Ei Ihan Teorian Mukaan

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Ei Ihan Teorian Mukaan Onko työväenliike vain menneisyyttä? Miten punaisten surmapaikoilla on muisteltu? Mitä paljastuu Hampurin arkisen talon taustalta? Miten brittiläinen ammattiyhdistysmies näki talvisodan? Ei ihan teorian mukaan Mihin historiaa käytetään Namibiassa? Miten David Oistrah pääsi soittamaan länteen? Miksi Anna Ahmatova koskettaa? Miten Helsingin katujen hallinnasta kamppailtiin 1962? Tällaisiin ja moniin muihin kysymyksiin haetaan vastauksia tämän kirjan artikkeleissa, jotka liittyvät työväenliikkeen, kommunismin ja neuvostokulttuurin vaiheisiin. Suomalaisten asiantuntijoiden rinnalla kirjoittajia on Ranskasta, Britanniasta ja Norjasta. Aiheiden lisäksi kirjoituksia yhdistää historiantutkija Tauno Saarela, jonka teemoja lähestytään eri näkökulmista. Ei ihan teorian mukaan – asiat ovat usein menneet toisin kuin luulisi. Ei ihan teorian mukaan Toimittaneet Mikko Majander ja Kimmo Rentola TYÖVÄEN HISTORIAN JA PERINTEEN TUTKIMUKSEN SEURA Ei ihan teorian mukaan Ei ihan teorian mukaan Toimittaneet Mikko Majander ja Kimmo Rentola Kollegakirja Tauno Saarelalle 28. helmikuuta 2012 Työväen historian ja perinteen tutkimuksen seura Yhteiskunnallinen arkistosäätiö Helsinki 2012 Toimituskunta: Marita Jalkanen, Pirjo Kaihovaara, Mikko Majander, Raimo Parikka, Kimmo Rentola Copyright kirjoittajat Taitto: Raimo Parikka Kannen kuva: Nuoren työläisen joulu 1926, kansikuva, piirros L. Vickberg Painettua julkaisua myy ja välittää: Unigrafian kirjamyynti http://kirjakauppa.unigrafia.fi/ [email protected] PL 4 (Vuorikatu 3 A) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto ISBN 978-952-5976-01-4 (nid.) ISBN 978-952-5976-02-8 (PDF ) Unigrafia, Helsinki 2012 Sisällys Kimmo Rentola Historiantutkija Tauno Saarela 7 Pirjo Kaihovaara Moninkertaisen peilin edessä 23 Kari Paakkunainen "Keppi-Saarelan" tie 37 Marrti Mellais Pienen isänmaallisen kahakan päämajoitusmestari 61 Pauli Kettunen Työväki ja sen liike sosiaalidemokratian itseymmärryksessä 67 Maurice Carrez Sites of the Red Massacres in Finnish Civil War 85 Matti Lackman Outo sellikuolema 113 Kevin Morgan A Worm’s-eye view of Finland? 139 Ole Martin Rönning Communist Parties of Norway and Sweden 153 Seppo Hentilä Punainen rintamasotureiden liitto 169 Holger Weiss Hamburg, Rothesoodstrasse 8 183 Maria Lähteenmäki Radikaalista sissiliikkeestä säilyttäväksi normipuolueeksi 201 Aappo Kähönen Vallankumous ja jatkuvuus 213 Mikko Majander Ahmatovasta Arbatin lapsiin 225 Meri Herrala David Oistrakh and Sviatoslav Richter stepping through the Iron Curtain 241 Joni Krekola Kamppailu kaupunkitilan hallinnasta 261 Jorma Kalela Työväenhistoriaa 2010-luvulla 275 Kirjoittajat 286 Tabula gratulatoria 287 Kimmo Rentola Historiantutkija Tauno Saarela Kun Vasemmistoliitto perustettiin huhtikuussa 1990, sen edeltäjät jäivät joksikin aikaa toimimaan yhdistyksinä. Suomen kommunistiselle puo- lueelle jäi rahaakin, ja sitä päätettiin käyttää historian kirjoittamiseen. Idean moottori oli puolueen viimeinen pääsihteeri Asko Mäki, joka ei säpsähtänyt silloinkaan, kun alkoi tihkua todisteita, että SKP:lle kasau- tuneen varallisuuden alkulähde saattoi olla Neuvostoliiton rahoitus. ”Se on helvetin pieni