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The Bright Lights Grow Fainter

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The Bright Lights Grow Fainter The Bright Lights Grow Fainter Livelihoods, Migration and a Small Town in Zimbabwe Agnes Andersson Abstract The Aids pandemic and structural adjustment policies (SAP) have had effects on lower income households in Zimbabwe which have been devastating and people have been required to adapt their livelihood strategies. Small towns meanwhile are growing rapidly in Zimbabwe and mobility towards these towns may be connected with the changes being forged by SAP on the economic landscape. This study seeks to establish how the individual migrant uses mobility to negotiate this landscape. This involves mobility directed towards small towns to access advantageous provisioning possibilities, and also the engagement in a multitude of family linkages from the small town to other places within the settlement system. Substantiated through a case study of Rusape, this study suggests that lower living costs, higher food security and a more accessible labour market may be attracting migrants from higher level urban centres. The role of the network of kin relations in mobility is important and migrants’ networks over space cover both rural homes and urban areas. The access to networks, however, is being stratified under SAP and the ability to maintain linkages with relatives is declining, suggesting a rising vulnerability connected with the inability of leaving places and entering others. Key Words: Zimbabwe, livelihood, migration, mobility, provisioning, structural adjustment, Rusape, small towns, kin networks Copyright Agnes Andersson and the Department of Human Geography, 2002. All rights reserved. Department of Human Geography, Stockholm University ISBN 91-22-01967-7 Printed by Akademitryck AB, Edsbruk, Sweden, 2002. The Bright Lights Grow Fainter Livelihoods, Migration and a Small Town in Zimbabwe Academic dissertation for the exam of Doctor of Philosophy at Stockholm University to be publicly defended at the Department of Human Geography in the De Geer Hall, the Geo-Science Building, Frescati, Stockholm on Friday, 7 June 2002 at 13:00 hours by Agnes Andersson Department of Human Geography Stockholm 2002 Stockholm University ISBN 91-22-01967-7 S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden ISSN 0343-7003 Abstract The Aids pandemic and structural adjustment policies (SAP) have had effects on lower income households in Zimbabwe which have been devastating and people have been required to adapt their livelihood strategies. Small towns meanwhile are growing rapidly in Zimbabwe and mobility towards these towns may be connected with the changes being forged by SAP on the economic landscape. This study seeks to establish how the individual migrant uses mobility to negotiate this landscape. This involves mobility directed towards small towns to access advantageous provisioning possibilities, and also the engagement in a multitude of family linkages from the small town to other places within the settlement system. Substantiated through a case study of Rusape, this study suggests that lower living costs, higher food security and a more accessible labour market may be attracting migrants from higher level urban centres. The role of the network of kin relations in mobility is important and migrants’ networks over space cover both rural homes and urban areas. The access to networks, however, is being stratified under SAP and the ability to maintain linkages with relatives is declining, suggesting a rising vulnerability connected with the inability of leaving places and entering others. Key Words: Zimbabwe, livelihood, migration, mobility, provisioning, structural adjustment, Rusape, small towns, kin networks Contents Contents __________________________________________________ 1 List of figures ______________________________________________ 4 List of tables_______________________________________________ 4 List of maps _______________________________________________ 5 List of photographs _________________________________________ 5 List of abbreviations_________________________________________ 5 A note on currency and prices _________________________________ 6 Acknowledgements _____________________________________________ 7 1 Introduction and conceptual framework _________________________ 9 1.1 Introduction___________________________________________ 9 1.2 Conceptual framework _________________________________ 11 Livelihood strategies and migration theory _________________ 12 Small town theory_____________________________________ 16 Synthesising actor, structure and the small town _____________ 18 1.3 Methodology and structure of the study____________________ 21 2 Livelihoods, urbanisation and mobility in Southern Rhodesia and Zimbabwe____________________________________________________ 24 2.1 Introduction__________________________________________ 24 2.2 Livelihoods and mobility in Southern Rhodesia _____________ 24 2.3 Structural change, livelihoods and mobility in Zimbabwe______ 28 Structural adjustment __________________________________ 28 Rural pressures _______________________________________ 30 Urban pressures ______________________________________ 33 HIV/Aids____________________________________________ 34 Livelihoods, household structure and migration _____________ 34 2.4 Conclusion __________________________________________ 35 3 Field methods_____________________________________________ 37 3.1 The case study approach________________________________ 37 3.2 The choice of case location______________________________ 38 3.3 Survey method _______________________________________ 38 3.4 Interview approach ____________________________________ 40 4 Rusape, the setting of the study _______________________________ 43 4.1 Introduction__________________________________________ 43 4.2 Makoni District_______________________________________ 44 4.3 A historical profile of Rusape____________________________ 48 1 4.4 Town profile and position within the settlement hierarchy _____ 49 4.5 A social profile of Rusape_______________________________ 55 4.6 Vengere high density area_______________________________ 57 4.7 Conclusion___________________________________________ 61 5 Migration patterns to Rusape _________________________________ 62 5.1 Population growth _____________________________________ 62 5.2 Sample data __________________________________________ 65 5.3 Previous urban experience of migrants_____________________ 67 5.4 Regional aspects of migration____________________________ 69 5.5 Purpose of migration and perceived benefits of migration to Rusape 71 5.6 Conclusion___________________________________________ 74 6 Urban costs of housing and transportation _______________________ 75 6.1 Introduction__________________________________________ 75 6.2 Housing and migration _________________________________ 76 6.3 The context of housing in Zimbabwe ______________________ 78 6.4 Housing and migration to Rusape_________________________ 82 Migration for home ownership purposes ___________________ 83 Rental accommodation and migration _____________________ 86 6.5 Housing in other urban areas ____________________________ 89 Housing policies and waiting lists ________________________ 89 Availability and price of urban land _______________________ 91 The private property market _____________________________ 92 The market for rental accommodation _____________________ 93 6.6 Local transportation costs _______________________________ 95 Zimbabwean transportation policy ________________________ 96 6.7 Conclusion__________________________________________ 101 7 Food security in Rusape ____________________________________ 103 7.1 Introduction_________________________________________ 103 7.2 Urban agriculture ____________________________________ 106 7.3 Urban agriculture in Zimbabwe _________________________ 107 7.4 Access to rural land and food ___________________________ 112 7.5 Actual food prices ____________________________________ 119 7.6 Conclusion__________________________________________ 121 8 Employment opportunities in, and migration to Rusape ___________ 123 8.1 Introduction_________________________________________ 123 8.2 Employment and migration to Rusape ____________________ 124 Formal employment __________________________________ 126 Informal employment _________________________________ 131 Self-employment within the informal sector _______________ 132 2 8.3 Conclusion _________________________________________ 137 9 Negotiating the settlement hierarchy __________________________ 139 9.1 Introduction_________________________________________ 139 9.2 Migration and household livelihood systems _______________ 140 Aids_______________________________________________ 141 Structural adjustment, informalization of labour markets and the household __________________________________________ 143 The individual, the household and migration _______________ 145 The household as a support system ______________________ 147 9.3 Negotiating the settlement hierarchy _____________________ 152 Rural linkages and urban livelihoods _____________________ 152 The maintenance of rural linkages _______________________ 155 Balancing the rural and the urban________________________ 161 Rural linkages as exit options___________________________ 162 Urban income diversification, emigration and urban-urban links 168 Perceived length of future residence in Rusape _____________ 172 9.4 Conclusion _________________________________________ 176 10 Summary and Conclusions__________________________________ 177 10.1 Conceptual framework and methodology__________________ 177 10.2 Results_____________________________________________
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