Waste Transfer Stations: a Manual for Decision-Making Acknowledgments

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Waste Transfer Stations: A Manual for Decision-Making Acknowledgments

he Office of Solid Waste (OSW) would like to acknowledge and thank the members of the Solid Waste Association of North America Focus Group and the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council Waste Transfer Station Working Group for reviewing and providing comments on this draft document. We would also like to thank Keith Gordon of Weaver Boos & Gordon, Inc., for providing a technical Treview and donating several of the photographs included in this document.

Acknowledgements i Contents

Acknowledgments...... i

Introduction ...... 1 What Are Waste Transfer Stations?...... 1 Why Are Waste Transfer Stations Needed?...... 2 Why Use Waste Transfer Stations? ...... 3 Is a Transfer Station Right for Your Community? ...... 4

Planning and Siting a Transfer Station...... 7 Types of Waste Accepted ...... 7 Unacceptable Wastes ...... 7 Public Versus Commercial Use ...... 8 Determining Transfer Station Size and Capacity ...... 8 Number and Sizing of Transfer Stations ...... 10 Future Expansion ...... 11 Site Selection ...... 11 Environmental Justice Considerations ...... 11 The Siting Process and Public Involvement ...... 11 Siting Criteria...... 14 Exclusionary Siting Criteria ...... 14 Technical Siting Criteria...... 15 Developing Community-Specific Criteria ...... 17 Applying the Committee’s Criteria ...... 18 Host Community Agreements...... 18

Transfer Station Design and Operation ...... 21 Transfer Station Design ...... 21 How Will the Transfer Station Be Used? ...... 21 Site Design Plan ...... 21 Main Transfer Area Design...... 22 Types of Vehicles That Use a Transfer Station ...... 23 Transfer Technology ...... 25 Transfer Station Operations...... 27 Operations and Maintenance Plans...... 27 Facility Operating Hours ...... 32 Interacting With the Public ...... 33 Waste Screening ...... 33 Emergency Situations ...... 34 Recordkeeping...... 35 Environmental Issues...... 37 Traffic ...... 38 Noise ...... 39 Odors...... 40

Contents iii Air Emissions ...... 41 Storm Water Quality...... 41 Vectors...... 43 Litter ...... 43 Safety Issues ...... 44 Exposure to Potentially Hazardous Equipment...... 45 Personal Protective Equipment ...... 45 Exposure to Extreme Temperatures ...... 45 Traffic ...... 45 Falls ...... 46 Noise ...... 47 Air Quality ...... 47 Hazardous Wastes and Materials ...... 48 Ergonomics...... 48

Facility Oversight ...... 49 Applicable Regulations...... 49 Federal Regulations ...... 49 State Regulations ...... 49 Local Regulations...... 49 Common Regulatory Compliance Methods ...... 50 Compliance Inspections ...... 50 Reporting ...... 50

Resources ...... 51

Glossary of Terms and Acronyms ...... 53

Appendix...... A-1

iv Contents Introduction

his manual defines what a transfer In response in to this report, EPA has devel- station is and how it relates to oped this manual and its companion publica- municipal solid waste management tion Waste Transfer Stations: Involved Citizens in the context of a community’s Make the Difference (EPA530-K-01-003). total waste management plan. The The intent of this manual is to promote the Tmanual identifies issues and factors to consid- use of best practices in transfer station siting, er when deciding to build a transfer station, design, and operation to maximize facilities’ planning and designing it, selecting a site, and effectiveness and efficiency, while minimizing involving the community. their impact on the community. It is designed In many communities, citizens have voiced to assist facility owners and operators; state, concerns about solid waste transfer stations local, and tribal environmental managers; and that are poorly sited, designed, or operated. In the public evaluate and choose protective addition, some citizens might feel that transfer practices for siting, designing, and operation stations are disproportionately concentrated in of municipal solid waste transfer stations. The or near their communities. Yet transfer sta- manual is divided into the following chapters: tions play an important role in a community’s • Planning and Siting a Transfer Station waste management system. • Transfer Station Design and Operations In 1993, the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council (NEJAC) was formed to • Facility Oversight “provide independent advice, consultation, and recommendations to EPA on matters relat- What Are Waste Transfer Stations? ed to environmental justice.” The Waste and Waste transfer stations play an important role Facility Siting Subcommittee, one of NEJAC's in a community’s total waste management six subcommittees, received numerous com- system, serving as the link between a commu- ments from citizens of several major metropolitan areas concerning the negative impacts of waste transfer stations and their disproportionate siting in low-income communities and communities of color. The Subcommittee, with support from EPA, formed the Waste Transfer Station Working Group in 1998 to investigate these comments. The Working Group arranged two fact-finding sessions in New York City and Washington, DC, during November 1998 and February 1999 respective- ly. These sessions were each two-day events consisting of a day of tours of area waste transfer stations and a second day of public meetings. Based upon these two fact-finding sessions, the Working Group in March 2000 published the draft report, A Regulatory Strategy for Siting and Operating Waste Transfer Stations. This report made several recommendations to EPA concerning proper and equi- table siting and operation of transfer stations. Aerial view of a totally enclosed transfer station.

Introduction 1 nity’s solid waste collection program and a ties have installed full-service operations that final waste disposal facility. While facility provide public waste and recyclables drop-off ownership, sizes, and services offered vary accommodations on the same site as their significantly among transfer stations, they all transfer stations. serve the same basic purpose—consolidating Source reduction and recycling also play an waste from multiple collection vehicles into integral role in a community’s total waste larger, high-volume transfer vehicles for more management system. These two activities can economical shipment to distant disposal sites. significantly reduce the weight and volume of In its simplest form, a transfer station is a waste materials requiring disposal, which facility with a designated receiving area where reduces transportation, landfill, and incinera- waste collection vehicles discharge their loads. tor costs. Source reduction consists of reduc- The waste is often compacted, then loaded ing waste at the source by changing product into larger vehicles (usually transfer trailers, design, manufacturing processes, and pur- but intermodal containers, railcars, and barges chasing and sales practices to reduce the are also used) for long-haul shipment to a quantity or toxicity of materials before they final disposal site—typically a landfill, waste- reach the waste stream. U.S. Environmental to-energy plant, or a composting facility. No Protection Agency (EPA) policy promotes long-term storage of waste occurs at a transfer source reduction as the waste management station; waste is quickly consolidated and technique of choice. loaded into a larger vehicle and moved off site, usually in a matter of hours. Recycling—the collection, processing, and manufacture of new products—likewise For purposes of this manual, facilities serv- diverts materials from the landfill or incinera- ing only as citizen drop-off stations or com- tor. These recyclable materials are prepared for munity convenience centers are not shipment to markets in a special facility called considered waste transfer stations. Only a a MRF, which stands for materials recovery facility that receives some portion of its waste facility. A MRF is simply a special type of directly from collection vehicles, then consoli- transfer station that separates, processes, and dates and reloads the waste onto larger vehi- consolidates recyclable materials for shipment cles for delivery to a final disposal facility, is to one or more recovery facilities rather than a considered a transfer station. A convenience landfill or other disposal site. Consequently, center, on the other hand, is a designated area the concepts and practices in this manual can where residents manually discard waste and be applied to MRFs as well. recyclables into dumpsters or collection containers. These containers are periodically Aggressive community source reduction removed or emptied, and the waste is trans- and recycling programs can substantially ported to the appropriate disposal site (or pos- reduce the amount of waste destined for long sibly to a transfer station first). Convenience haul transfer and disposal. If these reductions centers are not suitable for use as transfer sta- are significant enough, a community may find tions because they cannot readily handle the that fewer or smaller transfer stations can large volume of waste that is discharged by a meet its needs. self-unloading collection truck. While these sites are not considered transfer stations with- Why Are Waste Transfer Stations in the context of this manual, it is important to Needed? note that heavily used convenience centers can The nationwide trend in solid waste disposal face similar concerns as transfer stations (e.g., has been toward construction of larger, more litter, road access, vehicle queuing, storm remote, regional landfills. Economic consid- water run on and run off). Consequently, it erations, heavily influenced by regulatory may be appropriate to consider implementing and social forces, are compelling factors some of the concepts and practices advocated leading to this result. The passage of federal in this manual at these sites. Many communi- criteria in 1991 established new design

2 Introduction requirements for municipal solid waste land- Figure 1. fills. These new standards include design, Sample Comparison of Hauling Costs With operating, and monitoring requirements that and Without a Transfer Station significantly add to construction, operating, $30 closure, and post-closure monitoring costs. As older landfills near urban centers reach capacity and begin closing, cities must decide whether to construct new landfills or $25 Haul cost without transfer station to seek other disposal options. Many communities find the cost of upgrading existing facilities or constructing new landfills to be $20 prohibitively high, and opt to close existing “Break even” point facilities. For these communities, transferring waste to a large regional landfill is an $15 appealing alternative. Haul cost with transfer station In addition to regulatory requirements, public opposition frequently makes siting new $10 landfills near population centers difficult. The dollars per ton Hauling Cost, Transfer station current atmosphere is such that gaining public capital, operating, and political approval for constructing new $5 and maintenance disposal capacity near population centers is cost challenging. Also, adequate land is often not available near densely populated or urban $0 areas. These social, political, and geographical 0 102030405060 factors have further stimulated the rise in con- Round-trip Distance from Waste Source to Disposal, miles struction of large, remote, regional landfills. The following assumptions were used to create this sample comparison: Economic considerations, especially Cost to build, own, and operate transfer station—dollars per ton $10 economies of scale, further promote develop- Average payload of collection truck hauling directly to landfill—tons 7 ment of large regional facilities. To offset the Average payload of transfer truck hauling from transfer station high cost of constructing and maintaining a to landfill—tons 21 modern landfill, facility owners construct Average trucking cost (direct or transfer hauling)—dollars per mile $3 large facilities that attract high volumes of waste from a greater geographic area. By The comparison shows a break-even distance of about 35 miles (round-trip). maintaining a high volume of incoming waste, In other words, for this example, using a transfer station is cost-effective when landfill owners can keep the per-ton tipping the round-trip distance exceeds 35 miles. When the round-trip distance is less fees low, which subsequently attracts more than 35 miles, direct haul is more cost-effective. Although the same economic business. Rural and urban communities alike principles apply, break-even distances will vary in different situations based on are finding that the most economically viable the site-specific input data. solution to their waste disposal needs is ship- lection crews to spend less time traveling to ping their waste to these facilities. In these cir- and from distant disposal sites and more time cumstances, a transfer station serves as the collecting waste. This also reduces fuel con- critical consolidation link in making cost-effec- sumption and collection vehicle maintenance tive shipments to these distant facilities. costs, plus produces less overall traffic, air emissions, and road wear. Why Use Waste Transfer Stations? The primary reason for using a transfer station In addition, a transfer station also provides: is to reduce the cost of transporting waste to • An opportunity to screen waste prior to dis- disposal facilities. Consolidating smaller loads posal. from collection vehicles into larger transfer vehicles reduces hauling costs by enabling col-

Introduction 3 • Flexibility in selecting waste disposal protective disposal sites, even if they are more options. distant. They can consider multiple disposal facilities, secure competitive disposal fees, and • An opportunity to serve as a convenience choose a desired method of disposal (e.g., center for public use. landfilling or incineration). At many transfer stations, workers screen Finally, transfer stations often include con- incoming wastes on conveyor systems, tipping venience centers open to public use. These cen- floors, or in receiving pits. Waste screening has ters enable individual citizens to deliver waste two components: separating recyclables from directly to the transfer station facility for ulti- the waste stream and identifying any wastes mate disposal. Some convenience centers offer that might be inappropriate for disposal (e.g., programs to manage yard waste, bulky items, hazardous wastes or materials, white goods, household hazardous waste, and recyclables. whole tires, auto batteries, or infectious waste). These multipurpose convenience centers are Identifying and removing recyclables reduces assets to the community because they assist in the weight and volume of waste sent for final achieving recycling goals, increase the public’s disposal and, depending on local recycling knowledge of proper materials management, markets, might generate revenue. Screening for and divert materials that would otherwise bur- inappropriate wastes is more efficient at the den existing disposal capacity. transfer station than the landfill. Waste transfer stations also offer more flexi- Is a Transfer Station Right for bility in terms of disposal options. Decision- makers have the opportunity to select the Your Community? Deciding whether a transfer station is appro- most cost-effective and/or environmentally priate for an individual community is based on determining if the benefits outweigh the Calculating Transfer Station Break-Even Points costs. Decision-makers need to weigh the planning, siting, designing, and operating costs o calculate the break-even point for a specific facility, first determine against the savings the transfer station might Tthe following values: generate from reduced hauling costs. To assist in making this determination, public and pri- • Transfer Station Cost (cost to build, own, and operate transfer station, vate decision-makers often employ third-party in dollars per ton) solid waste experts. These experts are familiar • Direct Haul Payload (average payload of collection truck hauling with both the technical and regulatory issues directly to landfill, in tons) that must be addressed in developing a successful waste transfer station. It may be help- • Transfer Haul Payload (average payload of transfer truck hauling from ful to retain qualified consulting or transfer station to landfill, in tons) engineering firms specializing in solid waste • Trucking Cost (average cost of direct or transfer hauling, in dollars per engineering. It is also important to note that in mile) some areas, the regulatory agency might require that the transfer station plans be certi- Once these values are known, use the following formulas to calculate cost fied by a professional engineer. Again, this at different distances: engineer should be an experienced solid waste Cost of Direct Haul (without the use of a waste transfer station) professional. Complex projects might also Distance (miles) multiplied by Trucking Cost (dollars per mile) divided by require the assistance of architects, geotechni- Direct Haul Payload (tons) cal engineers, lawyers, and other specialists.

Cost of Transfer Haul Although cost-effectiveness will vary, Transfer Station Cost (dollars per ton) plus Distance (miles) multiplied by transfer stations generally become economi- Trucking Cost (dollars per mile) divided by Transfer Haul Payload (tons) cally viable when the hauling distance to the disposal facility is greater than 15 to 20 miles.

4 Introduction Figure 1 demonstrates a representative “cost versus miles” relationship between direct hauling waste to disposal facilities in collection vehicles versus consolidation, transfer, and hauling in larger vehicles. Using the assumptions listed below Figure 1, we see that the average cost per ton to move the waste from the collection vehicle onto the transfer vehicle is $10 before the hauling vehicle leaves the transfer station. This is the cost per ton to build, operate, and maintain the station. Due to its economy of scale, however, the transfer trailer can move waste on a much lower “per mile” basis because it can carry the waste of several individual collection vehicles. Using the assumptions listed, the cost per ton per mile (ton-mile) using a collection vehicle is $0.43 ($3/mile truck operating cost divided by 7 tons per average load). In this example, the transfer hauling vehicle’s cost per ton-mile is much lower, at $0.14 ($3 divided by 21 tons per average load). Figure 1 shows how this cost per ton-mile advantage for the transfer hauling vehicle soon overcomes the initial cost of developing and operating the transfer station. In this case, based on the indicated assumptions, cost savings will start to be real- ized when the round-trip hauling distance exceeds 35 miles (17.5 miles one way). Because the cost to own, operate, and maintain collection vehicles, transfer stations, and transfer hauling vehicles will vary depending on local parameters, the break-even point indicated on Figure 1 will vary. The formulas used in generating Figure 1 are provided below to allow for site-specific calculations.

Introduction 5 Planning and Siting a Transfer Station

variety of issues must be taken multiple utility connections, traffic control into account during the planning systems, office space, and administration. and siting stages of transfer sta- This approach also eliminates the cost and tion development. This section complexity of multiple siting and permit- discusses the types of waste trans- ting efforts. Afer stations typically accept, factors affecting a transfer station’s size and capacity, and issues Unacceptable Wastes regarding facility siting, including process Certain wastes might be unacceptable at a issues and public involvement. While the transfer station for a variety of reasons, planning and siting phases of facility develop- including: ment might involve a significant investment of resources, this initial investment is crucial to • They are prohibited by state or federal reg- ensuring an appropriate project outcome sen- ulations (e.g., PCBs, lead acid batteries, sitive to the host community. radioactive materials).