vahingonkorvaus siitä, että ne tappoi meidän parhaan porukan Stalinin aikana.”1 SKP:n historiahanke Aluksi hankkeella oli kunnon puitteet: jaettiin apurahoja useille tutki- joille ja palkattiin kaksi, Tauno Saarela ja minut. Olimme maistereita po- liittisen historian alalta, Tane kohta lisensiaatti, molemmat tehneet tila- ustutkimusta ja muuta. Poliittista taustaa oli kummallakin, vuosien takaa suomalaisen kommunismin eri siiviltä. Se riitti, enempää ei pyydetty eikä tutkimuksen sisällön suhteen asetettu ennakkoehtoja. Vuosia myöhemmin2 ylietsivä Reijo Nummela kertoi alakuloiseen sä- vyyn, että historiahanke oli viimeinen valvonta-asia, josta hän laati ilmoi- 7 Kimmo Rentola tuksen Suojelupoliisin tietojärjestelmään. Siihen päättyi yli 30 vuotta jat- kunut tarkkailijan ura. Nummela tunsi SKP:ssä ’kaikki’, mutta edes joka sadas ei tuntenut häntä. Sitäkään ammattitaitoa ei enää tarvittu. Tane ja minä olimme valmistuneet parin vuoden välein, mutta emme tunteneet lähemmin. Nyt tutustuessa Tane vaikutti vaatimattomalta, mutta pinnan alta pilkotti itsepintaisuutta, periaatteita ja ennen kaikkea ylpeyttä ja omanarvontuntoa. Päällepäin hän tuntui rauhalliselta, mutta Koskelankylän Riennon vasen laitahyökkääjä liikkui tarvittaessa liuk- kaasti. Työnjako luontui graduista: Tanelle sotaan saakka, sitten minulle. Niin ikään yhdessä (sen kummemmin sopimatta) aloimme käyttää tut- kimuskohteesta kattokäsitettä ’suomalainen kommunismi’. Kyse ei näet ollut pelkästään SKP:n historiasta, sillä niin Suomessa kuin muissakin Pohjoismaissa on tunnettu vetoa kommunistipuoluetta laveampaan va- semmistoliikkeeseen, jopa niin vahvasti, että sitä voi pitää alueen erityis- piirteenä. Toisaalta ei kuitenkaan ollut asiallista peitellä sitä, että kysymys oli myös kommunismista.3 Tilaajan puolelta ei vaadittu pysymään ah- taasti SKP:n historiassa, mutta kattokäsite ärsytti eräitä entisiä SKDL:n sosialisteja. Tane ei perääntynyt. Myöhemmin hän on personifioinut täs- tä käsitteestä ikään kuin toimivan subjektin: suomalainen kommunismi yritti horjuttaa, halusi vastustaa…4 Tätä puhetapaa voi jo pitää hiukan ongelmallisena. Tauno Saarela sai parahiksi valmiiksi lisensiaattityönsä, jonka aiheena oli Akateemisen Sosialistiseuran keskeisiin henkilöihin kuuluneen Cay Sundströmin suhde sosialistisiin oppeihin silloin kun ASS toimi vielä SDP:n opiskelijajärjestönä. Saarela osoitti, että Sundström haki mallia Itävallan sosiaalidemokraateilta, jotka vetosivat marxismiin vahvemmin kuin Pohjoismaiden puolueissa oli enää tapana.5 Lähdeaineistoa oli myös Wienistä, jossa Saarela oli stipendiaattina.6 Poliittisen historian tutkimuskohteesta pystyi usein päättelemään tut- kijan poliittisen tai muun identiteetin.7 Se on ollut historiantutkimuk- sessa tavallista, feministit tutkivat naiskysymystä, mustat orjuutta, homot homoja, kapiaiset sotimista.8 Toisinaan on toki haluttu tuntea vastustaja ja tutkittu nimenomaan vastapuolta aatteineen, niin kuin amerikkalai- sessa kremlologiassa,9 ja joskus on löydetty ensin tutkimuskohde, sitten vakaumus.10 Tanen kohdalla tuskin voi kiistää oman poliittisen mennei- 8 Historiantutkija Tauno Saarela syyden vaikutusta siihen, että kiinnostus suuntautui kahden hylättävän eli SDP:n ja SKP:n välimaastoon, vasemmistososialismiin. Apologee- taksi