Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC) 2021 Rural Livelihoods Assessment Province Report

ZimVAC is Coordinated By Food And Nutrition Council (FNC) Housed At SIRDC: 1574 Alpes Rd, Hatcliffe, . Tel: +263 242 862 586/862 025 Website: www.fnc.org.zw Email: [email protected] Twitter: @FNCZimbabwe Instagram: fnc_zim Facebook: @FNCZimbabwe 1 Foreword

In its endeavour to ‘promote and ensure adequate food and nutrition security for all people at all times’, the Government of continues to exhibit its commitment towards reducing food and nutrition insecurity, poverty and improving livelihoods amongst the vulnerable populations in Zimbabwe through operationalization of Commitment 6 of the Food and Nutrition Security Policy (FNSP). Under the coordination of the Food and Nutrition Council, the Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC) undertook the 2021 Rural Livelihoods Assessment, the 21st since its inception. ZimVAC is a technical advisory committee comprised of representatives from Government, Development Partners, UN, NGOs, Technical Agencies and the Academia. Through its assessments, ZimVAC continues to collect, synthesize and disseminate high quality information on the food and nutrition security situation in a timely manner.

The 2021 RLA was motivated by the need to provide credible and timely data to inform progress of commitments in the National Development Strategy 1 (NDS 1) and inform planning for targeted interventions to help the vulnerable people in both their short and long-term vulnerability context. Furthermore, as the ‘new normal’ under COVID-19 remains fluid and dynamic, characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, the assessment sought to provide up to date information on how rural food systems and livelihoods have been impacted by the pandemic. The report covers thematic areas which include the following: education, food and income sources, income levels, expenditure patterns, food security, COVID-19, WASH, social protection and gender-based violence, among other issues.

Our sincere appreciation goes to the ZimVAC as well as the food and nutrition security structures at both provincial and district levels for successfully carrying out the survey. These structures continue to exhibit great commitment towards ensuring that every Zimbabwean remains free from hunger and malnutrition. We also extend our appreciation to Government and Development Partners for the financial support and technical leadership which made the assessment a resounding success. The collaboration of the rural communities of Zimbabwe as well as the rural local authorities is sincerely appreciated. The leadership, coordination and management of the whole assessment displayed by the staff at the Food and Nutrition Council (FNC) is also greatly appreciated.

We submit this report to you for your use and reference in your invaluable work. We hope it will light your way as you search for lasting measures in addressing priority issues keeping many of our rural households vulnerable to food and nutrition insecurity.

George D. Kembo (DR.) FNC Director/ ZimVAC Chairperson 2 Table of Contents

Foreword ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………..……………………………………………….…..…2 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………..…………..……………………………………………….…….……....4 Acronyms ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………………………………………………..…………..….....6 Background and Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………………….……………………..…………………...... …7 Assessment Purpose ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..………………………………………………..……………...... 11 Assessment Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..……………………………………………..…………………..16 Demographic Description of the Sample ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………………………………………..……………………...…27 Education ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... …………………………………..…………..……………………………………………..…………………….…..34 Social Protection …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………………………………………..…………………….…37 Agricultural Production ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………..…………..………………………………………………..………………………..….43 Incomes and Expenditure ……………………………………………………..……………………………………………….………………………………………..…………..……………………………………………..…………………..…………….…..84 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….90 Access to Services and Infrastructure……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…....109 ISALS and Loans…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….…135 Food Consumption Patterns…………………………………………………………………….……………..……..………………………………………………………..…………..……………………………..……….………………………………….…….140 Livelihoods Based Coping Strategies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………………………………………..………….……..…145 Child Nutrition Status…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….….155 Gender Based Violence…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………….….……..163 COVID-19 and Livelihoods………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….………………………. ………………………………………………………………….……..….172 Shocks and Stressors……………………………………………………………………………………………….……………..……..…………………………………………………………..…………..………………………..…..…………………….….…….…183 Food Security…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….…189 Conclusions and Recommendations …..…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………..…………..…………………………………………………..….....………202

3 Acknowledgements The technical and financial support received from the following is greatly appreciated: • Rural District Councils (RDCs) • Office of the President and Cabinet • United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) • Renewed Efforts Against Child Hunger and • Food and Nutrition Council • United Nations Development Programme- ZRBF Malnutrition (REACH)

• SIRDC • UNFPA-Spotlight Initiative • University of Science Education

• Ministry of Finance and Economic Development • Catholic Relief Services (CRS) • University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology • Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water • Progress and Rural Resettlement • Hand in Hand • United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) • Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social • Care International Welfare • Sizimele • Tsuro • Ministry of Health and Child Care • MELANA • Welthungerhilfe (WHH) • Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and • Coordinamento Delle Organizzazioni Peril Servizio National Housing Volontario (COSV) • GOAL

• Ministry of Women Affairs, Community, Small • Local Initiatives and Development Agency (LID) • Plan International and Medium Enterprise Development • Adventist Relief Agency (ADRA) • Sustainable Agriculture Trust (SAT) • Public Service Commission • Caritas • Mwenezi Development Training Centre • Ministry of Health and Child Care (MDTC) • World Vision • United States Agency for International • Nutrition Action Zimbabwe (NAZ) Development (USAID) • Lutheran Development Services (LDS) • Africa Ahead • Zimbabwe Defence Forces • Leonard Cheshire Disability Zimbabwe • Action Aid • Mercy Corps • MAVAMBO • CARITAS Harare 4 Acknowledgement of Support

ZIMBABWE

5 Acronyms

EA Enumeration Area

FNC Food and Nutrition Council

FNSP Food and Nutrition Security Policy

FNSIS Food and Nutrition Security Information System

HDDS Household Dietary Diversity Score

HHS Household Hunger Score

NNS National Nutrition Survey

RLA Rural Livelihoods Assessment

SAM Severe Acute Malnutrition

ZimVAC Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee

6 Introduction and Background

7 Introduction

• ZimVAC livelihoods assessments’ results continue to be an important tool for informing and guiding policies and programmes that respond to the prevailing food and nutrition security situation. To date, 21 rural and 8 urban livelihoods updates have been produced.

• ZimVAC plays a significant role in fulfilling Commitment Six, of the Food and Nutrition Security Policy (FNSP) (GoZ, 2012), in which the “Government of Zimbabwe is committed to ensuring a national integrated food and nutrition security information system that provides timely and reliable information on the food and nutrition security situation and the effectiveness of programmes and informs decision- making”.

• It has become mandatory for FNC to coordinate annual livelihoods updates with the technical support of ZimVAC.

8 Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC)

ZimVAC is a consortium of Government, Development Partners, UN, NGOs, Technical Agencies and the Academia. It was established in 2002 and is led and regulated by Government. It is chaired by FNC, a department in the Office of the President and Cabinet whose mandate is to promote a multi-sectoral response to food insecurity and nutrition problems in a manner that ensures that every Zimbabwean is free from hunger and malnutrition.

ZimVAC supports Government, particularly FNC in:

• Convening and coordinating national food and nutrition security issues in Zimbabwe

• Charting a practical way forward for fulfilling legal and existing policy commitments in food and nutrition security

• Advising Government on the strategic direction in food and nutrition security

• Undertaking a “watchdog role” and supporting and facilitating action to ensure sector commitments in food and nutrition are kept on track through a number of core functions such as:

▪ Undertaking food and nutrition assessments, analysis and research;

▪ Promoting multi-sectoral and innovative approaches for addressing food and nutrition insecurity, and:

▪ Supporting and building national capacity for food and nutrition security including at sub-national levels. 9 Assessment Rationale

• The performance of the agricultural season, with the disruption of food systems and markets, the COVID-19 pandemic coupled with the prevailing macro-economic environment has affected the livelihoods of the rural population.

• The impact on the livelihoods, which has ripple effects on household wellbeing outcomes, had not been quantified and ascertained hence the need to carry out a livelihoods assessment.

• The assessment results will be used to:

• Inform planning for targeted interventions to help the vulnerable people, given the prevailing situation in the country as well as their long term vulnerability context.

• Inform short, medium and long term interventions that address immediate and long term needs as well as building resilient livelihoods.

• Monitor and report towards commitments within the guiding frameworks of existing national food and nutrition policies and strategies among them the National Development Strategy 1, the Food and Nutrition Security Policy and the Zero Hunger Strategy.

• Monitor interventions to ensure adherence to the principles spelt out in regional and international frameworks which Zimbabwe has committed itself to which include the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) and the SDGs.

