DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Tigre Tigre is the northernmost of the Ethiopian Semitic languages. It is spoken along the Red Sea coast and in the northeastern and western lowlands of Eritrea (East Africa) and, to a lesser extent, in eastern Sudan. Estimates of the number of speakers range from a quarter of a million to 1,050,000. Most Tigre speakers are Muslims.1 Tigre is one of nine ethnic/language groups officially recognized in Eritrea, whose population is approximately 5.4 million. Ethnic Tigrinya and eth- nic Tigre together comprise nearly 80% of the country. Arabic, along with Tigrinya and English (which is not one of the nine groups), is a national lan- guage. Arabic is the language of the Rashaida ethnic group, and there are many second- language speakers of Arabic as well. While Tigrinya, Tigre, and Arabic are Semitic languages, the languages of the remaining six ethnic groups are in the Cushitic family (Afar, Hidareb, Saho, Bilin) and the Nilo-Saharan phy- lum (Kunama, Nara). Bilingualism and multilingualism are common, and the social, cultural, and linguistic situation is extremely complex.2 1.2 Tigre of Gindaʿ The town of Gindaʿ (population under 50,000)3 is in eastern Eritrea on the escarpment between Asmara and the Red Sea. The Tigre language of Gindaʿ (or, “Tigre of Gindaʿ ”),4 the speech pattern that is the subject of this work, is one of many dialects of Tigre. Prior to the author’s 2005 work5 it was an undocumented variety of Tigre. Munzinger listed approximately a dozen 1 For general descriptions of Tigre and Eritrea, see “Tigre,” p. 446; “Təgre,” pp. 895–897, “Multilingualism,” pp. 475–478, and “Eritrea,” p. 465. Reference abbreviations appear at the end of this introduction. 2 For the language/cultural situation in Eritrea, see “Multilingualism,” pp. 475–476, 481–485, “Ethnologue,” and “Ethnologue Map.” 3 “Eritrea,” p. 481. 4 The author wishes to thank Saleh Mahmud for suggesting this as the name of the dialect (personal communication, 2007). 5 Elias. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���4 | doi ��.��63/9789004�7��03_00� 2 chapter 1 Tigre-speaking groups in his 1865 lexical work.6 The dialect of the Mensaʿ eth- nic sub-group has by far received the most scholarly attention, having been documented grammatically, lexically, and textually.7 Mensaʿ is considered the standard variety of Tigre. While hundreds of folk-tales have been collected and published from groups other than Mensaʿ,8 no systematic grammatical study had been undertaken on any of these before the present work. Tigre of Gindaʿ bears some similarity to the Marya Kayah dialect as discussed below but is in the author’s opinion a previously unidentified variety of Tigre. Of the Tigre-speaking groups identified by Munzinger, three are associated with the Ḥabāb, a sub-group within ethnic Tigre: ʿAd Təmāryām, Hebtēs, and ʿAd Taklēs.9 The informants of the present study identify four peoples among the Ḥabāb: ʾAfrenda, ʾAshoma, Takl, and Rigbat. The difficulties in ethnic and tribal nomenclature are apparent, as the informants’ and Munzinger’s reports match neither in name nor in number. Saleh10 discusses seven dialects of Tigre and groups them into three groups based on lexicostatistical and phonological evidence as follows: (1) North and West includes the Barka, Sahil and Marya Tsalam dialects; (2) Sanhit includes the Mensaʿ, Marya Kayah and Betjuk dialects; and (3) Samhar includes the Samhar dialect. The town of Gindaʿ is in the former administrative district of Sanhit (after which Saleh’s second group is named), and the dialect shares two phonological features with the Marya Kayah dialect that it does not share with any of the other six dialects as presented in his study: the presence of [z] (as opposed to [d]) as in zenab ‘tail’ and of [s] (as opposed to [ ʃ]) as in gayyəs ‘goes’.11 The present work is a short grammar documenting major areas within pho- nology, morphology, and syntax. Language contact is documented as well, since it plays a significant role in the lexicon. This work is organized like a re ference grammar but is not exhaustive. The texts presented here were the 6 “Vocabulaire de la langue tigré.” 