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HANDBOOK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT This page intentionally left blank HANDBOOK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT George Tchobanoglous Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California at Davis Davis, California Frank Kreith Professor Emeritus of Engineering University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Second Edition McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-150034-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-135623-1. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trade- marked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringe- ment of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior con- sent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTH- ERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071356231 Professional Want to learn more? We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS Contributors xi Preface xiii Chapter 1. Introduction George Tchobanoglous, Frank Kreith, and Marcia E. Williams 1.1 1.1 Waste Generation and Management in a Technological Society / 1.1 1.2 Issues in Solid Waste Management / 1.2 1.3 Integrated Waste Management / 1.8 1.4 Implementing Integrated Waste Management Strategies / 1.11 1.5 Typical Costs for Major Waste Management Options / 1.13 1.6 Framework for Decision Making / 1.19 1.7 Key Factors for Success / 1.22 1.8 Philosophy and Organization of this Handbook / 1.24 1.9 Concluding Remarks / 1.25 Chapter 2. Federal Role in Municipal Solid Waste Management Barbara Foster and Edward W. Repa 2.1 2.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act / 2.1 2.2 Clean Air Act / 2.22 2.3 Clean Water Act / 2.35 2.4 Federal Aviation Administration Guidelines / 2.38 2.5 Flow Control Implications / 2.38 Chapter 3. Solid Waste State Legislation Kelly Hill and Jim Glenn 3.1 3.1 Introduction / 3.1 3.2 Trends in Municipal Waste Generation and Management / 3.1 3.3 The Waste Reduction Legislation Movement / 3.3 3.4 The Effect of Legislation / 3.5 3.5 State Municipal Solid Waste Legislation / 3.8 3.6 State Planning Provisions / 3.8 3.7 Permitting and Regulation Requirements / 3.9 3.8 Waste Reduction Legislation / 3.9 3.9 Establishing Waste Reduction Goals / 3.10 3.10 Legislating Local Government Responsibility / 3.12 3.11 Making Producers and Retailers Responsible for Waste / 3.16 3.12 Advanced Disposal Fees / 3.18 3.13 Special Waste Legislation / 3.20 3.14 Market Development Initiatives / 3.21 3.15 State Funding / 3.25 3.16 Flow Control Legislation: Interstate Movement of Unprocessed and Processed Solid Waste / 3.25 References / 3.27 Appendix: State Solid Waste Regulatory Agencies / 3.28 vi CONTENTS Chapter 4. Planning for Municipal Solid Waste Management Programs James E. Kundell and Deanna L. Ruffer 4.1 4.1 State Solid Waste Management Planning / 4.1 4.2 Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Planning / 4.7 4.3 Conclusions / 4.13 References / 4.14 Chapter 5. Solid Waste Stream Characteristics Marjorie A. Franklin 5.1 5.1 Municipal Solid Waste Defined / 5.1 5.2 Methods of Characterizing Municipal Solid Waste / 5.2 5.3 Materials in Municipal Solid Waste by Weight / 5.3 5.4 Products in Municipal Solid Waste by Weight / 5.11 5.5 Municipal Solid Waste Management / 5.19 5.6 Discards of Municipal Solid Waste by Volume / 5.24 5.7 The Variability of Municipal Solid Waste Generation / 5.25 References / 5.30 Chapter 6. Source Reduction: Quantity and Toxicity Part 6A. Quantity Reduction Harold Leverenz 6.1 6A.1 Introduction / 6.1 6A.2 Effects of Source Reduction / 6.2 6A.3 Involvement by Government / 6.6 6A.4 Developing a Source Reduction Plan / 6.15 6A.5 Strategies for Source Reduction / 6.17 References / 6.25 Part 6B. Toxicity Reduction Ken Geiser 6B.1 The Toxicity of Trash / 6.27 6B.2 Waste Management Policy / 6.30 6B.3 Product Management Policy / 6.33 6B.4 Production Management Policy / 6.37 6B.5 A Sustainable Economy / 6.39 References / 6.40 Chapter 7. Collection of Solid Waste Hilary Theisen 7.1 7.1 The Logistics of Solid Waste Collection / 7.1 7.2 Types of Waste Collection Services / 7.2 7.3 Types of Collection Systems, Equipment, and Personnel Requirements / 7.14 7.4 Collection Routes / 7.22 7.5 Management of Collection Systems / 7.25 7.6 Collection System Economics / 7.25 References / 7.27 Chapter 8. Recycling Harold Leverenz, George Tchobanoglous, and David B. Spencer 8.1 8.1 Overview of Recycling / 8.1 8.2 Recovery of Recyclable Materials from Solid Waste / 8.3 CONTENTS vii 8.3 Development and Implementation of Materials Recovery Facilities / 8.10 8.4 Unit Operations and Equipment for Processing of Recyclables / 8.38 8.5 Environmental and Public Health and Safety Issues / 8.70 8.6 Recycling Economics / 8.74 References / 8.77 Chapter 9. Markets and Products for Recycled Material Harold Leverenz and Frank Kreith 9.1 9.1 Sustainable Recycling / 9.1 9.2 Recycling Markets / 9.3 9.3 Market Development / 9.8 9.4 Trade Issues / 9.16 References / 9.17 Chapter 10. Household Hazardous Wastes (HHW) David E.B. Nightingale and Rachel Donnette 10.1 10.1 Introduction / 10.1 10.2 Problems of Household Hazardous Products / 10.3 10.3 HHW Regulation and Policy / 10.16 10.4 Product Stewardship and Sustainability / 10.21 10.5 Education and Outreach / 10.26 10.6 HHW Collection, Trends, and Infrastructure / 10.29 References / 10.33 Chapter 11. Other Special Wastes Part 11A. Batteries Gary R. Brenniman, Stephen D. Casper, William H. Hallenbeck, and James M. Lyznicki 11.1 11A.1 Automobile and Household Batteries / 11.1 References / 11.14 Part 11B. Used Oil Stephen D. Casper, William H. Hallenbeck, and Gary R. Brenniman 11B.1 Used Oil / 11.15 Part 11C. Scrap Tires John K. Bell 11C.1 Background / 11.31 11C.2 Source Reduction and Reuse / 11.32 11C.3 Disposal of Waste Tires / 11.33 11C.4 Alternatives to Disposal / 11.34 References / 11.36 Part 11D. Construction and Demolition (C&D) Debris George Tchobanoglous 11D.1 Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities of C&D Debris / 11.39 11D.2 Regulations Governing C&D Materials and Debris / 11.42 11D.3 Management of C&D Debris / 11.42 viii CONTENTS 11D.4 Specifications for Recovered C&D Debris / 11.44 11D.5 Management of Debris from Natural and Humanmade Disasters / 11.46 References / 11.47 Part 11E. Computer and Other Electronic Solid Waste Gary R.
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