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El Clúster Productivo Del Cobre: Retos Para La Sostenibilidad

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El Clúster Productivo Del Cobre: Retos Para La Sostenibilidad Dirección Nacional de Prospectiva y Estudios Estratégicos EL CLÚSTER PRODUCTIVO DEL COBRE: RETOS PARA LA SOSTENIBILIDAD Documento de trabajo Actualizado al 21 de diciembre del 2020 El clúster productivo del cobre: retos para la sostenibilidad Javier Abugattás Presidente del Consejo Directivo del CEPLAN Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Estratégico Bruno Barletti Director Ejecutivo del CEPLAN Jordy Vilchez Astucuri Director Nacional de Prospectiva y Estudios Estratégicos Equipo técnico: Erika Celiz Ignacio, Marco Francisco Torres, Karin Rivera Miranda, Gustavo Rondón Ramirez. Editado por: Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Estratégico Av. Canaval y Moreyra 480, piso 11 San Isidro, Lima, Perú (51-1) 211-7800 [email protected] www.ceplan.gob.pe © Derechos reservados Primera edición, junio de 2020 2 Tabla de contenido Resumen ejecutivo .............................................................................................................. 5 I. Introducción ..................................................................................................................... 6 II. Marco metodológico ........................................................................................................ 7 2.1. Marco de Medios de Vida Sostenibles .................................................................................. 7 2.1.1. Principios ............................................................................................................................ 7 2.1.2. Elementos que conforman el marco de Medios de Vida Sostenibles ................................. 8 III. Activos de sustento en el corredor minero del sur.......................................................... 10 3.1. Contextualización de los cinco capitales ............................................................................. 10 3.1.1. Capital financiero ....................................................................................................... 10 a) Crecimiento económico.............................................................................................. 10 b) Creación de ingresos y generación de empleos .......................................................... 12 3.1.2. Capital humano .......................................................................................................... 13 3.1.3. Capital social ............................................................................................................... 14 a) Conflictos sociales ...................................................................................................... 14 b) Gobernanza ................................................................................................................ 15 3.1.4. Capital natural ............................................................................................................ 16 3.1.5. Capital físico ............................................................................................................... 16 IV. Impacto de la minería sobre los medios de vida ............................................................. 18 4.1. Impactos en los medios de vida a través del recurso hídrico .............................................. 18 4.2. Impactos en los medios de vida a través de la tenencia de la tierra ................................... 19 4.3. Impactos en los medios de vida a través de nuevas oportunidades de empleo .................. 19 4.4. Síntesis de impactos ............................................................................................................ 20 V. Retos para la sostenibilidad en el clúster minero del sur ................................................. 22 VI. Conclusiones ................................................................................................................ 25 VII. Referencias.................................................................................................................. 26 3 Lista de tablas Tabla 1 Descripción de los elementos del marco MVS ................................................................. 8 Tabla 2 Zonas evaluadas dentro del corredor minero del sur ................................................... 10 Tabla 3 Condición de pobreza de la población asentada en el corredor minero del sur ............ 12 Tabla 4 Condición de pobreza y salud infantil en el corredor minero del sur ............................ 13 Lista de figuras Figura 1. Componentes que forman parte del marco de medios de vida sostenibles .................. 9 Figura 2. Perú: exportaciones expresada en porcentajes, año 2018 .......................................... 11 Figura 3. Frecuencia de conflictos socio-ambientales por provincia, 2004-2016 ....................... 