Urban Transportation System in Seoul
2015. 9.
Joonho Ko, Ph.D. Research Fellow
The Seoul Institute Contents
Ⅰ _Seoul Transportation Overview Ⅱ _Subway System Ⅲ _Bus System Ⅳ_ Travel Demand Management and Initiatives Ⅴ_ Big Data
Ⅰ. Overview Overview
Transportation settings
4 Overview
Change of travel modes and roadway network
Mode of transportation
Walk (~ 1945) Streetcar (1945～1970) Bus (1971～1985) Car (1986 ~ 2000)
Expansion of Road Network
1936 1966 1972 2000
5 Overview
Number of cars and traffic congestion cost
Population and Number of Cars
# of vehicles Population
1980 99,286 8,364,379
2013 2,338,864 10,388,055
2255.7%↑ 24.2%↑
Traffic congestion costs (unit: KRW) (Unit : billion)
2001 2013 Traffic Congestion costs 5,087 8,414 65.4%↑ (KRW) Overview
Mode share Mode share
1996 2013
Auto 24.6% 23.1% 1.5%↓
Public 59.5% 65.6% 6.1%↑ Transportation
Transit ridership
1985 2013
Total 3,313 4,145 25%↑
Subway 511 2,485 386%↑
Bus 2,802 1,660 41%↓ Ⅱ. Urban Railway System Subway System
Subway system Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 - Line #5: 1990 ~ 1996 - Line #9: 2001 ~ 2009 - Line #1: 1971 ~ 1974 - Line #6: 1994 ~ 2001 - Ui-Sinseol Line (7.8km, Seoul Station – Cheongnangri) - Line #7: 1990 ~ 2000 - Line #2: 1978 ~ 1984 - Line #8: 1990 ~ 1999 - Line #3, #4: 1980 ~ 1985 Subway System
Subway system
1st 2nd Stage Stage Metro Metro
3rd Stage Regional Metro Rail Subway System
Subway system Subway Extension Subway System
Subway station catchment area . 41% of Seoul area (built-up area) is included within the station catchment area on the basis of 500m radius
Subway station catchment area
Radius Catchm- Ratio to Catchm- Ratio to ent area whole ent area Seoul Seoul within built-up area built-up area area 100m 9.9㎢ 1.6% 6.5㎢ 1.8%
200m 38.2㎢ 6.3% 27.3㎢ 7.6%
300m 83.2㎢ 13.7% 61.2㎢ 16.9%
500m 202.3㎢ 33.4% 148.0㎢ 41.0%
* Seoul area: 605.25 ㎢ (built-up area: 361 ㎢)
Legend 500m 역세권 구경계_Project Subway System
Crowdedness . Tolerable degree of crowdedness = 150%, but current conditions during rush hour exceed the degree
Overall Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 Line 7 Line 8 Line 9
2009 159% 122% 202% 122% 172% 168% 177% 179% 176% RH
2011 169% 144% 196% 149% 180% 170% 143% 182% 147% 215% RH
Difference +10% +22% -6% +27% +8% +2% -34% +3% -29% - (2011 – 2009)
Note: For line 9, the highest crowdedness is for express services. Subway System
Subway operating companies As of 2011
Boarding (million Established Length (km) # of Stations Revenue (million USD/day)** persons/day)
Seoul Metro 1981 137.9 120 3.04 2.01
Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit 1994 152 148 1.73 1.18 (SMRT) Metro 9 2004 25.5 25 0.17* 0.11* Note: * as of 2010; ** exchange rate: $1.0 = KRW1100 Subway System
Fare vs. operating cost Unit: KRW/passenger
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Average 659 723 736 727 726 725 791 fare
Seoul Operating 948 1,007 1,018 1,048 1,092 1,051 989 Metro cost
Difference -288 -284 -282 -321 -366 -326 -198
Average 687 756 760 754 749 750 818 fare
Operating SMRT 1,285 1,262 1,277 1,283 1,217 1,276 1,207 cost
Difference -598 -506 -517 -529 -468 -525 -388 Subway System
Plan for rail network expansion Central governm ent LRT construction for low transit Service Areas (73.7 km, 8 Lines) 12% Private Seoul 54% - Establishing a 10-Year Master Plan for Urban Railroad 34%
(0.9 trillion KRW for 11.4km) Subway System
Ppp project: Metro 9
Planning Construction Operation
Infra
30 year concession BTO 10 year contract Rolling stock, station
17 Ⅲ. Bus System Bus System
Bus system As of December 2011 City bus : 7,534buses/363 routes, Community bus :1,401 buses/210 routes No. of passengers in a day (average) 5.7 million Bus only lane : 52 corridors, 203.6km (Median bus lane : 12 corridors,114.3km)
Bus System
Color-coded hierarchical bus system
(sub)Urban areas ↔ (sub)Center cities Meet the demand of private car. Inter-regional Lines
Connecting suburban areas and center cities Punctuality and speediness. Trunk Lines
Link trunk line buses or subways for easy transfer Satisfy the local needs and securing accessibility. Feeder Lines
Circular bus service for business and shopping in urban areas.