• Guide early warning for early action 10 Purpose

The overall purpose of the assessment was to provide an annual update on livelihoods in Zimbabwe’s rural areas, for the purposes of informing policy formulation and programming appropriate interventions.

11 Objectives The specific objectives of the assessment were:

• To estimate the population that is likely to be food insecure in the 2021/22 consumption year, their geographic distribution and the severity of their food insecurity.

• Assess impact and severity of COVID-19 on rural livelihoods.

• To assess the nutrition status of children of 6 – 59 months.

• To describe the socio-economic profiles of rural households in terms of such characteristics as their demographics, access to basic services (education, health services and water and sanitation facilities), assets, income sources, incomes and expenditure patterns, food consumption patterns and consumption coping strategies.

• To determine the coverage of humanitarian and developmental interventions in the country.

• To identify development priorities for communities.

• To determine the effects of shocks experienced by communities on food and nutrition security.

• To measure household resilience and identify constraints to improving their resilience.

• To identify early recovery needs in order to determine short to long term recovery strategies.

12 Background

• The 2021 RLA was undertaken against a continuously evolving food and nutrition security situation.

• The Government came up with the National Development Strategy 1:2021-2025 (NDS1) towards the end of 2020. The overarching goal of NDS1 is to ensure high, accelerated, inclusive and sustainable economic growth as well as socio-economic transformation and development as we move towards an upper middle-income society by 2030.

• One of the priority areas for the NDS1 is Food and Nutrition Security. NDS1 seeks to improve food self-sufficiency and to retain the regional breadbasket status. The main objective is to increase food self-sufficiency from the current level of 45% to 100% and reduce food insecurity from the high of 59% recorded in 2019 to less than 10% by 2025.

• Agriculture as one of the key economic sectors and fundamental to the projected economic growth had a good 2020/21 rainfall season. The season recorded an increase in the area planted to maize at 1 951 848 Ha of land owing to the overwhelming support by Government and the private sector. The total cereal production was 3 075 538 MT against a national cereal requirement of 1 797 435 MT for human and livestock 450 000 MT consumption.

• The rains received improved livestock condition, drinking water availability for livestock and pasture quality and availability. However the incessant rains increased tick borne diseases.

• With the majority of the rural population’s livelihoods mostly influenced by agriculture (both crops and livestock), the experienced climate related shocks have implications on access to food and the nutrition status of children.

13 Background

• Poverty continues to be one of the major underlying causes of vulnerability to food and nutrition insecurity as well as precarious livelihoods in Zimbabwe. According to the ZIMSTAT Poverty, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2017 Report, 70.5% of the population were poor whilst 29.3% were deemed extremely poor. The official exchange rates have remained stable, while basic food prices are on an increase. Year on year inflation for April 2021 was at 194.1%.

• The new normal under COVID-19 has implications on food security and nutrition. Globally, food supply chains have been disrupted due to lockdowns triggered by the global health crisis, but also a major global economic slowdown. This has led to lower incomes and higher food prices, making food out of reach for vulnerable households.

• The impact of the pandemic, amidst other shocks, has caused significant deterioration and erosion of livelihoods and productive assets, food security and nutrition of vulnerable households. The closure of rural food and livestock markets affected the incomes of rural livelihoods.

• The vulnerable rural households have little to nothing to cushion the effects of the shock (pandemic). They experience market failures and have little or no access to formal insurance and credit and risk management mechanisms. The vulnerable households have challenges in accessing liquidity, worsened by reduced casual wage labour opportunities and the closure of informal markets, where they tend to sell production.

14 Background

• The enforcement of social distancing combined with the covariate nature of the crisis will likely overwhelm and/or reduce the rural households’ access to traditional community networks and institutions of social reciprocity, which have historically provided a safety net in times of crisis.

15 Assessment Methodology

16 Methodology – Assessment Design

• The assessment was a cross-sectional study whose design was guided and informed by the Food and Nutrition Security Conceptual framework (Figure 1), which Zimbabwe adopted in the FNSP (GoZ, 2012), and the conceptual framework on food security dimensions propounded by Jones et al. (2013). • The assessment was also guided and informed by the resilience framework (figure 2) so as to influence the early recovery of households affected by various shocks. • The assessment looked at food availability and access as pillars that have confounding effects on food security as defined in the FNSP (GoZ, 2012). • Accordingly, the assessment measured the amount of energy available to a household from all its potential sources hence the primary sampling unit for the Figure 1: Food and Nutrition Conceptual Framework assessment was the household.

17 Figure 2: Zimbabwe resilience framework (UNDP Zimbabwe, 2015)

18 19 Methodology – Assessment Process

• ZimVAC, through multi-stakeholder consultations, developed an appropriate assessment design concept note and data collection tools informed by the assessment objectives.

• The primary data collection tools used in the assessment were the android–based structured household questionnaire and the community Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guide.

• ZimVAC national supervisors (including Provincial Agritex Extension Officers and Provincial Nutritionists) and enumerators were recruited from Government, United Nations, Technical partners and Non-Governmental Organisations. These underwent training in all aspects of the assessment. In order to minimise risk of spreading COVID-19, training for both supervisors and enumerators was done virtually.

• The Ministry of Health and Child Care was the lead ministry in the development of the Infection, Prevention and Control (IPC) guidelines which guided processes from survey planning to data collection.

• The Ministry of Local Government, through the Provincial Development Coordinators’ offices coordinated the recruitment of district level enumerators and mobilisation of provincial supervision and district enumeration vehicles. Enumerators for the current assessment were drawn from an already existing database of those who participated in one or two previous ZimVAC assessments. Four enumerators were selected from each district for data collection. In selected districts, two additional enumerators were recruited as anthropometrists.

20 Methodology – Assessment Process

• Primary data collection took place from 3 to 20 July, 2021. In recognising the risk of spreading COVID-19 during data collection, innovative approaches were used to collect vital information without causing any harm. The RLA was guided by global and country specific recommendations and all necessary precautions were taken to avoid potential transmission of COVID-19 between enumerators and community members.

• In order to reduce exposure to COVID-19 through person to person physical contact, primary caregivers were capacitated to measure their children using Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) tapes and assessment of oedema. In the case of anthropometrists recruited from MoHCC, additional appropriate PPE was provided (gloves, disposable plastic aprons) to enable them to measure participants aged 5 to 19 years in twenty selected districts.

• Data analysis and report writing ran from 23 May to 3 June 2021. Various secondary data sources and field observations were used to contextualise the analysis and reporting.

21 Methodology - Sampling and Sample Size

• Household food insecurity prevalence was used as the key indicator to determine the sample to ensure 95% confidence level of statistical representativeness at district, provincial and national Number of Sampled level. Districts Households • The survey collected data from 1500 randomly selected Enumerated Areas (EAs): Bikita 246

• A two staged cluster sampling was used and comprised of; 246

• Sampling of 25 clusters per each of the 60 rural districts, denoted as EAs in this Chivi 250 assessment, from the Zimbabwe Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) 2012 master sampling frame Gutu 250 using the PPS methodology Mwenezi 254 • The second stage involved the systematic random sampling of 10 households per EA Masvingo 247 (village). Zaka 253 • At most, 254 households were interviewed per district, bringing the total sampled households to 1746 1746 households at provincial level.

• 5 FGDs were held per district.

22 Methodology – Sampled Wards

23 Data Preparation and Analysis

• Primary data was transcribed using CSEntry on android gadgets and using CSPro. It was consolidated and converted into SPSS, STATA and DBF datasets for: • Household structured interviews • Community Focus Group Discussions

• Data cleaning and analysis were done using SPSS, STATA, ENA, Microsoft Excel and GIS packages.

• Analyses of the different thematic areas covered by the assessment were informed and guided by relevant local and international frameworks, where they exist.

• Gender, as a cross cutting issue, was recognised throughout the analysis.

24 Technical Scope

The 2021 RLA collected and analysed information on the following thematic areas:

• Education

• Health

• WASH

• Nutrition

• Agriculture and other rural livelihoods activities

• Food security

• Resilience

• Social protection

• Linkages amongst the key sectoral and thematic areas

• Cross-cutting issues such as gender, disability 25 Assessment Findings

26 Demographic Description of the Sample

27 Household Characteristics: Household Size

District Average Minimum Maximum

Bikita 3.6 1.0 8.0

Chiredzi 4.5 1.0 14.0

Chivi 4.9 1.0 14.0

Gutu 3.9 1.0 10.0

Masvingo 4.5 1.0 13.0

Mwenezi 3.9 1.0 11.0

Zaka 4.5 1.0 12.0

Masvingo Province 4.3 1.0 14.0

• The average household size for Masvingo province was 4.3.

