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Ringhouse West Virginia University Performance Evaluation A The N C L E A Small R O Small I N H G MA FlowsFlows JournalLL A collection of F professional papers on L the study of onsite and O The Small Flows Journal small community Volume 2, Issue 1, Winter 1995 W wastewater issues. 1996 2, Issue 1, Winter Volume L SMALL A F N L O O I W T A S N S C L E E S A U R I N G H O A The N C L E A Small R O Small I N H G MA Flows JournalLL A collection of F professional papers on L the study of onsite and O Contents Volume 2, Issue 1, Winter 1995 ontents small community C W wastewater issues. L SMALL A F N L O O I W T A S N S C L E E S A U R I N G H O The Small Flows Journal From the Editor ................................................................................... 2 Sponsored by: by Cathleen Falvey U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Steve Hogye, Project Officer Municipal Support Division Office of Wastewater RESEARCH Enforcement and Compliance Washington, D.C. Shallow Intermittent Sand Filtration: National Small Flows Clearinghouse West Virginia University Performance Evaluation ....................................................................................3 John L. Mori, Ph.D., Manager, WVU Environmental Services and by Jeannie Darby, Ph.D., P.E. Training Division Patricia Miller, Ph.D., Technical Advisor George Tchobanoglous, Ph.D., P.E. Jill A. Ross, Publications Supervisor Cathleen Falvey, Editor M. Asri Nor Eric Merrill, Graphic Designer David Maciolek International Standard Serial Number 1079-1531 The Small Flows Journal National Small Flows Clearinghouse FEATURE West Virginia University P.O. Box 6064 A Private Market Approach To Onsite Wastewater Morgantown, WV 26506-6064 1-800-624-8301 Treatment System Maintenance ..................................................................... 16 by James Herring Reprints For permission to reprint information appearing in The Small Flows Journal, please send a letter of request to Manuscript Guidelines....................................................................... 25 the editor. The Small Flows Journal is funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The contents of this journal do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmen- tal Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The Small Flows Journal Printed on Recycled Paper L SMALL A F N L O O 1996 2, Issue 1, Winter Volume I W T A S N C L E E S A U R I N G H O 1 From the Editor EditorialT Review Board A rom the Editor N FFrom the Editor Terry Bounds, P.E. Roseberg, OR James Converse, Ph.D. BiologicalC Systems Engineering Dept., University of Wisconsin he National Small Flows Brian Cooper, C.E.T. Clearinghouse (NSFC) is Simcoe EngineeringL Group, Ltd., Pickering, Ontario pleased to present this second E issue of The Small Flows Donald Gray, Ph.D. T Professor of Civil Engineering,A West Virginia University Journal. We were overwhelmed by the RI positive response to our first issue, Michael Hines, M.S., P.E N published in the fall of 1994, and we Quantum Engineering Corporation, Knoxville, TN hope to continue to inspire the same level of enthusiasm from you, our Anish Jantrania, Ph.D., P.E. Engineering Consultant, City of Gloucester, MA readers, with each issue to come. Craig Jowett, Ph.D., P. Eng. Many of the comments we received Research Associate Professor Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research, University of Waterloo praised the articles for being directly relevant to you in your work SMAL as sanitarians, public health officials, and engineers. We also L L A Jim Kreissl received many compliments on the quality of the information and Environmental Engineer, Center for Environmental Research F the style in which it was presented. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency George Loomis The two papers presented in this issue were selected with these Research Soil Scientist goals in mind. The first paper, Shallow Intermittent Sand Filtration: Natural Resources Science Dept., University of Rhode Island Performance Evaluation" reports the results of a study by environ- mental engineers at the University of California, Davis on the Roger E. Machmeier, Ph.D., P.E Professor Emeritus, University of Minnesota minimum media depth required to produce high quality effluent from intermittent sand filters. ADD TWO SENTENCES HERE. Karen Mancl, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Agricultural Engineering The second article, A Private Market Approach to Onsite Wastewa- The Ohio State University ter Treatment System Maintenance" is a feature article proposing a Richard J. Otis, P.E. new strategy for encouraging onsite system maintenance by Vice-President, Ayres and Associates, Madison, WI individual homeowners. This idea could E Michael H. Ogden, P.E. A Southwest Wetlands Group, Santa Fe, NM U We hope that this long-awaited second issue meets or exceeds your R O expectations. While word of the journal is still spreading we have INSherwoodG Reed, P.E. H nearly 5,000 