Circular Lines Bus System
Integrated distance-based transit fare system
Free transfer between bus-bus and bus-subway, free transfer within 30 minutes. (maximum 5 times)
Subway (single ride) : Basic Fare W1,050 for 10 Km Distance-based Fare W100 for 5Km up to 40Km and for 10Km beyond
Bus [single ride] : Flat Fare W1,050(Trunk) / W 1,850 (Inter regional bus)
Expansion of the fare system in Metropolitan area
July 2004 Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway
July 2007 Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway ↔ Gyeonggi bus
September 2008 Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway ↔ Gyeonggi bus ↔ Red bus October Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway ↔ Gyeonggi bus 2008 ↔ Red bus ↔ Incheon bus Bus System
Number of bus – subway transfer passengers
thousand passengers % 600 35
500 30
25 400 20 300 Number of passengers who transfer Transfer passengers/Total passengers 15 200 10
100 5
0 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Note: Data is only applied to 5,6, 7 and 8 lines. Bus System
Bus management system
For Public Seoul BMS Bus Company
BIT -Real-time Bus -Real-time Bus Operation Information Operation Info -Route and Transfer -Bus Operation DB Info • Bus Location ARS Mobile Internet • Allocating Bus • Route and operation Info • Real-time • Notice • Bus Arrival Time Bus location Info •Interval and operation Info
•Bus Interval Info •Bus Operation Info Bus System
Median bus lanes - 12 corridors of 115.3km (210 km including planned corridors) For faster and reliable bus operation To improve passengers’ convenience by comfortable shelter, transfer center
Under Operation
Plan for 2013
Plan for 2014 - 2016
After 2017 Bus System
Transportation centers
Yeoido Transportation Center
Seoul Station Center
Cheongnyangni Transportation Center, July. 2005 Bus System
Night Bus Implemented on two pilot routes (N37 and N26) using 6 buses for each route Service hour: from midnight until 3:30am Service interval: 35 ~ 40 minutes Fare: 1,850 KRW (higher than regular fare)
26 Bus System
Electric bus pilot project
. EV Bus in Namsan . Namsan EV Bus Routes
Type Category Features Weight 10.7 ton Vehicle 11m(Length) × 2.49m(Width) × Size 3.5m(Height) Drive Motor 240kW (322hp) Engine Line No. 02 Battery Lithium-ion polymer(80kWh) Line No. 05 Top speed 100km/h Line No. 03 Gradability* 30%(17˚) Performance Distance per 110km (Driving at 60km/h) Charging Charging time 20mins(Rapid charging) Bus System
Transit Mall
Target road: Yonsei-ro (550 meter) Opened in Jan. 2014 Provision of more pedestrian and bike spaces Allowed to run for buses and emergency vehicles Taxies are allowed to travel during midnight to 6am
28 Travel Demand Management and Ⅳ. Initiatives Travel Demand Management
Historical TDM program evolvement
Namsan Raised fee impact traffic Parking cap Parking pricing
Annual fee impact traffic Non
Raised fee impact traffic
Expanding Expanding cap parking area
Raised fee impact traffic
Illegal enforcement parking
-
free parking
Mandatory
congestion congestion charging
1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 2013
Employer
Car Sharing
Publictransit reform Flexible hours working
Monthly public Monthly day transit
Weekly no Chunggae Business taxi
Revised Revised Employer
2nd phase systemmetro
1
st
phase metro phase systemmetro
Voluntary
(Line 1~4,’85)
Metro line9
(Line 5~8)
-
basedTDM
stream stream restorationproject
-
driving day driving program
-
basedTDM
30 Travel Demand Management