15 Figura 4. Estado actual del pentágono de SLF en el corredor minero del sur............................. 21 Lista de siglas CEPLAN Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Estratégico EE. UU Estados Unidos de América FAO Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura INEI Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática MVS Medios de Vida Sostenibles MINEN Ministerio de Energía y Minas PEA Población económicamente activa MINAGRI Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego 4 Resumen ejecutivo La actividad minera es uno de los soportes principales de la economía peruana. Este documento complementa el análisis realizado por el CEPLAN el año 2019 en la publicación “El clúster productivo del cobre en el sur del Perú”, el cual se centró en analizar los factores de competitividad de las empresas y la capacidad competitiva de los territorios. Asimismo, se examinó el impacto de la minería en el territorio y la población. Entre los temas no abordados en dicho estudio están la sostenibilidad de las actividades económicas productivas más allá del ciclo de vida de la actividad minera. Además, no posible obviar el impacto que ha tenido la crisis generada por la COVID-19 en nuestro país y donde la actividad minera no estuvo al margen. Por ejemplo, la producción en marzo de 2020 registró una disminución de -21,82% en el sector minería e hidrocarburos; la cual volvió a disminuir en -42,29% en el mes de abril de 2020. Si tenemos en cuenta que en el sector la minería metálica participa con el 84,6%, el impacto en el clúster del cobre es importante. Sin embargo, en la reactivación de las actividades económica, que se inició durante el mes de mayo 2020, la minería fue una de las incluidas en la denominada Fase 1. Mediante el DS 080-2020, la actividad minera, así como la construcción de proyectos mineros declarados de interés nacional, fueron incluidos en la primera fase del reinicio de actividades, las cuales funcionaran bajo los protocolos aprobados por el Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MINEM). De esta manera, se espera que cerca de 22 empresas correspondientes a la gran minería retomen su producción durante el mes de mayo, las mismas que representan cerca del 95% de la producción nacional de cobre, el 65% de la producción de plata, el 62% de zinc y el 26% de oro, de acuerdo con lo señalado por la Sociedad Nacional de Minería, Petróleo y Energía (IPE, 2020). En ese sentido, el propósito del presente estudio es determinar los principales retos para el desarrollo sostenible de la minería en el sur del país, considerando como centro de análisis los medios de vida de las comunidades asentadas en la zona del clúster y como éstos activos de sustento se han visto impactados por la minería. Para explicar los impactos de la actividad minera se optó por usar el marco de Medios de Vida Sostenibles (MVS). Este enfoque permite evidenciar que los medios de vida de las comunidades en el clúster de cobre en el sur están siendo transformados por la acción de la minería en los siguientes aspectos: (1) cantidad y calidad del agua de la que dependen los pobladores, (2) prácticas de tenencia de la tierra que facilitan los medios de vida basados en la agricultura y (3) las nuevas oportunidades de empleo, que implican cambios de estrategias para la subsistencia. Finalmente, después de haber identificado los principales impactos en los medios de vida de las comunidades se establecen los retos, entendidos como los riesgos a disminuir y las oportunidades a aprovechar, para el desarrollo sostenible de la actividad minera en el clúster. 5 I. Introducción Para algunos analistas, las reservas minerales del país tienen el potencial para que millones de peruanos salgan de la pobreza y que la economía del país se dinamice a niveles sin precedentes. Más allá de si esta afirmación es totalmente cierta o no, es evidente que frente a la ola de conflictos que enfrenta el sector, el país necesita lo que De Echave (2019) ha bautizado como un nuevo contrato social minero, capaz de dar un justo lugar a las perspectivas y aspiraciones de todos los actores (comunidades, empresas y gobierno). El reto, dice De Echave, “es construir una suerte de consenso en torno a la minería”, un consenso, que considere la geología del país y la extensa historia de la actividad minera, al lado de los derechos de los pobladores y el respeto al ambiente. Desde el CEPLAN, se busca contribuir en la construcción de ese consenso debido a la importancia de la actividad minera para el desarrollo y por la necesidad de reducir la conflictividad socio ambiental en el sur del país. En la zona sur se ubica la ruta de transporte de producción minera más importante del país. Por ahí se traslada la producción de las minas Constancia y Antapaccay (Cusco), y de Las Bambas (Apurímac); que arriban al puerto de Matarani (Arequipa) mediante el
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