28 Characteristics of Household Head: Sex and Age

Household Head Sex (%) Household Head Average Age ( years)

District Male Female Average Minimum

Bikita 52.8 47.2 53.6 15.0

Chiredzi 78.0 22.0 48.4 21.0

Chivi 63.2 36.8 54.1 19.0

Gutu 56.8 43.2 55.3 16.0

Masvingo 63.0 37.0 55.0 16.0

Mwenezi 65.2 34.8 49.1 18.0

Zaka 52.2 47.8 53.3 15.0

Masvingo Province 61.6 38.4 52.7 15.0

• The proportion of male headed households in the province was 61.6%. • The average age of household head was 52.7 years which is within the economic productive age group.

29 Characteristics of Household Head: Education Level Attained 100

90

80

70

60

50 40 39 38 40 37 37 35 32 33 34 30 30 31 27 28 29 30 25 23 24 22 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 19 19 17 20 15 14 15 14 16 11 12 11 10 6 6 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 1 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province None Primary level ZJC level O' level A' level Above A' Level

• About 51% of the household heads attained above primary level education.

30 Characteristics of Household Head: Marital Status

100 5 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 90 14 24 26 19 24 4 30 29 80 28 9 3 70 6 3 4 3 4 16 4 10 9 12 60 10 15 15 50

40 72 30 59 60 54 58 57 50 49

Proportion of Household Heads (%) Heads Householdof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Married living together Married living apart Divorced/seperated Widowed Never married

• Household heads who were married and living together were about 57%. • Gutu (30%) had the highest proportion of household heads who were widowed. 31 Characteristics of Household Head: Religion

Roman Apostolic Other Catholic (%) Protestant (%) Pentecostal (%) Sect (%) Zion (%) Christian (%) Traditional (%) No Religion (%)

Bikita 14.2 2.8 3.7 33.3 34.6 4.1 0.0 7.3

Chiredzi 3.3 2.0 14.6 30.9 23.6 6.1 1.6 17.9

Chivi 14.0 0.0 4.8 21.6 22.8 22.0 0.4 13.6

Gutu 23.6 8.4 8.8 36.0 10.0 6.8 1.2 3.2

Masvingo 11.0 9.8 15.4 31.5 14.6 6.7 0.0 9.1

Mwenezi 5.7 3.6 13.0 27.1 20.6 7.7 2.8 19.4

Zaka 15.4 7.5 7.1 29.6 22.9 4.7 1.2 11.1 Masvingo Province 12.5 4.9 9.6 30.0 21.2 8.3 1.0 11.6

• About 30% of the household heads were of the Apostolic Sect. 32 Orphaned Children by District

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30 Proportion of households (%) householdsof Proportion 21 22 20 19 19 19 20 16 17

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• At least 19% of the households had orphans. • The highest proportion was in Zaka (22%). 33 Education

34 School Attendance 100

90 88 86 81 80 82 82 82 80 73 70

60 50 48 47 50 45 45 40 41 40 40

Propotion of Children (%) Childrenof Propotion 30

20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Currently going to school Ever sent away from school during the first term because of non- payment of fees

• The highest proportion of children who were in school at the time of the survey was reported in Bikita (88%).

• Chiredzi (50%) had the highest proportion of children who were ever sent away for non-payment of fees. 35 Major Reasons for Children Not Being in School

Non- Not Child payment of interested in Expensive or considered Pregnancy/ Failure e.g. Completed No birth last term Illness school no money too young Marriage of exams O/A level certificate school fees (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

Bikita 0.0 0.0 11.1 0.0 33.3 0.0 44.4 0.0 11.1

Chiredzi 0.0 33.3 55.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chivi 20.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0

Gutu 5.6 0.0 38.9 11.1 5.6 5.6 0.0 0.0 5.6

Masvingo 0.0 0.0 16.7 8.3 25.0 0.0 16.7 8.3 0.0

Mwenezi 0.0 33.3 33.3 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Zaka 0.0 22.2 44.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.2 0.0 0.0 Masvingo Province 4.3 8.6 30.0 5.7 10.0 1.4 12.9 1.4 2.9

• About 30% of children were out of school because it was expensive or there was no money and 10% due to early marriages or pregnancies. • The highest proportion of children who were out of school because they were not interested was in Chiredzi and Mwenezi both at 36 33.3%. Social Protection

37 Households Which Received any Form of Support

100 98 95 94 90 86 83 79 80 77 77 74 69 70 67 65 64 63 60 60 57

50

40

30 Proportion of Households(%)of Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province 2020 2021

• Chivi ( 95%) had the highest proportion of households receiving support from all the sources. 38 Peak Hunger Period Support

100

90

80 69 70

60 55 57 49 49 50 45 40 41 39 40 38 40 36 30 30 31

30 26 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 19 20 20 18 15 8 8 10 5

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Gvt UN/NGO Both Govt &UN/NGO

• During the peak hunger period 49% of households received support from Government, 31% from UN/NGO and 18% from both Government and UN/NGOs. • (30%) had the highest proportion of households receiving assistance from both government and UN/NGOs. 39 Sources of Any Form of Support

Government UN/NGO Urban Charitable Support Support Church Support Rural Relatives Relatives Groups District (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Diaspora (%) (%)

Bikita 55 42 5 7 11 3 0

Chiredzi 44 31 5 7 7 8 3

Chivi 76 50 23 33 24 21 9

Gutu 50 5 4 10 23 4 1

Masvingo 40 24 2 4 13 7 1

Mwenezi 39 38 3 6 3 3 4

Zaka 58 33 9 32 38 19 3 Masvingo Province 52 32 7 14 17 9 3

• Government (52%) remains the main source of support offered to the province. • Only 3% of the households received support from Charity groups.

40 Forms of Support From Government

Livestock Other COVID-19 Crop support: Livestock livestock WASH Weather related Food Cash inputs pass-on support: Teak support inputs and climate support (%) (%) (%) (%) grease(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Other

Bikita 59.3 1.5 58.5 0 0 0 15 0.7 0.7 0

Chiredzi 82.3 1.8 25.7 0 0 0 0.9 0 0 1.8

Chivi 72.6 2.7 36.6 1.1 10.2 5.4 1.6 0 0.5 9.7

Gutu 63 0 49.6 0 18.9 0.8 0 0 3.9 0.8

Masvingo 71.8 2.9 39.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mwenezi 81.8 0 20.2 0 0 0 1 1 2 4

Zaka 59.9 12.9 55.1 0 0.7 0 2 0 0 0 Masvingo Province 69.3 3.4 41.9 0.2 4.8 1.2 1.1 0.2 1 2.7

• Of the 52% households which received support, Food and crop inputs were the major forms of support received across the districts in the province. • Chiredzi (82.3%) had the highest proportion of households receiving food assistance with Bikita (59.3%) having the least. 41 • The proportion of households receiving crop inputs was highest in Bikita (58.5%) and Mwenezi (20.2%) had the least. Forms of Support From UN/NGOs

Livestock Livestock Other Weather COVID-19 support: support: livestock WASH and related Food Cash Crop inputs pass-on Teak support Inputs climate support (%) (%) (%) (%) grease (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Other

Bikita 97.1 1.9 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

Chiredzi 88.2 2.6 11.8 0 0 0 2.6 0 0 7.9

Chivi 92.9 4 5.6 1.6 0 1.6 2.4 0 1.6 8.7

Gutu 81.3 6.3 12.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Masvingo 86.9 6.6 8.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.9

Mwenezi 92 2.3 4.6 1.1 2.3 1.1 3.4 0 4.6 2.3

Zaka 94.1 7.1 0 0 0 0 5.9 0 0 0 Masvingo Province 92.1 4 5 0.7 0.4 0.5 2.5 0 1.3 4

• Of the 32% of households that received support from UN/NGOs in Masvingo province the highest proportion was in Bikita (97.1%). • Gutu (12.5%) had the highest proportion of households which received support in the form of Crop inputs. 42 Agricultural Production

43 Cereal Stocks

44 Household Cereal Stocks as at 1 April 2021

District Cereal stocks (kgs)

Bikita 28.7

Chiredzi 38.6

Chivi 28.1

Gutu 21.4

Masvingo 20.7

Mwenezi 15.3

Zaka 17.4

Masvingo Province 22.7

• The average household cereal stocks as at 1 April for the province was 22.7kgs.

