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Simeon Perkins and “Loyalist” Nova Scotia, 1773- 1785

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Simeon Perkins and “Loyalist” Nova Scotia, 1773- 1785 Contingent and Continuum: Simeon Perkins and “Loyalist” Nova Scotia, 1773- 1785 by Robyn Brown Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia February 26, 2019 © Copyright by Robyn Brown, 2019 As with all things in life, for Rowan ii Table of Contents Abstract:...........................................................................................................................vi List of Tables……………..……….…...…..……..………………………………......…….....vii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………….……viii List of Abbreviations Used...............................................................................................ix Acknowledgments………………………………...………………......…..……………………x Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………………………....1 - Organization of Thesis…………………………………………………………….10 Chapter 2: Mis- en- Scène: The Diary of Simeon Perkins…..........................................12 - Simeon Perkins: A Brief Biography……………………………………………..14 - Planters and Loyalists…………………………………………………………….16 - Loyalism and Nova Scotia………………………………………………………..18 - Nova Scotia and the American Revolution……………………………………..22 - Perkins as a Loyalist: The Man and the Myth…………………………………..24 - The Diary……………………………………………………………………………26 - Editions and Editors……………………………………………………………….28 - The Historiographical Context of Nova Scotia………………………………….30 - Shared Kinship, Geographical Isolation, Politics, and the Question of Neutrality: Brebner Refuted………………………………………………………32 - The Missing Decade, Underdevelopment, Governor Legge, and American Indifference…………………………………………………………………………37 - Active and Coercive Loyalty: The Royal Navy meets the Privateer and the Business of Making Money……………………………………………………….44 - Criminal, Contingent, and Continuum: The True Nature of Loyalty and Loyalism in Nova Scotia…………………………………………………………..48 Chapter 3: The Economics of Loyalty: Trade and Trade Connections in Perkins’ Nova Scotia, 1773- 1785……………………………………………………………………...51 - The Economic System of the Atlantic World…………………………………....52 iii - The Economics of Hearth and Home……………………………………………56 - Simeon Perkins in the Atlantic World……………………………………………60 o Trade Goods……………………………………………………………….60 o Trends in Trade…………………………………………………………….65 o 1774…………………………………………………………………...…….66 o 1775…………………………………………………………………………68 o 1776…………………………………………………………………………70 o 1782…………………………………………………………………………71 o 1785…………………………………………………………………………75 - Socialisation and Trade Relations……………………………………………….76 o The Liverpool Connections……………………………………………….79 Robert Stevenson………………………………………………....82 Joseph Tinkham…………………………………………………...83 Capt. Elisha Hopkins………………………………………………85 o The Halifax Connections………………………………………………….87 Malachy Salter……………………………………………………..88 Thomas, James, and William Cochran………………………….92 - Trade and Loyalism: Contingent Continuum……………………………………93 Chapter 4: Privateering, Naval Power, and Government in Nova Scotia during the American Revolution ......................................................................................................96 - Privateering…..…………………………………………………………………...100 - The Original Privateer Days of Liverpool………………………………………103 - Port Mouton and Port Medway: Secondary Targets………………………….106 - Why Liverpool?.............................................................................................110 o Population and Date of Settlement……………………………………..111 o Ethnic Composition and Place of Origin………………………………112 o Pre- Revolutionary Trading Patterns…………………………………..114 o Defence Structures………………………………………………………115 - Why Perkins?...............................................................................................117 - Loyalism: An Examination of Events iv o October 16, 1776…………………………………………………………122 o October 12, 1778…………………………………………………………124 o September 25, 1779……………………………………………………..126 o September 13, 1780……………………………………………………..127 - The Impact of Privateering on Liverpool……………………………………….129 - Government Assistance?……..