Energy consumption and mode share
Mode share VS. Energy consumption share
Energy에너지 12.1% 5.5% 55.7% 6.1% 19.2% 1.5%
Motorcycle
Bus Metro Passenger Taxi Truck car
수단분담률Mode(2009) 27.8% 35.2% 25.9% 6.2% 4.1% 0.8% share (2009)
버스 지하철 승용차 택시 트럭 오토바이
31 Travel Demand Management
Annual traffic impact fee . Why? - Reducing the amount of traffic - Securing revenue for transit system improvement
. Who pays? - Building owners (≥1,000 ㎡ of Total floor area)
. Equation for annual traffic impact fee - Floor area × Traffic impact fee unit × Coefficient by building type
2 . Traffic impact fee unit (unit: KRW/m ) Jan. 1990 May 1995 Oct. 1996 Total floor area <3,000㎡, < 10 parking spaces 350 350 350 Total floor area ≥ 3,000㎡, ≥10 parking spaces 500 700 Note: Revenue (2011) of about 84 billion KRW (70 million USD)
32
Travel Demand Management
Employer-Based TDM . Incentives for the employer-based TDM: reduction of traffic impact fee . Different reduction rates for different employer-based TMD programs
⇒ Average traffic impact fee reduction rate: 17.9% (for the applicants; as of 2010)
Travel Demand Management
Congestion Pricing . Charging implementation: `96.11.11
. Charging time period: Weekdays 07:00 ～ 21:00
. Charging point: Namsan 1 tunnel, Namsan 3 tunnel
. Amount: 2,000 KRW
. Target: passenger cars with less than 3 occupants
. Legal speed criteria for the selection of target roads
Expressways Arterials
# of lanes >= 4 >= 4 <= 3 (one way)
Speed < 30km/h < 21km/h < 15km/h
Occurrence At least 3 times per day
34 Travel Demand Management
Weekly No Driving Day Program: Characteristics
. Voluntary participants can choose at least one weekday as their no-driving day
. Applied time : 7am to 10pm, weekdays except for Sat., Sun., and national holidays
. Target vehicles : non-commercial vehicles carrying less than 11 passengers
. Incentives : discount on annual car tax (5%), congestion charge (50%), public parking fees (10- 20%), gasoline price (1-6¢/liter), car maintenance cost (5-10%), and auto insurance premiums (8.7%)
. Management : adopting RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) technology: participants should attach RFID-tag on the windshield of their car
Apply for and receive electronic tag
Attach the tag to the car
RFID readers verify compliance
Successful sincere participants are given incentives 35 Travel Demand Management
Car-sharing system
Run by a total of 5 business operators (regular cars : 2, electric cars : 3)
1,816 cars running in 850 sharing stations throughout Seoul (regular car : 1,474, electric car : 342)
# of trips by car-sharing: 7,909 trips/day (0.02% of total trips in Seoul)
Regula Electric Sum r Cars Cars
Number of 349,999 290,222 59,777 members
Number of cars 1,816 1,474 342
Number of 769,265 691,062 78,203 accumulated users
Number of users 2,775 2,540 202 per day
Number of users 1.5 1.7 0.7 per car each day
Average rental time 4hr 2min 4hr 24min 3hr 49min
# of sharing cars : 대 대 대 대 대 Average mileage 1 2 3~5 6~10 11~15 57 74 46 per rental (km) 36 Ⅴ. Big Data in Transportation Big Data
Background
. 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are generated every day! - A quintillion is 1018 . Data come from many quarters - Social media sites - Sensors - Digital photos - Business transactions - Location-based data
Source: IBM http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/bigdata/ Big Data
Definition
Big data was defined by IBM in 2010 Big Data
There is much more than meets the eye!!