• Chiredzi had the highest average stocks (38.6kgs) whilst Mwenezi had the least (15.3kgs).

45 Maize Stocks from Casual Labour and Remittances

Casual Labour (Kgs) Remittances (Kgs)

Bikita 38.2 9.9

Chiredzi 6.7 0.0

Chivi 8.0 3.1

Gutu 34.0 0.0

Masvingo 18.9 0.2

Mwenezi 12.0 0.1

Zaka 20.9 2.4

Masvingo Province 18.7 1.4

• On average households received 18.7Kgs from casual labour and 1.4 Kgs were from remittances.

46 Households that Grew Various Crops

97 100 96 95 94 92 90 86

80 75 75 69 69 70 68 64 59 59 58 60 56 51 51 50 51 5049 49 49 48 50 50 4647 48 42 41 40 40 37 37 34 36 35 34 36 29 30 30

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 23 22 2122 20 21 22 17 19 20 14 13 12 13 13 11 9 10 7 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8 10 4 5 5 5 2 0 Maize Sorghum Finger millet Pearl milllet Tubers Cowpeas Groundnuts Roundnuts Sugar beans Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Maize was the most commonly grown crop (86%) in the province followed groundnuts, roundnuts, tubers, cowpeas and sorghum. • Over 75% of households in Zaka grew tubers.

47 Cereal Self Sufficiency

Period Districts

0 – 3 Months -

4- 6 Months Chivi

7- 9 Months -

9 – 12 Months Bikita, Masvingo, Mwenezi, Zaka

Over 12 months Gutu, Chiredzi

• In the province, 2 out of 7 districts produced over 12 months supply of cereal, 4 have 9- 12 Months supply. • Thus issues of accessibility need to be addressed so that grain is accessible to wards and districts which are not self sufficient. Livestock

49 Households which Owned Cattle

100 12 9 16 17 14 16 90 5 19 21 5 2 4 5 80 6 12 9 18 6 5 16 13 70 12 9 7 13 12 13 6 6 10 60 14 10 50

40 65 30 60 58 55 59 57 52 50 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Zero One to Two Three to Four Five > Five

• The proportion of households that did not own cattle remained high (57%). • The highest proportion of households that owned more than five (5) cattle was in Zaka (21%) and the lowest was in Chivi (9%).

50 Households which Owned Draught Cattle

100 0 0 4 5 3 2 03 4 2 12 2 2 1 7 10 90 7 7 14 14 18 15 8 16 80 19 17 20 13 70 23

60

50

40 77 78 74 70 69 64 67 30 59

Proportion of households (%) householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Zero One to Two Three to Four Five > Five

• The proportion of households that did not own draught cattle in the province was 70%. • Mwenezi (15%) had the highest proportion of households that owned more than two (2) draught cattle. • Chiredzi (78%) had the highest proportion of households that did not own draught power.

51 Households which Owned Goats

100 4 4 12 10 13 18 16 14 90 2 23 13 6 5 5 11 5 80 6 14 10 7 18 13 70 14 9 10 10 14 12 60 9 15 14 50 9

40 64 67 30 57 58 53 57 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 48 50 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Zero One to Two Three to Four Five > Five

• The proportion of households that did not own goats in the province was 57%. • (67%) had the highest proportion of households that did not own goats. • The highest proportion of households that owned more than 5 goats in the province was in Mwenezi (23%) and the lowest was in Bikita (4%).

52 Households which owned Poultry

100

90 80 80 80 76 70 70 70 66 63 60 55

50

40

30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• The proportion of households that owned poultry in Masvingo province was 70%. • Gutu and Zaka having the highest of 80% and Chiredzi having the least (55%).

53 Average Livestock Numbers per Household

10

9

8

7 6.1 6.2 5.9 6 5.4 5.2 4.9 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.6 5 4.4 4.5 4.0 3.9 3.9

4 3.3 Number of livestock livestock ofNumber 3

2

1

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Cattle owned Goats owned

• Of those that owned cattle the average cattle herd size was 5, with the average goat flock size at 4.6. • Chiredzi had the highest average holding of both cattle (6.1) and goats (6.2) per household. • Chivi and Mwenezi (3.9) had the lowest average number of cattle whilst Bikita (3.3) had the lowest for goats

54 Livestock Offtake Rates

Cattle Goat 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 41

40 40

Offtake (%) Offtake (%) Offtake 30 30 24 23 19 20 18 18 20 20 13 10 7 8 6 10 3 2 5 2 10 0 0

• Percentage offtake refers to the number of animals sold/slaughtered annually as a fraction of total herd. It is an indicator of the business approach in livestock production, and its contribution to household livelihoods. • Offtake rates for cattle were generally low with a provincial average of 6%. • Chivi had the highest cattle offtake (10%) while Chiredzi and Masvingo had the least cattle offtake (2%).

• The highest goat offtake was in Mwenezi (41%) and lowest in Gutu (13%). 55 Theileriosis (January Disease) and Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks

• Theileriosis is a tick-borne disease that has caused most of the cattle fatalities in the last three years. Case fatality of up to 60% for theileriosis have been reported. • Lumpy skin disease was more widespread, affecting all provinces.

Source: Department of Veterinary Field Services 56 Cattle Mortality Rate by District

• Masvingo district was among the 12 districts in the country which reported mortality rates of over 30%.

57 Cattle Deaths and Causes

Households that Reported Cattle Deaths Causes of Deaths 100 03 7 14 7 100 1 5 0 15 13 3 11 3 8 6 5 7 4 5 90 14 24 3 19 4 10 90 80 22 6 13 16 4 14 80 70 14 30 28 70 14 35 60 30 20 27 60 74 71 50 26 81 50 86 98 93 40 33 40 69 76 30 30 51 50 52 47

20 45 40 20 47 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 10 25 Householdsof Proportion 10 20 15 22 0 0 6 1 2

Other Floods/cyclone Zero One to Two Three to Four Five > Five Slaughter for own consumption Predators Diseases Drought/Lack of water • About 53% of households reported to have lost one or more animals to death. • Of these 71% of the households reported that diseases were the main cause of death and 22% indicated that the cause of death was drought/water shortages. • Mwenezi (76%) had highest proportion of Households that reported livestock deaths due to drought/water shortages 58 Goat Mortality Rate by District

• Goat mortality cross all districts in Masvingo province was above 15% • Chivi (35%) and Masvingo (29%) reported highest goat mortality rate in the province.

59 Calving Rate

• Calving rate, defined as the proportion of cows/heifers that dropped calves over a defined period of time, is a measure of productivity of the cow herd. • Calving rate was low (below 50%) across all districts.

60 Value Chain Practices

61 Market Information Access 100

90

80

70

60

50

40 33 29 30 24 24

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 19 19 18 20 15 17 15 13 11 11 11 10 11 7 8 10 4 3 2 4 2 3 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Familiar with market information on prices, demand or product quality requirements. Used market information on prices, demand or product quality requirements. Trainined on market information on prices, demand or product quality requirements.

• In the province, only 18% of the households indicated that they had accessed market information through various channels and only 10% managed to use it. 62 Use of Improved Granary and Community Granaries

Knowledge and practices on Improved Granary Knowledge and practices on Community Granaries

100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 33 40 30 24 30 20 17 17 19 18 20 11 13 11 20 9 8 11 7 6 6 2 4 3 3 1 4 3 2 2 4 2 1 3 10 4 4 5 2 3 4 5 4 5 3 2 4 6 10 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

0

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion

Familiar with Improved granary at household Familiar with Community Granaries Used Improved granary at Household Used Community Granaries Trainined on Improved Granary at Household Trained on Community Granaries

• Use of improved granaries was still limited as only 4% indicated that they had used them. About 1% also indicated that they had used community granaries. • The low use of improved granaries has a negative effect on post harvest management.