…………………………………………………130 - Military Dispatches……………………………………………………………….133 - The Journals of the Legislative Assembly and Minutes of the Executive Council…………………………………………………………………………….134 - Privateering in the Press………………………………………………………...136 Chapter 5: Conclusion:.................................................................................................143 Bibliography:.................................................................................................................152 v Abstract Nova Scotia remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution. The majority of the population had close ties with New England, which raises the question of why Nova Scotia adopted this position during the conflict. This thesis explores this question through the lens of Simeon Perkins, a Connecticut- born merchant who lived in Nova Scotia. Perkins has been viewed as a conventional Loyalist, but a close examination of his diary reveals that his loyalism differed in important respects from the traditional perspective of Loyalists. This thesis explores different aspects of loyalty in Nova Scotia, and it argues that Perkins’ loyalty was both contingent and evolved significantly over the course of the American Revolution. The transformative nature of this experience within Nova Scotia is discussed in relation to patterns within Perkins’s trade and commerce. vi List of Tables Table 3.1- Trade Goods, A-C (1773-1785) ……………………………………….……….61 Table 3.2- Trade Goods, C- E (1773-1785) …………………………………….…………62 Table 3.3- Trade Goods, F-I (1773-1785) …………………………………………………62 Table 3.4- Trade Goods, L-M (1773-1785) ………………………………………………..63 Table 3.5- Trade Goods, O-S (1773-1785) ……………………………………………..…63 Table 3.6- Trade Goods, S-Z (1773-1785) ………………………………………………...64 Table 3.7- Number of Trade Transactions, Liverpool, 1773- 1785………………………65 Table 3.8- Perkins’ Business Transactions, 1774…………………………………….…...66 Table 3.9- Number of Transactions, 1774 versus 1775…………………………………..68 Table 3.10- Trade Transactions and Privateer Entries, 1776……………………...…….70 Table 3.11- Number of Transactions, 1782……………………………………………..….71 Table 3.12- Types of Goods Imported and Exported from Liverpool, 1782…………….72 Table 3.13- Number of Privateer Interactions, 1782……………………………………....73 Table 3.14- Number of Trade Transactions versus the Privateer Interactions, 1782….74 Table 3.15- Goods Imported and Exported from Liverpool, 1785……………….……….75 Table 3.16- Trade Transactions, by partner and year……………………………………..80 Table 3.17- Perkins’ Social Circle………………………...………………………………....81 Table 3.18- Trade with Halifax Partners………………………………….………………...91 Table 4.1- Privateer Entries and Resulting in Loss of Property…………..…………….104 Table 4.2- Number of Altercations in Liverpool Proper……………………….………….106 Table 4.3- Number of Altercations involving Liverpool versus Losses for Perkins, 1776- 1783…………………………………………………………………………………………...118 Table 4.4- Discussion of Privateer Attacks versus Actual Attacks……………………..123 Table 4.5- Discussion of Privateer Attacks versus Attacks Resulting in Losses.……..130 Image 4.1- Map of Liverpool, re-creation, circa 19th century…………………………...119 Image 4.2- Hydrographic Map, circa 1770………………………………………………..120 vii List of Figures Figure 3.1- Perkins’ Connections…………………………………………………………....79 viii List of Abbreviations Used NSGWC- Nova Scotia Gazette and Weekly Chronicle PANS- Public Archives of Nova Scotia COP- Colonial Office Papers ECM- Executive Council Minutes JOHA- Journals of the House of Assembly ix Acknowledgements I would like to begin by firstly thanking my family. My Mom and Dad were such a wealth of support and motivation during this process and it was their constant encouragement that kept me focused through this two year process. Without them, this project never would have happened. This project would have been equally dead in the water without the support of Dr. Jerry Bannister and Dr. Justin Roberts who were fantastic about accepting a part time student into a full- time program. They were so very accommodating in helping me with the program requirements into my busy work schedule. Val and Tina were a huge help in helping me navigate the paperwork and logistics of grad school after my long break from Dalhousie and I am very thankful for their combined patience. I would also like to thank the rest of the faculty in the History Department as well for always being enthusiastic, supportive, and general interested in my project. While validation isn’t necessary, it was always so motivating to get their words of encouragement and wisdom. Simeon Perkins has a small but mighty following at the Queens County Museum. Kathy Stitt, Linda Rafuse, and the rest of the staff at the Thomas Raddall Research Centre were a great help in sharing resources and local knowledge about Perkins which abledme to gain a deeper understanding of this complicated man. The staff in the research section of the Provincial Archives of Nova Scotia were equally supportive, and most of all, patient, in assisting me with mastering the complicated network of index and microfilm readers, not to mention holding on to my stick drive when I accidentally left it in a computer. Without them this project would have taken several months longer to complete. I’d also like to thank my colleagues Sandra Oliver- Harrison and Mike Bourque who graciously allowed me to do the revisions of this project in their classroom. I would like to thank the local historians who were so willing to chat with me about my project and point me in the direction of others who
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