - - - 963,218 963,218 (963,218) 0% - AEA - - - 921,475 921,475 (921,475) 0% - CAFOD - - - 380,916 380,916 (380,916) 0% - CSU - - - 25,000 25,000 (25,000) 0% - DP Foundation - - - 98,800 98,800 (98,800) 0% - ERF (OCHA) - - 1,749,903 (496,044) 1,253,859 n/a n/a - FAO - - - 40,190,621 40,190,621 (40,190,621) 0% - GOAL - - - 1,329,704 1,329,704 (1,329,704) 0% - HELP - - - 6,380,783 6,380,783 (6,380,783) 0% - IMC - - - 1,059,329 1,059,329 (1,059,329) 0% - IOM - - - 10,409,289 10,409,289 (10,409,289) 0% - IRC - - - 1,854,793 1,854,793 (1,854,793) 0% - Johanniter - - - 307,278 307,278 (307,278) 0% - Unfallhilfe e.V. MDM France - - - 92,129 92,129 (92,129) 0% - MEDAIR - - - 1,871,386 1,871,386 (1,871,386) 0% - Mercy Corps - - - 999,251 999,251 (999,251) 0% - NRC - - - 435,500 435,500 (435,500) 0% - OCHA - - 268,213 1,772,646 2,040,859 (2,040,859) 0% - PRIZE - - - 14,830,000 14,830,000 (14,830,000) 0% - PSI - - - 1,098,415 1,098,415 (1,098,415) 0% - SC - - - 1,092,232 1,092,232 (1,092,232) 0% - SCC - - - 150,000 150,000 (150,000) 0% - Solidarites- - - - 567,116 567,116 (567,116) 0% - France Trocaire - - - 1,459,013 1,459,013 (1,459,013) 0% - UNDP - - - 400,000 400,000 (400,000) 0% - UNFPA - - - 1,244,208 1,244,208 (1,244,208) 0% - UNHCR - - - 2,095,132 2,095,132 (2,095,132) 0% - UNICEF - - - 23,820,879 23,820,879 (23,820,879) 0% 300,000 WFP - - 41,408,968 56,790,295 98,199,263 (98,199,263) 0% - WHO - - - 1,746,091 1,746,091 (1,746,091) 0% - WVZ - - - 145,218 145,218 (145,218) 0% - Estimated requirements (not organization- 415,275,740 478,582,358 - 598,312 598,312 477,984,046 0% - specific in current method) Grand Total 415,275,740 478,582,358 43,427,084 174,832,985 218,260,069 260,322,289 46% 300,000 NOTE: "Funding" means Contributions + Commitments Pledge: a non-binding announcement of an intended contribution or allocation by the donor. ("Uncommitted pledge" on these tables indicates the balance of original pledges not yet committed.) Commitment: creation of a legal, contractual obligation between the donor and recipient entity, specifying the amount to be contributed. Contribution: the actual payment of funds or transfer of in-kind goods from the donor to the recipient entity.
The list of projects and the figures for their funding requirements in this document are a snapshot as of 15 November 2011. For continuously updated information on projects, funding requirements, and contributions to date, visit the Financial Tracking Service (fts.unocha.org).
134 Annex IV: Donor response to the 2011 appeal
Table VI. Total funding per donor (to projects listed in the Appeal)
Consolidated Appeal for Zimbabwe 2011 as of 15 November 2011 http://fts.unocha.org
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by donors and appealing organizations. Donor Funding % of Uncommitted Grand pledges Total ($) ($) United States 52,891,064 24% - Carry-over (donors not specified) 43,427,084 20% - European Commission 40,762,896 19% - Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) 15,016,297 7% - Allocation of unearmarked funds by UN agencies 11,706,569 5% - Netherlands 8,420,923 4% - Japan 8,000,000 4% - Australia 7,318,000 3% - Germany 6,380,783 3% - Sweden 5,939,706 3% - Spain 5,024,575 2% - United Kingdom 3,090,333 1% - Finland 2,338,175 1% - Canada 2,038,736 1% - Brazil 1,822,247 1% - Switzerland 1,554,050 1% - Norway 888,415 0% - Various (details not yet provided) 886,767 0% - Ireland 572,246 0% - Private (individuals & organisations) 156,203 0% - Allocation of unearmarked funds by IGOs 25,000 0% - Korea, Republic of - 0% 300,000 Grand Total 218,260,069 100% 300,000
NOTE: "Funding" means Contributions + Commitments
Pledge: a non-binding announcement of an intended contribution or allocation by the donor. ("Uncommitted pledge" on these tables indicates the balance of original pledges not yet committed.) Commitment: creation of a legal, contractual obligation between the donor and recipient entity, specifying the amount to be contributed. Contribution: the actual payment of funds or transfer of in-kind goods from the donor to the recipient entity.