63 Post- Harvest Grain Storage Conditions

100 100 90 90 90 85 80 80 70 70 60 70 61 50 60 55 40 49 50 30 50 44 20 14 161515 14 40 8 8 38 37 39 10 3 3 3 5 4 5 2 4 4 5 40 (%) Households of Proportion 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 3331 31 0 30 27 20 19 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 18 1312 10 6 3 4 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Familiar with Temperature and humidity control (hermetic bag, air-tight box, Province metal silo) Used Temperature and humidity control (hermetic bag, air-tight box, metal Familiar with Store in bag with artificial chemicals at the household silo) Used Store in bag with artificial chemicals at the household Trained on Temperature and humidity control (hermetic bag, air-tight box, Trained n on Store in bag with artificial chemicals at the household metal silo)

• About 39% of households were storing their grain in bags and using grain protectants. • The proportion of households which were familiar with, used and were trained on the use of temperature and humidity control was generally low. 64 Climate Smart Agriculture

65 Household Knowledge and Practice of Pfumvudza

100 90 90 80 80 80 74 74 76 68 69 68 70 65 63 63 62 59 61 61 59 61 60 54 56 50 41 40 40 32 30 27

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 10 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Households Familiar with Pfumvudza Households which Practised Pfumvudza Households Trained on Pfumvdza

• At provincial level, 76% of households were familiar with Pfumvudza, 54% had practiced it and 56% had received training. • Zaka (68%) and Gutu (68%) had the highest proportion of households which practiced Pfumvudza whilst Chiredzi (27%) had the least.

66 Use of Quality Certified Seed

100

90 78 80 69 70 66 67 65 65 62 61 59 60 55 50 50 49 50 41 42 40 40 38 38 40 35 29 29 30 27

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 15 10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Households Familiar with Certified Seed Households which used Certified Seed Households Trained on Certified Seed

• The use of quality certified seed was 49% in the province. • Masvingo district had the highest usage of certified seed at 67%.

67 Use of Community Seed Banks

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 19 20 17 16 10

Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 8 10 4 6 6 4 5 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 1 0 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Households Familiar with Seed Banks Households which used Seed Banks Households Trained on Seed Banks

• The proportion of households using community seed banks was relatively low at 4% for the province with Masvingo district having the highest proportion of 17%.

68 Households which Adapted Suitable Improved Seed

100

90

80

70 60 60 57 52 51 50 50 47 46 45 43 40 42 40 36 36 36 36 34 30 29 30 22 Proportion of Households(%)of Proportion 20 17 16 9 9 10 6

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Households Familiar with Improved Varieties Households which used Improved Varieties Households Trained on Improved Varieties

• At provincial level, 34% of the households adapted to the use of suitable improved varieties with the highest percentage reported in Gutu (51%). 69 Households Growing Small Grains

100 88 90 84 80 72 69 70 65 67 67 63 60 60 52 53 53 50 51 50 50 46 41 38 38 40 35 37 33 29 30

Proportion of Households(%)of Proportion 19 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Households Familiar with Small Grains Househlds which Grew Small Grains Households Trained on Small Grains

• About 50% of the households in the province grew small grains. • Mwenezi (67%) had highest proportion of households growing small grains while Bikita (35%) had the least.

70 Crop rotation

100

90 84 80 69 68 70 63 61 62 63 60 55 55 51 49 51 48 47 47 50 45 46 46 43 44 40 40 35 33 29

30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Households Familiar with Crop Rotation Households which Practised Crop Rotation Households that Received Training on Crop Rotation

• Crop rotation was practiced by 51% of the households across the province.

• Gutu (69%) had the highest number of households practicing crop rotation with the lowest being Chivi (43%). 71 Use of Compost

100

90 81 83 80 72 72 69 67 70 64 62 60 58 57 54 52 50 52 49 48 50 43 40 39 40 34 33 31 31

30 26 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Households Familiar with Compost Households which used Compost Households Trained on Compost

• About 52% of the households used compost across the province. • The use of compost was highest in Bikita (72%) and lowest in Mwenezi (26%).

72 Use of Drip Irrigation 100

90

80

70

60

50

40 30 30 26

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 22 22 18 20 12 12 9 10 7 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 1 0 1 2 2 2 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Households Familiar with Drip Irrigation Households Using Drip Irrigation Households Trained on Drip Irrigation

• The use of drip irrigation was low across all districts (2%).

73 Plant Spacing

100

90

80

70 67

60 53 50 44 40 38 32 33 28 29 30 28

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 22 20 22 21 20 20 17 16 15 13 10 7 7 6 4 4 4 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Households Familiar with proper spacing Households which practised proper spacing Households Trained on spacing

• Only 21% of households in the province used aappropriate plant spacing.

74 Intercropping Practice

100

90

80 72 70 60 60 55 55 52 52 50 48 50 43 41 39 38 40 40 38 38 34 32 29 29 30 26 27 23 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 15 15 10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Households Familiar with Intercropping Households which practised Intercropping Households Trained on Intrecropping

• Intercropping was practiced by 38% of the households in the province.

• Gutu (55%) had the highest number of households practicing intercropping while Chivi (23%) had the least.

75 Cover Cropping 100

90

80

70

60

50 43 45 40 30 30 31 31 30 30 25 26 23 25 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 19 17 19 19 18 20 15 14 11 13 12 10 7 4 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Households Familiar with Cover Cropping Households which practised Cover Cropping Households Trained on Cover Cropping

• Cover cropping was practiced by only 19% of the households in the province. • Mwenezi (31%) had the highest number of households practicing cover-cropping with the least being Chivi( 4%).

76 Mulching

100

90 82 80 81 80 77 76 73 75 70 61 60 56 51 52 49 50 48 50 46 46 46 48 40 41 40 37 35

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 30 31 30

20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Households Familiar with Mulching Households which practised Mulching Households Trained on Mulching

• At least 48% of the households practiced mulching in the province. • Bikita (61%) had the highest proportion of households using mulch with the lowest being Mwenezi (31%).

77 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 100

90

80

70

60 47 50 45 43 42 41 40 33 34 31 32 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 30 30 29 30 26 25 26 22 23 23 24 24 20 15 8 9 10 7

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Households Familiar IPM Households which practised IPM Households Trained on IPM

• The use of integrated pest management practices was 26% in the province with the highest practice reported in Gutu (45%).

78 Agricultural Produce Markets

79 District Cattle Prices (USD)

• Cattle prices in Masvingo province ranged from USD 241 to USD 361. • The highest average cattle prices for Masvingo province were reported in Chiredzi and Chivi (USD 361). • The lowest prices were reported in Gutu (USD 241).

80 District Goat Prices (USD)

• In Masvingo province goat prices ranged from USD 29 to USD 37. • The highest goat prices were recorded in Chivi (USD 37). • The lowest prices were recorded in Mwenezi (USD 29).

81 District Average Maize Grain Prices

• Maize grain prices in Masvingo province ranged from USD 5 to USD 8 per 20l bucket. • The lowest maize grain prices for Masvingo province was reported in Masvingo district at USD 5. • The Highest maize grain prices were recorded in Gutu at USD 8 per 20 litre Bucket.

82 District Maize Meal Prices (USD)

• Maize meal prices in Masvingo province ranged from USD 5 to USD 8 per 10kg bag. • The highest price of Maize Meal was reported in Gutu (USD 8) and the least in Masvingo district ( USD5).

83 Income and Expenditure

84 Current Most Important Source of Income

Currency trade 0 Collecting scrap/waste material for re-sale 0 Rentals 0 Begging 0 Cross border 0 Government social transfers 0 Gathering natural products for sale e.g. firewood 1 Non-state social transfers 1 Fishing 1 Other 1 Gifts 1 Skilled trade/artisan 1 Small scale mining/mineral sales 1 Own business 2 Petty trade 2 Beer brewing 2 Pension 2 Cash crop production 3 Livestock production/sales 5 Vegetables production/sales 7 Food crop production/sales 7 Remittances outside 8 Formal salary/wages 11 Remittance within 13 Casual labour 31 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Proportion of Households (%)

• Most households relied on Casual labour (31%) as the most important source of income, followed by remittances within (13%) and formal salary/wages (11%). 85 Average Household Monthly Income (USD) for April 2021

140 125 120 108

100 86 80 80 65

USD 60 62 60 52 54 47

40 31 28 30 21 20 17 15

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

2020 2021

• The average monthly income for April in the province was USD 80. • Chivi (USD 125) had the highest monthly income whilst Gutu (USD 54) had the least. 86 Average Household Monthly Expenditure (USD) for April 2021 60 54

50 42 40 40 36 36 31 30 28 USD 26 26 24

20 17 16 12 10 9 10 7

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

2020 2021

• Average expenditure for the month of April was USD 36. • Mwenezi (USD 24) reported the lowest expenditure for the same month. 87 Food Expenditure

100

90

80 70 72 68 70 63 64 64 60 62 60 57 54 53 54 54 51 51 50 46

40

30

20 Proportion of Food Expenditure (%) Expenditure Food of Proportion 10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province 2020 2021

• Proportion of food expenditure was 54%, a decrease from 64% reported in 2020. • This implies that households had less to spend on other essential services such as health and education.