7 “Pronomina,” “Verbum,” PPEA, “Verb,” “Sketches,” Wörterbuch, MTN, and TGT. 8 PPEA 3, pp. 219–530; PPEA 4, pp. 461–1088. 9 “Preliminary Report,” pp. 155–158; PPEA 3, pp. 281–442; PPEA 4, pp. 589–917. 10 “Tigre Dialects,” Journal of Eritrean Studies 4 (2005), pp. 45–73. 11 Saleh, pp. 59–60. Tigre of Gindaʿ shares one or the other feature with Mensaʿ, Barka, Sam- har and Sahil, but Marya Kayah is the only dialect with which Tigre of Gindaʿ shares both features..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vocabulary of the Tigré Language
    GOR^EIX . UNIVESStlt ft ^ VOCABULARY OF THE TIGRE LANGUAGE WRITTEN DOWN BY MORITZ VON BEURMANN PUBLISHED WITH A GRAMMATICAL SKETCH D* A. MERX OF THE UNIVERSITY OF JENA. HALLE, BUCHHANDLUNG DES WAISENHAUSES. 1868. LONDON, TRDEBNEK & COMP. 60, PATEENOSTEB HOW. &. Si Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924006049591 , VOCABULARY OP THE TIGRE LANGUAGE WRITTEN DOWN BY MORITZ VON BEURMANN PUBLISHED WITH A GRAMMATICAL SKETCH D* A. MERX OP THE UNIVERSITY OF JENA. HALLE, BUCHHANDLUNG BES WAISENHAUSES. 186 8. e , V-''' LONDON. V? ? TRUEBNER & COMP. 60, PATERNOSTER ROW. pr Z5 6f/ "JENA: PRINTED BY FK. PUOMMANN. TO THE MEMORY OF MORITZ VON BEURMANN THE ZEALOUS BUT UNHAPPY AFRICAN EXPLORER. PREFACE. When my late friend Moritz v. Beurmann returned from his first journey to Nubia and the North of Abyssinia in the year 1861, he brought with him a Tigre" servant, Abu Bekr, whom he had en- gaged at Massowa, and who had accompanied him already on his travels in the northern boundaries of Abyssinia. During his stay at Neisse he introduced the clever young man to me, and as he spoke besides his native language , Arabic and , if I am not mis- taken, Galla, I requested Beurmann to try, whether we might learn from him the general features of Tigre" , of which at that time nothing was known in Europe. Our common exertions were not unsuccessful, and as our first questions belonged to some very usual Ethiopic words, we were soon able to state the general changes , which the ancient dialect had suffered in the modern pronounciation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tigre Language of Gindaʿ, Eritrea Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics
    The Tigre Language of Gindaʿ, Eritrea Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics Editorial Board A.D. Rubin and C.H.M. Versteegh VOLUME 75 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ssl The Tigre Language of Gindaʿ, Eritrea Short Grammar and Texts By David L. Elias LEIDEN | BOSTON Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Elias, David L. The Tigre language of Ginda Eritrea : short grammar and texts / By David L. Elias. pages cm. — (Studies in semitic languages and linguistics ; 75) Thesis (Ph. D., Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations)—Harvard University, 2005. Originally published as “Tigre of Habab : short grammar and texts from the Rigbat people”. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-27119-7 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-27120-3 (e-book : alk. paper) 1. Tigre language—Grammar. 2. Tigre language—Dialects—Eritrea. 3. Tigrinya (African people) I. Title. PJ9131.E45 2014 492‘.827—dc23 2014006704 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0081-8461 isbn 978-90-04-27119-7 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-27120-3 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities
    Race, Nation, Class Ambiguous Identities • ETIENNE BALIBAR AND IMMANUEL W ALLERSTEIN Translation of Etienne Ba/ibar by Chris Turner VERSO London · New York First published as Race, nation, classe: Jes identites ambigues by Editions La Decouverte, Paris 1988 This translation first published by Verso 1991 ©Editions La Decouverte 1988 English-language edition©Verso 1991 All rights reserved Verso UK: 6 Meard Street, London WI V 3HR USA: 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001-2291 Verso is the imprint of New Left Books British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Balibar, Etienne Race, nation, class: ambiguous identities. I. Title II. Wallerstein, Immanuel, 1930- 305.8 ISBN 0-86091-327-9 ISBN 0-86091-542-5 pbk US Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Balibar, Etienne, 1942- [Race, nation, classe. English] Race, nation, class: ambiguous identities I Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein: translation by Chris Turner. p. cm. Translation of: Race, nation, classe. ISBN 0-86091-327-9. - ISBN 0-86091-542-5 (pbk.) I. Racism. 2. Nationalism. 3. Social classes. 4. Social conflict. I. Wallerstein, lmmanuel Maurice, 1930- . II. Title. HT 1521-B3313 1991 305.8-dc20 Typeset by Leaper & Gard Ltd, Bristol Printed and bound in Finland by WernerSoderstrom Oy I I \l 11\l\3 1111190911\111\�\Ill I�00571187 \Ill11 \ll\\1 ��1111\\ \\\I8 \\Ill I I ; -<" Contents Preface 1 Etienne Balibar Part I Universal Racism 15 1 Is There a 'Neo-Racism'? 17 Etienne Balibar '( i)The Ideological Tensions of Capitalism: Universalism versus Racism and Sexism 29 Immanuel W allerstein 3 \Racism and Nationalism 37 I 1 Etienne Balibar Part II The Historical Nation 69 J(..4 The Construction of Peoplehood: Racism, Nationalism, Ethnicity 71 Immanuel Wallerstein 5 The Nation Form: History and Ideology 86 Etienne Balibar /..6 Household Structures and Labour-Force Formation in the Capitalist World-Economy 107 Immanuel Wallerstein Part Ill Classes: Polarization and Overdetermination 113 y._7 Class Conflict in the Capitalist World-Economy 115 ? Immanuel Wallerstein v vi RACE, NATION, CLASS 'f-.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Tigrinya Literature
    ASPECTS OF TIGRINYA LITERATURE (UNTIL 1974) BY HAILTJ HABTU Thesis submitted for the degree of M*Phil® at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London* June* 1981* ProQuest Number: 10673017 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673017 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to study the origin and deve­ lopment of Tigrinya as a written language-a topic that has so far received little scholarly attention. As time and the easy accessibility of all the relevant material are limiting factors,this investigation is necessarily selective. Chapter One takes stock of all available writing in the Tigrinya language frcm its beginning in the middle of the last century up to 1974. Chapter Two briefly investigates the development of writ­ ten Tigrinya to serve varying functions and ends and the general direction that its development took. Chapter Three provides a glimpse of the breadth and variety of literature incorporated in the Eritrean Weekly News published in Asmara by the British Information Services frcm 1942 to 1952.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocabulary Tigre Language
    PREFAC E. When m r z B h y late f iend M orit v . eurmann returned from is rs ourne to ub a and the or h of Ab r 1 1 fi t j y N i N t yssinia in the yea 86 , he brou h w h him a T ré ser an Abu B ekr m he had eu g t it ig v t, , who a ed at M asso a an d who had ac om g g w , c panied him already on his ra e s in the nor hern boundar es of A Dur hi a t v l t i byssinia . ing s st y at e sse he n roduced the c e er oun m an to m e and as he N i i t l v y g , s ok e bes des his na e an ua e Arab c and if I am not mis p i tiv l g g , i , aken G al a I re ues ed B eurmann to tr whe her we m h t , l , q t y , t ig t rn from him the en ra fea ur f T r of h ch at ha lea g e l t es o ig é , w i t t i r Our comm on e er ons were time nothing was known n Eu ope. x ti n fu a s our rs ues ons be on ed to some er not u success l, nd a fi t q ti l g v y s e were soon ab e to s a e the enera usual Ethiopic word , w l t t g l chan es wh ch the anc en d a ec had suffered in the modern g , i i t i l t Af er hese rs a em s w e be an a s s ema pronounciation .