40 Big Data
Transportation card
Number of bus passengers Level of crowding near and in CBD during morning peak hour
Temporal distribution of metro ridership (Weekdays) Temporal distribution of metro ridership (Weekends) (Data: Line 1- 4, 2013) (Data: Line 1- 4, 2013) 12 12 10 10
8 8
% % 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Time of day Time of day 41 Big Data
Archived traffic speed
Congested road segments with more than Congested road segments with more than or equal to two hours of congestion per day or equal to two hours of congestion per day (hourly speeds of less than 10 km/h) (hourly speeds of less than 15 km/h)
100% 84% 87%
평일weekdays 85% 79% 81% 80% 73% 76% 주말weekend 70% 63% 58% 60% 46% 39% 40%
19% 20%
Cumulativeproportion 12% 0%0% 2%1% 0% 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Threshold speed (km/h) 42 Big Data
Taxi digital Tachograph (DTG)
. A device for collecting taxi operation data - Location, passenger boarding/alighting, fare, operation time . 100% installment of DTG for 72,189 Seoul Taxis
Non- Data Vehicle Driver’ Service Nighttime Type of Type of Company Company Boarding Alighting Boarding x- Alighting y- service No. Collected Registratio s Distanc Fare Extra Paymen Taxi Name Time Time coordinate coordinate Distanc Date/Time ID n Number e Charge t ID e Corporati 2013-03-25 한양상운( 서울33사14 2013-03-24 2013-03-25 Credit 301200006 3323 3005 3700 Normal 127057771 37592720 3809 1 on 0:00 주) 33 23:52 0:00 Card Corporati 2013-03-25 삼익택시( 서울34사25 2013-03-24 2013-03-25 301200011 4970 6554 6900 Normal Cash 126907898 37519421 1699 2 on 0:00 주) 18 23:41 0:00 Owner- 2013-03-25 서울33사26 2013-03-24 2013-03-25 Extra 301200016 5127 1525 2400 Cash 126546260 37362755 686 3 driven 0:00 23 23:55 0:00 Charged Big Data
Taxi digital Tachograph (DTG)
Spatial distribution of Seoul taxi trips
During 8 a.m. – 9 a.m. During 12 a.m. – 1 a.m.
Seoul Taxi Operational Characteristics 1.0 7 0.8 6 0.6 5 % 0.4 4 0.2 3
Cumulative density Cumulative 0.0 2
0 1
40 80
120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 Daily travel distance (km) Time of day 44 Big Data
Characteristics of car-sharing Car-sharing stations with high usages (top 20%) - Large population in nearby areas - High accessibility to subway station Use less than 1 time a day 23% - Few car-sharing stations Use 1 - 2 times a day 52% in neighboring area (less competitions) Use 3 - 4 times a day 17% - Mixed land use - University-located area Use 5 or more a day 8%
⊙ less than 1 ⊙ 1~2 ⊙ 2~5 ⊙ 5~10 ⊙ above 10
top 20% of car-sharing stations 45 Big Data
Car-sharing
Peak time of Car-sharing use is different from that of traffic volume
More rentals during day time and night time
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
00~01 01~02 02~03 03~04 04~05 05~06 06~07 07~08 08~09 09~10 10~11 11~12 12~13 13~14 14~15 15~16 16~17 17~18 18~19 19~20 20~21 21~22 22~23 23~24
시간 time 46 Big Data
Pedestrian activity
보 180 행 160 07:30 08:30
량( 140
인/5min) 120
100
80 60 40 20
0
07:05 07:35 08:05 08:35 09:05 09:35 10:05 10:35 11:05 11:35 12:05 12:35 13:05 13:35 14:05 14:35 15:05 15:35 16:05 16:35 17:05 17:35 18:05 18:35 19:05 19:35 20:05 20:35
------
07:00 07:30 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 19:00 19:30 20:00 20:30
09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30
13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30
17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30
47 Big Data
edestrian activity P Weekday
08:00~09:00 12:30~13:30 18:00~19:00
Weekend 08:30~09:30 12:45~13:45 18:15~19:15
48 Big Data
What can we do with the big data?
. Pin-pointing problematic areas . Balancing supply and demand of services . Improving quality of services . Increasing operational efficiency
. Facilitating data collection
Saving money + Saving resources + …
49 Thank you!! [email protected]