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Kuzey Suriye'deki Türkmen Yerleşimlerinin Çağdaş

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Kuzey Suriye'deki Türkmen Yerleşimlerinin Çağdaş AŞT I AR IRM AS A Y LA N R Ü I D 2019 / K EYLÜL - EKİM T ABDULHALİK BAKIR - SÜLEYMAN PEKİN R D Ü CİLT: 123 SAYI: 242 A T KUZEY SURİYE’DEKİ TÜRKMEN YERLEŞİMLERİ SAYFA: 89-130 Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Eylül - Ekim 2019 TDA Cilt: 123 Sayı: 242 Sayfa: 89-130 Makale Türü: Araştırma Geliş Tarihi: 15.07.2019 Kabul Tarihi: 16.09.2019 KUZEY SURİYE’DEKİ TÜRKMEN YERLEŞİMLERİNİN ÇAĞDAŞ TARİHİ VE STRATEJİK ALTYAPISI ÜZERİNE GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Prof. Dr. Abdulhalik BAKIR* - Süleyman PEKİN** Öz ‘Coğrafya kaderdir’ deniyor ve bu kader Ortadoğu’da sınırlarla birlikte sık sık değişiyor. 2011 yılından buna dahil olan Suriye’nin özellikle Kuzey kıs- mındaki dil, mezhep ve etnik çeşitlilik Küresel ve Bölgesel Güçlerin rekabetine payanda olmuş durumda. Suriye Devleti’nin resmî idarî yapısındaki 14 vilaye- tin Kuzey Suriye’yi oluşturan 5’inde (Halep, Haseki, Rakka, İdlip ve Lazkiye) bu güçlerin ve buna bağlı olarak farklı grupların mücadeleleri sürmektedir. Bu gruplardan biri ve tarihî açıdan en köklü olanlardan Türkmenlerin bölge üze- rinde yaygın bir yerleşimi söz konusudur. Modern zaman olarak son yüzyıllık periyot içerisinde Millî Mücadele ve Manda, Bağımsızlık ve Baas (Esadlar), İç Savaş ve Tükmenler dönemleriyle Kuzey Suriye’deki Türkmen yerleşim yerlerinin çağdaş tarihini bu makalede ana hatlarıyla incelemeye çalıştık. Yine aynı şekilde Türkmen yerleşimlerinin stratejik alt yapısını da Nüfus ve Nüfuz Etkinlikleri ile Toplumsal Arkaplan çer- çevesinde ele alarak genel bir değerlendirmede bulunduk. Sonuç olarak hem Kuzey Suriye’nin hem de Türkmenlerin Türkiye için önemi artarak sürmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Türkmen, Kuzey Suriye, İç Savaş, Esad, Sınırlar, Kimlik, Federasyon. A General Evaluation On The Contemporary History And Strategic Infrastructure Of Turkmen Settlements In North Syria Abstract It is called ‘geography is destiny’ and this fate changes frequently with the borders in the Middle East. Since 2011, the language, sect and ethnic diversity in the northern part of Syria, which has been included in this, have been the pillars of the competition of the Global and Regional Powers. The struggles of these forces and the related groups continue in 5 of the 14 provinces in the official administrative structure of the Syrian State (Aleppo, Haseki, Raqqa, * Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi. ** Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Doktora Öğrencisi. 89 AŞT I AR IRM AS A Y LA N R Ü I D 2019 / K EYLÜL - EKİM T R D TÜRK DÜNYASI ARAŞTIRMALARI Ü CİLT: 123 SAYI: 242 A T SAYFA: 89-130 TDA Idleb and Latakia) that make up northern Syria. One of these groups and one of the most deeply rooted historically, Turkmens have a widespread settlement in the region. We put the history and historical geography in a separate article. In this article, we tried to examine the contemporary history of the Turkmen settle- ments in Northern Syria and the periods of National Struggle and the Mandate, Independence and Ba’ath (The Assads), Civil War and Consumers in the last century. In the same way, we