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Lopes-Fernandes 2018 Entre Predadores Com Anexos E “Entre Predadores” Relações com a natureza a propósito da reintrodução do lince-ibérico Margarida Lopes Fernandes Tese de doutoramento em Antropologia Novembro, 2018 DECLARAÇÕES Declaro que esta tese é o resultado da minha investigação pessoal e independente. O seu conteúdo é original e todas as fontes consultadas estão devidamente mencionadas no texto, nas notas e na bibliografia. A candidata, Lisboa, 18 de Dezembro de 2017 Declaro que esta tese se encontra em condições de ser apreciado pelo júri a designar. A orientadora, Lisboa, 18 de Dezembro de 2017 Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Antropologia, especialização em Antropologia Biológica e Etnoecologia, realizada sob a orientação científica da Profª Amélia Frazão-Moreira Co-orientação Doutora Ana Isabel Queiroz Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio - SFRH/ BD/ 75769/ 2011 Dedico a tese aos meus pais e antepassados barrosões, que me trouxeram o amor pelo campo e o interesse e respeito pelas pessoas AGRADECIMENTOS Institucionais À Fundação Ciência e Tecnologia pela atribuição de uma bolsa individual de doutoramento e que permitiu realizar períodos de pesquisa a tempo inteiro. À Secretaria de Estado do Ambiente e das Florestas e Desenvolvimento Rural, Secretaria de Estado do Ordenamento do Território e da Conservação da Natureza e ao Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e Florestas pela concordância com o estatuto de equiparação a bolseira entre 2012 e 2016 e pela articulação do estudo em curso com a conservação de lince-ibérico em Portugal. Ao Centro em Rede Investigação em Antropologia pelo acolhimento formal, apoio logístico e receptividade a novos projectos. Ao projecto LIFE Iberlince, ICNF e Associação Iberlinx pelo apoio numa parte da recolha de dados para este trabalho através do projecto “Avaliação de atitude social nas áreas potenciais de reintrodução”. Ao Instituto de Estudos e Literatura Tradicional e a todos os leitores do projecto “Atlas das paisagens literárias de Portugal continental” pela colaboração e apoio na pesquisa em torno das representações de predadores. Aos Museus e Centros de documentação contactados, pelo acesso documental e pela informação adicional prestada: Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, Biblioteca Nacional, Biblioteca Galileo em Florença, Museu Miho (Japão), Museu de Arqueologia de Verona, Museu de Atenas, Museu da Guarda, Museu de Barrancos, Biblioteca e Arquivo Municipal de Moura, Museu de Arte Antiga, Biblioteca do Museu de Etnologia, Biblioteca de Vila Verde de Ficalho. Nominais À Professora Amélia Frazão Moreira por ter aceitado a orientação científica deste trabalho e tê-lo feito com rigor e sentido pragmático. À Doutora Ana Isabel Queiroz por ter aceitado a co-orientação do trabalho e pela determinação com que apoiou a interdisciplinaridade entre a análise da literatura e a Antropologia, para abordar as relações entre humanos e não-humanos animais. Ao Professor Alistair Bath por ter inicialmente aceitado a co-orientação deste trabalho, o qual acabou por não ser possível concretizar fora do país, e ter impulsionado a direcção do trabalho. Ao Engenheiro Tito Rosa, presidente em 2011 do ex-ICNB, pelo seu parecer positivo ao projecto de tese e pela sua visão e defesa do interesse da dimensão social na conservação das espécies. Aos membros do Conselho Diretivo do ICNF, nos anos sucessivos, e aos dirigentes da Divisão de Conservação e Biodiversidade e do Departamento de Recursos Naturais e Conservação da Natureza que apoiaram e permitiram a prossecução dos trabalhos. A todos os informantes de Moura-Barrancos e Guadiana pela partilha do seu tempo, opinião e saber, proporcionando uma pesquisa científica e sobretudo uma especial experiência de vida, com múltiplas aprendizagens. Ao escritor Bento da Cruz pelo contacto privilegiado com a sua obra e entrevistas que me concedeu. À sua memória póstuma dedico o capítulo “Vivendo com a fera”. Ao grupo de Dimensão Social do Plano de Acção para a Conservação de Lince- ibérico: Carla Mouro, Paula Castro, Lia Vasconcelos, Helena Bonzinho, Isabel Rodrigo, António Cabanas e Amélia Frazão-Moreira, por terem graciosamente aceite, em 2011, integrar um grupo de apoio e discussão. Foi no fórum deste grupo que o meu interesse pela dimensão social da conservação da natureza se consolidou e muitas ideias de pesquisa surgiram. A todos os colegas do ICNF, os do Programa Liberne, nos anos noventa, pela recolha conjunta de informação histórica, os que asseguram, no presente, o funcionamento do projecto LIFE Iberlince e aos mais próximos, da Divisão, que me apoiaram pessoalmente e incentivaram sempre o estudo. Aos colegas do Departamento do Alentejo do ICNF que sugeriram e facilitaram contactos com informantes, em