88 Average Household 6 Month Expenditure

80 76

70

60

50

USD 40 33 30

20 15 9 10 8 5 3 1 0 Education Agriculture Other Construction Business Medical Social Taxes expenses

• The highest expenditure on educational costs (USD 76) and the least was on social events (USD 1).

89 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

90 Ladder for Drinking Water Services Service Level Definition Safely Managed Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination. Basic Drinking Water Basic drinking water services are defined as drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing.

Limited Drinking Water Services Limited water services are defined as drinking water from an improved source, where collection time exceeds 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing. Unimproved Water Sources Drinking water from an unprotected dug well or unprotected spring.

Surface Water Sources Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation channel.

Note : “Improved” drinking water sources are further defined by the quality of the water they produce, and are protected from faecal contamination by the nature of their construction or through an intervention to protect from outside contamination. Such sources include: piped water into dwelling, plot, or yard; public tap/standpipe; tube well/borehole; protected dug well; protected spring; or rainwater collection. This category now includes packaged and delivered water, considering that both can potentially deliver safe water.

91 Access to Improved Water

100

90 88 80 80 78 76 72 69 70 60 60 56

50

40

30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• At provincial level the proportion of households with access to improved water was 72%.

92 Households using Unimproved Water Sources

100

90

80

70

60

50 44 40 40 31 30 28

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 24 20 22 20 12 10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• In the province the proportion of households using unimproved water sources was 28%. • Chivi (44%) had the highest proportion of households using unimproved water sources. 93 Main Drinking Water Services 100 3 3 6 11 9 15 12 15 90 21 17 2 18 80 6 17 16 28 12 70 22 25 14 12 28 60 7 50 13 86 40 67 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 30 58 57 53 53 49 20 44

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Basic water services Limited water services Unimproved water services Surface water services

• The proportion of households accessing basic water services in Masvingo province was 58%. • Gutu (28%) had the highest proportion of households using unimproved water sources.

94 Access to Adequate Domestic Water

100 95 97 96 95 97 96 96 96 96 95 93 93 93 92 91 91 91 90 91 90 90 90 90 90 88 87 84 84 84 83 83 81 80 80

70

60

50

40

30

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Drinking Needs Cooking Needs Personal Hygiene Needs Other Domestic Needs

• At provincial level at least 90% of the households reported having adequate water for cooking, drinking, personal hygiene and other domestic needs.

95 Distance Travelled to Main Water Source

100 3 9 7 90 18 18 25 24 33 33 80 25 27 70 20 30 60 51 29 50 35

40 73 68 30 64 55

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 52 20 38 32 31 10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Less than 500m More than 500m but less than 1 km 1km and above

• At provincial level, 52% of the households travelled a distance of less than 500m to get to a water source. • Chivi and Mwenezi (33%) had the highest proportion of households travelling a kilometre and more to get to a water source. 96 Fetching Water for Cooking and Drinking

100 87 88 87 90 84 86 84 81 80 74 70

60

50

40

30 22

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 16 12 12 13 11 8 10 10 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 2 1 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Adult woman [15 years and above] Adult man [15 years and above] Female child [under 15 years] Male child [under 15 years]

• The role of fetching water in Masvingo province was mainly performed by adult women (15 years and above). • Chivi (22%) had the highest proportion of households with adult men (15 years and above), preforming the role of fetching water for

cooking and drinking. 97 Time Spent Queuing at Water Source and Violence at Water Source

Time spent at water source Violence at Water Source

100 100

90 86 90 79 78 80 80 70 71 67 70 70 61 60 55 60 50 50 40 31 40 30 19 30 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 18 18 17 20 16 (%) Violence of Prevalence 13 12 14 12 9 9 9 6 8 20 10 5 4 4 4 1 0 2 1 1 10.4 0 10 4.1 5.5 4.1 2.5 1.2 2.5 2.4 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo 0 Province Less than 15minutes (or within premises) 15- 30 minutes Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo 30 minutes - 1 hour More than 1 hour Province

• The proportion of households spending less than 15 minutes queuing at a water source or within premises was 71%. • Chiredzi and Mwenezi (9%) had the highest proportion of households queuing for more than an hour at a water source. • Chiredzi (10.4%) also recorded the highest proportion of households reporting violence. 98 Ladder for Sanitation

Service level Definition Safely Managed Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Basic Sanitation Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households. Facilities

Limited Sanitation Use of improved facilities shared between two or more households. Facilities

Unimproved Sanitation Facilities that do not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. Facilities Unimproved facilities include pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines.

Open Defecation Disposal of human faeces in fields, forest, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches or other open spaces or with solid waste. Note: Improved sanitation facilities: Facilities that ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. They include flush or pour flush toilet/latrine, Blair ventilated improved pit (BVIP), pit latrine with slab and upgradeable Blair latrine.

99 Access to Improved Sanitation

100

90

80 53.4 70 56.5 56.9 55.5 63 64.5 69.3 70 60

50 4 2.4 40 6.1 6.1 0.4 5.9

30 3.6 0 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 42.5 42.1 20 37.4 37 36.6 27.1 30 29.5 10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Open defecation Unimproved Improved

• In the province, 64.5% of households had access to improved sanitation facilities. • Mwenezi (42.5%) followed by Zaka (42.1%) had the highest proportion of households practising open defaecation. 100 Ladder for Hygiene

Service level Definition

Basic Availability of a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water.

Limited Availability of a handwashing facility on premises without soap and water.

No Facility No hand washing facility on premises.

Note: handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy taps, and jugs or basins designated for hand washing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powdered detergents and soapy water but does not include sand, soil, ash and other handwashing agents.

101 Access to Hand Washing Facilities

100 03 5 4 10 7 0 7 11 0 11 0 0 90 0 0 0

80

70

60

50 97 95 93 96 89 89 90 93 40

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 30

20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province No service Limited Basic

• There were generally no handwashing facilities (93%) across the province. • Gutu (11%) and Chiredzi (11%) had the greatest proportion of households that had basic handwashing facilities. 102 Food Safety

103 Considerations when Purchasing Food 100 93

90 84 81 80 70 69 68 70 64 60

50 44 46 45 46 43 41 40 38 40 35 36 33 31 30

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 23 21 20 20 18 18 14 10 7 10 5 4 6 0 0 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Brand/source Expiry /Best before date Nutritional content Other

• In the province, 68% of households reported considering the expiry date when purchasing food for their families. • Masvingo (33%), had the greatest proportion of households which considered nutritional content when purchasing food. 104 Safe Preparation of Food

100 90 90 87 78 80 72 72 74 74 73 72 69 69 70 68 68 67 62 58 60 58 60 56 55 50 51 50

40 36 35

30

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10 7 0 1 1 0 2 2 2 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Use of safe water for preparation/ cooking Washing of hands with soap before preparation and serving of food Washing food utensils thoroughly with safe water and soap Do nothing

• 72% of households reported that washing hands with soap before preparation and serving food was important in safe food preparation. • Only 2% of households did nothing to ensure food safety during preparation of food.

105 Household Food Safety During COVID-19 Lockdown Period

100 87 90 83 80 68 70 66 63 63 63 64 60 60 54 52 48 50 43 43 38 40 37

30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Buying perishables in bulk as formal shops were too far Eating food undergoing spoilage

• Zaka (87%) had the highest proportion of households which bought perishables in bulk as formal shops were too far during the January to March 2021 national lockdown.

• At provincial level 48% of the households reported having to eat food under spoilage during the lockdown period. 106 Purchase of Expired or Spoiled Food

100

90

80

70

60 87.5 94.5 91.3 90.9 94.2 93.4 50 96.8 96.6

40

30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10 12.5 5.5 8.7 9.1 5.8 6.6 0 3.2 3.4 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Yes No

• Gutu (12.5%) had the greatest proportion of households which purchased expired or food undergoing spoilage due to its reduced price.

107 Information on Food Safety 100

90

80

70 71.3 70 68.9 60 77.6 78.8 86.6 86.9 90.5 50

40

30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 28.7 30 31.1 10 22.4 21.2 13.4 13.1 9.5 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Yes No

• In the previous twelve months preceding the survey only 21.2% of the households received information on food safety issues.