Types of Waste Accepted In addition to processing mixed municipal solid waste (MSW), some transfer stations Wastes Commonly Handled at Transfer Stations offer programs that manage specific materials he following types of waste are commonly handled at transfer stations. separately to divert waste from disposal and Specific definitions of these wastes vary locally. to achieve recycling objectives. These materi- T als could include construction and demolition Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated by households, businesses, debris, yard waste, household hazardous institutions, and industry. MSW typically contains a wide variety of materials waste, or recyclables. The types of materials including discarded containers, packaging, food wastes, and paper products. processed often vary depending on where the MSW includes a mixture of putrescible (easily degradable) and nonputresci- facility is located (urban, suburban, rural) and ble (inert) materials. Three types of MSW are commonly diverted and handled separately: who owns and operates the transfer station (public entity or private industry). Yard waste (green waste) commonly includes leaves, grass clippings, Types of waste that transfer stations com- tree trimmings, and brush. Yard waste is often diverted so that it may be composted or mulched instead of going for disposal. monly handle are described in the adjacent box. Household hazardous waste (HHW) includes hazardous materials If a community offers programs that man- generated by households, such as cleaning products; pesticides; herbicides; used automotive products such as motor oil, brake fluid, and age parts of the waste stream separately, it antifreeze; and paint. might reduce expenses by locating the material management programs at the transfer sta- Recyclables include discarded materials that can be reprocessed for tion. Savings might result by: manufacture into new products. Common recyclables include paper, newsprint, ferrous metals, plastic, glass containers, aluminum cans, motor • Using dual-collection vehicles for refuse oil, and tires. and source-separated waste streams and delivering all waste to the transfer station Construction and demolition (C&D) debris results from demolition or in one vehicle. construction of buildings, roads, and other structures. It typically consists of concrete, brick, wood, masonry, roofing materials, sheetrock, plaster, metals, • Continuing to use separate collections for and tree stumps. Sometimes C&D debris is managed separately from refuse and source-separated waste streams, MSW; other times it is mixed with MSW. but having all processing facilities located at one site, thus minimizing the cost of

Planning and Siting a Transfer Station 7 • They are difficult or costly to process (e.g., for using the transfer station. The general pub- tires). lic usually is allowed to use a transfer station for any of several reasons: waste collection is • They might pose a health or fire hazard. not universally provided in the area; some • They might be prohibited at the disposal wastes, such as bulky items or remodeling facility to which the transfer station delivers. debris, are not collected; or public access is part of a strategy to prevent illegal dumping • They might be prohibited (within a mixed by providing a convenient, cost-effective place waste load destined for disposal) because for people to deposit waste. Public unloading local regulations require they be recycled. areas and traffic patterns are usually kept sep- • They might be so large that they could arate from commercial vehicles for safety and damage trucks or equipment during waste efficiency. loading operations. Determining Transfer Station Size The following types of wastes are typically not and Capacity accepted at transfer stations: large bulky The physical size of a planned transfer station objects such as tree stumps, mattresses, or fur- is typically determined based on the following niture; infectious medical waste; hazardous factors: waste; explosives; radioactive materials; fuel tanks (even if empty); appliances; dead ani- • The definition of the service area. mals; asbestos; liquids and sludges; and dust- Sometimes this is relatively simple, such as prone materials. This is a general list; some “all waste generated by Anytown, USA,” or transfer stations might be set up to process “all waste collected by Acme Hauling these wastes, while others might have a longer Company.” Other times, the service area is list of unacceptable materials. While these and more difficult to define because of varying other unacceptable wastes represent a small public and private roles in solid waste man- fraction of the solid waste stream, properly agement and the changing availability of managing them can require significant effort existing disposal facilities. by the transfer station operator and the local • The amount of waste generated within the solid waste management authority. The sec- service area, including projected changes tion on waste screening in the Transfer Station such as population growth and recycling Design and Operation chapter further discuss- programs. es how to properly manage and reduce the • The types of vehicles delivering waste (such frequency of unacceptable waste at a transfer as car or pickup truck versus a specially station. designed waste-hauling truck used by a waste collection company). Public Versus Commercial Use • The types of materials to be transferred Some transfer stations provide public access to (e.g., compacted versus loose MSW, yard the facility rather than restricting access only waste, C&D), including seasonal variations. to waste collection vehicles. The types of customers accommodated vary depending on • Daily and hourly arrival patterns of cus- where the facility is located and who owns tomers delivering waste. Hourly arrivals and operates the transfer station. Publicly tend to cluster in the middle of the day, operated transfer stations are more likely to be with typical peaks just before and after open to public use. Private transfer stations lunchtime. Peak hourly arrivals tend to might not be open to the public because resi- dictate a facility’s design more than average dents deliver relatively small amounts of daily arrivals. waste with each visit, require more direction • The availability of transfer trailers, inter- for safe and efficient use of the transfer sta- modal containers, barges, or railcars, and tion, and generally pay relatively small fees how fast these can be loaded.

8 Planning and Siting a Transfer Station • Expected increases in tonnage delivered waste per day, a tipping floor space of 6,000 during the life of the facility. For example, square feet would be required (i.e., 4,000 ft2 + in a region with annual population growth (100 TPD x 20 ft2/ton) = 6,000 ft2) “Chapter 4: of 3 to 4 percent, a facility anticipating a 20- Collection and Transfer” in EPA’s Decision year operating life would typically be Maker’s Guide to Solid Waste Management also designed for about twice the capacity that it provides a series of formulas for helping deter- uses in its first year of operation. mine transfer station capacity These formulas are presented in the box below. • The relationship to other existing and proposed solid waste management facilities such as landfills, recycling facilities, and waste-to-energy facilities. Formulas for Determining Transfer Station Capacity Stations with Surge Pits The same factors are used to determine the Based on rate at which wastes can be unloaded from collection vehicles: size of the following transfer station features: C = PC x (L / W) x (60 x HW / TC) x F

• Amount of off-street vehicle queuing (wait- Based on rate at which transfer trailers are loaded: ing) space. At peak times, vehicles must C = (Pt x N x 60 x Ht) / (Tt + B) often wait to check in at a facility’s “gate- Direct Dump Stations house” or “scale house.” It is important that C = N x P x F x 60 x H / [(P /P ) x (W/L ) x T ] + B the queue (line) not block public streets or n t W t c n c impede vehicular or pedestrian traffic. Hopper Compaction Stations C = (N x P x F x 60 x H ) / (P /P x T ) + B • Number and size of unloading stalls, and n t W t c c corresponding number of transfer trailer Push Pit Compaction Stations loading positions. C = (Np x Pt x F x 60 x HW) / [(Pt/Pc) x (W/Lp) x Tc] + Bc + B

• Short-term waste processing and storage Where: areas (for holding waste until it can be C Station capacity (tons/day) reloaded into transfer vehicles). PC Collection vehicle payloads (tons) L Total length of dumping space (feet) W Width of each dumping space (feet) Present and projected daily, weekly, and annu- H Hours per day that waste is delivered al waste volumes (including seasonal varia- W TC Time to unload each collection vehicle (minutes) tions) are important in planning facility size to F Peaking factor (ratio of number of collection vehicles received during accommodate waste deliveries. The maximum an average 30-minute period to the number received during a peak rate at which waste is delivered is a crucial 30-minute period) consideration as well. In general, it is best to Pt Transfer trailer payload (tons) build a facility to accommodate present and N Number of transfer trailers loading simultaneously projected maximum volumes and peak flows, Ht Hours per day used to load trailers (empty trailers must be available) with a preplanned footprint for facility expan- B Time to remove and replace each loaded trailer (minutes) sion. A useful exercise is calculating how much Tt Time to load each transfer trailer (minutes) tipping floor space a facility would require to Nn Number of hoppers L Length of each hopper store a full day’s waste in case of extreme n L Length of each push pit (feet) emergency. One approach to estimating the p N Number of push pits required tipping floor space is to begin with a p Bc Total cycle time for clearing each push pit and compacting waste into base area of 4,000 square feet and add to it 20 trailer square feet for each ton of waste received in a day (assuming the waste will be temporarily Source: Decision-Makers Guide to Solid Waste Management, Secon Edition piled 6 feet high on the tipping floor).1 For (EPA530-R-95-023), p. 4-23. example, if the facility receives 100 tons of

1 Solid Waste Association of North America. 2001. Transfer Systems Management Training Course. SWANA. Washington, DC.

Planning and Siting a Transfer Station 9 option, even when the longer driving dis- Queuing in Urban Areas tances are considered. When deciding which approach is best for a community, issues to n extreme situations where adequate queuing space cannot be provided consider include the impacts the transfer sta- Ion the transfer station site, an additional offsite area can be provided as a tion(s) will have on the surrounding area, sit- holding area for waiting trucks. Transfer station staff can dispatch the waiting complications, and the cost to build and ing trucks via radio when the station is ready to receive them. operate the transfer station(s). Each approach offers advantages and disadvantages that Number and Sizing of Transfer Stations must be reconciled with local needs. Design capacity is determined by the maxi- The biggest advantage of constructing large mum distance from which waste can be eco- transfer stations is the economies of scale that nomically delivered to the transfer station. The can significantly reduce capital and operational area that can efficiently reach the waste trans- costs. Centralizing waste transfer operations fer station determines the volume of waste allows communities to reduce equipment, con- that must be managed, which is the facility’s struction, waste handling, and transportation initial design capacity. Beyond a certain dis- costs. The siting of a single facility may often tance, another transfer station might be neces- prove easier than siting multiple facilities. sary, or it might become just as cost-effective Large facilities are also conducive to barge or to direct haul to the disposal facility. rail operations that can further decrease traffic- Transfer stations serving rural or tribal areas related impacts on the community. Along relat- tend to be small. They are optimally located ed lines, however, a major drawback to within a reasonable driving time from the serv- building a single large facility is locating a tract ice area’s largest concentration of homes and of land that adequately meets facility require- businesses. For example, a rural transfer station ments. Large facilities also tend to concentrate could be located near one of the service area’s impacts to a single area, which can create the larger towns and sized to take waste from all perception of inequity, especially when one waste generators within about 30 miles. As an neighborhood is shouldering the burden for example, two 50-ton-per-day transfer stations the entire city. A single facility can result in might each serve six small communities. longer travel times, which leads to increased Alternately, fewer transfer stations could be down time for the collection crew and used, necessitating longer average travel dis- increased wear and tear on collection vehicles. tances. For example, one 100-ton-per-day trans- Another consideration is that a single facility fer station could be used to serve the same 12 cannot divert waste to a backup facility if a small communities, but it would be located far- need arises. The single facility must have addi- ther from the outlying communities. tional equipment in case of equipment failure or other emergencies. In urban or subur- In other situations, multiple smaller sites Addressing Site Size Limitations ban areas, the same situations exist. A might better address a community’s waste hen site size is not adequate to accom- midsize city (popula- management needs. Decentralizing waste Wmodate ideal designs and practices, tion 500,000), for transfer operations spreads lesser impacts additional engineering design features will be example, might over a wider area, which helps address equity needed to mitigate the facility’s potential nega- decide that two 800- issues. Although it is generally more expen- tive impacts. For example, sound barriers might ton-per-day transfer sive to build and operate several small trans- need to be incorporated into the site plan to stations would best fer stations rather than one large station with reduce noise. Another approach is to select serve its community. the same total capacity, savings from reduced multiple, smaller capacity sites if a single parcel This same city could travel times might offset these capital costs of land large enough to accommodate an ideal and result in lower overall system costs. facility does not exist. These separate sites alternately decide Multiple facilities also are better able to serve could be used to hold trucks awaiting delivery, that a single 1,600- as backups for one another in case of sched- or to store transfer trailers. ton-per-day transfer station is its best uled or emergency shutdowns of facilities. The

10 Planning and Siting a Transfer Station major disadvantage to building multiple facili- Environmental Justice Considerations ties is that the difficulties encountered in siting During the site selection process, steps should a single facility can become multiplied. be taken to ensure that siting decisions are not imposing a disproportionate burden upon low-income or minority communities. Future Expansion Overburdening a community with negative Transfer stations are frequently designed to impact facilities can create health, environ- accommodate future expansion. Often, this is mental, and quality of living concerns. It can accomplished by siting the facility on a larger also have a negative economic impact by low- parcel of land than would otherwise be neces- ering property values and hindering commu- sary and preplanning the site and buildings so nity revitalization plans. These are just a few expansion can occur without negatively affect- of the reasons environmental justice concerns ing other functions on the site or the sur- need to be addressed when selecting a site for rounding community. Although expansion of a waste transfer station. effective capacity can sometimes be accomplished simply by expanding the hours of operation, this approach is not always effec- The Siting Process and Public tive because the transfer station must accom- Involvement modate the collection schedules of vehicles A siting process that includes continuous pub- delivering waste to the facility. In addition, lic participation is integral to developing a increased operating hours might not be com- transfer station. The public must be a legiti- patible with the surrounding community. mate partner in the facility siting process to integrate community needs and concerns and Site Selection to influence the decision-making process. Addressing public concerns is also essential to Identifying a suitable site for a waste transfer building integrity and instituting good com- station can be a challenging process. Site suit- munications with the community. Establishing ability depends on numerous technical, envi- credibility and trust with the public is as ronmental, economic, social, and political criteria. When selecting a site, a balance needs to be achieved among the multiple criteria Maximizing Public Committee Participation that might have competing objectives. For example, a site large enough to accommodate ublic committees are often convened to assist with developing public all required functions and possibly future Ppolicy. To maximize participation, the process should: expansion, might not be centrally located in • Give committee members a chance to be actively involved. the area where waste is generated. Likewise, in densely developed urban areas, ideal sites • Allow the committee to remove the selected facilitator if concerns that include effective natural buffers simply about objectivity exist. might not be available. Less than ideal sites • Encourage members to discuss relevant concerns and to raise questions may still present the best option due to trans- or objections freely. Criticisms or challenges should be directed toward portation, environmental, and economic con- the issues; the facilitator should swiftly mitigate personal criticisms. siderations. Yet another set of issues that must be addressed relates to public concern or • Agree on a means to resolve disagreements before they arise. opposition, particularly from people living or working near the proposed site. The relative • Allow members to discuss the results of each meeting with their con- stituents. weight given to each criteria used in selecting a suitable site will vary by the community’s • Provide technical experts to educate participants. needs and concerns. Whether the site is in an urban, suburban, or rural setting will also play • Distribute literature about upcoming issues before meetings. a role in final site selection.

Planning and Siting a Transfer Station 11 examples of how to integrate public participa- Informing the Community tion into the waste management facility siting and development process. Following are some hen initiating a siting process, education must be extended beyond general guidelines for developing and imple- Wthe siting committee and include a communitywide outreach initia- menting a siting process that is open to and tive. Components of this type of public outreach typically include: integrates meaningful public input. • Special public meetings. For publicly developed transfer stations, a • Interviews with local newspapers for feature stories. good first step by public officials in the site selection process is establishing a siting com- • Interviews with media editorial boards. mittee. The committee’s main responsibility includes developing criteria to identify and • Interviews with broadcast media. evaluate potential sites. The committee should • News conferences, press releases, and press kits. consist of key individuals who represent various stakeholder interests. These stakeholders • Paid advertising. might include: • Internet sites. • Community and neighborhood groups.

• Informational literature. • Industry and business representatives.

• Direct mail with project updates. • Civic and public interest groups. • Environmental organizations. • City council/county commission presentations. • Local- and state-elected officials. • Presentations to civic, environmental, religious, and professional groups. • Public officials, such as public works • Presentations to neighborhood groups. employees and solid waste professionals. • Community education programs and workshops. • Academic institutions.

• Reading files located in public libraries or community centers that document the process. Committee members should be selected to ensure broad geographical representation Beyond communitywide outreach, initiate specific and targeted contact from across the area to be served by the trans- with key members of potential host communities, and identify community- fer station. In addition, committee representa- specific conditions that need to be considered. Individuals might become proponents of the proposed facility if contacted directly for input, rather tion should seek gender balance and racial than opposing it based on misleading secondhand information. diversity. Volunteer participation should also be solicited. The committee’s meeting times and dates important as addressing environmental, social, must be planned and scheduled to facilitate and economic concerns about the solid waste attendance by all committee members and facility.2 A companion document to this manu- other members of the public. Therefore, meet- al, Waste Transfer Stations: Involved Citizens ing schedules should avoid conflicts with Make the Difference (EPA530-K-01-003), pro- other major community, cultural, or religious vides key information citizens require to be events. To encourage active public participa- effectively involved in the siting and develop- tion, meetings should be prominently adver- ment process. Two other EPA documents, Sites tised in the media in a timely manner and be for Our Solid Waste: A Guidebook for Effective held in facilities accessible to the disabled and Public Involvement (EPA 530-SW-90-019) and located on public transportation routes. RCRA Public Participation Manual (EPA530-R- Frequently, a facilitator is hired or appointed 96-007), provide further information and to keep the meetings focused, to minimize the

2 McMaster Institute of Environment and Health, “Psychological Impacts of the Landfill Siting Process in Two Southern Ontario Communities.”

12 Planning and Siting a Transfer Station Building Reuse: Weighing the Consequences

dapting an existing building for reuse as a waste transfer • Older structures, particularly older warehouse type struc- Astation is usually done as a capital cost savings measure. tures, often fail to meet current structural design codes. In Building reuse saves on new site construction and can avoid the particular, modern seismic and fire code requirements have permitting process if the existing site already has a permit allow- changed considerably in recent years. Retrofitting older struc- ing the waste transfer activity. Building reuse can have some ben- tures might prove more costly than demolishing and replacing efits, including conserving construction materials required for the structure. new structures and facilities; reducing waste from the demolition of existing buildings; recycling unused property for which no • Transfer station structures can experience substantial vibra- other uses were found; and redeveloping contaminated property tions from heavy equipment used to compact and load (brownfields redevelopment). But the negative aspects frequent- waste into the transfer vehicles. Concrete and steel floors, pil- ly outweigh the positives. lars, and other building reinforcements must be designed to accommodate these high levels of vibration. Older buildings Pitfalls and problems associated with adaptation or retrofitting not designed for this heavy use often can not meet these of buildings for waste transfer stations include: requirements.

• Transfer buildings have unique requirements rarely found in • Most transfer stations require some amount of grade separa- structures designed for other uses. These include the need tion so waste can be loaded into open-topped vehicles to for vertical clearances sufficient to accommodate the tipping simplify the waste loading process. Since customer and trans- height of commercial collection vehicles. New facilities are fer vehicles both need to access the structure, but at different usually designed with at least 25 to 30 feet of vertical clear- levels, finding a building that offers this configuration might ance from the tipping floor to the lowest overhead element. prove difficult. Installing additional levels or tunnels can be costly or impractical in some areas (i.e., shallow ground water • Busy transfer stations require adequate onsite space for vehi- or bedrock). cle parking and queuing, something reused buildings often lack. In fact, one of the most common problems with building • Waste transfer stations include more than just the tipping reuse is inadequate queuing space, which leads to vehicles area. While an existing building might be very adaptive to blocking neighborhood streets. Queuing trucks on city streets waste transfer, the overall building site needs to accommo- creates health and safety issues, and can be very disruptive date the supporting activities and requirements including traf- for the surrounding neighborhood. fic queuing, buffer zones, scale facility operations, etc.

• Transfer stations need relatively large, open floor areas suitable for maneuvering large vehicles. Interior building columns and walls might not accommodate the kind of safe traffic movements that are needed, which could pose a hazard and reduce traffic efficiency.

• Enclosed transfer structures also require large, very tall access doors. Doors 24-feet high are not unusual in new transfer buildings. The design must assume that a collection truck will inadvertently exit the transfer station building with its tipping bed extended.

• Heavy-duty, skid-resistant floors are a necessi- ty in transfer stations. Sloped floors with positive drainage are also important. Some Transfer station structures require tall access doors to accomodate collection buildings are not designed with floors that vehicles. meet these essential criteria, and replacing the floors can be costly.