The list of projects and the figures for their funding requirements in this document are a snapshot as of 15 November 2011. For continuously updated information on projects, funding requirements, and contributions to date, visit the Financial Tracking Service (fts.unocha.org).
135 ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL
Table VII. Non-appeal funding per sector
Other humanitarian funding to Zimbabwe 2011 as of 15 November 2011 http://fts.unocha.org
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by donors and appealing organizations. Sector Funding % of Uncommitted Grand pledges Total ($) ($) AGRICULTURE 2,520,714 11% - COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES 1,947,079 9% - FOOD 145,269 1% - HEALTH 3,408,244 15% - PROTECTION/HUMAN RIGHTS/RULE OF LAW 1,321,586 6% - SHELTER AND NON-FOOD ITEMS 198,079 1% - WATER AND SANITATION 3,893,034 18% - SECTOR NOT YET SPECIFIED 8,746,341 39% - Grand Total 22,180,346 100% -
NOTE: "Funding" means Contributions + Commitments
Pledge: a non-binding announcement of an intended contribution or allocation by the donor. ("Uncommitted pledge" on these tables indicates the balance of original pledges not yet committed.) Commitment: creation of a legal, contractual obligation between the donor and recipient entity, specifying the amount to be contributed. Contribution: the actual payment of funds or transfer of in-kind goods from the donor to the recipient entity.
The list of projects and the figures for their funding requirements in this document are a snapshot as of 15 November 2011. For continuously updated information on projects, funding requirements, and contributions to date, visit the Financial Tracking Service (fts.unocha.org).
136 Annex IV: Donor response to the 2011 appeal
Table VIII. Total humanitarian funding per donor (Appeal plus other)
Zimbabwe 2011 as of 15 November 2011 http://fts.unocha.org
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by donors and appealing organizations. Donor Funding % of Uncommitted Grand pledges Total ($) ($) United States 56,649,949 24% - European Commission 51,479,904 21% - Carry-over (donors not specified) 43,427,084 18% - Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) 15,016,297 6% - Allocation of unearmarked funds by UN agencies 11,706,569 5% - Japan 9,400,000 4% - Netherlands 8,420,923 4% - Germany 7,363,116 3% - Australia 7,318,000 3% - Sweden 6,558,709 3% - Spain 5,024,575 2% - Switzerland 4,935,581 2% - United Kingdom 3,090,333 1% - Finland 2,338,175 1% - Canada 2,038,736 1% - Brazil 1,822,247 1% - Denmark 1,321,586 1% - Norway 888,415 0% - Various (details not yet provided) 886,767 0% - Ireland 572,246 0% - Private (individuals & organisations) 156,203 0% - Allocation of unearmarked funds by IGOs 25,000 0% - Korea, Republic of - 0% 300,000 Grand Total 240,440,415 100% 300,000
NOTE: "Funding" means Contributions + Commitments
Pledge: a non-binding announcement of an intended contribution or allocation by the donor. ("Uncommitted pledge" on these tables indicates the balance of original pledges not yet committed.) Commitment: creation of a legal, contractual obligation between the donor and recipient entity, specifying the amount to be contributed. Contribution: the actual payment of funds or transfer of in-kind goods from the donor to the recipient entity.
* Includes contributions to the Consolidated Appeal and additional contributions outside of the Consolidated Appeal Process (bilateral, Red Cross, etc.)
The list of projects and the figures for their funding requirements in this document are a snapshot as of 15 November 2011. For continuously updated information on projects, funding requirements, and contributions to date, visit the Financial Tracking Service (fts.unocha.org).