• Gutu (30%), had the greatest proportion of households which received information on food safety issues.

108 Access to Infrastructure and Services

109 Household which Received Agricultural Extension Services 100

90 80 80 69 70 67 62 59 60 58 58

50 41 40

30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• The proportion of households which were reached with agricultural extension support in the province was 62%. • Chivi (80%) had the highest proportion of households.

110 Households which Received Agricultural Training from Extension Officers

100 96 98 94 92 92 93 93 94 90 80 70 60 50 40 30

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 10 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Access to agricultural training was generally high throughout the province.

111 Households which Received Agriculture Extension Visits from Extension Officers

100 90 92 90 87 87 82 80 76 77

70 66

60

50

40

30

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Access to agricultural extension visits was generally high throughout the province with the exception of Zaka at 66%.

112 Households which Received Cropping Advice

100 94 93 90 88 90 84 84 86 86 80

70

60

50

40

30

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Approximately 88% of households in Masvingo Province received cropping advice from extension officers.

113 Households which Received Livestock Advice

100 90 81 80 75 76

70 65 61 58 60 55 54 50 40 30

Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 10 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Approximately 65% of households in the province had received livestock advice from extension officers.

114 Households Satisfied with Livestock Advice Received

100 91 89 90 87 79 80 73 75 70 67

60

50 47

40

30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Of the households that received livestock advice in Masvingo province, 75% were satisfied.

115 Households which Received Extension Support on January Disease

100 90 80 72 74 70 64 59 60 53 50 47 40 38 30 27

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 10 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• January disease extension support in Masvingo province was 53%.

116 Households which Received Extension Support on Fall Army Worm

100 90 88 79 80 76 75 77 75 68 70 63 60 50 40 30

20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Throughout the province, the proportion of households that were reached with extension support towards FAW was 75%. • Zaka (88%) and Gutu (79%) had the highest proportion of households reached. 117 Households which Received Extension Support on Weather and Climate

100

90 83 80 75 73 71 71 68 70 67 60 60 50 40 30

20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Gutu (83%) reported the highest proportion of households which received extension support on weather and climate, whilst Masvingo

Province had the lowest at 60%. 118 Access to Animal Health Centres

100 90 80 70 59 60 50 46 46 43 42 39 40 35

30 28 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 10 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Only 42% of the households with livestock in Masvingo province had access to animal health centres.

119 Satisfaction with Quality of Service Received from the Animal Health Centre Accessed 100 94 91 90 87 75 77 80 72 70 65 67 60 50 40 32 27 30 24 20 20 14

Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 13 9 10 10 7 5 3 3 1 4 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Not satisfied at all Somewhat satisfied Satisfied

• Generally, 72% of households in Masvingo province that had accessed animal health centres in the province were satisfied by the service. 120 Access to Police Services

121 Police Services Reachable within One Hour

100

90

80

70

60 56 52 50 47 45 46 47 43 40 40

30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Only 47% of the households in Masvingo province reported that they had police services reachable within one hour.

122 Access to Victim Friendly Services

100

90

80

70

60 52 50 41 41 40 37 38 40 35 30

Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 21 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Access to a victim friendly unit was reported by 38% of households in the province.

123 Approximate Distance of the Nearest Primary School

100 90 81 80 72 74 70 64 67 59 60 60 55 50 40 38 40 32 29 29 30 24 23 20 16 17 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 4 4 1 3 2 3 2 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Less than 5km 5 to 10km More than 10km

• About 67% households in the province reported to have access to a primary school within a distance of less than 5km. • Four percent of households reported travelling over 10km to access the nearest primary school.

124 Household Access to Health Related Information

100 96 93 90 91 89 90 85 83 82 80

70

60

50

40

30

Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Approximately 89% of households in the province had access to health related information.

125 Access to the Services of a Village Health Worker

100 94 93 92 93 90 89 91 90 88

80

70

60

50

40

30

Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• About 94% of households in Bikita reported that they had access to a Village Health Worker.

126 Approximate Distance to the Nearest Health Facility/Clinic

100 90 80

70 62 64 60 56 51 51 52 50 42 41 38 41 40 35 34 35 29 31 30 26 22 20 20 15 17 17

Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 9 10 10 3 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Less than 5km 5 to 10km More than 10km

• About 52% of the households reported to have access to a health facility within a distance of less than 5km. • Approximately 17% of the households reported travelling over 10km to access a health facility. 127 Access to Grain Storage Facility

100

90

80

70 62 60 54 50 45 39 40 38 30 30 23 21

Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Zaka (62%) had the highest proportion of households with access to a grain storage facility.

128 Structures Used to Store Grain

Ordinary room Traditional Ordinary Improved Metal silos (%) granary (%) granary (%) granary (%) Bin/drum (%) Crib (%) Hermatic bags (%) (%)

Bikita 85 13 1 1 0 0 0 0

Chiredzi 72 24 3 1 0 0 0 0

Chivi 43 25 15 0 2 5 10 0

Gutu 88 9 1 0 0 1 1 0

Masvingo 25 47 4 8 0 17 0 0

Mwenezi 35 52 10 1 0 1 1 0

Zaka 96 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 Masvingo Province 71 21 4 1 0 2 1 0

• In Masvingo province, about 71% of households were storing their grain in ordinary rooms which was above the national average of 63%.

129 Households which Received Early Warning Information 100 90 83 80 75 70 68 59 60 54 49 50 43 42 40 30

Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 10 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• At provincial level, the proportion of households which received early warning information on weather, climate change and seasonal performance was 59%. • Masvingo district (42%) had the least proportion of households which received early warning information. 130 Households which used Early Warning Information 100

90 83 85 77 80 74 69 71 70 66 63 60 50 40 30

20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Of those households which received the early warning information in Masvingo province, 74% reported to have used the information for planning response mechanisms.

131 Households with Members who Received Information on Public Health Diseases

Rabies (%) Anthrax (%) Cholera (%) Typhoid (%) Dysentery (%) Salmonella (%) Listeria (%)

Bikita 36.2 62.2 54.1 41.6 37.8 0.0 0.0

Chiredzi 47.1 30.3 69.3 30.3 14.7 2.5 1.7

Chivi 56.6 58.6 56.6 34.2 26.3 0.7 0.0

Gutu 51.0 63.5 86.5 25.0 13.5 5.2 2.1

Masvingo 40.4 45.0 78.3 49.2 15.8 1.7 0.4

Mwenezi 78.1 70.1 82.1 44.6 36.6 4.0 1.8

Zaka 45.4 67.8 97.3 33.3 6.6 1.6 1.1

Masvingo Province 50.8 55.1 74.7 38.2 22.0 2.1 1.0

• About 97.3% of households in reported that they had received information on cholera.

132 Sources of Information on Gender Based Violence

Other Friends household Social Internet Government Health Health and Radio member Television(Newspaper media browsing Extension workers promoters relatives UN/NGOs Police Other (%) (%) %) (%) (%) (%) Worker (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

Bikita 76.3 10.1 0.6 0.0 3.6 0.0 39.6 23.7 1.8 10.7 6.5 21.3 5.9

Chiredzi 68.9 10.7 6.8 1.0 3.9 0.0 5.8 21.4 0.0 9.7 4.9 20.4 1.0

Chivi 73.3 7.8 0.9 0.9 1.7 0.9 47.4 44.0 33.6 5.2 2.6 20.7 0.0

Gutu 85.3 10.1 5.4 3.1 3.1 0.0 27.9 17.1 4.7 0.8 0.8 17.1 2.3

Masvingo 67.0 5.5 30.3 19.3 9.2 1.8 42.2 42.2 34.9 22.9 3.7 23.9 10.1

Mwenezi 65.2 2.9 5.8 4.3 7.2 0.0 36.2 15.9 8.7 4.3 17.4 13.0 5.8

Zaka 41.5 3.8 2.3 0.0 10.0 0.0 33.8 10.8 17.7 10.8 16.9 8.5 20.0 Masvingo Province 68.7 7.6 6.8 3.6 5.3 0.4 33.8 25.0 13.9 9.3 7.0 18.1 6.7

• Radio (68.7%) was the most common source of information on Gender Based Violence, at provincial level the proportion was 69%.

