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Framework for Direct Potable Reuse FRAMEWORK FOR DIRECT POTABLE REUSE Framework for Direct Potable Reuse About WateReuse WateReuse is internationally-recognized as a thought-leader on alternative water supply development. Comprised of two organizations that provide a comprehensive and complementary approach to building support for water reuse as an essential component of any water supply, WateReuse has a unique singular focus on helping communities transform a previously wasted resource into a safe, reliable supply of water to meet growing demand. The WateReuse Association is a nonprofit coalition of utilities, government agencies and industry that advocates for laws, policies and funding to promote water reuse. The WateReuse Research Foundation is a nonprofit charitable organization that conducts research to improve the treatment, distribution and acceptance of recycled water. About the American Water Works Association Established in 1881, the American Water Works Association is the largest nonprofit, scientific and educational association dedicated to managing and treating water, the world’s most important resource. With approximately 50,000 members, AWWA provides solutions to improve public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy and enhance our quality of life. About the Water Environment Federation The Water Environment Federation (WEF) is a not-for-profit technical and educational organization of 36,000 individual members and 75 affiliated Member Associations representing water quality professionals around the world. Since 1928, WEF and its members have protected public health and the environment. As a global water sector leader, our mission is to connect water professionals; enrich the expertise of water professionals; increase the awareness of the impact and value of water; and provide a platform for water sector innovation. To learn more, visit www.wef.org. About the National Water Research Institute Since 1991, the National Water Research Institute (NWRI)—a science-oriented 501c3 nonprofit—has sponsored projects and programs to improve water quality, protect public health and the environment, and create safe, new sources of water. NWRI specializes in working with researchers across the country with the best available facilities, such as laboratories at universities and water agencies, and is guided by a Board of Directors made up of representatives of water and wastewater agencies in California. NWRI hosts the annual Athalie Richardson Irvine Clarke Prize, one of only a dozen prizes that awards scholarly and practical achievements in water research. To learn more about NWRI, please visit www.nwri- usa.org. Framework for Direct Potable Reuse Independent Advisory Panel George Tchobanoglous, PhD, PE, NAE, BCEE (Panel Chair) University of California, Davis Joseph Cotruvo, PhD, BCES Joseph Cotruvo & Associates, LLC James Crook, PhD, PE, BCEE Environmental Engineering Consultant Ellen McDonald, PhD, PE Alan Plummer Associates, Inc. Adam Olivieri, DrPH, PE EOA, Inc. Andrew Salveson, PE Carollo Engineers, Inc. R. Shane Trussell, PhD, PE, BCEE Trussell Technologies, Inc. Editors Jeffrey J. Mosher and Gina Melin Vartanian, National Water Research Institute Cosponsors American Water Works Association Water Environment Federation National Water Research Institute Disclaimer This report was sponsored by the WateReuse Research Foundation and cosponsored by the American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, and National Water Research Institute. The Foundation, its Board Members, and the project cosponsors assume no responsibility for the content of this publication or for the opinions or statements of facts expressed in the report. The mention of trade names of commercial products does not represent or imply the approval or endorsement of the WateReuse Research Foundation, its Board Members, or the cosponsors. This report is published solely for informational purposes. For more information, contact: WateReuse Research Foundation 1199 North Fairfax Street, Suite 410 Alexandria, VA 22314 703-548-0880 703-548-5085 (fax) www.WateReuse.org © Copyright 2015 by the WateReuse Research Foundation. All rights reserved. Permission to reproduce must be obtained from the WateReuse Research Foundation. WateReuse Project Number: 14-20 ISBN: 978-1-941242-30-8 Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. xi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................ xii List of Abbreviations for Units of Measure................................................................................... xiv List of Useful Terminology ............................................................................................................ xv Foreword ....................................................................................................................................... xix Preface ............................................................................................................................................ xx Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... xxii Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview of Potable Reuse ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Need for Direct Potable Reuse Guidance .................................................................................. 2 1.3 Purpose of the Framework Document ....................................................................................... 2 1.4 Organization of the Framework Document ............................................................................... 3 1.5 References ................................................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 2. What Is Direct Potable Reuse?................................................................................... 5 2.1 Direct Potable Reuse .................................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Indirect Potable Reuse ............................................................................................................... 7 2.3 New Raw Potable Water Source (Advanced Treated Water) .................................................... 8 2.4 Examples of Direct Potable Reuse Projects ............................................................................... 8 2.5 Cost of Direct Potable Reuse ..................................................................................................... 9 2.6 Energy Requirements for Direct Potable Reuse ...................................................................... 13 2.7 Comparative Issues with Other Water Sources and Measures to Direct Potable Reuse .......... 15 2.8 References ............................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 3. Key Components of a Successful/Sustainable Direct Potable Reuse Program .... 19 3.1 Regulatory Component ............................................................................................................ 19 3.2 Technical Component .............................................................................................................. 21 3.3 Public Outreach Component .................................................................................................... 24 3.4 Technical, Operational, and Management Multiple Barriers ................................................... 24 3.5 Direct Benefits/Impacts of Implementing Direct Potable Reuse ............................................. 26 3.6 References ............................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 4. Public Health and Regulatory Aspects for Direct Potable Reuse ......................... 29 4.1 Public Health Protection .......................................................................................................... 29 4.2 Overview of Health Effects Assessments ................................................................................ 29 4.3 Clean Water Act ....................................................................................................................... 32 WateReuse v 4.4 Applicable Regulations ............................................................................................................ 33 4.5 Criteria for Direct Potable Reuse ............................................................................................. 37 4.6 Advanced Treated Water as a Raw Potable Water Source ...................................................... 41 4.7 References ............................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 5. Source Control Program .......................................................................................... 45 5.1 Importance of a Source Control Program for Direct Potable Reuse ........................................ 45
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