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Use of Uv Radiation As an Alternative to Chlorine Gas for Wastewater Disinfection

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Use of Uv Radiation As an Alternative to Chlorine Gas for Wastewater Disinfection USE OF UV RADIATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO CHLORINE GAS FOR WASTEWATER DISINFECTION. By Arif Jaffer , Jasem Al-Muaili and Mohammed Al-Moniee Jaffer is an engineering specialist in the Lab Research and Development Center. He holds a bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from Oklahoma State University and presented numerous papers at professional international conferences. Al-Muaili is a chemist in Lab Research and Development Center. He holds a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from King Saud University, Riyadh. Al-Moniee is a chemist in Lab Research and Development Center. He holds a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from the University of Toledo, Ohio, USA ABSTRACT The current practice of using chlorine gas for the disinfection of wastewater treatment effluents at Saudi Aramco Wastewater Treatment plants possesses several safety and environmental concerns. In an effort to eliminate these concerns, Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard has been revised to discourage the use of chlorine gas in wastewater facilities and to consider other alternatives. This pilot plant study aims to investigate whether the use of Ultra-violet radiation (UV) is an acceptable alternative to chlorine gas or sodium hypochlorite disinfection systems. Sodium hypochlorite systems are safer than chlorine gas but they are less cost effective to install and operate. This paper evaluates UV disinfection process to determine whether it is a viable option for Saudi Aramco wastewater plants. It also evaluates options for controlling the scaling that is expected with high TDS local wastewater and determines the cost effectiveness of this type of disinfection method. The study also attempts to identify and solve other operating problems that are identified during the on-site pilot plant test. 1 · Determine the cleaning frequency for the INTRODUCTION quartz sleeves (Fouling rate). The water industry has relied heavily on the use of chlorine gas to disinfect wastewater treatment plants. Chlorine gas is a very effective The Disinfection Chemistry disinfectant and capable of killing most of the Disinfection in wastewater is a process to pathogens present in water. New environmental inactivate waterborne pathogenic (disease- regulations have arisen that limit the use of producing) bacteria and other harmful chlorination as a major disinfectant process. microorganisms that may be present in the water Toxicity and safety concerns, as well as the (Blatchley et al., 1997,p.1581). The two main requirements for dechlorination are among the disinfection processes are chlorination and UV major limitations of chlorine gas. Because of irradiation. The following is a brief description current regulations, extensive research has been of each process. going on to evaluate alternatives to chlorine gas: Ozonation, UV irradiation, Chlorination chlorination/dechlorination and sodium In the United States and most other countries hypochlorite. worldwide, the use of chlorine and its compounds is a standard disinfection process Currently, the Rahima Sewage Treatment Plant (Isaac, 1996a, p. 47), as a result of its being uses chlorine gas to disinfect wastewater effective, inexpensive and very reliable. treatment effluent. This presents a potential risk Chlorine is the basis of comparison of the to the community. Also, discharging chlorine to effectiveness of other disinfectants. Chlorine is the Tarut bay may harm the marine environment. abundant and can be produced by the electrolysis These two concerns have led to the investigation of aqueous solutions of alkali metal chloride of ultra-violet radiation as an acceptable such as sodium chloride, in the following alternative to chlorine gas. reaction (Austin, 1984, p. 232) : Based upon earlier findings, Engineering Services in cooperation with Community NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + Services initiated a pilot plant study at the 1/2H2(g) + 1/2Cl2(g). Rahima Sewage Treatment Plant. The objectives of the pilot plant study were as follows: Chlorine dissociates in water in the following · Determine the efficiency of UV as a method reaction (Isaac, 1996a, p. 47): of disinfection; + - · Determine the UV dose required to achieve Cl2 + H2O HOCl + H + Cl . the target disinfection level; and Although chlorine gas is effective as a disinfectant, restrictive environmental regulations discourage its use. The new 2 regulation covers, among other things, the Due to the simplicity and effectiveness of the allowable disposal limits, the safety of personnel, technology, the number of UV units in operation and the toxicity of chlorine gas. As a result, the has increased rapidly. According to Lau wastewater purification industry decided to (1997,p. 66), "the number of UV disinfection investigate other technologies such as ozonation systems in operation grew from approximately and UV irradiation. 