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Canada and Its Provinces; a History of the Canadian People and Their

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Canada and Its Provinces; a History of the Canadian People and Their ^^nSHHS acacK:: ^^sri^iJi^rasijcs nr^r^^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES dEOinfJucffb OEDition CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES IN TWENTY-TWO VOLUMES AND INDEX VOLUME XIII THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES PART I The Edinburgh Edition of 'Canada and its Provinces' is limited to SjS I'npressions on All-Rag Watermarked Paper This Impression is Number. ilk ^r>c-«-^Oz^<^ nvffe.Annm; 'jIoslj:)- JOSEPH HOWE Frpin a cpnteviporary engravini^ CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES A HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS BY ONE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES GENERAL EDITORS: ADAM SHORTT AND ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY VOLUME XIII ATLANTIC PROVINCES EDINBURGH EDITION PRINTED BY T. &• A. CONSTABLE AT THE EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS FOR THE PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION OF CANADA LIMITED TORONTO 1914 ^ (r> ,-Ti .-», Q 'i Q -J -V 50 Copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention F V. 12) CONTENTS THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES IN THE DOMINION : INTRO- DUCTION. By Andrew Macphail THE ACADIAN SETTLEMENTS AND EARLY HISTORY, 1604-1713. IJy W. O. Raymond THE FIRST EXPLORERS ... 15 THE ILL-FATED SETTLEMENT AT .ST CROIX 18 THE FOUNDING OF PORT ROYAL 21 THE INDIANS OF ACADIA ... 23 THE FIRST YEARS AT PORT ROYAL . 28 THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH IN ARMED CONFLICT 32 SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER'S FEUDAL COLONY 35 THE LA TOURS 39 THE COMING OF THE ACADIANS 40 FEUDAL .STRIFE 42 THE GROWTH OF ACADIA 52 KING WILLIAM'S WAR 56 A SHORT PERIOD OF PEACE . 58 LAST DAYS OF FRENCH RULE IN NOVA SCOTIA 62 NOVA SCOTIA UNDER ENGLISH RULE, I7I3-I77S- r,y Archibald MacMechan i. an experiment in government .... 69 Early Organization—The French of Acadie—Annapolis Royal the Centre of Government—The Government and the Acadians —English Rule in Danger—The Founding of Halifax—The Lunenburg Settlement — Establishment of Regular Law- courts II. A CRITICAL PERIOD IN NOVA SCOTIA'S HISTORY . 89 The Expulsion of the Acadians—The Seven Years' War— 2 — VI 11 THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES The First General Assembly—The Immigration Problem The Submission of the Indians—The Character of LawTence —The New England Settlers—A 'Boom ' Time—The Acadians Once More— Instructive Statistics—The Civil Government Nova Scotia Loyal in Time of Stress NEW BRUNSWICK: GENERAL HISTORY, 1758-1867. By W. O. Raymond I. PIONEER DAYS . .127 II. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION . 132 III. THE COMING OK THE LOYALISTS . 140 IV. A NEW BRITISH PROVINCE . .152 V. THE FORMATIVE PERIOD OF NEW BRUNSWICK . .154 VI. POLITICS AND INDUSTRY . 193 NOVA SCOTIA: GENER.\L HISTORY, 1775-1867. By Archi- B.\LD MacMECHAN I. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION . 213 Outbreak of War—An Alarming Situation—The ' Cumberland Rebels'—War at the Gates—Nova Scotia's Long Parliament —The Partition of Nova Scotia—The Loyalists—The Church of England in Nova Scotia—The Beginning of Literature Tlie Birth of Provincial Sentiment — The Wars with the French Republic and Napoleon—The War of 181 II. FROM W.\TERLOO TO CONFEDERATION, 1815-67 . 260 A Period of Depression— Sir John Sherbrookc—Educational Development—The Progress of Agriculture— Lord Dalhousie — Sir James Kempt—The Establishment of Banks—The Shubenacadie Canal—Catholic Emancipation —Haliburton : the Historian—The Growth of Popular Rule—Nova Scotia's Greatest Statesman—Samuel Cunard—The Founding of Acadia College—The 'Aroostook War'—Howe's Battle with the Lieutenant-Governors—An Era of Railways—The Modem System of Education Founded— Howe's Great Rival—Nova Scotia and the Crimean War—Howe and Tupper—Nova Scotia and Confederation THE HISTORY OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. By Andrew Macphail i. early history ....... 305 ii. the expulsion from the island . -321 iii. the english occupation . -331 iv. a utopian sche.me of settlement .... 339 CONTENTS IX PAGE V. THE PROPRIETORS ..... VI. THE REGIME OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR P.\TTERSON 345 VII. MEUTEN.^NT-GOVERNOR FANNING 352 VIII. PRIVATEER RAIDS . 353 IX. THE SELKIRK COLONISTS 354 X. THE LOYALISTS 558 XI. POLITICAL STRIFE . 361 XII. THE LAND QUESTION 363 XIII. THE STRUGGLE FOR RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT 367 XIV. THE CONFEDERATION MOVEMENT 369 ILLUSTRATIONS JOSEPH HOWE Frontispiece From a contemporary engraving CHAMPLAIN'S MAP OF ST CROIX ISLAND AND SURROUNDINGS ..... Facingpage i8 MAP OF THE BAY OF FUNDY .... ,,24 CHAMPLAIN'S VIEW OF THE SETTLEMENT AT PORT ROYAL ,,30 VESSELS FROM CHAMPLAIN'S MAP OF 1612 . .. 32 CHAMPLAIN'S MAP OF PORT ROYAL. „ 34 ANNAPOLIS ROYAL, NOVA SCOTIA ... „ 72 From a photograph PAUL MASCARENE „ 80 From the painting by T. B. Akins in King's College, iVindsor, Nova Scotia MAP OF THE SOUTH PART OF NOVA SCOTIA, 1730 „ 88 FORT HOWE ,,138 From a sketch by Ben Marston, 17S1 PROVINCE HALL, FREDERICTON, 1820 . „ 158 From a contemporary lithograph xii THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES PLAN OF NEW BRUNSWICK SETTLEMENTS . Facingpage 192 FIRST STEAM SAW-MILL IN NEW BRUNSWICK, 1822 ........ ,,194 GENERAL SIR HOWARD DOUGLAS, Bart. „ 198 From an engraving by William Hoff LEMUEL ALLAN WILMOT .... „ 200 From a photograph TOWN AND HARBOUR OF HALIFAX, 1760 . „ 246 From the drawing by Richard Short GEORGE RAMSAY, NINTH EARL OF DALHOUSIE „ 268 From the portrait by Watson Gordon THOMAS CHANDLER HAHBURTON . „ 272 From an engraving in the Dominion Archives SIR CHARLES TUPPER, Bart » 296 From a photograph by Elliott and Fry, London LORD SELKIRK ...... ,,354 From a bust in possession of the Women's Historical Society, Toronto THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES IN THE DOMINION: INTRODUCTION VOL. XIII THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES IN THE DOMINION: INTRODUCTION one who desires to inform himself upon the history TO of the Maritime Provinces of Canada this section will supply abundant material. No aspect of the case is neglected. The events associated with the earliest discovery ; with the first settlement whether by French or by English, and the murders, massacres and wars which attended them ; with the long struggle after some form of government which might be adequate to meet the needs of men in an entirely new situation ; with the development of resources and the progress and reward of industry—all these are passed in review by writers who are competent to make a large survey. The business of the editors has been to collate the parts and present an exact and comprehensive view rather than a series of detached observations, since the history of the Maritime Provinces is one history, as indeed, prior to 1784 at least, the provinces themselves were formally one under the general designation of Acadia. For the selection of writers the editors need assign no reasons. They are obvious in the result which is here pre- sented. And there is something more than a bare recitation of historical facts. There is comment and criticism whose value depends upon authority ; and that in turn lies in the knowledge, sincerity, candour and detachment of the various commentators and critics who have brought those qualities to bear upon the task. Within the past few years large stores of fresh information have been opened. These have been examined and the value of them has been rigorously appraised. If the history of the Maritime Provinces is now set in a new light, it is because the writers were less 4 THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES concerned with confirming old hypotheses and justifying new surmise than with arriving at the essential truth of the case, even at the risk of detracting from that eulogy which has always been considered as the one thing needful in Canadian history. Up to the time of the Cession in 1763 events in Acadie were inextricably bound up with events in Canada. The p)olicy which governed at Quebec governed also at Louisbourg, Port la Joye and Port Royal. Opposition to that policy, which originated in Lx)ndon, soon showed itself along the Atlantic seaboard, in harried settlements, in fugitive colonists, and in the sombre figure of the Indian on the forest background. Again, a conversation between two ambassadors in Paris might lead to an interlude of peace, when the innocent and ignorant settlers might pasture their herds on the marais, or plant their little clearings in He St Jean. Once more, when the Thirteen Colonies found themselves in rebellion, the Maritime Provinces discovered that they were in the world again. Warships, singly and in fleets, appeared off the coasts. Towns were sacked, ransom was exacted, trade was destroyed ; and, on the other hand, settlers turned aside from the peaceful arts of agriculture and fishing to man the privateers and adventure upon the high seas in search of more daring employments. All those years the record is vitalized by the spirit of war ; but for nearly a century following it becomes mainly a dull account of the operations of rival politicians. The people were no longer of the world and they seized the occasion to work out the problems which lay immediately at hand. This was the period during which responsible government was achieved, when the people came to be governed by politicians who resided in Halifax, Fredericton, or Charlotte- town, rather than by those who had their habitation in London. The struggle was the same in all three provinces, and there is a singular uniformity in the accounts of the procedure. They are not entirely devoid of humour, but it is difficult to elevate parochial records to the dignity of history, or to develop much enthusiasm over the personal quarrels of obscure men. And yet one may discover the INTRODUCTION 5 working of a principle in the contest, and observe, on one side, the alignment of those who were content with things as they were, and, on the other, of those who were desirous of change. Small as the arena was it contained all the elements of every political strife. The governors were in most cases men who had been soldiers, and in nearly all they fell into the category of those who are technically known as ' gentlemen.' They found opposed to them men who might be neither, to whom obedi- ence was a crime and courtesy the stigma of an ignoble nature.
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