    [Show full text]
  • Aethiopica 19 (2016) International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies
    Aethiopica 19 (2016) International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies ________________________________________________________________ MARIA B ULAKH , Russian State University for the Humanities, S USANNE HUMMEL , and T HOMAS R AVE , Universität Hamburg Article Bibliography of Ethiopian Semitic, Cushitic and Omotic Linguistics XIX : 2014 /2015 Aethiopica 19 (2016), 90–99 ISSN: 2194–4024 ________________________________________________________________ Edited in the Asien-Afrika-Institut Hiob Ludolf Zentrum für Äthiopistik der Universität Hamburg Abteilung für Afrikanistik und Äthiopistik by Alessandro Bausi in cooperation with Bairu Tafla, Ulrich Braukämper, Ludwig Gerhardt, Hilke Meyer-Bahlburg and Siegbert Uhlig Editorial The present issue of A ETHIOPICA , like the preceding one, is partly monograph- ic, with a section containing the proceed ings of the Panel on Islamic Literature in Ethiopia: New Perspectives of Research, from the ‘19 th International Con- ference of Ethiopian Studies’, held in Warsaw, Poland, on 24–28 August 2015. Starting from this issue, the a nnual bibliography on Ethiopian Semitic and Cushitic linguistics held from its inception in 1998 for eighteen years by Rainer Voigt is handed over, on Vo igt’s own will, to a pool of younger scholars, with the substantial support of the A ETHIOPICA editorial team. I would like on this occasion to express the deep gratitude of the editorial board of A ETHIOPICA and of all scholars in Ethiopian Semitic and Cushitic linguistics to Rainer Voigt for his fundamental and valuable contribution. Bibliographical abbreviations used in this volume AÉ Annalesd’Éthiopie , Paris 1955ff. ÄthFor Äthiopistische Forschungen, 1–35, ed. by E. H AMMERSCHMIDT , 36–40, ed. by S. U HLIG (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner ( 1–34), 1977–1992; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (35–40), 1994–1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Eritrea Risk Groups and Protection-Related Issues
    UNHCR BO Ankara Country of Origin Information Team January 2005 ERITREA RISK GROUPS AND PROTECTION-RELATED ISSUES Disclaimer: This paper is based on publicly available resources. The information provided here is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country of origin surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim. 1. Background Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa, bordered on the northeast and east by the Red Sea, on the west and northwest by Sudan, on the south by Ethiopia, and on the southeast by Djibouti. Eritrea’s capital city is Asmara (Asmera) and the main port cities are Massawa (Mits’iwa) and Assab (Aseb). Airlines serve Mits’iwa, Asmara, and Assab, and a road system links Eritrea with the Sudan and with Ethiopia. Mits’iwa is the country's main port, while Assab is a major transshipment port for Ethiopia. Eritrea’s population is estimated at 3.8 million people. The population is fairly evenly divided between Tigrinya-speaking Christians in the southern highlands, Tigre-speaking Muslims in the northern highlands and on the eastern and western slopes, speakers of Saho and Afar in the coastal desert plain, and speakers of Beja and Nilotic languages on the western plain. Many inhabitants along the coast and the border with Sudan speak Arabic, and many of those around Asmara also speak Italian and some also speak Amharic. Humanitarian Situation In UNDP’s Human Development Report of 2004, Eritrea ranked 156th among 177 countries evaluated, with an adult literacy rate of 43.3%, 54% of its population without access to clean water, and a malnutrition rate of 50% for children.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inflection of Tigre Weak-Final and Strong Verbs