subscribers, unfortunately, enough manuscripts did not Consultant and Principal successfully complete the peer review process in time to publish Environmental Engineering Consultants, Norwich, VT two issues in 1995 as hoped. A.R. Rubin, Ph.D. Extension Specialist and Associate Professor Manuscripts are now being accepted for review for upcoming issues North Carolina State University of the journal If you would like to submit a manuscript, see the manuscript submissions guidelines on page 28. Information cards Jerry Stonebridge President, Stonebridge Construction, Inc., Langley, WA for free subscriptions are also found on page 28.We would very much appreciate it if you would help to continue to spread the word George Tchobanoglous, Ph.D., P.E. about The Small Flows Journal by passing these cards along to your Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California at Davis colleagues. Jerry Tyler, Ph.D. Associate Professor, UniversityS of WisconsinMA Sincerely, Volume 2, Issue 1, Winter 1996 Volume L AA.T. Wallace, Ph.D., P.E. Professor, DepartmentN of Civil Engineering, University of Idaho O Ted Walker, R.E.H.S. Cathleen Falvey I Sonoma County Health Department, Sonoma, CA Editor T The Small Flows Journal A The Small Flows Journal 2 TECHNICAL ShallowShallow IntermittentIntermittent SandSand Filtration:Filtration: PerformancePerformance EvaluationEvaluation by Jeannie Darby, Ph.D., P.E., George Tchobanoglous, Ph.D., P.E., M. Asri Nor, and David Maciolek ABSTRACT: Twelve shallow sand filters (0.38 m deep, nominal diameter of 1.2 m) were loaded intermittently with primary effluent to evaluate effects of hydraulic loading rate (HLR), dosing frequency (DF), and filter media characteristics on removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) , suspended solids (SS), turbidity, and organic and ammonia nitrogen. Hydraulic loading rates between 0.041 and 0.652 m/d1 were applied during an 85-day period at DFs between 4 and 24 times/d. Media effective sizes (d10) ranged from 0.29 to 0.93 mm with uniformity coefficients between 1.4 and 4.52. At an HLR of 0.163 m/d and a dosing frequency of 24 times/d, effluent quality was excellent and comparable to effluent from advanced wastewater treatment facilities. Specifically, average removal rates of between 90 and 99 percent for BOD, SS, organic and ammonia nitrogen and turbidity, and at least 81percent for COD, occurred, regard- less of media characteristics. ntermittent sand filtration is one Pell and Nyberg, 1989a,b,c; Pell et al., of the oldest known methods of 1990; Peeples et al., 1991). wastewater treatment and was I common in the U.S. before 1900 for Early filters, being relatively deep (ap- treating community sewage (EPA, 1980; proximately 2 meters) and lightly loaded, Marshall and Middlebrooks, 1974). were material-intensive and required large Wastewater is applied to granular media land areas. These factors, combined with beds in one or more doses per day such potential for odor production, resulted in that the media drain and reaerate between few such filters being constructed after doses. Excellent detailed descriptions of 1950. However, there is renewed interest the intermittent sand filtration process are in intermittent sand filters as shallower available elsewhere (Andersen et al., media depths and higher loading rates, and 1985; Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). special applications are being explored. The Small Flows Journal Many studies of intermittent sand filters Because intermittent sand filters are have been conducted to investigate the capable of producing high quality effluent effects of various parameters on perfor- and have relatively low maintenance mance. Key among these are effects of requirements, they are well-suited to onsite hydraulic loading rate (HLR), dosing and small municipal applications. How- frequency (DF), and media characteristics ever, for the full potential of intermittent 1996 2, Issue 1, Winter Volume and depth (Grantham et al., 1949; Furman sand filters to be realized, high quality et al., 1955; Schwartz and Bendixen, effluents need to be obtained reliably with 1970; Marshall and Middlebrooks, 1974; low capital and operating costs. Ideally, EPA, 1980; Siegrist and Boyle, 1981; filters constructed of shallow, locally Anderson et al., 1985; Andreadakis, 1987; available common sand would produce the 3 J. Darby, Ph.D., P.E., G. Tchobanoglous, Ph.D., P.E., M. A. Nor, and D. Maciolek required effluent quality at a high waste- water loading rate. To move toward this ideal, the minimum media depth for adequate treatment must be determined, as well as the effect of sand characteristics, loading rates, and dosing frequencies on performance. Little information is available in the literature on the minimum media depth required to achieve adequate treatment. Previous research has indicated shallower media depths (i.e., 0.5 to 1 m versus the typical 2-plus m) may provide adequate treatment especially when dosed at higher frequencies (Grantham et al., 1949; Furman et al., 1955).
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