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Factors Influencing Solid-Waste Management in the Developing World

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Factors Influencing Solid-Waste Management in the Developing World Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Plan B and other Reports Graduate Studies 5-2015 Factors Influencing Solid-Waste Management in the Developing World Jessica McAllister Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports Part of the Environmental Studies Commons Recommended Citation McAllister, Jessica, "Factors Influencing Solid-Waste Management in the Developing World" (2015). All Graduate Plan B and other Reports. 528. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports/528 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Plan B and other Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FACTORS INFLUENCING SOLID-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD by Jessica McAllister A Plan B report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Geography Approved: D. Layne Coppock Claudia Radel Major Professor Committee Member Joseph Tainter Committee Member UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2015 Copyright © Jessica McAllister 2015 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Factors Influencing Solid-Waste Management in the Developing World by Jessica McAllister, Master of Science Utah State University, 2015 Major Professor: D. Layne Coppock Department: Environment and Society As the world becomes more urbanized and developed consumption rates are on the rise. An inevitable consequence of more consumption is the rapid increase in the amount of solid waste that is produced. Today, solid-waste management (SWM) conditions in the developing world are often quite dire and reminiscent of those found in the developed world several generations ago. The impact of inadequate SWM practices on natural and human environments is now being acknowledged. This report is founded on a comprehensive literature review concerning SWM in developing countries. It also introduces a preliminary research design relevant to a SWM assessment for a hypothetical situation in Peru. The literature review is organized according to three categories of constraints—each paired with intervention concepts— that contribute to the mismanagement of solid waste. These are: 1) culture, knowledge, and microeconomics; 2) infrastructure, social provisions, and technology; and 3) policy, institutions, and macroeconomics. A fourth topic, namely integrated systems for SWM, is iv also reviewed because it allows for the simultaneous use of multiple interventions to address multiple constraints. Solid-waste management is a multidimensional issue that incorporates political, institutional, social, environmental, and economic aspects. Improving SWM in developing countries requires efforts to raise public awareness, increase funding, build expertise, and invest in infrastructure. To make progress communities will need to embrace new systems for SWM that are participatory, contextually integrated, complex, and adaptive. (94 pages) v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thanks go to Layne Coppock for his continuing advisement, input, time, and energy towards my project. He offered his constant support throughout the writing process and his guidance and reassurance has been essential in my completion of this report. I also thank my other committee members, Claudia Radel and Joseph Tainter, for their support and expertise. It has been a joy and honor to work with you all. I want to thank the Peace Corps for giving me the opportunity to work with some amazing people in beautiful places. I could not have undertaken this effort without the wonderful people of Peru and the support of the Peace Corps. Both of my host families adopted me and made me a member of their families from day one; I could never express how much their love and support means to me. It was an experience of a lifetime and the skills and lessons I learned will stay with me forever. Last, but certainly not least, I also want to thank my family for their constant support and encouragement throughout this project and my life. They have always supported me in the pursuit of my academic and life goals. They have always stood by me through the good and the bad. They were also with me for every step of the long and tedious journey of completing this project. I can never properly express how much their love and support has meant to me. Jessica McAllister vi CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................7 Culture, Education, and Microeconomics ............................................................................7 Major Constraints .....................................................................................................7 The Attitude and Behavior Gap ...................................................................7 Lack of Education and Awareness .............................................................10 Choice versus Response .............................................................................11 Interventions ..........................................................................................................12 Improvements in Education and Awareness ..............................................13 Public Participation ....................................................................................17 Incentives ...................................................................................................18 Conclusions ............................................................................................................21 Infrastructure and Technology ...........................................................................................23 Major Constraints ...................................................................................................23 Budgetary Constraints ................................................................................24 Inadequate Service and Operational Inefficiencies ....................................24 Ineffective Technologies and Equipment ..................................................26 Inadequate Landfill Disposal .....................................................................27 Limited Utilization of Waste Reduction Activities ...................................28 Interventions ..........................................................................................................28 Improvements to Service Operations, Technology, and Accessibility ......28 Utilization of Recycling Initiatives and Improvements in Disposal ..........30 vii Landfill Creation ........................................................................................30 Conclusions ............................................................................................................31 Policy, Institutions, and Macroeconomics .........................................................................32 Major Constraints ...................................................................................................32 Lack of Policy Enforcement and Responsibility .......................................33 Lack of Monitoring and Regulation ...........................................................34 Interventions ..........................................................................................................35 Role of Institutions and Funding Management ..........................................35 Enactment and Enforcement of Policy/Programs ......................................36 Privatization/Decentralization of Services .................................................38 Public Involvement ....................................................................................39 Conclusions ............................................................................................................40 Integrated Solid Waste Management Systems ...................................................................41 Complexity and Multi-Dimensionality ..................................................................41 Continuity and Integration .....................................................................................45 APPLICATION AND DISCUSSION ...............................................................................49 Study Area .............................................................................................................49 Description of Peru ....................................................................................49 Current SWMS in Peru ..............................................................................51 Initial Experiences Concerning Solid Waste Management in Peru ...........54 Recommendations and a Proposed Study Design ..................................................59 CONCLUSIONS ...............................................................................................................65 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................67
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