Planning and Siting a Transfer Station 13 Community Involvement in Privately Developed Facilities n the past, privately developed facilities have not generally develop sound avenues of communication. These programs Iformed siting committees. When private facilities have been should educate the community about the need for the facility, sited, the public’s first—and sometimes only—opportunity for the facility’s design and operations, and provide an opportunity input has come when the permit application is put out for pub- for community input. A public outreach program helps the lic comment. Most states do not require private developers to developer understand community concerns and address them seek public involvement in the site selection or facility design early in the siting and design phases while changes are still readi- and operation decisions. Private companies, however, should ly incorporated. Adopting, with appropriate modifications, the consider establishing siting committees and developing public public involvement process outlined above is one approach to outreach programs to establish credibility, build public trust, and addressing community concerns.

potential for certain individuals or interest of the technical information might be groups to dominate the process, and to enhanced by encouraging the committee to encourage active participation by all stake- assist in selecting consultants and technical holders throughout the process. experts, by encouraging committee members to perform their own research, by using a During the siting committee’s first meeting, third party to review technical studies, and by individual duties, group responsibilities, and relying on experts who reside within the com- process issues need to be addressed. munity to provide technical information. Expectations and limitations of the committee Information should be relayed in various for- need to be clearly communicated and might mats and should consider language barriers, be summarized in mission statements. Rules literacy levels, and preferred types of commu- for discourse, and a schedule and procedures nications. For example, committee education for final decision-making, should be deter- might include presentations by technical mined and agreed upon. Technical experts experts and tours of existing transfer stations should be involved early in the process to in addition to written materials. respond to general questions and to resolve common misconceptions about waste transfer. After establishing general procedures, com- Siting Criteria Once the committee completes the education mittee members should be informed of all phase, criteria should be developed for details to further ensure equal participation identifying and evaluating potential sites. All and a means of influencing the decision-mak- siting criteria must be developed before iden- ing process. Committee members should tifying potential transfer station sites. This understand why a transfer station is needed approach ensures siting decisions are based on and the facility’s role within the solid waste objective criteria. Three categories or sets of management system. In addition, committee criteria applied during various stages of the members must be taught the numerous tech- siting process are exclusionary, technical, and nical, environmental, and economic aspects community-specific criteria. It is important to associated with siting, designing, and operat- note that no site may meet all the criteria, in ing a transfer station. This ensures that the sit- which case, each criterion’s relative weight ing criteria the committee develops will result and importance must be considered. in identifying potential sites feasible from engineering and operational perspectives, as well as acceptable to the public. Exclusionary Siting Criteria Siting a waste transfer station, or any type of Educational materials for the siting com- facility, in areas with preclusive siting criteria is mittee should provide useful, objective infor- often prohibited by federal, state, or local laws mation. Mistrust of technical information or regulations, or requires facilities to incorpo- might develop among the committee mem- rate special engineering design and construc- bers and should be anticipated. The credibility tion techniques. Even when siting in excluded

14 Planning and Siting a Transfer Station zones is allowed, the added engineering designs or strong public opposition can signifi- Addressing Cluster Zoning cantly increase construction costs. In general, it is best to avoid siting in these areas. Exclusion- iting waste transfer stations exclusively in areas zoned for industrial use ary criteria might include areas such as: Scan lead to a condition known as “cluster zoning.” Especially restrictive zoning frequently forces transfer stations into a few areas. In general, siting • Wetlands and floodplains. transfer stations in industrial zones eliminates permitting agencies’ discretion to deny such use because technically, the transfer station is permitted “as a • Endangered and protected flora and fauna matter of right.” These types of zoning actions also prevent an impacted habitats. community from influencing the zoning decision. Such intensive clustering • Protected sites of historical, archeological, of industrial facilities may have negative impacts on neighboring residents, or cultural significance. such as increased traffic, noise, odors, and litter. Communities need to address clustering and zoning issues at the local level through comprehen- • Prime agricultural land. sive planning that considers the aggregate effects of clustering certain activities and the equity in sharing community burdens. To avoid clustering when • Parks and preserves. siting a new waste transfer station, establish a community stakeholder or advisory panel to participate in the siting process. This advisory panel Some examples of federal laws defining these should consist of representatives from all potentially affected communities; areas include the Endangered Species Act; the state, local, and/or tribal regulatory agencies; public and private waste trade Migratory Bird Conservation Act; the Coastal groups; local community development organizations; and any other con- Zone Management Act; the Wild and Scenic cerned community, environmental, or environmental justice organizations. Rivers Act; the Marine Protection, Research, To prevent disproportionate facility siting: and Sanctuaries Act; and the National Historic Preservation Act. • Zoning must not be presumed to prevent significant impacts on poor and minority communities.

Technical Siting Criteria • The potential for clustering should be examined. The second category of criteria to develop • Other close or adjacent land uses should be examined to determine includes technical parameters that help define compatibility. the best potential facility sites. These criteria provide guidance on specific engineering, • Other close or adjacent land uses should be examined to analyze operation, and transportation conditions that cumulative impacts. should be considered to ensure that potential sites are feasible from technical, environmental, and economic perspectives. These criteria areas, direct access to rail lines or barges address the following issues: will significantly reduce the number of large transfer trailers leaving the station • Central location to collection routes: To and traveling area maximize waste collection efficiency, trans- roads. It is prefer- fer stations should be located centrally to able to avoid rout- Requiring Minimum Distance waste collection routes. As a rule of thumb ing traffic through Between Transfer Stations in urban and suburban areas, transfer residential areas ommunities with a waste transfer station stations should be no more than 10 miles because traffic clustering problem might consider requiring away from the end of all collection routes. generated by C a minimum distance between facilities as one Beyond that distance, collection routes transfer stations might need to be altered to enable refuse to possible solution. Designating a minimum dis- contributes to con- tance between waste transfer stations, or other be collected and deposited at the transfer gestion; increased industrial facilities, will limit clustering by forcing station within one operating shift. risk to pedestrians; the siting of new facilities away from existing • Access to major transportation routes: The increased air emis- operations. The end effect can be a more equi- transfer station should have direct and con- sions, noise, and table dispersion of facilities and their negative venient access to truck routes, major arteri- impacts. A community will need to determine als, and highways (or rail or barge access, what minimum distance is reasonable. if appropriate). For large metropolitan

Planning and Siting a Transfer Station 15 wear on roads; and might contribute to lit- routes. Transfer station traffic varies locally, ter problems. but tends to peak twice a day. The first peak is often near the middle of the day or • Site size requirements: The area required shift, and the second at the end of the day for specific transfer stations varies signifi- or shift. Therefore, the best sites for transfer cantly, depending on the volume of waste stations are located away from areas that to be transferred, rates at which waste will have midday traffic peaks and/or school be delivered, the functions to be carried out bus and pedestrian traffic. at the site, and the types of customers the facility is intended to serve. Locating a site • Ability for expansion: When selecting a of sufficient size is critical to operating effi- site, consider the potential for subsequent ciencies and minimizing impacts on the increase in the daily tonnage of waste the surrounding community. Engineering input facility will be required to manage, or can establish preliminary size criteria based added processing capabilities for recycling on a conceptual design. and diversion. It is frequently less expensive to expand an existing transfer station • Sufficient space for onsite roadways, than to develop a new site due to the ability queuing, and parking: Transfer stations to use existing operations staff, utility con- typically have onsite roadways to move nections, traffic control systems, office vehicles around various parts of the trans- space, and buildings. fer site. Waste collection trucks can be up to 40 feet long. Transfer trailers that move • Space for recycling, composting, and pub- waste to a disposal facility are typically 50 lic education: A transfer station could be to 70 feet long. These vehicles need wide sited in areas also conducive to recycling or roadways with gradual slopes and curves composting activities. Many transfer sta- to maneuver efficiently and safely. Also, the tions are designed to enable residents and site will need space for parking transfer businesses to drop off recyclables and yard vehicles and to allow incoming and outgo- waste in addition to trash. Some transfer ing traffic to form lines without backing up stations incorporate education centers or onto public roads. interpretive trails focusing on waste prevention. These types of facilities offer • Truck and traffic compatibility: Transfer increased utility to the community. stations often receive surges of traffic when collection vehicles have finished their • Buffer space: To mitigate impact on the surrounding community, a transfer station should be located in an area that provides separation from sensitive adjoining land uses such as residences. Buffers can be natural or constructed and can take many forms, including open spaces, fences, sound walls, trees, berms, and landscaping. • Gently sloping topography: Transfer stations often are multilevel buildings that need to have vehicle access at several levels. Completely flat sites need ramps or bridges constructed to allow vehicle access to upper levels (or areas excavated to allow access to lower levels). Sites with moderate- ly sloping terrain can use topography to their advantage, allowing access to the Many transfer stations are multi-level facilities that allow vehicle access at several upper levels from the higher parts of the levels. natural terrain and access to lower levels

16 Planning and Siting a Transfer Station from the lower parts. Sites with steep Developing Community-Specific Criteria slopes might require extra costs associated The third category of criteria to consider are with earthmoving and retaining walls. impacts that the facility will have on the surrounding community. These criteria are typi- • Access to utilities: Transfer stations gener- cally less technical in nature and incorporate ally require electricity to operate equip- local, social, and cultural factors. Examples of ment, such as balers and compactors; these criteria include: lighting; water for facility cleaning, restrooms, and drinking; and sanitary sewer • Environmental Justice considerations (e.g., systems for waste-water disposal. Some clustering, cumulative impacts). smaller transfer stations use wells for water • Impact on air supply, and some, especially in more rural quality. settings, use septic systems or truck their waste water for offsite treatment. • Impact on the local infrastructure. • Zoning Designations and Requirements: • Adjacent land uses, including other envi- Zoning ordinances frequently classify trans- ronmental stressors that might already fer stations as industrial uses, which limits exist. their siting to areas zoned for industry usu- • Proximity to schools, churches, recreation ally in conjunction with a special use per- sites, and residences. mit. Exclusive use of predetermined land use criteria, however, might result in locating transfer Using GIS to Narrow the Search stations in areas already overbur- geographic information system (GIS) is a com- attribute or exclusionary criteria for siting transfer dened with indus- Aputer system capable of assembling, storing, stations can be layered on top of municipal maps, tries or clustering manipulating, and displaying geographically refer- as well as each other, to narrow down potential of these types of enced information (data identified according to site locations. The maps show these variables in facilities in areas location). After the data are entered, each positive relationship to infrastructure and housing patterns. adjacent to poor and minority com- Wetland Resource Map munities. If local Tampa Bay Florida zoning ordinances are so restrictive that they disallow Marine and Estuarine Deepwater Habitats facility siting out- Deepwater Lakes and Rivers Estuarine Marshes and Aquatic Beds side pre-estab- Tidal Flats lished industrial Estuarine Forested Wetlands zones, substantial Palustrine Forested Wetlands

engineering and Inland Marshes and Aquatic Beds

architectural Palustrine Scrub/Shrub

design must be Open Water

incorporated into Major Roads the facility to mini-

mize impacts on Tampa the surrounding Gulf of Bay Mexico community.

Planning and Siting a Transfer Station 17 • Prevailing winds. Host Community Agreements Siting any type of solid waste management • Number of residences impacted. facility has often been met with strong commu- • Presence of natural buffers. nity opposition. Whether the facility is publicly or privately owned, many residents may not be • Impacts on existing businesses. confident that the siting, permitting, and over- • Expansion sight process will be sufficiently rigorous to capability. address their concerns and protect them from • Buffer zones and screening measures. future impacts. When this type of opposition arises, it is often advantageous for the develop- • Traffic compatibility. er to enter into a separate agreement with the • Impact on historic or cultural features. surrounding community, laying out all issues of concern and the developer’s action plan in • Impact on neighborhood character. response. These “host community agreements” are most frequently used when private compa- To maintain objectivity in the facility siting nies are developing a facility, but public agen- process, the community-specific criteria cies might also find them useful in satisfying should be prioritized before potential sites are community concerns. These agreements typi- known. After potential sites are identified, the cally specify design requirements, operating committee will apply these criteria to evaluate restrictions, oversight provisions, and other each potential site’s suitability as a waste services and benefits that the immediate com- transfer station. These issues also factor into munity will receive. Provisions might include permitting decisions concerning private facili- the following: ties and should not be ignored by the permit- • Steps to reduce negative environmental ting agency or transfer station developer. impacts in the immediate area, such as committing to the use of low emission or Applying the Committee’s Criteria alternative fueled vehicles, or retrofitting After all three categories of siting criteria are vehicles with particulate filters. agreed upon, it is time for the committee to • Limitations on waste generation sources. apply the criteria and narrow down all possible sites. Keep in mind, however, that despite • Roadside cleanup of litter on access routes. the best efforts, every site has some shortcom- • Restrictions on facility operating hours. ings that will need to be addressed. • Restrictions on vehicle traffic routes. First, the exclusionary criteria can be plot- ted on maps, which helps the committee visu- • Financial support for regulatory agencies to alize where the facility cannot be sited due to assist with facility oversight. local, state, and federal regulations. Once • Independent third-party inspection of unsuitable areas are eliminated, the commit- facilities, or the use of video monitoring. tee’s technical criteria and community-specific • Assistance with recycling and waste diver- criteria are applied to all remaining options. sion objectives. Information for each potential site should be developed so the committee can rank the sites. • A fee paid to the local government for Based on the committee’s ranking, the top two every ton of waste received at the facility. to four sites should undergo more rigorous • Free or reduced-cost use of the facility for analysis to determine technical feasibility and the community’s residents and businesses. compliance with the environmental and community objectives. • Guaranteed preference to the community’s residents for employment.

18 Planning and Siting a Transfer Station • Funding for road or utility improvements. • Provisions for an environmental education center. • Financial support for other community based activities.

These agreements can also require that community representatives have access to the facility during operating hours to monitor perform- ance. Safety concerns must be addressed if this provision is included. Community representatives usually welcome an ongoing communication process between facility operators and an established citizen’s committee to encourage proactive response to evolving issues. The provisions or amenities in a host community agreement generally are in addition to what state and local standards or regulations require, and thus should not be thought of as substi- tutes for adequate facility design and operation. The same is true for state, tribal or local government compliance enforcement. The government agency responsible for transfer station compliance also should make a commitment to the community concerning its role in actively and effectively enforcing all requirements.

Planning and Siting a Transfer Station 19 Transfer Station Design and Operation

his section discusses the many fac- • How much waste will the facility be tors that affect a transfer station designed to receive during peak flows? design. The general design issues • How will climate and weather affect facility discussed in this section can typi- operations? cally be applied at a variety of facil- Tity sites and over a wide range of facility sizes. Two other factors to consider when develop- Specific design decisions and their costs, how- ing a transfer station’s design include: ever, can only be finalized once a specific site • How will environmental impacts to the sur- is selected. After determining who will use the rounding area be minimized? (Ways to min- facility and how, a site design plan can be imize environmental impacts on the developed. A facility’s design must accommo- community are discussed in the date its customers’ vehicles and the technolo- Environmental Issues section beginning on gy used to consolidate and transfer waste, page 33.) provide for employee and public safety, and address environmental concerns related to • How will employee health and safety be safeguarding health and being a good neigh- ensured? (The Safety Issues section begin- bor to the surrounding community. ning on page 40 discusses several design features, technologies, and operational practices to help protect the health and Transfer Station Design safety protection of facility employees.)

How Will the Transfer Station Be Used? The most important factors to consider when Site Design Plan designing a transfer station are: Once a site is identified for the transfer station, planners, architects, and engineers use • Will the transfer station receive waste from the factors described above to develop a site the general public or limit access to collec- plan for the proposed facility.2 A site plan tion vehicles? If access will not be limited, shows the layout of the transfer station site’s how will citizen traffic be separated from major features, including access points, road- commercial traffic to ensure safe and effi- ways, buildings, parking lots, utilities, surface- cient unloading? water drainage features, fences, adjacent land • What types of waste will the transfer sta- uses, and landscaping. tion accept? Figure 2 shows a simplified example of a • What additional functions will be carried site design plan of a fully enclosed transfer sta- out at the transfer station (i.e., material tion. This facility has a design capacity of 500 recovery programs, vehicle maintenance)? tons per day and occupies a 25-acre site. It serves both the general public and waste col- • What type of transfer technology will be lection vehicles and has a citizen drop-off area used? for recyclables. • How will waste be shipped? Truck, rail, or barge? Site design plans typically show the following • What volume of material will the transfer features: station manage?

2 Sometimes a “conceptual site plan” is developed before a site is identified. This can be helpful in identifying and assessing the size and suitability of candidate sites.

Transfer Station Design and Operation 21 • Primary functions at the transfer station Figure 2 Transfer Station Site Plan (500 TPD) building. Including tipping floor, tunnels, ramps, etc. • Buildings. Including entrances and exits for vehicles and people. • Parking areas. Employees, visitors, and transfer vehicles. • Public conveniences. Such as separate tipping areas for the general public, recycling dropoff areas, a public education center, and restrooms. • Space for future expansion of the main transfer building. Often, this area is shown as a dotted line adjacent to the initial building location. • Buffer areas. Open space, landscaping, trees, berms, and walls that reduce impacts on the community. • Holding area. For inspecting incoming loads and holding inappropriate waste loads or materials for removal.

Main Transfer Area Design Most activity at a transfer station occurs within the main transfer building. Here, cars and • Road entrances and exits. Including accel- trucks unload their waste onto the floor, into a eration/deceleration lanes on public streets, pit, or directly into a waiting transfer container and access points for waste arriving and or vehicle. Direct loading can simplify opera- departing from the transfer station. Some tions, but limits the opportunity to perform facilities have separate access for visitors waste screening or sorting. When not loaded and employees so these vehicles do not directly, waste deposited onto the floor or into have to compete with lines of vehicles a pit is stored temporarily, then loaded into a using the facility. transfer trailer, intermodal container, railcar, or • Traffic flow routes on site. Often, separate barge. Most modern transfer stations have routes are established for public use and for enclosed buildings. Some older and smaller heavy truck use. Designers work to elimi- facilities are partly enclosed (e.g., a building nate sharp turns, intersections, and steep with three sides) or only covered (e.g., a build- ramps. ing with a roof but no sides). Small rural facilities might be entirely open but surrounded by • Queuing areas. Queues can develop at the fences that limit access and contain litter. inbound scales, the tipping area, and the outbound scales. Queuing space should be Figure 3 shows the main transfer building clearly identified, and queues should not for the site plan depicted in Figure 2. It shows extend across intersections. a 40,000-square-foot building with a pit, separate tipping areas for public versus large • The scale house. Incoming and outgoing trucks on either side of the pit, and a preload loads are weighed and fees are collected. compactor to compact the waste before it is loaded into transfer trailers.

22 Transfer Station Design and Operation Because the main transfer building is typi- Figure 3 cally quite tall to accommodate several levels Main Transfer Building Floor Plan of traffic, it can often be seen easily from offsite locations. Therefore, the main transfer building should be designed to blend into or enhance the surrounding neighborhood.

