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Over-Expression of an Electron Transport Protein Omcs Provides Meng et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2021) 14:109 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-01956-4 Biotechnology for Biofuels RESEARCH Open Access Over-expression of an electron transport protein OmcS provides sufcient NADH for D-lactate production in cyanobacterium Hengkai Meng1,2,4†, Wei Zhang1,2†, Huawei Zhu2,3, Fan Yang2,3, Yanping Zhang2, Jie Zhou2* and Yin Li2* Abstract Background: An efcient supply of reducing equivalent is essential for chemicals production by engineered microbes. In phototrophic microbes, the NADPH generated from photosynthesis is the dominant form of reducing equivalent. However, most dehydrogenases prefer to utilize NADH as a cofactor. Thus, sufcient NADH supply is cru- cial to produce dehydrogenase-derived chemicals in cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic electron is the sole energy source and excess electrons are wasted in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Results: Here we propose a novel strategy to direct the electrons to generate more ATP from light reactions to pro- vide sufcient NADH for lactate production. To this end, we introduced an electron transport protein-encoding gene omcS into cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 and demonstrated that the introduced OmcS directs excess electrons from plastoquinone (PQ) to photosystem I (PSI) to stimulate cyclic electron transfer (CET). As a result, an approximately 30% increased intracellular ATP, 60% increased intracellular NADH concentrations and up to 60% increased biomass production with fourfold increased D-lactate production were achieved. Comparative transcrip- tome analysis showed upregulation of proteins involved in linear electron transfer (LET), CET, and downregulation of proteins involved in respiratory electron transfer (RET), giving hints to understand the increased levels of ATP and NADH. Conclusions: This strategy provides a novel orthologous way to improve photosynthesis via enhancing CET and sup- ply sufcient NADH for the photosynthetic production of chemicals. Keywords: Cyanobacteria, Electron transport protein, Photosynthetic electron, Electron transfer, NADH availability, Lactate production Background attention in recent years with the hope to use CO 2 as an Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic prokaryotes capa- alternative feedstock [1–3]. To date, engineered cyano- ble of converting ambient CO 2 into organic compounds bacteria have been reported to produce more than 30 using sunlight as the energy source. Engineering cyano- chemicals from CO2 [4, 5]. However, the titer and the bacteria for chemical production draws increasing productivity of the target chemical are usually two orders of magnitude lower than that of the same chemical pro- *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] duced by heterotrophic microorganisms using sugar as a †Hengkai Meng and Wei Zhang contributed equally to the work carbon source. 2 CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Cofactor availability, in particular the availability of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, reducing equivalent (in the form of NADH/NADPH) and Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China ATP, is crucial to microbial production of chemicals. In Full list of author information is available at the end of the article most heterotrophic microorganisms, NADH and ATP © The Author(s) 2021. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ publi cdoma in/ zero/1. 0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Meng et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2021) 14:109 Page 2 of 16 are generated from the catabolism of glucose, and NADH photosynthetic energy is much higher than that can be is the dominant form of the reducing equivalent [6]. handled by photosynthetic electron transfer under high While in cyanobacteria and other phototrophic micro- illumination conditions [23–25]. We, therefore, ask a organisms, NADPH and ATP are generated from pho- question: if we could redirect the excess photoelectrons tosynthetic electrons derived from sunlight in the light to generate more ATP, can we save the NADH originally reactions of photosynthesis, then the NADPH and ATP used for ATP generation through RET, and direct the are used for CO2 fxation to synthesize organic carbon NADH to chemical production? [7]. Lastly, NADH and ATP will be generated from the As the fast-growing cyanobacterium, Synechococcus catabolism of organic carbon and ATP will also be gener- elongatus UTEX 2973 (thereafter Syn2973) is a close ated from NADH via RET. As the molecules of NADPH relative of Synechococcus elongatus 7942 (Syn7942) generated from photosynthesis are much more than with 99.8% identical genome sequences [26]. To test the the NADH generated from catabolism, NADPH is the hypothesis, an electron transport protein c-type outer dominant form of reducing equivalent in cyanobacteria, membrane cytochromes (OmcS, from Geobacter sp.), and the NADH pool in cyanobacteria is lower than its which can be functionally expressed in Syn7942 as a solu- NADPH pool under photoautotrophic conditions [8–11]. ble protein with a high ability to transport electrons [27], Consequently, NADH-dependent enzymes are less active was introduced into strain Syn2973. We used d-lactate than NADPH-dependent ones in cyanobacteria due to a production by cyanobacteria as a model to test if such an shortage of NADH [12–14]. approach can create more NADH which is required for Dehydrogenases are involved in the biosynthesis of d-lactate production (Fig. 1). A series of physiological, many chemicals [14, 15]. Most dehydrogenases in nature biochemical, electrochemical analyses and comparative prefer to utilize NADH as a cofactor, indicating these transcriptome analyses demonstrated that the approach NADH-dependent dehydrogenases might not work ef- can increase the availability of NADH for lactate produc- ciently in cyanobacteria [12–14]. Several approaches tion and signifcantly increased the photosynthetic activ- have been developed to tackle this problem [14]. Tis ity, indicating channeling photosynthetic electrons for includes fnding and applying NADPH-dependent dehy- generating more ATP is an efcient strategy for NADH- drogenases [12, 13], using NADH-dependent dehydro- dependent dehydrogenases to function well in photosyn- genases co-expressed with soluble transhydrogenase to thetic organisms. convert NADPH into NADH [16, 17], or changing the cofactor preference of the dehydrogenases from NADPH Results to NADH through site-directed mutagenesis [15, 18]. Experiment design and introducing OmcS All these approaches helped to increase the production As already illustrated, compared with the NADPH of target chemicals in NADPH-rich cyanobacteria cells. directly generated from light energy, the NADH gener- Since NADPH is the main reducing equivalent used in ated from the catabolic metabolism of organic carbon is cyanobacteria to fx CO 2 through photosynthesis, over- the minor form of reducing equivalent in cyanobacteria. consuming the NADPH might negatively afect cell Generally, the NADH will be consumed by RET for ATP growth and carbon fxation, and consequently afect the generation, leaving little NADH available for chemical production of chemicals [9, 17]. production using NADH-dependent dehydrogenases In cyanobacteria, solar energy is frstly converted into [28, 29]. Terefore, increasing ATP generation from pho- photosynthetic electrons, which are subsequently con- tosynthetic electrons in light reactions of photosynthe- verted into chemical energy ATP and NADPH via photo- sis might decrease ATP generation from RET and save synthetic electron transfer. Linear electron transfer (LET) NADH that otherwise would be consumed by RET. In the from photosystem II (PSII) to photosystem I (PSI) gen- light reactions of photosynthesis, photosystem II (PSII) + erates ATP and NADPH at a fxed ratio [19, 20]. Besides utilizes the absorbed photons to split H2O into O2, H the LET, as auxiliary, cyclic electron transfer (CET) cycles and releases photosynthetic electrons to generate ATP electrons from the PSI acceptor side back to plastoqui- and NADPH via photosynthetic electron transfer. In fact, none (PQ), cytochrome b6f (cytb6f) complex and plas- up to 80% of the absorbed photons are dissipated from tocyanin (PC), generating ATP without net NADPH photosystems [23–25, 30]. Terefore, if the excess pho- production to meet metabolic demand [21]. Cyanobac- tosynthetic electrons can be used to generate more ATP, teria also have RET, where the NADH generated from we hypothesize it might help to reduce the amount
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