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PLAAS RR46 Smeadzim 1.Pdf Chrispen Sukume, Blasio Mavedzenge, Felix Murimbarima and Ian Scoones Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences Research Report 46 Space, Markets and Employment in Agricultural Development: Zimbabwe Country Report Chrispen Sukume, Blasio Mavedzenge, Felix Murimbarima and Ian Scoones Published by the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa Tel: +27 21 959 3733 Fax: +27 21 959 3732 Email: [email protected] Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies Research Report no. 46 June 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission from the publisher or the authors. Copy Editor: Vaun Cornell Series Editor: Rebecca Pointer Photographs: Pamela Ngwenya Typeset in Frutiger Thanks to the UK’s Department for International Development (DfID) and the Economic and Social Research Council’s (ESRC) Growth Research Programme Contents List of tables ................................................................................................................ ii List of figures .............................................................................................................. iii Acronyms and abbreviations ...................................................................................... v 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 2 Theoretical context .............................................................................................. 2 3 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 4 4 Background to the study areas ........................................................................... 6 5 Case studies on space, markets, income and employment creation in key value chains ................................................................................................................ 23 6 Space, markets, employment and agricultural development ............................. 81 7 Study implications ........................................................................................... 104 Appendix ................................................................................................................ 111 References ............................................................................................................. 120 i List of tables Table 1: Population in Mashonaland Central, 2002 and 2012 census ....................... 7 Table 2: Population in Masvingo province, 2002 and 2012 census .......................... 10 Table 3: Settlement patterns in FTLRP areas of Masvingo province ....................... 10 Table 4: Land use in Mazowe LSCFareas, 1996/97................................................. 12 Table 5: Mazowe cropping patterns, 1996/97 .......................................................... 13 Table 6: Mvurwi LSCF cropping pattern, 1996/97 .................................................... 13 Table 7: Mazowe on-farm LSCF employment in the Marodzi-Tatagura ICA, pre- FTLRP ...................................................................................................................... 15 Table 8: Land-use patterns in Masvingo LSCF, pre-FTLRP, 1996/97 ...................... 15 Table 9: Masvingo district LSCF crop production,1996/97 ....................................... 17 Table 10: Cropping patterns in Victoria East ICA, Masvingo, 1996/97 ..................... 18 Table 11: Interviewed farmers in the Mvurwi resettlement areas, 2014 ................... 18 Table 12: Survey of 150 households in Hariana, Ruia A and Ruia B A1 Schemes, Mvurwi, Mazowe ...................................................................................................... 21 Table 13: Mr Makore's vegetable labour input.......................................................... 35 Table 14: Mr Makore's vegetable enterprise budget ................................................ 36 Table 15: Location of Mr Makore's expenditure ........................................................ 36 Table 16: Train Station vendor transport, packaging and municipal costs by vegetable source ...................................................................................................... 39 Table 17: Gross margin for Mr Makore's Train Station vendors ............................... 39 Table 18: Roy market vendor seasonal maize acquisition costs and revenues ....... 40 Table 19: Detailed costs excluding maize acquisition costs ..................................... 40 Table 20: Supermarket vegetable acquisition costs and shop revenue ................... 42 Table 21: Gross income generation from vegetable transport services provided by Mr Gava ......................................................................................................................... 42 Table 22: Gross income generation from vegetable transport services provided by Mr Muzambi ................................................................................................................... 42 Table 23: Costs incurred in vegetable transport services provided by Mr Muzambi . 43 Table 24: Monthly flue-cured tobacco revenue cash inflow into Mazowe district, 2013 season ...................................................................................................................... 43 Table 25: Tobacco case study farms........................................................................ 44 Table 26: Tobacco-related employment on Mr Hukuru's farm .................................. 44 Table 27: Mr Hukuru's tobacco enterprise budget .................................................... 45 Table 28: Spatial distribution of Mr Hukuru's expenditure ........................................ 46 Table 29: Tobacco-related employment on Mr Charumbira’s farm .......................... 50 ii Table 30: Mr Charumbira's tobacco enterprise budget ............................................. 50 Table 31: Spatial distribution of Mr Charumbira's expenditure ................................. 51 Table 33: Mr Toro's tobacco-related employment .................................................... 53 Table 34: Spatial distribution of Mr Toro's expenditure ............................................ 53 Table 32: Mr Toro's tobacco enterprise budget ........................................................ 54 Table 35: Land allocated to a sample of former farmworkers in Msonedi farming areas ........................................................................................................................ 56 Table 36: Mr Godzamuto's maize-related employment ............................................ 70 Table 37: Godzamuto's maize enterprise budget ..................................................... 71 Table 38: Spatial distribution of Mr Godzamuto's expenditure ................................. 71 Table 39: Mr Ruzhowe's maize-related employment ................................................ 74 Table 40: Mr Ruzhowe's maize enterprise budget ................................................... 74 Table 41: Spatial distribution of Mr Ruzhowe's expenditure ..................................... 75 Table 42: Mr Gono’s transport business, January–October 2013 ............................ 79 Table 43: Comparison of farm labour use and wage income generation across value chains ....................................................................................................................... 84 Table 44: Investment patterns induced by different value chains ............................. 93 Table 45: Consumption patterns induced by different agricultural value chains ....... 94 List of figures Figure 1: Location of Masvingo study sites ................................................................ 9 Figure 2: Location of the Mazowe study sites .......................................................... 19 Figure 3: The Chakabuda linkages .......................................................................... 25 Figure 4: The Mutasa linkages ................................................................................. 27 Figure 5: The Mugoni linkages ................................................................................. 27 Figure 6: The Shuvai linkages .................................................................................. 30 Figure 7: The Makore linkages ................................................................................. 34 Figure 8: The Jerera vendor linkages ....................................................................... 37 Figure 9: The Hukuru linkages ................................................................................. 45 Figure 10: The Charumbira linkages ........................................................................ 48 Figure 11: The Toro linkages ................................................................................... 52 Figure 12: The Ngongoni linkages ........................................................................... 56 Figure 14: The Karembo linkages ............................................................................ 63 Figure 15: TSL and its tobacco industry network ..................................................... 65 iii Figure 16: The Godzamuto linkages ........................................................................ 70 Figure 17: The Ruzhowe linkages
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