Types of Vehicles That Use a Transfer Station Traffic is frequently a transfer station’s most significant community impact. Because the primary purpose of transfer stations is to provide more efficient movement of wastes, it is important to consider the following types of customers and vehicles that commonly use them. • Residents hauling their own wastes in cars and pickup trucks. Residents regularly served by a waste collection service typically visit the transfer station less frequently than residents in unincorporated and rural areas not served by waste collection companies (or who elect not to subscribe to an available service). Residents typically deliver only a few pounds to a ton of waste per visit. and hauled away to dispose of the waste. • Businesses and industry hauling their Rolloff boxes also are commonly used at own wastes in trucks. Many small busi- transfer stations to receive yard waste, recy- nesses such as remodeling contractors, clables, and solid waste from the general roofers, and landscapers haul their own public. A typical, large rolloff box measures wastes to transfer stations. The vehicle type 8 feet tall, 7 feet wide, and 22 feet long. used and the waste amount delivered by Unlike packer trucks that operate on an businesses varies considerably. extended route before traveling to the transfer station, rolloff trucks typically trav- • Public or private waste hauling operations el to one place, pick up a roll-off container, with packer trucks. Packer trucks, which travel to and unload at the transfer station, compact waste during the collection and return the empty rolloff container to process, are commonly used on collection the place of origin. Because rolloff trucks routes serving homes and businesses. handle many loads per day, convenient Packer trucks typically visit many waste access to a transfer station is very important generators along their routes and unload to their operations. Rolloff trucks typically when full, generally once or twice per day. deliver 2 to 8 tons per visit. Convenient access to a transfer station helps keep packer trucks on their collection • Transfer vehicles hauling waste from the routes. Packer trucks typically deliver 5 to transfer station. Transfer trailers (similar to 10 tons of waste per visit. large interstate tractor-trailers) commonly haul consolidated waste from transfer sta- • Public or private waste hauling operations tions to disposal facilities. Trains or barges with rolloff trucks. Large rolloff containers are also used to haul waste from some large are typically placed at businesses and urban transfer stations (see text box). industry and collected when they are full. A Transfer trailers typically haul 15 to 25 tons rolloff box is a large metal bin, often open per trip, while trains and barges typically at the top, that can be loaded onto a truck haul thousands of tons. Some stations

Transfer Station Design and Operation 23 Rural Transfer Station Design not uncommon for remote sites to lack water, sewer, or electrical service. ince small transfer stations in rural or tribal settings receive Sconsiderably lower volumes of waste and customer vehicles Another design approach utilizes a completely contained than large urban or suburban facilities, many of the design crite- modular system, such as the system pictured below. These ria outlined previously will simply not apply. Cost frequently is a types of systems are prefabricated and can be quickly assem- major consideration for small rural transfer stations, limiting what bled in the field. The waste collection bins are completely sealed can be done. Consequently, rural transfer stations are often and are animal- and people-proof. Waste is deposited into the uncovered or partially covered facilities. Partially covered sites sealed bin by one of two methods. A small sliding door on the might be enclosed on three sides with the vehicle entrance side front panel can be opened by hand allowing small waste loads open, or simply have a roof with no walls. A common design to be deposited, while the entire front panel can be raised to uses a single open-top trailer situated beneath a raised customer allow collection vehicles to unload. Raising the front panel can- tipping area. The raised customer tipping area allows customers not be done by hand and requires a power source. For isolated to back up to the trailer or drop boxes and directly unload their sites lacking electrical power, vehicle drivers can use a power waste into the rolloff trailer. A hopper is not usually used. When takeoff or a hydraulic connection from their collection vehicles constructing a raised tipping area, taking advantage of natural to lift the front panel. To unload the system, the transfer vehicle grades within the site can reduce construction costs. If favorable pulls along side the container which is tipped up, dumping the grades do not exist, a simple earthen retaining wall and access waste into the waiting vehicle (see the photograph below). ramp can be constructed to create the multilevel layout desired. Again, if power is not available on site to tip the container, Some type of safety restraint should be incorporated on the tip- hydraulic power from the transfer vehicle itself can be used. This ping area to guard against falls. Using a removable constraint, feature makes such arrangements ideal for unmanned or remote such as a rope, chain, gate, or posts, allows tipping vehicles to transfer stations. If desired, or required by state, tribal, or local unload waste unimpeded and facilitates site cleaning. regulations, leachate collection tanks also can be installed onsite.

Driving surfaces ideally are paved to minimize dust generation, but all-weather gravel surfacing is a cost-effective alternative to asphalt pavement. Another alternative is hosing down dirt areas during operating hours. The use of drop boxes requires a concrete or asphalt pad. Ideally, the facility is surrounded by a fence and gated. The gate should be locked during nonoperating hours to keep out large vectors, tres- passers, and illegal dumpers. Fences also are helpful in containing windblown litter. It is An example of a modular, self-contained waste transfer system. Source: Haul-All Equipment Systems. 1999. Reprinted by Partially covered rural facility. permission of Haul-All Equipment Systems.

transfer materials by using intermodal sys- ways when extended. When these vehicles tems, which combine short distance truck unload, they typically require 25 to 30 feet transport with longer distance rail or barge of vertical clearance. Large transfer stations transport. can more readily accommodate this require- ment. Small and medium-sized transfer stations can provide this clearance, but doing The following design issues should be consid- so tends to make these buildings unusually ered for the various vehicle types: tall for their size, particularly if they are • Packer trucks and rolloff trucks require a multilevel facilities. tall “clear height” inside buildings so they do not hit overhead lights, beams, or door-

24 Transfer Station Design and Operation • Packer trucks and rolloff trucks need space on the tipping floor to pull forward as the load is deposited if they are unloading on a flat floor (rather than into a pit). • Packer and rolloff trucks require large areas to turn, back up, and maneuver into the unloading area. • Residential loads, particularly those pulling trailers, require additional time and space to back up into the unloading area. In the interest of safety and site efficiency, many transfer stations have a separate access road and receiving area for residential deliveries so that they do not tie up unloading space reserved for trucks. Residents typically A collection vehicle dumps its load onto the tipping floor. unload materials by hand, which takes additional time. Transfer Technology • Curves and intersections along roads on or The method used to handle waste at the trans- near the transfer station site need large fer station from the time it is unloaded by col- turning radii so the rear wheels of trucks lection vehicles until it leaves the site is do not run over curbs or off the road when central to any transfer station’s design. In the making moderate or sharp turns. simplest cases, waste from collection vehicles • Slopes on ramps should be limited to less is unloaded directly into the transfer container than 8 percent, particularly for fully loaded or vehicle. As this eliminates opportunities to transfer trailers. inspect or sort the material, other floor tipping methods are more common. • In colder climates, measures and equipment for seasonal or severe weather should This section describes the basic methods of be incorporated. Road sanders and snow- handling waste at transfer stations, explains plows for ice and snow removal are some which methods are most appropriate for small examples. and large transfer stations, and addresses the

Rail and Barge Transport one or two large containers. A single train can take more than two hundred truck trips off the highway and in many situations ail Transport is suitable for high-volume transfer stations, par- can move the waste at a lower cost per ton mile, with greater Rticularly those that need to haul waste long distances. Using fuel efficiency and lower overall air emissions. railcars for transport offers some advantages over long hauling via truck. Railcars have a very large capacity and offer an economi- Rail transport is dependent upon the availability of adequate cal mode of long-haul transport. Rail transport also eliminates numbers of rail cars and containers and the ability of the railroad highway out-haul traffic and allows out-haul vehicles to avoid system to pickup and move the waste in a timely manner. Long highway traffic delays. Similar to trucks, rail transport uses a range delays before departure or along the route can result in odor of waste transfer containers and loading methods. Rail operations problems. typically use direct top loading of noncompacted waste, loading Barges carrying sealed intermodal containers are even more of precompacted waste into intermodal containers, or placement efficient than train transport. A single barge can replace 350 of bales in conventional boxcars. When intermodal containers truck trips. Barge transport is best suited for very large waste have to travel public highways between the rail terminals and transfer operations because of the high capital cost of loading either the transfer station or the disposal site, the container load and unloading terminals and transport containers and marine must stay within the highway weight limit. In some cases this may vessels. Siting of marine terminals may also be more difficult mean using several smaller containers per railcar rather than just than siting a conventional waste transfer station.

Transfer Station Design and Operation 25 Figure 4 Basic Transfer Station Technologies

Waste can be unloaded directly into the “open top” of the trailer, but is most often unloaded on the tipping floor to allow for materials recovery and waste inspection before being pushed into the trailer. Large trailers, usually 100 cubic yards or more, are necessary to get a good payload because the waste is not A. compacted. This is a simple technology that does not rely on sophisticated equipment (e.g., compactor or baler). Its flexibility makes it the preferred option for low-volume operations.

B. The surge pit is not a loading technology, but an intermediate step normally used with open-top or precompactor systems. The pit can store peak waste flow, thus reducing the number of transfer trailers needed. A tracked loader or bulldozer is used to compact the waste before loading, increasing payload. Because waste is often unloaded directly into the surge pit, this technology might deter materials recovery and waste screening efforts.

Stationary compactors use a hydraulic ram to compact waste into the transfer C. trailer. Because the trailer must be designed to resist the compactive force, it is usually made of reinforced steel. The heavy trailer and the weight of the onboard unloading ram reduce the payload available for waste. This technology is declining in popularity.

Precompactor systems use a hydraulic ram inside a cylinder to create a dense D. “log” of waste. The log is pushed into a trailer that uses “walking floor” technology to unload or relies on a tipper at the landfill to unload by gravity. Most precompactor installations have two units in case one unit requires repair. The capital cost is relatively high at more than $250,000 per unit, but the superior payload can offset these initial costs.

Balers are units that compress waste into dense, self-contained bales. Wire straps E. may be used to hold the bales intact. They are usually moved by forklifts and transported by flatbed trailers. The baler units can also be used for recyclables such as paper and metal. Payloads are very high, but so are capital costs. Most baling stations have at least two units in case one is down, and they cost more than $500,000 apiece. This high-technology option is normally used only in high-volume operations, and special equipment or accommodations might be required at the landfill (or balefill).

In this alternative, waste is tipped at a transfer station, then loaded into intermodal F. containers. These containers typically have moisture- and odor-control features and are designed to fit on both flatbed trailers and railroad flatcars. The containers may be loaded directly onto railcars or transferred by truck to a train terminal. The sealed containers can be stored on site for more than 24 hours until enough containers are filled to permit economic transport to the landfill. At the landfill, these containers are usually unloaded by tippers. This option allows for reduction of total truck traffic on local roads and can make distant disposal sites economically viable.

Source: DuPage County. 1998. Solid Waste Transfer in Illinois: A Citizen’s Handbook on Planning, Siting and Technology. Reprinted by permission of DuPage County.

26 Transfer Station Design and Operation advantages and disadvantages of each method. Table 1 summa- Figure 4 shows simple diagrams of the various rizes the advantages transfer methods described in this manual. and disadvantages of the various transfer Options for unloading waste from collec- technologies. Some tion or residential vehicles at the transfer transfer stations use a station include: combination of tech- • Directly unloading material into the top of nologies to mitigate a container or transfer trailer parked below some of the disadvan- the unloading vehicle, or onto a tipping tages of a particular floor at the same level as the unloading design. For example, A trailer tipper emptying a transfer trailer at a waste vehicle (Figure 4-A). large transfer stations disposal facility. might have a top- • Unloading into a surge pit located below the loading system as a backup in case the pre- level of the unloading vehicle (Figure 4-B). load compactor breaks down or in case of an electric power outage. It also illustrates that Waste can be moved and piled for short-term many interrelated factors need to be consid- storage on the tipping floor or in a pit. Short- ered when deciding on the appropriate tech- term storage allows waste to be received at the nology for a transfer station. The major factors transfer station at a higher rate than it leaves include design capacity, distance to the dis- the facility, increasing a transfer station’s abili- posal site, cost, reliability, safety, and method ty to handle peak waste delivery periods. of unloading at the disposal site. Options for reloading waste into a transfer container or vehicle include: Transfer Station Operations • Reloading directly from a tipping floor or This section describes transfer station opera- pit into top-load containers or transfer tions issues and suggests operational practices trailers parked below the tipping floor or intended to minimize the facility’s impact on pit (Figures 4-A and 4-B). its host community. Issues covered include: • Reloading into a compactor that packs the • Operations and maintenance plans. waste into the end of a container or transfer • Facility operating hours. trailer (Figure 4-C). • Interacting with the public. • Reloading into a preload compactor that compacts a truckload of material and then • Waste screening. ejects the compacted “log” into the end of a • Emergency situations. container or transfer trailer (Figure 4-D). • Recordkeeping. • Reloading into a baler, which makes bales that can then be forklifted onto a flatbed Operations and Maintenance Plans truck (Figure 4-E). Although a transfer station’s basic function as a waste consolidation and transfer facility is Options for unloading waste at the disposal straightforward, operating a successful station facility from transfer containers or vehicles involves properly executing many different include push-out blades, walking floors, and tasks. Some tasks are routine and easily trailer tippers. With push-out blades and understood, while others occur infrequently walking floors, the trailers unload themselves. and might be difficult to conduct properly A trailer tipper lifts one end of the trailer (or without step-by-step directions. To help rotates the entire trailer) so that the load falls ensure proper operations, transfer stations out due to gravity. Baled waste can be manip- should have written operations and mainte- ulated at the landfill using forklifts. nance plans. These plans are often required by

Transfer Station Design and Operation 27 ansfer ansfer nsfer nsfer equently used in conjunction with equently types. to the waste disposal site. the waste to recyclables. source-separated bins for stations; can manage nearly all waste all waste nearly manage can stations; Application with a relatively short haul distance distance haul short a relatively with inflow periods. Unless many unload- Unless many periods. inflow Fr alls are provided, long customer queuing queuing customer long provided, alls are slippery (fall hazard). slippery (fall moves/stacks that wheel loader) (e.g., their loads. when discharging forward the waste reload is needed to Equipment trailer. the transfer into No short-term storage (surge capacity) to accom- to capacity) (surge storage No short-term periods. inflow peak during expected be can age of empty trailers shuts down facility.) shuts down empty trailers of age Potential for accidents between customers customers between accidents for Potential mobile equipment station and transfer Transfer station cannot accept waste unless waste accept cannot station Transfer small tra for suitable Most hazard. Fall and remove screen to ability Limited wastes. unacceptable or materials diversion waste for No opportunity recovery. from loads receiving for not suitable Generally trucks. packer or large roll-offs large of dumping direct by be damaged can Trailers materials. heavy be messy and floor can on tipping Garbage tr small and large for Suitable Disadvantages (Short- waste. receive to is positioned a trailer and tribal settings in rural stations more operational flexibility than pits. flexibility operational more waste “disconnect” between provides Storage of (Shortage loading. and waste receipts issue). (safety waste facility.) does not shut down empty trailers of and removal screening easy for Allows pull to trucks for space roll-out wastes. Requires unacceptable Generally less expensive and provides and provides less expensive Generally Potentially less housekeeping: no tipping floor, no tipping less housekeeping: Potentially peak modate but possible, footprint smaller building Much need for by be decreased might advantage queuing. for space in trailers. yard payloads low large Relatively pit, or compaction equipment to clean and clean to equipment or compaction pit, maintain. st ing Low capital cost. capital Low waste storagewaste breakdown. equipment transfer vehicle or vehicle transfer container storage breakdown. equipment Direct dump into dump into Direct for potential little Simple arrangement; floor Tipping for potential little Simple arrangement; Table 1 Table Technologies Transfer Different of and Disadvantages Advantages Alternatives Storage Waste Technology Advantages

28 Transfer Station Design and Operation

Application transfer small and large for Suitable ound in the pit. ound in the pit. Can be difficult to remove unacceptable waste waste unacceptable remove to be difficult Can two) of instead stories (three level building Extra the waste reload is needed to Equipment trailer. the transfer into (e.g., equipment control fire additional Requires in waste fires control to cannon) water hoses, fire pit. piles in surge Disadvantages permeable imperfect, involves Generally Odors trailer. of on top or tarp) (screen closure stations. when dense or sharp be damaged can Trailers be noisy. can trailers into falling waste Sound of No roll-out space required for unloading vehicles; unloading for required space No roll-out pit. into truck of back from falls waste f collision between for potential Eliminates and customers. equipment station transfer above building of height overall increase might profile. building increasing grade, Allows for the breaking up of bulky items and bulky items up of the breaking for Allows density increase to waste of the compacting (e.g., equipment control fire additional Requires shipping. economical more for in waste fires control to cannon) water hoses, fire empty of (Shortage loading. and waste receipts facility.) does not shut down trailers and bulky items up of the breaking for Allows density increase to waste of the compacting floor piles on tipping in pit working operator equipment to Hazards shipping. economical more for customers. by unloaded is being when waste people and vehicles. for hazard Fall flows. peak high with stations Might be supplemented with compaction by by compaction with be supplemented Might of the top into reaches that equipment using the load. and level can down tamp to the trailer and precipitation escape, can and litter heavier. the load make types, waste of a wide range for Suitable debris and bulky construction including materials. an empty trailer. into fall materials Surge pitSurge waste “disconnect” between provides Storage construct. to Expensive transfer large for suitable Most Transfer Container and Vehicle Loading Alternatives Loading and Vehicle Container Transfer Technology Advantages Top-loading trailers trailers Top-loading and containers method. gravity-loaded Simple,

Transfer Station Design and Operation 29 r gh-volume gh-volume Not commonly used for new transfe new Not commonly used for Application that need to haul waste long long waste haul need to that transfer stations, particularly those particularly stations, transfer system. rail to transfer intermodal Most suitable for hi for suitable Most for suited ideally alternative Container A heavy trailer or container decreases or container trailer A heavy Disadvantages compactor.) is greater. fleet trailer of cost Capital compactor) (near or container trailer end of Tail end of Front become overloaded. to tends tends axle loading Rear be light. to tends trailer payload. effective limit to can compactor for equipment power Hydraulic be noisy. costs). transportation reduced reinforced to withstand the pressure of the of the pressure withstand to reinforced is full. capacity storage short-term costs. increases electrical of on availability dependent Totally preclude sizes generally motor Large power. handle to generator electrical a standby the use of outage. power waste types of certain for Less suitable cable). wire, concrete, materials, (oversize compactor for equipment power Hydraulic be noisy. can consumption system. power electrical A heavy closed to prevent rainwater entry and odor entry rainwater prevent closed to escaping. and liquid from be structurally must (Trailer payload. effective stations. Compaction usually achieves high densities. high usually achieves Compaction Trailer or container can be completely closed be completely can or container Trailer and odor entry rainwater prevent to breaks when it complex equipment; Relatively escaping. liquid from distances. after station transfer shut down can down, Payload can be measured as it is compacted, is compacted, as it be measured can Payload payload. optimize each to ability with units) compactor two (i.e., Redundancy Transfer Container and Vehicle Loading Alternatives (cont.) Alternatives Loading and Vehicle Container Transfer Technology into Compaction Advantages be completely can or container A trailer container trailer and trailer compaction Preload or container trailer lightweight use of Allows rear-loading into payload. by be offset (but can effective costs increase capital High to trailer or container trailer

30 Transfer Station Design and Operation ance, disposal to large landfills (small to medium landfills (small to large to incinerator. landfills not likely to have a tipper). have to landfills not likely distances. Application volume hauls. Most suitable for hauls hauls for suitable Most hauls. volume Suitable for large transfer stations, transfer large for Suitable haul need to those that particularly Most suitable for short-dist for suitable Most some other form of transport from unloading unloading from transport of some other form a solid waste as at such method point to final destination. to point tipper fails. over if placed be unstable Tippers can landfill. at waste More prone to damage from dense or sharp from damage to prone More an empty trailer. into fall objects that reduces effective waste payload. waste effective reduces behind push-out become stuck can Material blade. or retraction. extension bind during can Blade Fixed unloading point requires reloading and reloading requires point unloading Fixed a fixed- for suitable Most High reliability or redundancy required—no required—no or redundancy reliability High the landfill if at trailers unload to way high- long-distance, for suitable Most of the trailer. of weight) used for the push-out blade, which which the push-out blade, used for weight) hauling. low-volume Relatively complex equipment; when it breaks breaks when it complex equipment; Relatively after station transfer shut down can it down, for Required distances. long waste a balefill. to waste delivering be baler can for equipment power Hydraulic noisy. Disadvantages Ideal for rail-based container intermodal container rail-based for Ideal system. Allows for efficient transportation due to due to transportation efficient for Allows use light- to and ability waste of density trailers. weight cost. capital High Trailer can be completely closed to prevent prevent closed to be completely can Trailer and odor liquid from entry, rainwater escaping. is full. capacity storage short-term landfill a can which balefills, with Compatible might in a small space; waste of amount large or weather (extreme in difficult be best landfill. needed at Special equipment windy) environments. recyclables prepare also be used to Baler can and sale. transport for tippers and trailer- and trailer- mounted railcar Open-top unloading. large-volume rapid, Extremely containers Trailer tipper for tipper for Trailer trailers transfers to trailers lightweight use of Allows maximize payloads. Walking floor Walking trailertransfer a at (not just anywhere unloading for Allows tipper). a trailer landfill with the bottom liquids from leak to prone More and volumes of a range for Suitable transfer trailertransfer tipper). a trailer landfill with Baling Alternatives Unloading and Vehicle Container Transfer Technology Push-out blade Advantages a at (not just anywhere unloading for Allows and (both volume capacity Some trailer

Transfer Station Design and Operation 31 • Emergency procedures.