50 in 1985 to 500 by 1990, and to more than UV Irradiation 1500 by 1995." UV rays are present naturally in sunlight and are UV TECHNOLOGY known to be germicidal. UV can be emitted Improvements in UV Technology artificially by a variety of arcs and incandescent The technology of UV irradiation has been lamps. The UV rays fall between 100 improving since it started commercially in the nanometers (nm) and 400 nm with the ideal mid 1980s. The introduction of MP (medium bactericidal level at 254 nm. pressure) along with high intensity lamps made UV is a physical process where the organism's UV very attractive. Tchobanoglous (Valenti, DNA is altered so that the cells are no longer 1997, p. 83), says that "now, one lamp can do the reproduced. UV does not kill organisms, as work of 20." Studies have also revealed that UV chlorine does, but it prevents their production. irradiation is complying with fecal The water to be disinfected is passed through an coliform limitation on a consistent basis Figure 1. Ultraviolet radiation spectrum (Adapted from Ultraviolet…, 1998) irradiation chamber. Most of the (Blatchley, 1993, p.353). Microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeast's, and Advantages of UV Technology over viruses are inactivated within seconds of being Chlorine Gas Disinfection exposed to the UV light. 3 The use of UV irradiation technology to disinfect effectiveness with traditional wastewater has increased tremendously during chlorination/dechlorination systems for treating the last 10 years (Loge et al., 1996a, p. 1078). wastewater effluent" (Study Finds…,1998, p. "Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection compares 24). Table 1 summarizes the advantages that UV favorably in terms of efficiency and cost- radiation offers over chlorination. Table 1. Comparison between UV Technology and Chlorine Gas Disinfection UV Technology Chlorine Disinfection · Physical process · Chemical process · Environmently acceptable · Toxic, needs dechlorination process · Treatment time 0-30 seconds · Treatment time 0-30 minutes · No safety hazardous ( flammability, and · safety hazardous ( flammability, and explosion) explosion) · Easy to handle and operate · Difficult to handle and operate · None-corrosive · Corrosive DEFICIENCY OF CHLORINE GAS DISINFECTION Background Transportation of Gas Cylinders Even though the discovery of UV irradiation was Chlorination in wastewater is accomplished made as early as the 1900's, it was through the injection of chlorine gas. Chlorine not until the mid-1980's that this technology was gas is shipped and transported in cylinders. Each used commercially (Linden, 1998, p. 58). The chlorination plant is equipped with storage research of UV technology has progressed in facilities and tools to handle the gas. UV response to the need for an alternative to chlorine irradiation does not involve any chemicals to be gas. The several factors that attributed to shift added to water. George Tchobanoglous (Valenti, researchers and scientists to UV irradiation are 1997, p. 83), described below. Professor Emeritus of civil and environmental engineering at the University of California, Davis says, "the main advantage UV has over standard disinfection techniques is that the light- 4 based system eliminates the transport and use of 3000 pounds of gas escaped, forming a chlorine chlorine." The transporting and storing of cloud that was five miles long, one mile wide, chlorine gas is not only expensive, but also very and 30 ft. thick, forcing the evacuation of 4000 dangerous because the risk of a gas leak can people" (Voutchkov, 1995, p. 40). never be eliminated. The operation of UV irradiation is far safer than chlorination and requires the least safety Requirement to Dechlorination precautions. The new environmental regulations require for any sewage treatment plants that use chlorine gas CLASSIFICATION OF UV to dechlorinate the water before dumping it into DISINFECTION SYSTEMS a reservoir (Voutchkov, 1995, p.40). If the The two principles of UV disinfection systems reservoir contains marine life, the process of are continuous-wave, low-pressure mercury dechlorination is necessary (Isaac, 1996b, p. 69). vapor lamps (LP) and continuous-wave, medium The process of dechlorination is accomplished pressure mercury vapor lamps (MP) (Hunter, by the addition of other chemicals such as sulfur 1998,p. 41). The LP system is characterized by dioxide. The addition of such a facility is very being monochromatic, and its output is at the expensive and adds about 30% to the cost of peak germicidal range of 253.7 nm (Linden, chlorination (Cairns, 1992, p. 1.). It is believed 1998,p. 58). On the other hand, the MP system that the cost of UV irradiation will be equivalent produces polychromatic output at a range of 220 or even less expensive if the dechlorination to 300 nm and reaches near-infrared (Hunter, process is added. 1998, p. 41). The LP system is used for low to Increased Cost Due to the medium wastewater flows up to 38 million Uniform Fire Code gallons per day (MGD). The application of the MP system is becoming more common Chlorination facilities are required to be especially for high wastewater flows (Linden, equipped with special scrubbers and fire 1998, p. 58). Table 2 summarizes the key differences between LP and MP UV systems. extinguishers, which are extremely costly in case of fire or chlorine gas leaks. "One of the more recent accidents occurred at a water treatment plant in Morristown, Tennessee.
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