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Marine Litter Prevention Marine Litter Prevention Reducing plastic waste leakage into waterways and oceans through circular economy and sustainable waste management As a federally owned enterprise, GIZ supports the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. Published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Registered offices Bonn and Eschborn, Germany Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 36 + 40 53113 Bonn, Germany T +49 228 44 60 - 0 F +49 228 44 60 - 17 66 E [email protected] I www.giz.de Project description: Advisory Project: Concepts for Sustainable Solid Waste Management and Circular Economy Authors: Pascal Renaud for GIZ, Joachim Stretz and Jacky Lateheru for the Resources and Waste Advisory Group (RWA), Rabah Kerbachi as individual consultant Edited by: Ellen Gunsilius, Johannes Paul, Steffen Blume, Daniel Hinchliffe, Barbara Ölz, Michael Funcke-Bartz, Uwe Becker and Ina Tessnow- von Wysocki for GIZ Design/layout: Jeanette Geppert pixelundpunkt kommunikation, Frankfurt Printing and distribution: Druckreif GmbH, Frankfurt Printed on 100% recycled paper, certified to FSC standards Photo credits/sources: Shutterstock: p. 10; CET Annaba: p. 17 ; Ikhlasul Amal, p. 18; Storebrukkebruse: p. 26; UN Photo / Kim Haughton: p. 31; Hippone Sub: p. 60; Maison de l’environnement Annaba: p. 60; GIZ / Florian Kopp: p. 14, 20; GIZ: p. 19; GIZ/ Jacky Lateheru and Joachim Stretz: p. 34, 40, 43, 46, 47, 50, 83; GIZ / Rabah Kerbachi: p. 61-67, 73; GIZ / Pascal Renaud: cover, p. 3, 24, 32-33, 56, 75, 76, 93 URL links: This publication contains links to external websites. Responsibility for the content of the listed external sites always lies with their respective publishers. When the links to these sites were first posted, GIZ checked the third-party content to establish whether it could give rise to civil or criminal liability. However, the constant review of the links to external sites cannot reasonably be expected without concrete indication of a violation of rights. If GIZ itself becomes aware or is notified by a third party that an external site it has provided a link to gives rise to civil or criminal liability, it will remove the link to this site immediately. GIZ expressly dissociates itself from such content. GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication. Eschborn, June 2018 2 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 8 Introduction 10 Figures 5 Pictures 6 Acronyms 7 1. Approaches for preventing marine litter 14 1.1 Integrated sustainable waste management 15 1.2 Circular economy in packaging value chains 24 1.3 Cross-sectoral cooperation within a source-to-sea approach 27 1.4 ‘Glocal’ governance for marine litter prevention 29 2. Methodological approach for assessing plastic leakage into the ocean in the two case studies 34 2.1 Assumptions and structure 35 2.2 Data gathering and estimation of transmission factors 37 2.3 Comparison to other marine litter assessment methodologies 38 3. Case study: Sidoarjo Regency, Indonesia 40 3.1 Context of Indonesia and Sidoarjo 41 3.2 Solid waste management situation in Sidoarjo 42 3.3 Marine plastic litter generation in Sidoarjo 45 3.4 Potential impact of existing development scenarios in Sidoarjo 52 3.5 Conclusions and recommendations based on the case study of Sidoarjo 54 4. Case study: Annaba Province, Algeria 56 4.1 Context of Algeria and Annaba 57 4.2 Solid waste management in Annaba and marine litter prevention activities 58 4.3 Sources and pathways of marine plastic litter generation in Annaba 60 4.4 Quantitative estimation of marine plastic litter generation in Annaba 67 4.5 Conclusions and recommendations based on the case study of Annaba 72 Discussion and Outlook 76 Annex 79 Endnotes 101 4 Figures Fig. 1 Pathways of litter into the ocean 13 Fig. 2 Conceptual dimensions for preventing plastic leakage into waterways and the ocean 15 Fig. 3 The ‘Two triangles’ integrated solid waste management representation 16 Fig. 4 Waste hierarchy 21 Fig. 5 Regional map on waste management and marine litter challenges, South Eastern Europe 28 Fig. 6 Simplified transmission model 36 Fig. 7 Data and transmission factors 37 Fig. 8 Assessment of some transmission factors 38 Fig. 9 Map of Sidoarjo Regency (EAWAG, 2015) 42 Fig. 10 Waste sample composition, estimated weight-%, Sidoarjo, 2017 48 Fig. 11 Solid waste management parameters with focus on plastic waste, Sidoarjo, 2017 49 Fig. 12 Transmission factors for plastic waste, Sidoarjo, 2017 51 Fig. 13 Results for estimated marine plastic litter generation, Sidoarjo, 2017 52 Fig. 14 Comparison of parameters of development scenarios, Sidoarjo 53 Fig. 15 Comparison of scenarios 2017-2022, Sidoarjo 53 Fig. 16 Map of Annaba Province 58 Fig. 17 River Seybouse and hydrological