Facility Operating Hours A transfer station’s operating hours must accommodate the collection schedules of vehicles delivering waste to the facility. Operating hours need to consider the local setting of the transfer station, including neighboring land uses, as well as the operating hours of the disposal facility receiving waste from the transfer station. Operating hours vary considerably depending on individual circumstances. Many large facilities located in urban industrial zones operate 24 hours, 7 days per week. Urban, suburban, and rural transfer stations Solid waste baler compacts waste into dense, self-contained bales. of various sizes commonly open early in the morning (6 a.m. to 7 a.m.) and close in the late state, tribal, or local regulations. They should afternoon (4 p.m. to 5 p.m.). In many cases, be written specifically for a particular facility the last trailer must be loaded with sufficient and include the following elements: time to reach the disposal site before it closes (typically 4 p.m to 6 p.m.). • Facility operating schedule, including days of the week, hours each day, and holidays. Transfer stations that serve both the general public and waste hauling companies typically • Staffing plan that lists duties by job title, operate 6 or 7 days per week. Facilities that minimum staffing levels, and typical work are not open to the public typically operate 5 schedules. or 6 days per week because many waste haul- • Description of acceptable and unacceptable ing companies do not operate on Sundays and wastes, and procedures for diverting have limited operations on Saturdays. Many restricted waste before and after unloading. smaller and rural facilities operate only on certain days of the week and have limited hours. • Operating methods for each component of the facility, including waste-screening meth- The hours described above represent when ods, truck-weighing procedures, tipping the transfer station is open to receive waste floor operations, transfer vehicle loading, from customers. Operations often extend onsite and offsite litter cleanup, and waste- beyond the “open for customers” hours, water collection system operations. however, as workers load waste into transfer vehicles, clean the facility, and perform equip- • Description of maintenance procedures for ment maintenance. Depending on the nature each component, including the building, of the operation, transfer trucks leaving the mobile equipment, utilities, and landscap- site can sometimes operate on a schedule ing. somewhat independent of the rest of the oper- • Employee training. ations. For example, some operations maintain • Safety rules and regulations. an inventory of empty transfer containers and vehicles and loaded containers and vehicles at • Recordkeeping procedures. the transfer station site. Loaded containers • Contingency plans in the event of transfer and vehicles can be hauled off site according vehicle or equipment failure, or if the dis- to the best schedule considering traffic on area posal site is unavailable. roadways, neighborhood impacts of truck traffic, and the hours the disposal facility receives

32 Transfer Station Design and Operation waste from the transfer station. State, tribal, or Ideally, this person would regularly work at local regulations might limit the overnight the transfer station and be available to storage of waste in the transfer station or even respond quickly to questions and concerns. in transfer trailers. The person should also be good at listening carefully to community concerns before responding. Advertising an e-mail address Interacting With the Public or Web site is another way to provide infor- Every transfer station has neighbors, whether mation and allow community input. they are industrial, commercial, residential, or merely vacant land. The term “neighbor” • Organize periodic facility tours. Neighbors should be broadly interpreted, as some of unfamiliar with the transfer station’s opera- those impacted might not be immediately tions are more likely to have misconcep- adjacent to the transfer station. For example, tions or misunderstand the facility’s role. vehicles traveling to and from a transfer sta- • Establish positive relationships by working tion could significantly affect a residential with community-based organizations, neighborhood a mile away if those vehicles improvement districts, civic associations, travel on residential streets. business associations, youth employment An important part of successful transfer bureaus, and other organizations. station operations is engaging in constructive Interaction with the community should dialogue with the surrounding community. focus on positive issues, not just occasions The appropriate level of interaction between when a neighbor is upset about odor, litter, transfer station personnel or representatives or traffic. and their neighbors varies depending on • Offer support services such as newspaper many factors. A transfer station in the middle drives, household hazardous waste (HHW) of a warehouse district with direct access to drop-off days, and spring cleaning disposal expressways might find that joining the local at the facility. business association and routinely picking up offsite litter are adequate community activities. While a transfer station located adjacent Waste Screening to homes and restaurants might find that As described in the section on Unacceptable monthly meetings with neighbors, landscap- Wastes in the Planning and Siting a Transfer ing improvements, commitments to employ Station chapter, some types of wastes are not local workers, an odor reporting hotline, and appropriate for handling at a transfer station. daily cleanup of litter are more appropriate. These unacceptable wastes might be difficult to handle, dangerous, prohibited at the disposal When developing a community outreach facility where the waste is sent, or subject to a plan, transfer station operators should consid- recycling mandate.3 Transfer station operators er the following: should screen for unacceptable materials • Develop a clear explanation of the need for before, during, and after customers unload, the transfer station and the benefits it will and should tell customers where they can dis- provide to the immediate community and pose of wastes inappropriate for that transfer surrounding area. station. • Develop a clear process for addressing com- If their wastes are refused at a transfer sta- munity concerns that is communicated to tion, some customers might illegally dispose the neighborhood even before the facility of unacceptable materials or might try to hide becomes operational. these materials in a future delivery. When customers arrive with unacceptable materials, • Designate one person as the official contact operators could give them a preprinted fact for neighborhood questions and concerns.

3 For example, some states, tribes, or cities prohibit the disposal of yard wastes in landfills. Thus, grass clippings would be prohibited in a mixed waste load.

Transfer Station Design and Operation 33 sheet that describes the issue and suggests ly into a transfer container or vehicle. Ideally, alternative management methods. In addition, unacceptable wastes would be noticed before community programs dedicated to reducing the delivery vehicle has left the site. the use of products that generate dangerous Regardless of screening efforts, transfer sta- wastes can decrease unacceptable waste deliv- tion operators should expect that some unac- eries to transfer stations. ceptable wastes will be discovered after the At the transfer station, screening for unac- responsible party is gone. Transfer stations ceptable wastes could start at the scale house should set aside an area for safe temporary (where customers first check in upon arrival at storage of unacceptable wastes until appropri- the facility). Employee training on identifying ate disposal is feasible, and develop a step-by- and managing suspect materials is the corner- step plan to follow. In some cases, the party stone in any waste-screening program. that deposited the waste can be contacted to Operators could interview customers about retrieve it. In other cases, the transfer station types of waste they have and from where the operator must properly manage the waste. waste was collected. Proper material management depends on the A list of common type of waste discovered. For example, man- Fact Sheets About unacceptable items agement of hazardous wastes requires compli- Unacceptable Waste could be posted, and ance with federal regulations issued under operators could ask if authority of the Resource Conservation and onsider developing simple fact sheets to any of the items are Recovery Act (RCRA) (40 CFR Parts 260 to inform customers why certain wastes are C present in the load. 299) or the Toxic Substances Control Act not accepted at the transfer station and where they can dispose of the unacceptable wastes. Visual inspections (TSCA) (40 CFR Part 700 to 799), whereas A typical fact sheet could include: can also help identify recyclable materials screened from the waste unacceptable wastes. stream can be collected and processed with • A picture or graphic of unacceptable waste. Some facilities pro- similar materials. vide overhead cam- • A definition of what the unacceptable eras or walkways to waste is and a brief description of why it is Emergency Situations facilitate a view of not accepted at the transfer station. Most days at a transfer station involve routine the top of uncovered operations. Transfer station operators should • The dangers, drawbacks, or penalties for loads (or loads that prepare for emergencies, however, and improper disposal of unacceptable waste. can easily be uncov- include emergency procedures in their written ered at the scale • Safe consumer alternatives. operations plans. State regulatory agencies house). Walking often require submission of a Plan of around the truck to • Where the waste can be appropriately Operations and a Contingency Plan for review managed, including driving directions, hours examine its contents and approval. At minimum, the following of facility operation, and contact informa- and checking for emergency events should be anticipated: tion. smoke or suspicious odors might be • Power failure. The plan should address • Telephone numbers and Web sites of appropriate. Sensors how to record customer information, collect appropriate regulatory agencies that can fees, and load transfer trailers during a provide more information. for detecting radioactive materials can be power outage. Many larger transfer stations used at the scale have backup power generators so at least house or at a point along the incoming truck some operations can continue during a route to the tipping area. power failure. Some unacceptable wastes might not • Unavailability of transfer vehicles. The become apparent until the unloading process. plan should address what to do if poor Operators should observe waste unloading weather, road closures, or strikes prevent and examine suspected unacceptable wastes. empty transfer vehicles from arriving at the Waste unloaded onto the floor or into a pit is transfer station. The plan should also easier to monitor than waste unloaded direct- address when the transfer station should

34 Transfer Station Design and Operation stop accepting waste deliveries if the waste cannot be hauled out in a timely manner. • Unavailability of scales. The plan should describe recordkeeping and fee assessment in the event that scales are inoperable. At facilities with both inbound and outbound scales, one scale can temporarily serve both purposes. • Fire. Fire response and containment procedures should address fires found in incoming loads, temporary storage at the transfer station, compaction equipment, transfer vehicles, and other locations. Typically, fire procedures focus on protecting human health and calling professional fire departments. Ceiling sprinkler systems by themselves might not be completely effective in A transfer station scale house. preventing small fires from spreading. Due to the high ceilings common in transfer sta- emergency phone numbers, and routes to tions, a fire could spread substantially nearby hospitals. before it gets hot enough at the ceiling level • Robbery. Some scale houses handle cash to activate sprinkler systems. Consequently, and include security provisions to deter facilities should have fire hoses or other fire robbery. fighting equipment in the area, in addition to ceiling mounted sprinklers. A water cannon on a washer truck can also be used to Emergency plans should include a list of contain small fires until the fire department emergency contacts, including daytime and arrives. evening phone numbers for facility management, facility staff, emergency response teams, • Spill containment. Spills can occur from frequent customers, and regulatory agencies. waste materials or from vehicles delivering waste. For example, hydraulic compaction system hoses on garbage trucks can break. Recordkeeping Spill containment plans should address Detailed operating records enable both facility spill identification, location of spills, managers and regulatory overseers to ensure deployment of absorbent materials, and that the transfer station is operating efficiently cleanup procedures. For large spills, the and in accordance with its permit require- plan should also address preventing the ments. Medium and large transfer stations spill from entering storm drains or sewers. typically record the following information as part of their routine operations: • Discovery of hazardous materials. Hazardous materials plans should include • Incoming loads: date, time, company, driv- methods to identify and isolate hazardous er name, truck number (i.e., company fleet 4 materials, temporary storage locations and number), weight (loaded), weight (empty), methods, and emergency phone numbers. origin of load, fee charged. • Injuries to employees or customers. The • Outgoing loads (typically transfer trucks): plan should include first aid procedures, date, time, company, driver name, truck number (i.e., company fleet number), weight (loaded), weight (empty), type of

4 For repeat customers, the empty truck (tare) weight is often kept on file so trucks do not need to weigh out during each visit.

Transfer Station Design and Operation 35 Urban Transfer Station Design and Operations ll transfer stations must address issues such as noise, odors, • Install misting systems with deodorants to mask or neutralize Adust, vectors, traffic, and litter. Urban transfer stations, how- odors. Be prepared to make seasonal adjustments as needed ever, frequently lack the key component that suburban and rural to control odors. facilities use to mitigate these problems: space. Where a subur- • Install ventilation systems with air filters or scrubbers. ban or rural facility can simply use large buffer zones between • Plant vegetative barriers, such as trees, to absorb and dis- operations and receptor populations, urban sites are frequently perse odors. unable to do so due to severe site size limitations. Urban transfer • Use odor vestibules on truck entrances and exits. Odor stations must employ a combination of planning, design, and vestibules are 2-door systems in which the outer door closes operating practices to help minimize impacts upon the surround- before inner door opens to prevent odors from escaping. ing community. Listed below are several engineering designs, • Install plastic curtains on entrances and exits to contain odors technologies, and operating practices that an urban transfer sta- when doors are opened to allow vehicles to enter or exit. tion should consider employing to mitigate facility impacts upon • Use biofilters – which pass malodorous air through organic the neighboring community. matter, such as wood chips, mulch, or soil – to capture odor Noise molecules. Bacteria in biofilters consume and neutralize odor molecules. Structural and Site Layout Approaches • Set up a community “odor complaint” phone line, and • Totally enclose all waste-handling operations to contain noise. respond to community complaints. • Use concrete walls and structures, which absorb sound better than metal structures. Dust • Install double-glazed windows which contain noise better Dust from Vehicles than single-glazed windows. • Pave all roads on site, or lay gravel as a less expensive option. • Install shielding or barriers, such as trees, berms, or walls, • Clean facility roads frequently with street-sweeping equip- around the facility to block and absorb noise. Size of the ment. shielding, distance to receptors, and shielding materials all • Wash waste collection vehicles before they leave the transfer determine effectiveness. Walls can be made from concrete, station to remove dust-generating dirt and debris. stone, brick, wood, plastic, metal, or earth. Vegetate berms with grasses, shrubs, or trees to further mitigate noise and Dust from Waste Handling Operations increase aesthetics. Barriers should be continuous, with no • Align building openings to minimize exposure to prevailing breaks, and long enough to protect the intended receptors. winds. • Wing walls, usually constructed of concrete, on transfer build- • Install plastic curtains over building openings. ings can also block noise from trucks entering and exiting the • Keep station doors closed during operating hours, except building and noise from interior operations. when trucks are entering or exiting. • Insulate transfer building walls with sound-absorbing materials. • Install misting systems over tipping areas to “knock down” • Locate administrative buildings between sources of noise and dust particles. Misting system operations should be adjusted community. seasonally or as the dryness of the waste dictates. • Orient transfer building openings (i.e., doors) away from Vectors (e.g., rats, mice, cockroaches, and other receptors. insects) • Hire a professional licensed pest control company with Operational Practices expertise and experience in controlling specific vector popu- • Keep doors closed during operating hours, except when lations. vehicles are entering or exiting. • Seal or screen openings that allow rodents and insects to • Use the lowest allowable setting on vehicle backup alarms, or enter the building, such as door and window frames, vents, use visual warning devices if state and local regulations allow. and masonry cracks. Also check for and repair chewed insu- • Establish operating hours that avoid early morning or late- lation at points where utility structures, such as wires and night operations. pipes, enter the transfer building. • Set facility noise level limits (e.g., 55 decibels at the site • Treat insect breading areas and eliminate as many of these boundary) and adhere to them. breading areas as possible. Implement practices that do not Odors create new breeding areas. • Remove all waste at the end of each operating day. Do not • Implement practices that reduce the likeliness of attracting allow any waste to remain on site overnight. vectors (e.g., remove all waste at the end of the operating • Frequently clean/wash down the tipping floor or surge pit. (continued next page)

36 Transfer Station Design and Operation (continued from previous page) • Do not allow incoming trucks to queue on public streets. If day, wash tipping areas daily, pick up litter and other debris inadequate space is available on site to accommodate waiting daily). trucks, use a remote site as a waiting area for the trucks. Use • Some municipalities require transfer stations to pay neighbors’ radios to dispatch trucks from the waiting area to the transfer extermination/pest control costs if it can be proven that the station. facility is the source of the problem. Consider this policy • Where possible, schedule incoming traffic so that it does not even if it is not required by law. coincide with local rush hours. Traffic Litter • Create acceleration, deceleration, or turning lanes at site • Require all incoming and outgoing loads to be covered. entrances and exits as needed to maintain steady traffic • Ensure that all incoming and outgoing trucks are leak-proof flows around facility. This may require widening roads. to avoid leachate spills on public streets. • Fund road improvements and upgrades around the facility to • Implement daily litter inspections and pickup at the facility reduce congestion and prevent damage from additional truck and on surrounding streets. traffic. • Install a perimeter fence to prevent windblown litter from • Work with the community to designate inbound and out- leaving the site. bound truck traffic routes and ensure that drivers follow these routes.