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Annex V: Acronyms and Abbreviations
3W who what where ACF Action Contre La Faim (Action Against Hunger) ADAPT Framework for Gender-Equality Programming ADEA L'association pour le développement de l'éducation en Afrique (Association for the Development of Education in Africa) ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency AEA Association of Evangelicals in Africa AfDB African Development Bank AFSMS Agriculture and Food Security Monitoring System AGRITEX Agricultural Technical Extension AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome ANC antenatal care ANPPCAN African Network for Prevention and Protection against Child Abuse and Neglect ART anti-retroviral treatment AU African Union
BEAM basic education assistance module
C4 cholera command and control centre CA conservation agriculture CACLAZ Coalition Against Child Labour in Zimbabwe CADEC Catholic Development Commission CAFOD Catholic Overseas Development Agency CAMFED Campaign for Female Education CAP consolidated appeal or consolidated appeal process CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CBO community-based organization CCORE Centre for Operational Research and Evaluation CDC (US) Centres for Disease Control and Prevention CDR crude death rate CERF Central Emergency Response Fund CESVI Cooperazione E Sviluppo (Cooperation and Development) CFR case fatality rate CFS child-friendly school CH Celebration Health CHC community health club CHS community and household surveillance CMAM community management of acute malnutrition CMR crude mortality rate COLAZ College Lecturers Association of Zimbabwe COSV Comitato di coordinamento delle Organizzazioni per il Servizio Volontario (Coordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service) CPF Child Protection Fund CPMRT prevention, management resolution and transformation CPS Contracting and Procurement Services CPT Citizen‟s Participation Trust CPU Civil Protection Unit CRDT Christian Relief and Development Community CRS Catholic Relief Services C-SAFE Consortium for Southern Africa Food Emergency CSO Central Statistical Office Country Status Overview (CSO2) civil society organization CTC Central Transmission Corridor
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CSU Counselling Services Unit CWW Centre for Women and Work
DA district authorities DAPP Development Aid from People to People DDF District Development Fund DFID Department for International Development DHE District Health Executive DHS demographic health survey DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DRR disaster risk reduction DSD Department of Social Development DSS Department of Social Services DVV Institut für Internationale Zusammenarbeit des Deutschen Volkschochschul- Verbandes
EC European Commission ECD early childhood development ECHO European Commission Directorate for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection ECOZI Education Coalition of Zimbabwe EEJRN Education in Emergencies Joint Response Network EHA Environmental Health Alliance EMA Environmental Management Agency EMIS Education Management Information System EmONC emergency obstetric and neonatal care EPI expanded programme for immunization EPR emergency preparedness and response ER early recovery ER&RR emergency response and risk reduction ERF Emergency Response Fund ERH emergency reproductive health ETF Education Transition Fund EU European Union
FACT Family AIDS Community Trust FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAWEZI Forum for African Women Educationalists Zimbabwe FBO faith-based organization FCTZ Farm Community Trust Zimbabwe FEWSNET Famine Early Warning System Network FFA food-for-assets FfF Foundation for Farming FNC Food and Nutrition Council FNSP National Food and Nutrition Policy FNST Food and Nutrition Management/Security Team FOST Farm Orphan Support Trust FST Family Support Trust FTI Fast-Track Initiative FTS Financial Tracking Service
GAA Welthungerhilfe (German Agro Action) GAM global acute malnutrition GAPWUZ General Agricultural Plantation Workers Union of Zimbabwe GBV gender-based violence GDP gross domestic product GenCAP Gender-capacity (Project) GHD good humanitarian donorship
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GHI Global Hunger Index GNI Grenoble Network Initiative (former GNP) GOAL (not an acronym – an Irish NGO) GP group points GRM Government Resources Management ha hectare HC Humanitarian Coordinator HCT Humanitarian Country Team HDI Human Development Index HDPCG Health Development Partners Coordination Group HDR (UNDP) Human Development Report HERU Health Emergency Response Unit HFRS Hlekweni Friends Rural Service HH household HIFC Humanitarian Information Facilitation Centre HIPO Help Initiatives for People Organization HIS Health Information System HIV human immunodeficiency virus HKI Helen Keller International HMIS health management information system HRDT Human Rights and Development Trust HTEI higher and tertiary education institutions HTF Health Transition Fund HWA Hilfswerk Austria International
IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry ICT information and communication technology IDPs internally displaced people IDSR integrated disease surveillance and response IG Inclusive Government IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ILO International Labour Organization IMC International Medical Corps IMF International Monetary Fund IMR infant mortality rate IOM International Organization for Migration IRC International Rescue Committee IRD International Relief and Development ISL Integrated Sustainable Livelihoods ITU International Telecommunication Union IWSD Institute of Water, Sanitation and Development IYCF infant and young child feeding
JRS Jesuit Refugee Service
KABP knowledge, attitude, behaviour and practice
LCEDT Livelihoods Community and Environmental Development Trust LFCDA London Fire and Civil Defence Authority LICI Economic Livelihoods, Institutional Capacity-Building and Infrastructure LIMS Upgraded land information management system ltrs litres