particular à Raquel Ventura, minha informante privilegiada, pela amizade e generoso acolhimento na sua casa. Pela calorosa receptividade e facilidade nas estadias no terreno aos funcionários da Herdade dos Lameirões, à Fátima Mourinho, à Srª Maris e Sr. Arnaldo de João Serra e à casa da tia Amália, em Mértola. À Clara Espírito Santo e Patricia Santos que integraram a equipa de projecto Iberlince e apoiaram a tarefa de transcrição de entrevistas e elaboração de relatórios, em particular à Clara pelo empenho e apoio na análise quantitativa dos dados. Aos Professores do Departamento de Antropologia da FCSH: Claúdia Sousa, João Leal, Maria Cardeira da Silva, José Mapril, Paula Godinho, Susana Trovão, Margarida Fernandes e também aos Profs. Humberto Martins e Telmo Caria da UTAD, pelo excelente acolhimento, estímulo intelectual e por todas as ideias e sugestões. Ao grupo de ex-combatentes e ao Tenente-Coronel Amado do SEPNA pela cedência de documentação e iconografia sobre o lince enquanto símbolo. Também à Andreia Farrobo, Inês Barroso, Câmara Municipal da Vidigueira, família do Eng. Lebre, Jorge Simões, Simon Davis, e todos os que cederam imagens específicas para a pesquisa do capítulo VI. A todos os que me auxiliaram na obtenção de bibliografia, informações complementares específicas e imagens entre os quais Eng. Neiva, Eng. Fonseca Borges, Eng. Gonçalo Lopes, Câmara Municipal da Vidigueira, Doutores Rodrigues Ferreira e Margarita Diaz (Arqueologia), Dr. Boiça, Pedro Faria Bravo, Joana Roque de Pinho, José Ferreira, José Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Palmeirim, Bárbara Pinto, Filipa Soares, Guilherme Sá, Simon Davis, António Caeiro, Bruno Pinto, Virginia Pimenta, Hannah Parathian, Ana Dionísio e autores que facilitaram o acesso às suas publicações. Uma palavra aos colegas do ano curricular de 2011/2012, da FCSH, pela partilha de referências e estimulantes discussões teóricas. À Ana Rainho pelas questões e apoio lúcido nas análises estatísticas. À Ana Isabel Queiroz (FCSH), Hannah Parathian e Tânia Minhós (Grupo Desafios Ambientais, Sustentabilidade e Etnografia), Clara Espirito-Santo, Luka Clarke e referees anónimos pelas revisões das publicações científicas que integram capítulos desta tese. À Luisa Rodrigues e Maria João Firme pelas importantes revisões finais de texto da tese. Pessoais Aos impulsionadores iniciais da ideia: Flávio Barros, Marta Pinho de Almeida, Bruno Pinto e Lurdes Carvalho que me inspiraram para a interdisciplinaridade com a certeza de que teria talento para aprender a ser antropóloga. À Amélia pelo privilégio de ter partilhado a amizade, o trabalho de campo, os conhecimentos científicos e humanos. A sua generosidade acolheu não só os temas de tese mas também os desafios de um projecto adicional e a exigência de tentar integrar o conhecimento das Ciências Sociais à prática da conservação e apoio à decisão. Aos meus amigos, os mais chegados e de longa data, que me conhecem com profundidade e têm abraçado com naturalidade e ânimo as mais inesperadas opções de vida. À Marta por ter estado sempre lá com o seu imenso saber de antropóloga e a confidencialidade de amiga. O seu papel como confidente para discutir as questões teóricas, metodológicas e emocionais e o apoio incondicional no percurso pessoal, foi basilar para o trabalho. Aos companheiros antroposóficos mais próximos, pela inspiração, visão espiritual do mundo e caloroso acompanhamento do meu percurso. À minha familia, Fernandes e Clarke, pelo apoio incondicional, moral, financeiro e logístico que tornou possível esta escolha e sobretudo pelo afecto. Aos animais não-humanos, domésticos e selvagens, com quem tive encontros pessoais ao longo do percurso, pois trouxeram-me outros conhecimentos empíricos e uma inspiração única. Last but not least, aos personagens essenciais para conseguir o produto final: ao Luka, um companheiro ímpar e excepcional conselheiro científico, à Constança, com o seu atento carinho e ajudas práticas incontáveis, ao Rafael com o seu entusiasmo constante pelo campo e olhar pertinente. De todos recebi o equilíbrio fundamental para prosseguir, sempre. “Entre Predadores” Relações com a natureza a propósito da reintrodução do lince-ibérico Margarida Lopes Fernandes RESUMO O presente estudo debruçou-se sobre as percepções sociais, representações e apropriações dos grandes predadores selvagens em Portugal aprofundando o caso da reintrodução do lince-ibérico. Uma recolha e análise de representações mostraram uma visibilidade particular do lobo-ibérico, nomeadamente na literatura portuguesa, por contraste com uma presença cultural discreta do lince ao longo da História desde a mitologia grega à medicina medieval. Estas espécies, historicamente consideradas como “nocivas”, revelaram ter tido também um carácter ambivalente e
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