made a general evaluation by considering the strategic infrastructure of Turkmen settlements within the framework of Popu- lation and Influence Activities and Social Background. As a result, both nort- hern Syria, Turkey has continued to increase in importance for the Turkmen. Keywords: Turkmen, North Syria, Civil War, Asad, Borders, Identity, Fe- deration. Giriş Çoğu zaman ülkelerin sınırları orada yaşayan insanların hayatlarının da sınırı oluyor; bilhassa Ortadoğu coğrafyasında. Bir asır önce ihdas edilen sı- nırlar bölge halklarının yaşamlarının dış güçlerce sınırlanmasına yaradı. Çey- rek asrı aşkın bir zamandır da yine dıştan tertibatlı sınır içre sınır çizimlerinin yöre insanının hayatını nasıl alt üst ettiğine aşama aşama şahit olmaktayız. Tam da bu noktada hem coğrafyanın kendisi hem de sınırların değiştirilmesi kötü kader oluyor.1 Önce Irak ve Irak’ın kuzeyinden başlayan sınır & kader tahvilleri/tahav- vülleri Afganistan, Yemen, Libya üzerinden Suriye ve Suriye’nin kuzeyine de erişmiş bulunuyor. Mart 2011’den beri sınırları ve kaderi allak bullak olan Suriye Arap Cumhuriyeti’nin idarî taksimatına göre Halep İli ile buna bağlı Afrin, Ayn’el-Arap, Azaz, Bap, Cerablus ve Menbiç Kazaları; Lazkiye İl Merkezi ile buna bağlı Bucak (Ayne’l-Beyza, Kastel Muaf), Bayır (Rebia) Behlüliye ve Kesep Nahiyeleri; Rakka İli ile buraya bağlı Tel Abyad ve El-Tavrah Kazaları; İdlip İli ile buraya bağlı Cisr-eş-Şugur Kazası gibi kuzey yerleşim alanlarında2 Arap, Kürt vd. unsurlarla beraber yaşayan Türkmenler 8 yıllık tehlikeli bir kaderin sınırlarında, kimi zaman da sınır ötesinde yaşamaktalar. Kuzey Suriye, hem yoğunluk arzeden 3 ana unsur (Arap, Türkmen, Kürt) haricindeki Nusayrî, Ermeni, Süryanî, Asurî, Keldanî, Çeçen, Dom/Navvar,3 Yezidî gibi diğer etnik unsurların zenginliği hem de bölgedeki PYD / YPG Kuv- 1 Heraklitos’a (M.Ö. 535-475) mı, İbni Haldun’a (1322-1406) mı, Napolyon’a (1769-1821) mı ait olduğu belirsiz o meşhur ‘Coğrafya kaderdir’ sözü eksen alınmıştır. 2 Suriye Türkmenleri ile ilgili kitap, makale ve haritalardaki yerleşim yerleri bilgilerinin güncel resmî ya da sivil siteler üzerinden Suriye’nin bugünkü idarî bölümlerine yansıtılması şeklinde tespit edilmiştir. 3 Ağırlıklı olarak Halep (Haydariye), İdlip, Hama, Menbiç’te yaşayan ve literatürde Domari denilen dili konuşan insanlar. Çoğunluğu Müslümandır ve fakat çoğu zaman Çingene muamelesi görürler. Gezgin manasında Nevar, Navari diye de isimlendirilirler. 150-200 binlik nüfusun 4/1’i Türkiye’de mültecidir. (“The Dom / The ‘Other’ Asylum Seekers from Syria”, The Rights of Dom and Other Related Minorities from Syria Seeking Asylum in Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey Project Preliminary Report, p. 1-4 ve “The Dom of Syria: The ‘other’ refugees”, Kemal Vural Tarlan, Heinrich Böll Stiftung İstanbul, Januar 8, 2016, (Çevrimiçi) https://tr.boell.org/de/2016/01/08/dom-syria-ot- her-refugees, 03.07.2019. 