material (e.g., waste, compostables, recy- viewed (such as with packer trucks), cubic clables), destination of load. yards are generally based on the vehicle’s capacity. Loads in cars and pickup trucks are • Facility operating log: noting any unusual typically charged a minimal flat fee. events during the operating day. • Complaint log: noting the date, time, com- plaining party, nature of the complaint, and Environmental Issues Developing transfer stations that minimize followup activity to address the complaint. environmental impacts involves careful plan- • Accidents or releases: details any accidents ning, designing, and operation. This section or waste releases into the environment. focuses on neighborhood quality or public nuisance issues and offers “good neighbor • Testing results: such as tests for suspected practices” to improve the public’s perception unacceptable waste. of the transfer station. Design and operational • Environmental test results: such as surface issues regarding traffic, noise, odors, air emis- water discharges, sewer discharges, air sions, water quality, vectors, and litter are dis- emissions, ground-water, or noise tests. cussed below. Proper facility siting, design, • Maintenance records: for mobile and fixed and operation can address and mitigate these equipment. potential impacts on the surrounding natural environment and the community. • Employee health and safety reports. Careful attention to these issues begins with • Employee training and operator certifica- the initial planning and siting of a facility and tion documentation. should continue with regular monitoring after operations begin. Transfer station design must Some transfer station operators, particularly at account for environmental issues regardless of smaller facilities, find it necessary to record surrounding land use and zoning. Stations only some of the above items. In order to sited in industrial or manufacturing zones are avoid the cost of installing and operating a subject to the same environmental concerns scale, some small and medium-size transfer and issues as stations located in more populat- stations substitute estimated load volume (as ed zones. Minimizing the potentially negative measured in cubic yards) instead of weighing aspects associated with these facilities requires loads (in tons). When loads cannot be easily thoughtful design choices. Identifying and

Transfer Station Design and Operation 37 tomer service and the operating efficiency of the facility. It is common, particularly in urban and suburban areas, for tribes and other local jurisdictions to require significant offsite improvements to mitigate traffic impacts or to assess traffic impact fees to offset improvements needed for traffic upgrades. Typically, transfer stations can indirectly control when traffic arrives at the facility by adjusting operating hours. Relatively few transfer stations are able to schedule inbound traffic because collection vehicles need to unload when they are full so collection crews Depositing incoming waste on a tipping floor facilitates waste screening. can resume their routes or end their working day. Also, many transfer stations are not operated by the same company delivering waste addressing these important issues can be a sig- to the facility, so control over specific timing is nificant part of the overall cost to develop the difficult. Some transfer stations have the abili- waste transfer station. ty to schedule transfer vehicle traffic, however. These stations often schedule trips to avoid Traffic rush-hour traffic on area routes. Traffic causes the most significant offsite envi- Any queuing should occur on the transfer ronmental impacts associated with larger station site so as not to inhibit the traffic flow waste transfer stations. This is particularly on public streets. Queuing on streets creates true for stations in urban and suburban areas public safety concerns, blocks traffic and where traffic congestion is often already a sig- access to adjacent properties, and in some nificant problem for the local community. cases, causes damage to streets not designed Although transportation routes serving rural for heavy vehicles. Exhaust from idling truck stations typically receive less traffic, these engines queuing on public streets can also cre- routes might still be affected by limitations on ate air quality and health concerns. (See the gross vehicle weight or individual axle Air Emissions section on page 37 for discus- weights for certain roads or bridges. sion of air emission issues.) If space on the site By consolidating shipments to the disposal is insufficient, alternatives should be consid- site, a waste transfer system will have net pos- ered. These could include providing a sepa- itive impacts in terms of reducing community- rate tipping area for certain types of customers wide truck traffic, air emissions, noise, and (such as self-haulers, who generate a lot of highway wear. Some of these negative traffic, but not much waste) or establishing a impacts, however, might be concentrated in remote holding lot for inbound vehicles to use the immediate vicinity of the transfer station before joining the onsite queue. Regulatory as a result of increased local traffic generated agencies sometimes can address and control by a transfer station, even though overall queuing problems through the permitting impacts are reduced. process. Permitting agencies can incorporate provisions that require transfer stations to pro- Evaluating travel routes and the resulting vide adequate queuing space on site or off site traffic impacts should receive significant atten- or that prohibit queuing on public streets. tion during facility siting and design to minimize the traffic’s offsite environmental As a result of community input, the opera- impacts. Furthermore, dependable access and tor might designate traffic routes to the facili- smooth traffic flow are essential for good cus- ty. A simple “right turn only” at the exit can

38 Transfer Station Design and Operation relieve some traffic conflicts. If offsite routes pickup trucks. (One residential collection are designated, clear authority for enforce- vehicle can haul as much as 15 to 30 cars ment needs to be established (e.g., by local and pickup trucks.) police or by the station operator refusing access to violators). Noise Some specific design and operation features Transfer stations can be a significant source of that might be necessary to reduce the environ- noise, which might be a nuisance to neigh- mental impacts of station traffic are described bors.5 Heavy truck traffic and the operation of below: heavy-duty facility equipment are the primary sources of noise from a transfer station. Offsite • Designating haul routes to and from the traffic noise in the station’s vicinity will be transfer station that avoid congested areas, perceived as noise residential areas, and other sensitive areas. from the station itself. • Adding offsite directional signs, pavement Equipment noise Noise Abatement: Leon County, markings, and intersection signals. includes engines, Florida • Providing acceleration and deceleration backup alarms (beepers), hydraulic power s part of its site selection process for a lanes that allow vehicles to enter and leave units, and equipment waste transfer station, Leon County, the flow of offsite traffic smoothly, reducing A buckets and blades Florida, commissioned a study to evaluate and congestion and the likelihood of accidents. banging and scraping address noise concerns. Parcels adjacent to the • Using right turns to enter and leave the sta- on concrete and steel site include residential, commercial, and light industrial. To the west is undeveloped residen- tion site and minimizing left turns to surfaces. The unload- tial land. The study used a 5-step procedure to reduce congestion and the likelihood of ing of waste or recy- determine the impact that noise from the accidents off site. clables (particularly transfer station would have on the adjoining • Providing adequate onsite queuing space so glass) onto a tipping community. It also assessed the effectiveness lines of customers and transfer vehicles floor, pit, steel drop and feasibility of abatement. The study resulted waiting to enter the facility do not interfere box, or trailer can in nine recommendations relating to building with offsite traffic. also create substantial orientation, truck routing, operating hours, noise, depending on berm and wall construction, and vegetative • Installing and using compaction equipment the type of waste, fall plantings to buffer noise (Leon County, FL; to maximize the amount of waste hauled in distance, and surface. February, 2000). each transfer trailer, thus reducing the num- Stations that use sta- ber of loads leaving the site. tionary solid waste • Establishing operating hours, including compactors or engine-driven tamping equip- restrictions, that encourage facility use dur- ment have additional sources of mechanical ing nonpeak traffic times on area roads. equipment noise with which to contend. Good facility design and operations can help reduce • Schedule commercial waste deliveries to noise emanating from the station. This avoid rush-hour traffic. includes: • Providing or requiring the provision of resi- • Maximizing the utility of perimeter site dential waste collection service to reduce buffers, particularly along site boundaries the number of people hauling their own with sensitive adjoining properties. wastes to the transfer station. Although the Increasing the distance between the noise transfer station will handle the same source and the receiver, or providing natu- amount of waste, more of it will arrive as ral or man-made barriers are the most effec- combined collection vehicle loads, reducing tive ways of reducing noise when the the number of loads brought in by cars and sound generation level cannot be reduced.

5 Although repeated exposure to high noise levels can lead to hearing impairment, noise levels associated with impairment are typically a concern only to employees; neighborhood impacts are typically a nuisance issue, not a health issue.

Transfer Station Design and Operation 39 • Orienting buildings so the site topography ment options can also be selected during and the structure’s walls buffer adjacent design. noise-sensitive properties from direct expo- • Properly maintaining mufflers and engine sure to noise sources. enclosures on mobile equipment operating • Providing sound-absorbent materials on within the transfer station. Also insist that building walls and ceilings. operators of commercial hauling vehicles keep their equipment, including the muffler • Shutting off idling equipment and queuing systems, in good repair. trucks. • Keeping as many doors closed during station operating hours as practical. • Conducting activities that generate the loudest noise during selected hours, such as the morning or afternoon commute hours, when adjoining properties are unoccupied or when offsite background noise is at its highest.

Odors MSW, food waste, and certain yard wastes such as grass have a high potential for odor generation. Odors might increase during warm or wet weather. Thus, transfer stations handling these wastes need to address odor management based on current and projected adjacent land uses. Odors can be managed Surge pit separating public and commercial vehicles. Water sprays along the walls with proper facility design and operating proof the pit are used to suppress dust. cedures, including: • As with noise mitigation, increasing the dis- • Avoiding traffic flows adjacent to noise- tance between the odor source and the sensitive property. receiver effectively reduces the impact of odors. • Arranging the facility layout to eliminate steep uphill grades for waste-hauling • Evaluating the prevailing wind direction to trucks, as driving uphill can significantly determine building orientation and setback increase noise levels. to adjacent properties. • Facing building openings such as entrances • Carefully orienting the building and its away from noise-sensitive adjoining prop- doorways with respect to odor-sensitive erty. neighboring property and closing as many doors as practical during operating hours. • Considering alternatives for beeping backup alarms, such as strobe lights and prox- • Designing floors for easy cleanup, includ- imity detectors (if state and local ing a concrete surface with a positive slope regulations allow). to drainage systems. Eliminating crevices, corners, and flat surfaces, which are hard to • Confining noisy activities within specified keep clean and where waste residue can buildings or other enclosures. In particular, accumulate. enclose hydraulic power units associated with compactors and rams in areas with • Sealing concrete and other semiporous sur- acoustic silencing materials. Quieter equip- faces to prevent absorption of odor-producing residues.

40 Transfer Station Design and Operation • Minimizing onsite waste storage, both in procedures help minimize air emissions, the facility and in the loaded trailers, by including: immediately loading odorous or potentially • Paving all traffic carrying surfaces. odorous wastes into transfer trailers and quickly transferring them to the disposal • Keeping paved surfaces and tipping floors site. clean, and ensuring any street sweeping operations use sufficient water to avoid stir- • Incorporating odor neutralizing systems. ring up dust. • Removing all waste from the tipping floor • Restricting vehicles from using residential or pit at the end of each operating day, then streets. cleaning those areas to remove remaining residues. • Selecting alternative fuel or low-emission equipment or retrofitting facility equipment • Using enclosed trailers whenever possible with oxidation catalysts and particulate when loaded trailers must sit on site tem- traps. porarily before transfer. • Working with truck fleet operators to • Practicing “first-in, first-out” waste han- reduce exhaust emissions through the retro- dling practices so wastes are not allowed to fit of emission control devices, use of clean- sit on site for long periods of time. er fuels, and use of alternative fuel vehicles • Collecting and removing partially full con- (e.g., compressed natural gas) tainers at rural stations where accumulation • Installing misting systems to suppress dust of full loads could take several days. inside the building or using a hose to spray • Keeping building catch basins, floor drains dusty wastes as they are unloaded and and drainage systems clean so odor-causing moved to the receiving vehicles. (In rural residues do not build up. areas, small stations might not have a readily available water supply, or might have to • Treating drainage systems periodically with rely on a portable water supply for house- odor-neutralizing and bacteria-inhibiting keeping needs.) solutions. • Maintaining engines in proper operating • Diverting odorous waste loads to facilities condition by performing routine tune-ups. with less sensitive surroundings during adverse weather conditions. • Considering the purchase of newer generation, low-emission diesel engines. • Refusing to accept certain highly odorous wastes. • Minimizing idling of equipment by turning off engines when not in use. Truck stop • Practicing other “good housekeeping” electrification technology can be installed at measures, including regularly cleaning and designated queuing areas to provide truck disinfecting containers, equipment, and cabs with comforts such as climate con- other surfaces that come into contact with trolled air, electricity, and phone lines while waste. engines are shut off. • Cleaning truck bodies and tires to reduce Air Emissions tracking of dirt onto streets. Air emissions at transfer stations result from dusty wastes delivered to the transfer station, • Maintaining building air filtering systems exhaust (particularly diesel) from mobile so that they perform effectively. equipment such as trucks and loaders, driving on unpaved or dusty surfaces, and cleanup Storm Water Quality operations such as street sweeping. As with Rainfall and wash-down water flows from odor control, proper design and operating roofs, roads, parking lots, and landscaped

Transfer Station Design and Operation 41 • Removing as much debris from the tipping Water Quality at Rural Transfer Stations floor as possible by mechanical means (e.g., scraping or sweeping) before hosing the t stations in rural areas where water might not be available for sanitary floor down. Auses, portable toilets might provide a solution. But even at these stations, there is likely some amount of potentially contaminated runoff that • Installing drain covers on floor drains. needs to be managed as sewage. In rural areas and other areas not served During normal operations, floor drains by a piped sanitary sewer system, it is common to connect building drains should be covered to prevent spilled liquid to underground holding tanks. The tanks are pumped as needed, and the wastes from entering the sewer system. leachate is trucked to a sewage treatment plant or other approved process- Covers can be opened or removed during ing facility. floor cleaning. • Installing low-flow toilets, showers, and areas at a transfer station, eventually reaching faucets. natural or constructed storm water drainage • Providing appropriate pretreatment of systems. Runoff might also percolate into the water that comes into contact with waste ground-water system. Keeping surface water (leachate). Pretreatment requirements vary free of runoff contamination from waste, mud, depending on the capabilities of the receiv- and fuel and oil that drips from vehicles is ing sewer, but could include provisions important to maintaining the quality of both allowing solids to settle out of the sewage, the surface and ground water systems. The the use of oil/water separators, or the use quality and amount of runoff often is regulat- of other treatment systems. ed by state, tribal, or local water management authorities. Transfer station development typically results in the addition of new impervious Other design and operation measures to con- surfaces (i.e., paved surfaces) that increase the sider in managing surface water quality total quantity of runoff and can contribute to include: flooding potential. • Complying with all surface water manage- When runoff contacts waste, it is considered ment regulations applicable in the jurisdic- potentially contaminated and is known as tion where the station is located. In “leachate.” Transfer station design and opera- jurisdictions with well-developed regulation should ensure that contaminated water is tions, design and operation measures usual- collected separately, then properly managed on ly include development of surface water site or discharged to the sewer. Most transfer detention facilities (ponds, tanks, or large stations send some amount of waste water to holding pipes) that limit the runoff rate to sewer systems. In addition to leachate, waste the predeveloped rate. In addition, water water from daily cleaning of the waste han- quality requirements might involve desilt- dling areas and the facility’s restrooms and ing facilities and applying various forms of support areas typically are discharged to the biofiltration to remove contaminants. Some sewer. Local waste water treatment plants jurisdictions might require pH adjustment establish guidelines for pretreatment and and other forms of pretreatment. analysis with which transfer stations must • Locating stations outside local flood zones. comply when discharging waste water into the sewer. To minimize impacts on sewer systems, • Minimizing impervious areas and maximiz- transfer stations should consider: ing landscape and vegetative cover areas to reduce total runoff. • Covering waste handling and storage areas that drain to the sanitary sewer system. • Limiting outside parking of loaded contain- This reduces the amount of rainfall con- ers or alternatively using rain-tight, leak- tributing to the total volume of sewer flow. tight containers. If loaded containers or transfer vehicles are parked or stored outside, providing catch basins connected to

42 Transfer Station Design and Operation the sanitary sewer system might be neces- • Routinely inspecting the facility for poten- sary. tial vector habitat, and taking corrective action when needed. • Maintaining all surface water management facilities in good operating condition. This • Using commercial vector control specialists includes periodic cleaning and removal of as necessary. silt and debris from drainage structures and ponds, as well as removing collected oil Litter from oil-water separators. In the normal course of facility operations, • Responding promptly to exterior spills to stray pieces of waste are likely to become litter prevent waste materials from entering the in and around the facility. In jurisdictions that surface water system. do not have or do not enforce regulations to cover customer vehicles, the litter problem is • Cleaning up liquid spills such as oils, paints, often most prevalent on routes leading to the and pesticides with absorbent material rather station. Dry, light materials such as plastic than hosing them into drains. Although grocery bags can be blown from the backs or transfer stations generally do not accept tops of vehicles, or from the tipping area to these liquids, they might find their way into the facility’s outside areas. the waste stream in small quantities. Design and operation considerations that • Using secondary containment around tem- can reduce the litter problem include: porary storage areas for HHW, batteries, and suspect materials. • Conducting all waste handling and processing activities in enclosed areas, if possible.

Vectors • Orienting the main transfer building with Vectors are organisms that have the potential respect to the predominant wind direction to transmit disease. Vectors of concern at so it is less likely to blow through the build- transfer stations can include rodents, insects, ing (or tunnel) and carry litter out. and scavenging birds. Seagulls are particularly Generally the “blank” side of the building troublesome birds in coastal zones and certain should face into the prevailing wind. inland areas. Much of the concern surround- • Strictly enforcing the load covering or tarp- ing vectors is associated with general nuisance ing requirements will reduce litter from factors, but this issue justifies diligent atten- waste trucks. Some transfer station operation. A few basic design elements and operators have the authority to decline uncov- tional practices can greatly reduce the ered loads and presence of vectors, including: have instituted • Eliminating or screening cracks or openings surcharges to pro- in and around building foundations, waste vide incentives for Vector Control at Rural Transfer containers, and holding areas at enclosed- customers to cover Stations type stations. This reduces opportunities for their loads. n less densely populated areas, other vectors entry by terrestrial vectors (especially • Providing wind- of concern could include bears, raccoons, and rodents). I breaks to deflect dogs, especially if waste is not tightly enclosed. • Installing bird-deterrent measures, such as wind away from The best way to keep large vectors out of the suspended or hanging wires to keep birds waste handling facility is to totally enclose the waste storage out of structures, and eliminating horizon- areas. area or to fence and gate the site. Bird-scare devices, such as recordings of predatory birds tal surfaces where birds can congregate. • Locating doors in or plastic decoys, can help alleviate scavenging. • Removing all waste delivered to the facility areas that are less Baited traps can be used to control rodents, by the end of each day. likely to have and humane traps can capture larger mammals potentially litter- such as raccoons and weasels. • Cleaning the tipping floor daily. producing materi-

Transfer Station Design and Operation 43 als stored near them, regardless of building approach roads and the hauling route(s). orientation. Litter patrols, especially at unattended sites, can also detect any illegal dumping • At small rural stations, providing contain- that has occurred along the site perimeter. ers with lifting lids that are normally closed. • Cleaning the tipping floor regularly and maintaining good housekeeping practices. • Minimizing horizontal ledges where litter This will minimize the amount of loose can accumulate. material that can be blown outside.