system in Annaba 62 Fig. 18 Solid waste management parameters with focus on plastic waste, Annaba, 2017 68 Fig. 19 Transmission factors for plastic waste, Annaba, 2017 69 Fig. 20 Results for estimated marine plastic litter generation, Annaba, 2017 70 Fig. 21 Comparison of changed input data for 2014 and 2017, Annaba 71 Fig. 22 Comparison of results for 2017 (baseline) and 2014 (scenario 1), Annaba 71 Fig. 23 Recommendations based on the two case studies 77 5 Pictures of case studies Waste at Djenen El Bey beach, Annaba 01 Waste at Djenen El Bey beach, Annaba 03 Waste at lake close to sea at Sidi Salem, Annaba 32 Waste at lake close to sea at Sidi Salem, Annaba 33 Waste in canal, Sidoarjo 34 Coastal area, Sidoarjo 40 Informal waste accumulation, Sidoarjo 43 Open dumping and burning, Sidoarjo 43 Temporary disposal site, Sidoarjo 43 Diaper in a waterway, Sidoarjo 43 Informal recycling, Sidoarjo 46 Accumulation in irrigation canal, Sidoarjo 46 Waste accumulation in water, Sidoarjo 46 Clean neighbourhood, Sidoarjo 46 Waste in mangroves, Sidoarjo 47 Waste trap in a canal, Sidoarjo 47 Floating barrier, Sidoarjo 47 Waste composition analysis, Sidoarjo 47 Wast accumulation along canal, Sidoarjo 50 Djenen El Bey, Annaba 56 Waste accumulation at the beach of Sidi Salem, Annaba 56 Beach clean-up campaign, Annaba 60 Diving cleanup, Annaba 60 Wild dumpsite next to the sea at Sidi Salem 61 Wild dumpsite next to the sea at Sidi Salem 61 Unmanaged waste at coastal roadside, Annaba 61 Waste accumulation at roadside, Annaba 61 Waste in the Belt canal, Annaba 62 Waste in the Belt canal, Annaba 62 Fly-tipping of plastic waste in a river, Annaba 63 Waste in the Belt canal, Annaba 63 Waste accumulation next to river, Annaba 63 Waste at riverside, Annaba 63 Wastewater entering the sea, Annaba 63 Wastewater entering the sea, Annaba 64 Plastic waste at coastline, Annaba 65 Parking at Djenen El Bey beach, Annaba 66 Waste at coastline, Annaba 66 Plastic waste in cliffs, Annaba 67 Plastic waste at coastline, Annaba 67 Plastic waste at coastline, Annaba 67 Waste at the beach of Sidi Salem, Annaba 73 Waste along coastline, Annaba 75 Boat and waste bin at harbour, Annaba 76 Waste disposal into canal, Sidoarjo 83 Waste accumulation at the beach of Sidi Salem, Annaba 92 6 Acronyms AND Agence nationale des déchets / Algerian National Agency for Waste Management APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BMZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CET Centre d’enfouissment technique / Sanitary landfill in Algeria DHW Direction de l’Hydraulique de la Wilaya d’Annaba / Water Management Authority of the Annaba Province DLHK Dinas Lingkungan Hidup dan Kebersihan / Department of Environment and Cleansing in Sidoarjo DPUPR Department of Public Works and Spatial Planning in Sidoarjo EPR Extended Producer Responsibility G7 Group of Seven G20 Group of Twenty GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GPA Global Programme of Action against Pollution from Land-Based Sources ISWA International Solid Waste Association KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau / KfW Development Bank LBS Land-based sources MAP Mediterranean Action Plan NGO Non-governmental organisation ONA Office National de l’Assainissement / National Office in charge of sewage treatment in Annaba PET Polyethylene terephtalate PROGDEM Programme dédié à la gestion des déchets ménagers et assimilés / Algerian programme on waste management RDF Refuse-derived fuel t Metric tonne (1,000 kilogram) TPS Tempat Pembuangan Sementara / Temporary Disposal Sites in Sidoarjo TPS-3R Tempat Pengolahan Sampah Terpadu berbasis Reduce-Reuse-Recycle / 3Rs based Integrated Waste Treatment Plants in Sidoarjo TPST Tempat Pengolahan Sampah Terpadu / Integrated Waste Treatment Plants in Sidoarjo UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UN United Nations UNEA United Nations Environment Assembly UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNGA United Nations General Assembly WEF World Economic Forum WTO World Trade Organisation 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCING MARINE POLLUTION BY 2025, AS ENVISAGED BY THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, REQUIRES CONCERTED INTERNATIONAL ACTION. Several international forums have adopted declarations and action plans to achieve this. A crucial challenge lies in translating global commitments into national, regional and local action. This study deals with the question of how decision-makers can improve their municipal solid waste management systems and move towards a circular economy in order to prevent plastic leakage into waterways and the ocean. It focuses on plastic waste from human settlements as a substantial share of marine litter consists of plastics
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