    Acta Linguistica Academica / p. 135 / March 25, 2020 Acta Linguistica Academica Vol. 67 (2020) 1, 135–154 DOI: 10.1556/2062.2020.00010 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE The inflection of Tigre weak-final provided by Repository of the Academy's Library and strong verbs Noam Faust Université Paris 8, CNRS SFL [email protected] Abstract: This paper provides a complete, exclusively phonological account of the alternations in the paradigms of the two largest verbal types in the Ethio-Semitic language Tigre. It is proposed that “weak- final” verbs are constructed using the same templates and vocalizations as “strong” verbs. All of the differences between the two inflectional paradigms follow from weak-final verbs involving a vowel /e/ where strong verbs position a consonant. The analysis, conducted with the tools of Strict CV Phonology and Element Theory, is the first of its kind for Tigre. Keywords: morphology; non-concatenative; phonology; Semitic; Tigre; weak verbs 1. Introduction This paper examines the alternations in the paradigms of the two largest verbal types in Tigre, an Ethio-Semitic language: “strong” verbs and “weak- final” verbs. Examples are provided in (1). The two verbs appear in the same verbal “template” or class called “Type A”, which is the basic class of verbs in the language. Since they share a template, they are expected to appear with the same vowels and syllable structure. The verb in (1a) is “strong” because the three elements of the root (henceforth “radicals”) appear in all inflected forms (1a).
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiosemitic Languages: Classifications and Classification Determinants
    Ampersand 8 (2021) 100074 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ampersand journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/amper Ethiosemitic languages: Classifications and classification determinants Tekabe Legesse Feleke AcqVa Aurora Research Center, the Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The present study addresses three concerns: (1) presents the areal classification of Ethiosemitic languages; (2) Areal classification identifies major determinants of the distance among the languages; (3) challenges previous genealogical clas­ Determinants sifications of Ethiosemitic languages. To address these objectives, cluster analyses were performed on randomly Ethiosemitic selected 147 word lists. Multidimensional scaling was employed for the cluster validation. The cluster analyses Linguistic distance performed on the phonetic and lexical distance matrices show that Ethiosemitic languages can be classified into Language similarity six major groups: {Chaha, Gura, Gumer, Ezha, Mesqan, Muher}, {Amharic, Argobba}, {Endegagn, Inor, Gyeto}, {Wolane, Silt’e, Zay}, {Dobbi, Kistane}, and {Ge’ez, Tigrigna, Tigre}. Harari has an unstable position that swings based on the type of classification parameter used. The areal classifications obtained from the analyses fairly match the genealogical classificationspreviously proposed by historical linguists, resulting in a significantdegree of overlap between the areal and genealogical classifications.The study further examined selected linguistic and non-linguistic variables that underpin the distance among Ethiosemitic languages, using Multiple Linear Regression. The results of the regression analyses show that lexical diffusion among Ethiosemitic languages, geographical distance and diffusion of phonetic features from Oromo to the Ethiosemitic languages are the major determinants of the distance among Ethiosemitic languages. 1. Introduction Ethiosemitic languages (cf: Girma, 2001; Hetzron, 1972; Hudson, 2013; Voigt, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • List of Languages and the Countries Where Spoken