hän ei kuitenkaan alentunut, hallitseva intressi oli silloin ja on yhä intohimo lähteiden faktoihin ja niiden selittämiseen. Historiantutkija tutkii aina myös itseään, ideologiaansa ja taustaansa, jopa tarkastellessaan kaukaisia aikoja tai kulttuureita.11 Jos tutkimuskoh- de on kovin läheinen, vaarana ei ehkä niinkään ole vääntely tai kaunistelu kuin ghettomentaliteetti, kirjoittaminen muurien sisältä. Siltä suojelee Frank Ankersmitin havainto, silloin kun se soveltuu. Sen mukaan histo- riantutkijan katsetta terästää menetyksen tunne, usein oman aatteen tai ihanteen kärsittyä haaksirikon. Tunnettu esimerkki on Italian katastrofi- en sarjan (ranskalaisten ja ranskantaudin hyökkäyksestä 1494 aina Roo- man ryöstöön) vaikutus Machiavellin ja Guicciardinin kynänjälkeen. Lä- himenneisyydestä voi mainita pitkän sotavankeuden kenties lyömän lei- man Reinhart Koselleckin hypoteesiin, jonka mukaan ”von dem Besieg- ten die weiterreichenden Einsichten in der Vergangenheit stammen”.12 En uskalla arvioida, olisiko tässä tarjonnut menetyksen tuskaa se, että Cay Sundström on sittemmin osoittautunut neuvostotiedustelun lähikumppaniksi, mikä korvensi pimeän piirron aatepoliitikon hipiään. Saarela ei ole palannut Sundströmiin,13 mutta hänen myöhemmässä tuo- tannossaan on aistivinaan vahvempana negatiivisten näköalojen mahdol- lisuuden. Toki se tullee ensi sijassa siitä, että tutkija tietää miten hänen 1920-luvun vasemmistolaisilleen kävi 1930-luvun Suomessa ja Neuvos- toliitossa. Yhtäällä vankilat ja muilutus, toisaalla leirit ja teloitus. Historiahankkeen päästyä alkuun saatiin kuulla, että kuulu brittiläinen marxistihistorioitsija Eric Hobsbawm14 vietti kesiään Helsingissä. YK:n Wider-instituutin johtaja oli järjestänyt sopen, jossa puhelin ei juuri soi- nut. Siellä saivat hahmonsa The Age of -sarjan kaksi viimeistä osaa, joista toinen sai siitä muistoksi kuvaliitteeseensä Helsingin rautatieaseman.15 Soitin ja pyysin Hobsbawmin luennoimaan. Hän suostui heti. Akatee- misina aloittelijoina emme tohtineet rummuttaa, mikä tähti meillä oli, vaan kutsuimme vain historia-alan tuttuja, tekijämiehistä Jorma Kalelan ja Matti Viikarin, joka ei ilmaantunut. Kuulijoina Kulttuuritalolla ilta- päivällä 15. elokuuta 1991 oli etupäässä nuorempia, moni nyttemmin nimekäs. Hobsbawm vinoili Neuvostoliitolle, jossa ei julkaistu hänen teoksiaan, arvaamatta että imperiumin alasajo alkaisi vajaan kahden vii- 8 9 Kimmo Rentola kon kuluttua. Tunnusti vielä, että oli opiskelijana talvisodan aikana ol- lut kyhäämässä Suomen-vastaista brosyyria yhdessä toisen huippunimen Raymond Williamsin kanssa. ”Toivottavasti ette löydä sitä”, Hobsbawm tokaisi kuin usuttaen etsimään. Lopuksi hän halusi kysyä meiltä, miksei Suomesta tullut kansandemokratiaa, mutta jäi silloin kunnon vastausta vaille.16 Tilaisuuden päättyessä en rohjennut pyytää 74-vuotiasta maailman- tähteä syömään tai edes oluelle. Mitäpä isoisä meistä, eikä tuon tason miestä voisi mihinkään Kaaren baariin viedä. Nyt tajuan, että olisi uteli- aisuuttaan toki lähtenyt, ja sinne mihin olisi viety, ainakin jos olisi luvattu jazzia. Tanesta ei ollut apua, hän ei milloinkaan tunge itseään esiin. Hän ja Martti Ahti ovat niitä
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