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M&E monitoring and evaluation MAM moderate acute malnutrition MCT Mashambanzou Care Trust MDG Millenium Development Goal MDM Médecins du monde (Doctors of the World) MeDRA Methodist Development and Relief Agency MERLIN Medical Emergency Relief International MHTE Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education MLGUD Ministry of Local Governance and Urban Development MLRR Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation MIMS multiple indicator monitoring survey MISP minimum initial service package for reproductive health MMR maternal mortality ratio MNCH maternal and newborn child health MoAMID Ministry of Agriculture Mechanization and Irrigation Development MoD Ministry of Defence MoESAC Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture MoH Ministry of Health MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs MoHCW Ministry of Health and Child Welfare MoHTE Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education MoICT Ministry of Information and Communication Technology MoJ Ministry of Justice MoJLA Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs MoLGRUD Ministry of Local Government Rural and Urban Development MoLSS Ministry of Labour and Social Services MoEPIP Ministry of Economic Planning and Investment Promotion MoRIIC Ministry of Regional Integration and International Cooperation MoTCID Ministry of Transport, Communication and Infrastructural Development MoWRDM Ministry of Water Resources, Development and Management MoYDIE Ministry of Youth Development Indigenisation and Empowerment MSF Médecins sans frontières (Doctors Without Borders) MSMECD Ministry of Small & Medium Enterprises and Cooperatives Development MT metric ton MTCT mother-to-child transmission MTLC management and technical learning and coordination MTP Medium-Term Plan MTR mid-term review MWAGCD Ministry of Women Affairs Gender and Community Development MWHs maternity waiting homes MYR mid-year review
NAC National Action Committee NANGO National Association of NGOs NAP National Action Plan NAYO National Association of Youth Organization NCU National Coordination Unit NEAB National Education Advisory Board NFC near field communication NFI non-food items NGO non-governmental organization NHF New Hope Foundation NID National Immunization Day NIHFA National Integrated Health Facility Assessment NNS national nutrition survey NNU National Nutrition Unit NRC Norwegian Refugee Council
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OCHA Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ONHRI Organ for National Healing, Reconciliation and Integration OPHID Organization for Public Health Interventions and Development ORAP Organization of Rural Associations for Progress OVC orphans and vulnerable children
PED Provincial Education Director PENYA Practical Empowerment and Networking Youth Association PHC primary health care PHHE Participatory Health and Hygiene Education PI Plan International PMT Programme Management Team PNC post-natal care PPPD per person per day PPF peri-portal fibrosis PRIZE Promoting Recovery in Zimbabwe PRC Permanent Representative Committee PRP Protracted Relief Programme PSI Population Services International PTUZ Progressive Teachers‟ Union of Zimbabwe
REPSSI Regional Psycho-social Support Initiative RMT Redan Mobile Transactions Rozaria Memorial Trust ROKPA (organization name – undefined) RPG Review and Planning Group RR risk reduction RRTs rapid response teams RSC reception and support centres RSD refugee status determination RUTF ready-to-use therapeutic food
SADC South African Development Community SAG Strategic Advisory Group SAM severe acute malnutrition SC Save the Children SCC Swedish Cooperative Centre SDC School Development Committee SEA sexual exploitation and abuse SFP supplementary feeding programme SGBV sexual or gender-based violence SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SNV Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers (Netherlands Development Organization) SPHERE Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response STERP Short-Term Emergency Recovery Programme SWG sub-working group
TAAF The AIDS and Arts Foundation TB tuberculosis TCNs third-country nationals ToR terms of reference TRC Tongogara Refugee Camp TUZ Teachers Union of Zimbabwe
UAM unaccompanied minors
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UK United Kingdom UMC United Methodist Church UMCOR United Methodist Committee on Relief UN United Nations UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNCT United Nations Country Team UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDSS United Nations Department of Safety and Security UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children‟s Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial development Organization UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UPE universal primary education UPU Universal Postal Union USAID Untied States Agency for International Development
VAPRO Value Addition Project Trust VHW village health workers VTC vocational training centres VVOB Vlaamse Vereniging voor Ontwikkelingssamenwerking en Technische Bijstand (Flemish Office for Development Cooperation and Technical Assistance)
W3 who, what, were W4 who, what, where, when WAG Women‟s Action Group WASH water, sanitation and hygiene WATSAN water and sanitation WB World Bank WEG Women Empowerment Group WERU WASH Emergency Response Unit WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization WRM World Rainforest Movement WSS water supply and sanitation WVI World Vision International
ZACRO Zimbabwe Association for Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation of the Offender ZAPSO Zimbabwe AIDS Prevention and Support Organization ZCDA Zimbabwe Community Development. Association ZCDT Zimbabwe Community Development Trust ZCTU Zimbabwe Confederation of Trade Union ZICHISO Zimbabwe Children Support Organisation ZIMAC Zimbabwe Mine Action Centre ZimAHEAD Zimbabwe Applied Health Education and Development ZIMCHE Zimbabwe Council for Higher Education ZIMSTAT Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency ZIMTA Zimbabwean Teachers‟ Association ZimVAC Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee ZINWA Zimbabwe National Water Authority ZLHR Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights ZMPMS Zimbabwe Maternal and Peri-natal Mortality Study ZMPS Zimbabwe Maternal and Perinatal Mortality Study ZNHRC Zimbabwe National Human Rights Commission ZRC Zimbabwe Refugee Committee
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ZRCS Zimbabwe Red Cross Society ZUNDAF Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework ZVITAMBO Zimbabwe Vitamin A for Mothers and Babies ZWLA Zimbabwe Women Lawyers Association
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OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA)
United Nations Palais des Nations New York, N.Y. 10017 1211 Geneva 10 USA Switzerland