    List of Languages and the Countries where spoken Name of Language Code DfES Category Name Country where spoken A Abakwariga HAU Hausa Nigeria Abyssinian AMR Amharic Ethiopia Accra GAA Ga Ghana Achanti AKA Akan (Twi/Fante) Ghana Achawa YAO Yao/Chiyao (East Africa) Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia Acholi ACL Acholi Uganda Acoli ACL Acholi Uganda Acooli ACL Acholi Uganda Acra GAA Ga Ghana Adal AFA Afar-Saho Eritrea, Ethiopia Adangme ADA Adangme Ghana Addo EDO Edo/Bini Nigeria Adiwasi ORI Oriya India Adsawa YAO Yao/Chiyao (East Africa) Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia Adsoa YAO Yao/Chiyao (East Africa) Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia Afan Oromo ORM Oromo Ethiopia Afar Af AFA Afar-Saho Eritrea, Ethiopia Afaraf AFA Afar-Saho Eritrea, Ethiopia Afar-Saho AFA Afar-Saho Eritrea, Ethiopia Af-Maxaad Tiri SOM Somali Somalia Afó SID Sidamo Ethiopia Afrikaans AFK Afrikaans South Africa Af-Soomaali SOM Somali Somalia Agar DIN Dinka/Jieng Sudan Agona AKA Akan (Twi/Fante) Ghana Ahafo AKA Akan (Twi/Fante) Ghana Aisorski ASR Assyrian/Aramaic Iraq Ajawa YAO Yao/Chiyao (East Africa) Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia Akan AKA Akan (Twi/Fante) Ghana Akoli ACL Acholi Uganda Akpese KPE Kpelle Guinea, Liberia Akuapem AKA Akan (Twi/Fante) Ghana Akuapim AKA Akan (Twi/Fante) Ghana Akwapi AKA Akan (Twi/Fante) Ghana Akyem Bosome AKA Akan (Twi/Fante) Ghana Albanian ALB Albanian/Shqip Albania Albannach Gaidhlig GAL Gaelic (Scotland) Scotland Alealum MLM Malayalam India Aloro ALU Alur Democratic Republic of Congo Alua ALU Alur Democratic Republic of Congo
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Paper
    Coronal Ejectives and EthioSemitic Borrowing in Proto-Agaw Paul D. Fallon 1. Cushitic and Agaw Background* Although there is some controversy surrounding the exact composition and internal relations of the Cushitic languages, the consensus view (Hayward 2000, Tosco 2000, Mous 2012) is that they are organized into four main branches: Northern, Central, Eastern, and Southern, as indicated in the diagram below (after Tosco 20001): (1) Cushitic Stammbaum The historical reconstruction of these various branches of Cushitic is, to quote Mous, “very much ‘in progress’” (2012:347). Beja, the sole representative of the Northern branch, has fragments of a topical lexicon (Blaek 2003, 2005), with some comparative work (Blaek 2007). Within the Eastern branch, Hudson (1986) has reconstructed the Highland East Cushitic (HEC) lexicon; Lowland East Cushitic (LEC) has been treated by Black (1974); Proto-Sam (the Eastern group of Omo-Tana) has been reconstructed by Heine (1979); other important reconstructions of Eastern Cushitic include Sasse (1979) and Arvanites (1991). Southern Cushitic (SC) has been reconstructed by Ehret (1980) and Takács (2011), while the West Rift branch of Southern Cushitic has been the focus of Kießling (2002) and Kießling & Mous (2003). The Agaw languages have been reconstructed in their phonology * Paul D. Fallon, University of Mary Washington, [email protected]. The author acknowledges research and travel support from the University of Mary Washington and thanks the audience at ACAL 44/GURT 2013, especially Profs. Jonathan Owens and Grover Hudson for comments and suggestions. He is indebted to two anonymous reviewers for their careful eye for detail and critical suggestions. All errors are of course my own responsibility.
    [Show full text]
  • The Regional Discourse of French Geography in the Context of Indochina: the Theses of Charles Robequain and Pierre Gourou Dany Bréelle
    The Regional Discourse of French Geography in the Context of Indochina: The Theses of Charles Robequain and Pierre Gourou Dany Bréelle To cite this version: Dany Bréelle. The Regional Discourse of French Geography in the Context of Indochina: The Theses of Charles Robequain and Pierre Gourou. Geography. Flinders University, 2003. English. tel-00363032 HAL Id: tel-00363032 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00363032 Submitted on 20 Feb 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Regional Discourse of French Geography in the Context of Indochina: The Theses of Charles Robequain and Pierre Gourou By Dany Michelle Bréelle PhD Thesis Flinders University of South Australia School of Geography, Population and Environmental Management September 2002 Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................................................................................... vi Thesis Declaration........................................................................................................................................................................vii
    [Show full text]