Safety Issues Facility Operating Plans Thoughtful facility design coupled with good any states (as well as some tribes and local governments) require operating practices help ensure transfer sta- Mwaste transfer stations to prepare and maintain facility operating plans. tions are safe places. Transfer stations should Often, these plans must be submitted with the permit application. The be designed and operated for the safety of operating plan format and the specific information it must contain can vary employees, customers, and even persons ille- greatly. Some states may also require operating plans prepared or certified gally trespassing when the facility is closed. by a licensed or certified professional engineer. Operating plans might Designers need to consider that people might require the following information: trespass on facility grounds during operating • Facility-specific information such as location and ownership. Some states hours or after the facility is closed for the require maps and diagrams of the site and facility as well. night. Most state regulations require security and access control measures such as fences • Facility capacity and expected operating life. and gates that can be closed and locked after hours. Signs should be posted around the • Description of the type of waste the facility will handle, including waste perimeter, with warnings about potential risks origination, composition, and weight or volume. due to falls and contact with waste. Signs • A list or description of unacceptable wastes, including procedures for should be posted in multiple languages in storing and handling these materials if they do arrive at the facility. jurisdictions with high percentages of non- English-speaking residents. • A description of daily operations, including waste handling techniques, vector controls, and hours of operation. Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations require • Emergency or contingency plans and procedures. facilities to provide safe working conditions for all employees. Although regulations specific to waste transfer stations do not currently • Providing skirts (usually wide rubber belt- exist, general OSHA regulations apply as they ing or strip brushes) that close the gap would to any other constructed facility. State, between the bottom of the chute and the tribal, and local workplace safety regulations, top of the receiving container at stations which can be more stringent than federal reg- that employ chutes and hoppers to contain ulations, also might apply. waste as it is deposited in trailers and drop Some state, tribal, or local governments boxes. might require a facility’s development permit • Installing fencing and netting systems to to directly address employee and customer keep blowing litter from escaping the sta- safety. State and tribal solid waste regulations, tion site. This is particularly necessary at for instance, often require development of small rural facilities that are likely open- operating plans and contingency plans to sided or that lack an enclosing building. address basic health and safety issues. Transfer station safety issues are the facility • Conducting routine litter patrols to collect operator’s responsibility. trash on site, around the perimeter, on immediately adjacent properties, and on

44 Transfer Station Design and Operation This section describes general safety con- weather is addressed by proper clothing, pro- cerns associated with solid waste transfer sta- tection from wind and precipitation, and tions. A facility must take steps to eliminate or access to warming areas. Extreme tempera- reduce risk of injury from many sources, tures typically should not pose problems for including: customers because their exposure times are much less than those of facility workers.

Exposure to Potentially Hazardous Equipment Transfer station employees work in close Traffic proximity to a variety of hazards, including Controlled, safe traffic flows in and around equipment with moving parts, such as con- the facility are critical to ensuring employee veyor belts, push blades, balers, and com- and customer safety. Ideally, a transfer station pactors. Facility operators should develop an is designed so traffic employee equipment orientation program from large waste- and establish safety programs to minimize collecting vehicles is the risk of injury from station equipment. kept separate from Utilizing locks or tags that prevent equipment self-haulers, who typ- from operating until they are removed (lock- ically use cars and out/tagout systems), for example, effectively pickup trucks. minimize hazards associated with transfer Facility designers station equipment. Transfer stations operators should consider: must implement and strictly enforce rules • Directing traffic requiring children and pets to remain in the flow in a one-way vehicle at all times. Posting signs and apply- loop through the ing brightly colored paint or tape to hazards main transfer can alert customers to potential dangers. building and around the entire Personal Protective Equipment site. Facilities with Transfer station employees coming in close one-way traffic contact with waste and heavy machinery flow have build- should wear appropriate personal protective ings (and some- equipment. Common pieces of protective gear times entire sites) include hard hats, protective eye goggles, dust with separate masks, steel tipped boots, and protective entrances and gloves. If working in close proximity to loud exits. The transfer machinery, hearing protection should be used trailers, in particu- as well. Check state and local codes and regular, are difficult to lations to see if any personal protective equip- maneuver and ment standards exist. Ensure that all facility require gentle Well marked, color-coded traffic routes can help employees are using the appropriate equip- slopes and suffi- minimize contact between commercial and public ment and are properly maintaining it. cient turning radii. vehicles. Ideally, these trailers should not have to back up. Exposure to Extreme Temperatures Facilities located in areas of extreme weather • Arranging buildings and roads on the site must account for potential impacts to employ- to eliminate or minimize intersections, the ees from prolonged exposure to heat or cold. need to back up vehicles, and sharp turns. Heat exhaustion and heat stroke are addressed • Providing space for vehicles to queue when with proper facility operations, including good the incoming traffic flow is greater than the ventilation inside buildings, access to water facility’s tipping area can accommodate. and shade, and periodic work breaks. Cold Sufficient queuing areas should be located

Transfer Station Design and Operation 45 after the scale house and before the tipping reducing the height of falls, but they present area. This is in addition to and separate their own hazards. These include standing from any queuing area required before the and walking on floor surfaces that could be scale house to prevent traffic from backing slick from recent waste material and being up onto public roads. close to station operating equipment that removes waste after each load is dumped. • Providing easily understood and highly Depending on the station design (pit or flat visible signs, pavement markings, and floor), a number of safety measures should be directions from transfer station staff to indi- considered to reduce the risk of falls. cate proper traffic flow. • For direct gravity loading of containers by • Providing bright lighting, both artificial citizens, a moderate grade separation will and natural, inside buildings. Using light- reduce the fall distance. For example, some colored interior finishes that are easy to facilities place rolloff boxes 8 feet below keep clean is also very helpful. When enter- grade to facilitate easy loading of waste ing a building on a bright day, drivers’ eyes into the container (so the top of the rolloff need time to adjust to the building’s darker box is even with the surrounding ground). interior. This adjustment period can be dan- This approach, however, creates an 8-foot gerous. Good interior lighting and light- fall hazard into an empty rolloff box. colored surfaces can reduce the contrast Alternatively, the rolloff box can be set and shorten adjustment time. about 5 feet below grade, with the sides • Providing an area for self-haulers to unload extending about 3 feet above the floor. This separately from large trucks. Typically, self- height allows for relatively easy lifting over haulers must manually unload the back of the box’s edge, yet is high enough to a pickup truck, car, or trailer. This process reduce the chance of accidental falls. takes longer than the automated dumping • For pit-type operations, the pit depth can of commercial waste collection vehicles and be tapered to accommodate commercial potentially exposes the driver to other traf- unloading at the deep end (typically 8 to 12 fic. It is often a good idea to provide staff to feet) and public unloading at the shallow assist the public with safe unloading prac- end (3 to 6 feet). tices. • Safety barriers, such as chains or ropes, can • Requiring facility staff to wear bright or be placed around the pit edges at the end conspicuous clothing. Personnel working in of the day or during cleaning periods to the tipping area especially must wear high prevent falls. These barriers, however, visibility clothing at all times. should be removed during normal operat- • Installing backup alarms on all moving ing hours as they are a trip hazard and can facility equipment and training all vehicle interfere with the unloading of waste. operators in proper equipment operations • Substantial wheel stops can be installed on safety. Backup alarms must be maintained the facility floor to prevent vehicles from in proper working condition at all times. backing into a pit or bin. Some curbs are Cameras and monitors can also be installed removable to facilitate cleaning. as an additional precaution. • Locating wheel stops a good distance from the edge of the unloading zone ensures that Falls self-haul customers will not find them- Accidental falls are another concern for facili- selves dangerously close to a ledge or the ty employees and customers, especially in operating zone for station equipment. facilities with pits or direct dump designs where the drop at the edge of the tipping area • To prevent falls due to slipping, the floor might be 5 to 15 feet deep. Facilities with flat should be cleaned regularly and designed tipping areas offer greater safety in terms of with a skid-resistant surface. Designers

46 Transfer Station Design and Operation need to provide sufficient slope in floors back, however. They tend to collect dirt and and pavements so that they drain readily grime and are hard to keep clean and bright. and eliminate standing water. This is espe- Using a rubber shoe on the bottom of waste- cially crucial in cold climate areas where moving equipment buckets and blades and icing can cause an additional fall hazard. avoiding use of track-type equipment that Because of transfer stations’ large size and produce high mechanical noise also limits volume and the constant flow of vehicles, it noise. These approaches, however, can affect is impractical to design and operate them the transfer system’s operational efficiency. as heated facilities. Regardless of which approaches are employed, transfer station employees exposed • Use of colored floor coatings (such as to high levels of noise for prolonged periods bright red or yellow) in special hazard of time should use earplugs or other protec- zones (including the area immediately next tive devices to guard against hearing damage. to a pit) can give customers a strong visual cue. Air Quality • Designing unloading stalls for self-haul Tipping areas often have localized air quality customers with a generous width (at least problems (dust and odor) that constitute a 12 feet when possible) maximizes the sepa- safety and health hazard. Dust in particular ration between adjacent unloading opera- can be troublesome, especially where dusty, tions and reduces the likelihood of injury dry commercial loads (e.g., C&D wastes) are from activity in the next stall. For commer- tipped. Prolonged exposure to air emissions cial customers, stall widths of at least 15 from waste and motorized vehicles operating feet are needed to provide a similar safety inside the building provides another potential cushion. This is particularly necessary health threat to facility employees. Facility air where self-haul and commercial stalls are quality issues can be addressed through a located side-by-side. number of design and operational practices. • If backing movements are required, design These include: the facility so vehicles back in from the dri- • Water-based dust suppression (misting or ver’s side (i.e., left to right) to increase visi- spray) systems used to “knock down” dust. bility. Different types of systems are available. They typically involve a piping system Noise with an array of nozzles aimed to deliver a Unloading areas can have high noise levels fine spray to the area where dust is likely to due to the station’s operating equipment, the be generated (e.g., over the surge pit). They unloading operation and waste movement, typically are actuated by station staff “on and customer vehicles. Backup safety alarms demand” when dust is generated. Dust and beepers required on most commercial suppression systems can operate using vehicles and operating equipment also can be water only or can have an injection system particularly loud. The noise level also might that mixes odor-neutralizing compounds cause customers not to hear instructions or (usually naturally occurring organic warnings or the noise from an unseen extracts) with the water. These dual pur- approaching hazard. pose systems effectively control both dust and odors. Water-based dust suppression Designers have limited options for dealing systems, however, can have adverse eco- with the noise problem. The principal way to nomic impacts. The additional moisture reduce the effects of high-decibel noise in added to the waste increases the weight of enclosed tipping areas is to apply a sound- outbound loads, potentially reducing truck absorbing finish over some ceiling and wall capacity and increasing costs. surface areas. Typically, spray-on acoustical coatings are used. These finishes have a draw-

Transfer Station Design and Operation 47 • Use of handheld hoses to wet down the hours, or during special single or multiple day waste where it is being moved or events. processed, typically in a pit. Designers need All transfer stations need to be equipped to to consider using convenient reel-mount handle the occasional occurrence of hazardous hoses for this purpose. waste, real or suspected, mixed with other • Ventilation systems can control air quality wastes. Personal protective equipment such as inside enclosed transfer buildings. While goggles, gloves, body suits, and respirators the high roofs and large floor areas com- should be on hand and easily accessible to mon in transfer stations put unique employees. Because staff or customers might demands upon ventilation systems, it is still inadvertently come in contact with a haz- possible through engineering techniques to ardous substance, it is also good practice, and create the air velocities needed to entrain often required by code, to have special eye- dust particles. One approach is to concen- wash and shower units in the operating areas. trate system fans and air removal equip- Typically, the transfer station’s operating plan ment above the dustiest and most will outline detailed procedures to guide sta- odor-prone area to create a positive air flow tion personnel in identifying and managing from cleaner areas. Often, the air-handling these kinds of wastes. Many stations have a equipment is designed with multiple speed secure area with primary and secondary con- fans and separate fan units that can be acti- tainment barriers near the main tipping area vated during high dust or odor events. where suspect wastes can be placed pending Filtering and scrubbing exhaust air from evaluation and analysis. Public education transfer stations is also possible. efforts can reduce the likelihood of hazardous materials showing up in solid waste. • If employees’ direct exposure to harmful emissions from vehicles and waste at the facility is not sufficiently minimized, respi- Ergonomics ratory aids such as masks might be neces- Improper body position, repetitive motion, sary. and repeated or continuous exertion of force contribute to injuries. Both employers and employees should receive ergonomics training Hazardous Wastes and Materials to reduce the likelihood of injury. Such train- While MSW is generally nonhazardous, some ing provides guidance on minimizing repeti- potentially hazardous materials such as pesti- tive motions and heavy lifting and using cides, bleach, and solvents could be delivered proper body positions to perform tasks. At to a transfer station. Facility operators should this time there are no federal ergonomic stan- ensure that employees are properly trained to dards. A few states, however, do have such identify and handle such materials. Some sta- standards under their job safety and health tions have a separate household hazardous programs. The Occupational Safety and waste (HHW) receiving and handling area. If Health Administration’s Web site includes a list of states manages HHW, the material is often collected with such programs and provides links to a by appointment only, during designated number of these states’ Web sites.

48 Transfer Station Design and Operation Facility Oversight

his section describes the types of while others require certification of key per- regulations that generally apply to sonnel. Some states also require compliance transfer stations and addresses typi- with regional solid waste planning efforts or cal regulatory compliance methods. demonstrations of “need.” T Appendix A provides a state-by-state checklist of major transfer station regulatory Applicable Regulations issues. Appendix A shows that: Transfer stations are affected by a variety of • All but five states require waste transfer federal, state, tribal, and local regulations, stations to have some type of permit, per- including those related to noise, traffic impact mit-by-rule, or state license to operate. mitigation, land use, workplace safety, taxes, employee right-to-know, and equal employ- • All 50 states have at least minimal operat- ment opportunity that are applicable to any ing standards for waste transfer stations other business or public operation. Many either through regulations, statutes, operat- jurisdictions also have regulations specifically ing plans, or construction permits. applicable to transfer stations. These regula- • Some states require analysis of transfer stations typically emphasize the protection of tion impacts under general environmental public health and the environment. review procedures.

Federal Regulations Local Regulations No federal regulations exist that are specifical- Local regulation of transfer stations can take ly applicable to transfer stations. EPA, howev- many forms. Typical regulatory bodies include er, initiated a rulemaking process exclusively counties, cities, regional solid waste manage- for marine waste transfer stations under authority of the Shore Protection Act in 1994. These rules would regulate vessels and marine transfer stations in the U.S. coastal waters. EPA is currently working with the U.S. Coast Guard on finalizing these rules.

State Regulations State solid waste regulatory programs usually take primacy in transfer station permitting, although local zoning and land use requirements apply as well. State regulations vary widely. Some have no regulations specific to transfer stations; others mention them as a minor part of regulations that generally apply to solid waste management; and others have regulations specifically addressing transfer station issues such as design standards, operating standards, and the maximum amount of time that waste can be left on site. A few states also require transfer stations to have closure plans and to demonstrate financial assurance, Example of a state issued transfer station facility permit.

Facility Oversight 49 ment authorities, health departments, and air tions. The entity responsible for performing pollution control authorities. inspections and the frequency and level of detail of inspections vary widely around the Counties, cities, and regional authorities country. Some inspections are complaint driv- often are required to prepare comprehensive en, some occur on a regular frequency, and solid waste management plans describing some occur on a random basis. A typical long-range plans for waste prevention, recy- inspection involves a representative of the cling, collection, processing (including transfer local health department or state or tribal solid stations), and disposal. Other local regulations waste regulatory program walking through likely to apply to transfer stations include the facility, looking for improper waste stor- zoning ordinances, noise ordinances, and traf- age or handling methods and writing up a fic impact analysis. short notice of compliance or noncompliance. Public health departments are involved Other inspections for specific issues are also with transfer stations because of the potential conducted. Special inspections might target health concerns if solid waste is improperly workplace safety, proper storm-water runoff managed. In some states, the state environ- management, and compliance with applicable mental protection agency delegates authority roadway weight limits for transport vehicles. to local health departments to oversee solid waste management facilities, including transfer stations. This typically includes overseeing Reporting general compliance with a facility’s operating Some transfer station operators are required to permit; regular cleaning of the tipping floor; compile monthly, quarterly, or annual reports limits on the amount of waste the facility can for submission to regulatory agencies and host accept; and employment of adequate meas- communities. These reports typically include ures to prevent vectors such as rats, birds, and the following information: flies from contacting waste. • Weight (tons) and loads (number of cus- Local or regional air pollution control tomers) received at the transfer station each authorities often regulate odor, dust, and vehi- month. This sometimes includes details cle exhaust emissions at transfer stations. Air such as day of the week, time of day, type pollution control agencies might regulate of waste, name of hauler, and origin of chemicals used to control odor, exhaust from waste. vents on the facility’s roof or walls, and • Weight (tons) and loads (number of transfer whether dusty loads can be delivered to the truck shipments) shipped from the transfer transfer station. The local sanitary district often station each month. This sometimes establishes waste water standards and might includes a breakdown by time shipped, be involved in storm water management and type of waste, and the final destination of protection. the waste. Common Regulatory Compliance • A description of any unusual events that took place at the transfer station, including Methods accidents and discoveries of unacceptable waste. Compliance Inspections Many transfer stations are inspected periodi- • A summary of complaints received and the cally for compliance with the transfer station’s actions taken to respond to the complaints. operating permit and other applicable regula-

50 Facility Oversight Resources

Leon County, Florida. Leon County Solid Waste Transfer Station: Noise Study Report. February 2000 (Draft).

Lund, Herbert F. 1992. Solid Waste Handbook. McGraw-Hill Companies.

National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. 2000. A Regulatory Strategy for Siting and Operating Waste Transfer Stations, (EPA500-R-00-001). Washington, DC.

Solid Waste Association of North America. 2000. Certification Course Manual: Managing Transfer Station Systems. SWANA. Washington, DC.

Tchobauoglous, George, Hilary Theisen, and Samuel A. Vigil. 1993. Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues. McGraw-Hill Companies.

U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2000. Waster Transfer Stations: Involved Citizens Make the Difference, (EPA530-K-01-003). Washington, DC.