90 AŞT I AR IRM AS A Y LA N R Ü I D 2019 / K EYLÜL - EKİM T ABDULHALİK BAKIR - SÜLEYMAN PEKİN R D Ü CİLT: 123 SAYI: 242 A T KUZEY SURİYE’DEKİ TÜRKMEN YERLEŞİMLERİ SAYFA: 89-130 vetleri, Amerikan Devriyeleri, Muhalif Kuvvetler (ÖSO), Türk Ordusu, Suriye Merkezî Hükümet Birlikleri, Rus Askerî Birimleri gibi otoritelerin güç çeşitlili- ği bakımından Suriye genelinden ayrışır. Bunca farklılıkların üst çatısı belir- sizlik ve karmaşa olsa da Türkmenleri esas alan, tarih temelli stratejik bakış ve değerlendirmelere bölgenin geleceği adına ciddi ihtiyaç vardır. Bu makale bu bakımdan bir girizgâh sadedindedir. I. Kuzey Suriye Tabiri ve Coğrafyası “Kuzey Irak mı, Irak’ın kuzeyi mi” sorusu burada da “Kuzey Suriye mi, Suriye’nin kuzeyi mi” şeklinde geçerlidir. Her ne kadar ikinci şıklar mevcut ülkelerin toprak bütünlüğüne vurgu yapar mahiyette olsa da birinci şıklar vakıadır. Tam bağımsızlığını tanımasak da özerk (yarı bağımsız) yapısını ta- nıdığımız ve ismini tanımladığımız Kuzey Irak Bölgesel Kürt Yönetimi diye bir devlet organizasyonu var. Hatta uluslararası diplomaside ve Irak Anayasa- sı’nda Kürdistan Bölgesel Hükümeti (Kurdistan Regional Government) ola- rak geçmekte.4 Suriye’nin kuzeyinde de benzeri bir ‘de facto/fiilî’ bağımsızlık durumu söz konusudur. Batılıların Kuzey Suriye Demokratik Federasyonu (Democratic Federation of Northern Syria) ve PKK’nın5 Suriye kolu olan PYD6 ile YPG7 öncülüğünde etnisite kamuflajı olarak oluşturulan Suriye Demok- ratik Güçleri’nce de (Syrian Democratic Forces) Kuzey ve Doğu Suriye Özerk Yönetimi (The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria) denilen yapı; kısa adıyla KDS (NES).8 14 bölümden oluşan Suriye’nin eski idarî yapısı içerisinde kuzey coğraf- yasını net bir şekilde ortaya koymak zordur. Fizikî olarak Halep ve Haseki Valilikleri (Arapçasıyla Muhafaza-t) en kuzey ucunda olmakla birlikte Rakka ve İdlip Valilikleri peşi sıra gelir. Bundan başka kuzeybatı uçtaki Lazkiye Va- liliği’ni dâhil edebiliriz fakat enlem olarak onunla aynı çizgide sayılan Hama Valiliği ile ülkenin güneydoğusundan kuzeye bir üçgen kavisle uzanan Deyr-i Zor Valiliği’ni ağırlıklı olarak Orta Suriye’yi oluşturdukları için kuzey coğraf- yasına dâhil etmiyoruz.9 Kuzey Suriye’nin en büyük şehri ve valiliği olan Halep’in 10 kazasından (Arapçasıyla Mıntıka-t) 6’sında yoğun Türkmen yerleşimleri bulunmaktadır. Bunlar; Afrin (Kurtdağı), Azaz, Ayn’el-Arap (Kobani), el-Bap, Cerablus, Menbiç ile bunlara bağlı nahiye ve köylerdir. Ayrıca Halep şehir merkezinin Hüllük, 4 Bkz: “United Nations Iraq”, (Çevrimiçi) www.uniraq.org/index.php?lang=en ve yani Irak Temsilciler Meclisi, (Çevrimiçi) http://ar.parliament.iq/ / 01.06.2019. 5 Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan - Kürdistan İşçi Partisi. 6 Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat - Demokratik Birlik Partisi. 7 Yekîneyen Parastina Gel - Halk Savunma Birimleri. 8 Son halin kuruluşu 2018 ve Cezîre, Fırat, Afrin, Rakka, Tabka, Menbiç, Deyr’ez-Zor ad- larıyla 7 alt Kantondan oluşuyor (“The Kurds are creating a state of their own in northern Syria”, May 23rd 2019, {Çevrimiçi} www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/; Seamas Carraher, “Uncertain Times in Rojava - The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria”, 05 Apr 2019, {Çevrimiçi} www.globalrights.info/2019/04/; Paul Iddon, “Why the Sy- rian Kurds should be granted autonomy”, 20-01-2019, {Çevrimiçi} www.rudaw.net/english/ analysis/20012019; “Rojava”, {Çevrimiçi} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava, 01.06.2019. 9 Metin Erendor, Suriye ve Türkmenler, Bilgeoğuz Yayınları, İstanbul 2016, s. 33-34. 91 AŞT I AR IRM AS A Y LA N R Ü I D 2019 / K EYLÜL - EKİM T R D
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