U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 1995. Decision-Maker’s Guide to Solid Waste Management, Second Edition (EPA 530-R-95-023). Washington, DC.

DuPage County Solid Waste Department. 1998. Solid Waste Transfer in Illinois: A Citizen’s Handbook on Planning, Siting and Technology. Weaver Boos & Gordon, Inc. (For information on ordering copies of the DuPage County publication entitled Solid Waste Transfer in Illinois: A Citizen’s Handbook on Planning, Siting and Technology contact Kevin T. Dixon, Director, Solid Waste Department, DuPage County Center, 421 N. Country Farm Road, Wheaton, Illinois 60187, telephone (630)682-7373.)

Resources 51 Glossary of Terms and Acronyms

Baler: This technology compresses waste into Host community benefits: A transfer station high-density, self-contained units (bales) of or landfill operator can offer specific benefits either waste or recyclables. Baled waste is to the community selected for a proposed transported on flatbed trailers (as opposed to facility. The benefits are listed in a Host transfer trailers) and is most often sent to a Community Agreement. Benefits can include “balefill” that has special equipment (e.g., cash, free tipping, highway improvements, forklifts). and tax reductions.

Buffer zone (also setback): The distance Household hazardous wastes (HHW): HHW between the transfer station or roadways and come from residences, are generally produced adjacent properties; often used for screening. in small quantities, and consist of common household discards such as paints, solvents, herbicides, pesticides, and batteries. Collection vehicle: Residential collection vehicles include front-loading and rear-loading garbage trucks, as well as special trucks with Loadout: The process of loading outbound compartments used to pickup source-separat- transfer trailers with waste; or loading trucks ed recyclables. Commercial (businesses), insti- with recyclables destined for the market. tutional (hospitals and schools), and industrial (plants) waste, as well as C&D waste, is often Municipal solid waste (MSW): Generally discarded in rolloff boxes, which are dropped defined as discards routinely collected from at the facility and then collected on schedule. homes, businesses, and institutions, and the nonhazardous discards from industries. Construction and demolition debris (C&D): Includes broken concrete, wood waste, Queuing distance: The space provided for asphalt, rubble. This material can often be sep- incoming trucks to wait in line. arated for beneficial use.

Source-separated: Recyclables discarded and Convenience center (also citizen’s dropoff or collected in containers separate from non-recy- green box): Small transfer facilities used in clable waste. Bins or blue bags are used to low-volume or rural settings. These low-tech- separate residential recyclables; separate boxes nology options often use rolloff boxes with an or containers are used for commercial/indus- inclined ramp for cars and pickups. Bins can trial discards (e.g., corrugated cardboard pack- be included for recyclables that are source- aging, wood pallets). Source-separated wastes separated. usually are delivered to a material recovery facility. Direct haul: The historic practice of sending collection vehicles (mostly garbage trucks) Surge pit: A pit usually made of concrete that directly to the landfill without using transfer receives waste from the tipping floor. Surge stations. When landfills were close to the pits provide more space for temporary storage waste sources, a residential collection vehicle at peak times and allow for additional com- customarily made two trips per day to the paction of waste before loadout. landfill.

Glossary of Terms and Acronyms 53 Tipping fee: The unit price charged at the dis- Walking floor: A technology built in to light- posal site or transfer station to accept waste, weight transfer trailers and used to unload usually expressed as dollars per ton or dollars waste at the disposal site. Moving panels per cubic yard. “walk” the waste out of the trailer bed.

Tipping floor: The floor of the transfer station Waste diversion: The process of separating where waste is unloaded (tipped) for inspec- certain materials at the transfer station to tion, sorting, and loading. avoid the cost of hauling and the tipping fee at the landfill. Tons per day (TPD): The most common unit of measurement for waste generation, trans- Waste screening: Inspecting incoming wastes fer, and disposal. Accurate TPD measure- to preclude transport of hazardous wastes, ments require a scale; conversion from “cubic dangerous substances, or materials that are yards” without a scale involves estimated incompatible with transfer station or landfill density factors. operations.

54 Glossary of Terms and Acronyms Appendix A: State Transfer Station Regulations

he table starting on page A-2 is state regulations stipulate that a transfer sta- designed to serve as a quick refer- tion operator must be a “qualified solid waste ence guide and comparative index manager” but do not have requirements for of all state transfer station regula- any specific type of certification. tions. Almost all of these regula- Storage Restrictions. Many states have estab- Ttions are available over the Internet, and the lished time limits on how long waste may URLs are provided at the end of this section. remain in a transfer station. Storage time Permit Requirements. Nearly all states require restrictions vary from state to state, and some- transfer facilities to obtain a permit before times even within a state, depending upon the beginning operations. The vast majority of size of the transfer station. states issue standard permits after a transfer sta- Recordkeeping Requirements. The majority tion’s application has been reviewed and of states require a transfer station to maintain approved. A few states have permit-by-rule pro- onsite records of all incoming and outgoing visions, which allow transfer stations to forego waste as well as copies of the facility permit, the application process by demonstrating com- operating plan, contingency plan, and proof of pliance with a set of designated standards. Of financial assurance, when such things are the states not requiring permits for transfer sta- applicable. tions, about half require the facility to register with the state prior to beginning operation. Reporting Requirements. Many states require transfer stations to submit reports at least Siting Requirements. Siting requirements annually to the state environmental agency. refer to any additional regulatory require- These reports often include information such as ments beyond relevant and applicable state or the name and location of the transfer station, local zoning requirements or conditions. Siting the amounts and types of waste accepted, and requirements could include prohibitions the source and final destination of this waste. against siting in or near wetlands, flood plains, endangered species habitats, airports, Monitoring Requirements. Monitoring refers or other protected sites. to any surface water, soil, or air compliance monitoring that a transfer station may be Design Standards. Nearly all states have at required to perform by its state. least minimal design criteria for transfer stations. These requirements typically set stan- Closure Requirements. Closure requirements dards for waste receiving areas and include standards or timetables for removing waste-storage areas that include building wastes and cleaning the transfer station site structural features, access control, vector con- after the facility stops receiving waste and per- trol, and dust and odor controls. manently ends operations. Most states with closure requirements require transfer stations Operational Standards. These standards estab- to remove all wastes and close the facility in a lish how the transfer station will be run and manner that eliminates any threats to human how wastes will be handled. Standards often health and the environment and minimizes include hours of operation, safety issues, litter the need for further maintenance. control, dust and odor control, disease vector control, facility cleaning/sanitation practices, Financial Assurance Requirements. Some states waste removal, traffic control, and contingencies. require transfer stations to demonstrate that they have sufficient funds to properly close the facili- Operator Certification. Only five states have ty when it ceases operation. Financial assurance mandatory operator certification for transfer mechanisms often include trust funds, insurance station operators (Arkansas, New Hampshire, policies, letters of credit, or other financial tests. New Mexico, New York, and Ohio). Other

Appendix A: State Transfer Station Regulations A-1 State Transfer Station Regulations

State Regulation Permit Siting Design Operational Operator Requirements Requirements Standards Standards Certification

Alabama Chapter Yes Yes Yes Yes No 420-3-5-.12 Alaska 18 AAC 60 No No No Yes No Arizona None1 No - But must No No Yes No self-certify or notify state2 Arkansas Reg. 22, Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Chapter 9

California Title 14 Yes No Yes Yes No Article 6

Colorado 6 CCR 1007-2 No4 No Yes Yes No

Connecticut 22a-209 RCSA Yes Yes No Yes Yes Delaware Delaware S.W. Yes Yes Yes Yes No Regs., Section 10

Florida Rule 62-701- Yes Yes Yes Yes No FAC Georgia Chapter 391- Yes - Permit-by- No No Yes No 3-4 rule, must notify state Hawaii Title II, Yes No Yes Yes No Chapt. 58.1 Idaho (current IDAPA 58.01.06 Yes - Conditional No No Yes No rules use permit Idaho (proposed IDAPA 16 Yes Yes Yes Yes No rule)5 Illinois IAC Title 35, Yes No No (Yes)6 No (Yes) No Subtitle G, Chapter I, Subchapter I, Part 807, Subparts A&B Indiana 329 IAC 11 Yes No No Yes No

Iowa IAC 567 Yes No Yes Yes No Chapter 100 Kansas KAR 28-29 Yes Yes Yes Yes No

A-2 Appendix A: State Transfer Station Regulations Storage Recordkeeping Reporting Monitoring Closure Financial Restrictions Requirements Requirements Requirements Requirements Assurance Requirements Yes - 24 hours Yes No No Yes No

No No No No No No No No No No No No

Yes - No extended Yes Yes - Periodic No No Yes - At state storage of discretion putrescibles Yes - 48 hours for Yes Yes - Quarterly Possible - As part Yes No facilities; within 7 of nuisance control days for operations3 measures Yes - No overnight Yes No No Yes No storage on tipping floor Yes - 48 hours Yes Yes No No No Yes - 72 hours, all Yes Yes Possible - State may Yes Yes overnight storage in require post-closure enclosures monitoring NoYesNoNoNoNo

No No No No Yes No

No Yes Yes - Annual, No Yes No by June 30 NoYesNoNoNoNo

No Yes No No Yes No

No (Yes) No (Yes) No (Yes) No Yes No

Yes - Remove next Yes Yes - Annual, by No Yes Yes day (except on January 31 and weekends and quarterly tonnage holidays) reports Yes - 72 hours No No No Yes No

Yes - Loaded into Yes Yes - Annual, by Possible - At state’s Yes Yes transfer vehicle March 1 discretion next day

Appendix A: State Transfer Station Regulations A-3 State Regulation Permit Siting Design Operational Operator Requirements Requirements Standards Standards Certification

Kentucky 401 KAR 47 Yes - Registered Yes No Yes No permit-by-rule Louisiana LAC 33: VII Yes Yes Yes Yes No Subpart I Maine ME SW Mgt. Yes Yes Yes Yes No Rules Chapter 402 Maryland Title 26 Yes No Yes Yes No Chapter 07

Massachusetts 310 CMR 16.00 Yes Yes Yes Yes No & 19.00

Michigan MAC R299, Yes Yes Yes Yes No Part 5

Minnesota Chapter 7035 Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Mississippi Section V Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Missouri 10 CSR 80-5 Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Montana ARM Title 17 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Chapter 50, Sub-Chapters 4 and 5 Nebraska Title 132 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Nevada NAC 444.666 No7 No Yes Yes No

New Hampshire NHCAR Env- Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Wm Chapters 314 & 2100 RSA 149M New Jersey NJAC 7:26 Yes Yes - Must Yes Yes No perform an EHIS New Mexico 20 NMAC 9.1 Yes No No Yes Yes

New York 6 NYCRR Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Part 360

North Carolina NCAC Title 15A, Yes No No Yes No Subchapter 13B

A-4 Appendix A: State Transfer Station Regulations Storage Recordkeeping Reporting Monitoring Closure Financial Restrictions Requirements Requirements Requirements Requirements Assurance Requirements NoYesNoNoNoNo

No Yes Yes - Annual, No Yes Yes by August 1 No Yes Yes - Annual, Possible - At state’s Yes Yes by October 31 discretion

Yes - No overnight No Yes - Annual No No No storage, unless in containers Yes - no Yes No No Yes Possible - At state’s accumulation of discretion odor-causing wastes Yes - No overnight, No No No No No unless in closed containers Yes - 1 week if in Yes Yes - Annual, Possible - At state’s Yes No leak-and vector- by February 1 discretion proof container or enclosure Yes - Waste YesNoNoNoNo removed at least once per week Yes - No YesNoNoNoYes putrescibles longer than 24 hours Yes - waste No Yes - Annual, No No No containers emptied by April 1 at least once a week NoYesNoNoYesYes Yes - 72 hours Yes No No Yes No after acceptance Yes - Remove Yes Yes - Annual, No Yes Yes putrescibles within by March 31 1 week or before producing an odor Yes - No Yes Yes - Monthly No No No overnight storage Yes - <250 yards3, Yes Yes - Annual, No - But must Yes Yes every other day; within 45 days of demonstrate >250 yards3, no end of calendar groundwater will overnight storage year be protected Yes - When all Yes Yes Yes Yes Possible - At state’s containers full or discretion 7 days No No No Possible - At state’s No No discretion

Appendix A: State Transfer Station Regulations A-5 State Regulation Permit Siting Design Operational Operator Requirements Requirements Standards Standards Certification

North Dakota Article 33-20 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Ohio 3745-27- Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (15, 21-24)

Oklahoma OAC 252:520 Yes Yes No Yes No

Oregon OAR Chapter Yes No Yes Yes No 340, Division 96 Pennsylvania 25 PA Code Yes Yes Possible - at Yes No Chapt. 271, 279 state’s discretion

Rhode Island Solid Waste Yes Yes Yes Yes No Regulation No.1 & No.3

South Carolina Chapter 61, Yes Yes Yes Yes No Part 8 (61-107.7)

South Dakota Article 74:27 Yes No Yes Yes No Tennessee Chapter Possible8 - Ye s Ye s Ye s N o 1200- 1-7 Permit-by-rule

Texas 30 TAC, Yes Yes Yes Yes No Chapter 330 Utah R315-313 No9 No Yes Yes No

Vermont Chapter 6 Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Virginia Title 9 VAC Yes - Permit- Yes Yes Yes No 20-8-340 by-rule

Washington WAC 173-304 Yes No Yes Yes No

West Virginia 33 CSR 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Wisconsin NR 502.07 Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Wyoming 3292 Chapter 6 Yes Yes Yes Yes No

A-6 Appendix A: State Transfer Station Regulations Storage Recordkeeping Reporting Monitoring Closure Financial Restrictions Requirements Requirements Requirements Requirements Assurance Requirements No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes - Must be in Yes Yes - Annual, by Possible - At state’s Yes Yes covered container April 1 discretion or building if stored longer than 12 hours Yes - 24 hours Yes Yes - Monthly, No Yes Yes (48 hours with by the 10th of vector/odor each month controls) No Possible - At state’s Possible - At state’s No No No discretion discretion Yes - 24 hours Yes Yes - Annual, Possible - At state’s Yes Yes (up to 72 over by June 30 discretion weekend) Yes - Remove No No No Yes Yes - Though state combustible SW may wave if within 48 hours decides unnecessary Yes - Remove Yes No Possible - At state’s Yes No putrescibles w/in discretion 24 hours No Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes - If facility has storage capacity of 1000 yds3 or greater No Yes No No Yes Possible

Yes - 7 days Yes Yes - Annual, No Yes No by March 1 Yes - Remove Yes Yes - Quarterly No Yes Yes waste from tipping floor by end of operating day Yes - Remove No No No Yes Yes waste at end of work day No Yes Yes - Annual, No Yes No by March 1 Yes - Remove Yes Yes - Monthly No Yes Yes waste at end of tonnage reports; day/not more than and annual by 24 hours January 31 Yes - 24 hours No No Possible - At state’s Yes Possible - At state’s (with some discretion discretion exceptions) No Yes No Possible - At state’s Yes Yes discretion

Appendix A: State Transfer Station Regulations A-7 Notes 1. Arizona currently does not have regulations gov- dards for each facility by requiring a facility to erning waste transfer stations, but the Arizona demonstrate in its permit application that it will Revised Statutes (ARS) have requirements that meet specific standards. The Illinois regulations govern these facilities. The information in this require a facility to provide to the state all the matrix reflects these statutory requirements found information requested in its permit application and at ARS 49-762. once the permit is approved to comply with the 2. In Arizona transfer stations that receive greater terms of its permit. than 180 cubic yards/day must self-certify and 7. While no permit is required in Nevada, a facility demonstrate that the facility is in compliance with must submit and have approved by the state an state rules. Transfer stations receiving less than application to build or modify a transfer station 180 cubic yards/day must notify the state prior to prior to any action being taken. commencement of operations and operate in 8. In Tennessee transfer stations that compact or accordance with state BMPs. otherwise process waste are considered “process- 3. California classifies a transfer station as a facility if ing facilities” and are subject to the permit-by-rule it receives greater than 60 cubic yards or 15 tons requirements. If no processing occurs at a transfer of waste per day or as an operation if it receives station, then the facility is not subject to permit- less than 60 cubic yards or 15 tons of waste per ting. Tennessee currently has rule amendments day. under review which would make all transfer sta- 4. While Colorado does not require a permit for tions subject to the permit-by-rule standards. The transfer stations, the local governing body (county responses in this appendix apply to permit-by-rule or municipal government) may. facilities. 5. Idaho has proposed a three-tiered system based 9. While Utah does not require a transfer station to upon the type of waste handled at a facility. This obtain a permit, it does require a transfer station matrix assumes a solid waste transfer station to get a plan approval. In a plan approval, the would be considered a Tier II facility. operator states how the facility will meet the 6. Illinois does not have explicit design, operating, transfer station guidelines found in the solid waste storage, recordkeeping, or reporting requirements regulations. in its regulations. The state establishes these stan-

A-8 Appendix A: State Transfer Station Regulations Transfer Stations: State Iowa: Regulations URLs (as of Kansas: Alabama: Note: waste/regs/regulati.htm> Chapter 420-3-5: Solid Waste Collection and Transportation Rules contain regulations Louisiana: available on Alabama Public Health Web Maine: . 06/chaps06.htm> Alaska: comar.html> Arizona: Arizona Administrative Code Massachusetts: _Contents.htm>. Applicable statutes are Michigan: title49.htm>. Minnesota: Pub/regs/reg22.pdf> Mississippi: newweb/homepages.nsf> Look under Colorado: Missouri: on the Internet (as of 12/3/01). Montana: dnrec2000/Divisions/AWM/hw/sw/ Nebraska: RuleandR.nsf/Pages/Rules> Florida: categories/solid_waste/default.htm> New Hampshire: desadmin.htm> Hawaii: resource/rules.htm> Idaho: New Mexico: /IDAPA58/58INDEX.HTM> — Idaho has proposed new solid waste management New York: ments for transfer stations. See 99index.htm> - Select Bulletin 99-8, Vol. 1. North Dakota: main.htm> Ohio: title329.html>

Appendix A: State Transfer Station Regulations A-9 Oklahoma: swrules.htm> Oregon: rulessum.htm> Pennsylvania: Virginia: Rhode Island: Washington: South Carolina: West Virginia: South Dakota: rsb/code/> Tennessee: win/sscgi_1.exe> Texas:

A-10 Appendix A: State Transfer Station Regulations United States Environmental Protection Agency Solid Waste and Emergency Response (5306W) EPA530-R-02-002 June 2002