133 Household Ownership of Infrastructure that Enhances Food and Nutrition Security

Solar Farming powered Nutrition Irrigation equipment Fowl runs water Borehole Storage Beehives gardening Agro- (%) (%) (%) source (%) (%) facility (%) Savings (%) (%) (%) forestry (%) Other (%) Bikita 0.5 0.5 20.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 82.8 0.0 13.5 Chiredzi 11.2 2.9 12.8 1.2 3.3 0.8 14.0 0.4 24.0 0.0 39.3 Chivi 19.1 2.9 9.1 22.0 2.5 5.4 1.7 0.0 65.1 0.0 22.0 Gutu 0.0 7.6 65.2 0.8 0.0 25.6 26.0 1.2 18.0 0.0 2.0 Masvingo 18.2 44.3 43.9 4.7 10.7 21.3 7.5 2.4 27.7 0.0 2.8 Mwenezi 1.8 32.4 41.8 0.0 1.3 4.0 2.2 0.0 36.9 0.4 28.9 Zaka 2.4 49.0 43.7 0.4 2.4 19.2 2.9 0.4 57.6 6.5 21.2 Masvingo Province 7.8 20.3 34.3 4.2 3.0 11.4 8.0 0.7 43.8 1.0 18.3

• Chivi (19.1%) had the highest proportion of households which reported to have irrigation infrastructure, whilst Zaka had the highest proportion of households with farming equipment (49%). • Food and Nutrition Security infrastructure is important in ensuring farming households enhance their ability to produce, store and utilise

food. 134 ISALS and Loans

135 Sources of Loans

Other financial services 3

Local trader/ shopkeeper 3

Micro finance institution 4

money Lender 4

Banks 10

ISAL/Mukando/Ukuqogelela 29

Friend/relative 55

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proportion of Households (%)

• Of the 6.1% households that received loans the majority of households reported that they received the loans from relatives or friends (55%).

136 Type of Loan and Primary Use of the Loan

Type of Loan Primary Use of the Loan

100 100 93 90 90 80 70 80 60 57 70 50 40 60 30 19 20 12 11 50 7 7 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 10 5 0 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 40

30

20

10 7

0 Cash Other

• Of those that received loans, the most common type received was cash (93%) which was mostly used for consumption (57%).

• About 19% of the households reported Education or school fees as the primary use of the loans received. 137 Households with a Member in an ISAL Group

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 14 12 13 12 11 9 10 9 8 8 9 10 8 10 5 7 7 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province 2020 2021

• About 11% of households in Masvingo province had a member in an Income Savings and Lending (ISAL) group. • This was an increase from 8% reported last year 2020.

138 Use of Share –out from the ISAL Group

100

90

80

70

60

50

40 36 29 30

Proportion of Householdesof(%) Proportion 20 17 14 13 12 9 10 1 0 Household Food Education Livestock purchase Financing Income Buying Agricultural inputs Health costs utensils generating construction and equipment projects materials

• In Masvingo Province about 36% of households reported that they used their Share-Out from ISAL group to buy household utensils.

139 Food Consumption Patterns

140 Food Consumption Score

Food Consumption Score Description Score Groups

POOR 0-21 An expected consumption of staple 7 days, vegetables 5-6 days, sugar 3-4 days, oil/fat 1 day a week, while animal proteins are totally absent

BORDERLINE 21.5-35 An expected consumption of staple 7 days, vegetables 6-7 days, sugar 3-4 days, oil/fat 3 days, meat/fish/egg/pulses 1-2 days a week, while dairy products are totally absent

ACCEPTABLE >35 As defined for the borderline group with more number of days a week eating meat, fish, egg, oil, and complemented by other foods such as pulses, fruits, milk

141 Food Consumption Patterns

100 10 10 90 24 26 32 30 16 35 36 80 23

70

60 29 30 31 29 50 39 40 40 75 68 30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 47 44 20 40 36 29 10 24

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Poor Borderline Acceptable

• About 44% of households had poor consumption patterns with Bikita (75%) having the highest proportion. • Zaka (36%) had the highest proportion of households with acceptable diets 142 Average Number of Days Households Consumed Food from the Various Food

Dairy 1

Meats 1

Fruits 1

Legumes 1

Vegetables 4

Oils 5

Cereals 6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Number of Days

• The frequently consumed food types were cereals (6 days), oils (5 days) and vegetables (4 days). • The least consumed foods were dairy products, meats, fruits and legumes which were consumed only 1 day during the 7 days preceding the

survey. 143 Household Hunger Scale

100 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 5 3 3 9 8 11 8 90 10 10

80

70

60

50 94 92 95 91 87 87 89 91 40

30 Proportion of Householdsof Proportion 20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Little to no hunger Moderate hunger Severe hunger

• At least 91% of households in the province reported little to no hunger while 9% were facing moderate to severe hunger.

144 Household Coping Strategies

145 The Coping Strategies Index (CSI)

• Households engage in various methods of coping when faced with food access challenges. The household consumption strategies are food

consumption behaviours that households adopt when faced with challenges in accessing food.

• The Reduced Coping Strategies Index (rCSI) considers both the frequency and severity of pre-selected coping strategies that a household used in the seven days prior to the survey. Reduced coping strategies index can be classified into three categories depending on the severity as shown below.

Low or no coping (CSI 0-3) Medium Coping (CSI 4-9) High Coping (CSI ≥10)

146 Household Consumption Coping Strategy Index (CSI)

100 90 80 70 60 51 Average CSI Average 50 38 40 31 30 27 26 25 21 18 20 16 15 13 12 8 10 6 7 6 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

2020 2021

• Household consumption coping strategy score decreased across all districts when compared to 2020.

• Mwenezi (31%) reported the highest CSI in the province, an indication that households from the district were facing challenges in accessing adequate food. 147 Household Consumption Coping Strategies

Send household members to beg 2 Send household members to eat elsewhere 3 Gather/hunt unusual types or amounts of wild food 3 Purchase/borrow food on credit 9 Skip entire days without eating 9 Harvest immature crops 12 Reduce adult consumption so children can eat 17 Borrow food or rely on help from friends or relatives 20 Rely on casual labour for food 21 Limit/reduce portion size at mealtimes 27 Rely on less expensive or less preferred foods 29 Reduce number of meals eaten per day 30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Proportion of Households (%)

• Reducing the number of meals consumed per day (30%), relying on less expensive foods (29%), and reducing meal portion size (27%) were the most commonly used strategies among the households which adopted consumption based coping strategies.

• The adoption of these strategies contribute negatively to nutrition outcomes. 148 Household Reduced Consumption Coping Strategy Index (rCSI)

100

90

80 76

70

60

50 46 45 47 44 44 42 44 45 40 32 31 31 31 28 28 30 27 30 26 25 23 22 19 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 8 10 5 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo province

No or low coping (CSI= 0-3) Medium (CSI = 4-9) High coping (CSI ≥10)

• Mwenezi (76%) had the highest proportion of households adopting high consumption based coping.

• Zaka (45%) had the highest proportion of households adopting low or no coping. 149 Households Livelihood Coping Strategies

• Livelihood Coping Strategies are behaviours employed by households when faced crisis and measures longer-term coping capacity of households. • The livelihoods Coping strategies have been classified into three categories namely stress, crisis and emergency as indicated in the table below.

Category Coping Strategy

Stress Borrowing money

Spending savings

Selling more non-productive livestock than usual

Selling household assets

Crisis Selling productive assets

Withdrawing children from school

Reducing non-food expenditure

Emergency Selling land

Begging for food

Selling the last breeding stock to buy food 150 Households Engaging in Livelihood Coping Strategies

Beg for food or other essential needs (e.g. health services) 1 82 1 16 Sold last female breeding stock to buy food or access essential needs 2 75 1 22 Sold more animals (non-productive) than usual to buy food or access… 5 72 2 21 Withdrew children from school because of hunger or to help work for food 4 87 0 9 Sold house or land to buy food or access essential needs (e.g. food, shelter,…0 68 1 31 Borrow money from a formal lender/bank 0 55 1 44 Spend savings essential needs (e.g. food, shelter, education services, health…0 56 2 42 Sold productive assets or means of transport (sewing machines, wheel… 1 65 1 33 Reduced non-food expenses on health (including drugs) and education 3 75 1 21 Sold household assets (refrigerator, radio, furniture, television, etc.) 4 61 1 34 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proportion of Households (%)

Yes No because it was not neccessary No because they had already engaged in this activity within the last 12 months and could not continue No,they did not have

• The main livelihood coping strategy engaged by households in Masvingo Province is selling more non-productive animals (5%).

151 Households Engaging in Livelihoods Coping Strategies

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 30

20 9 9 7 8 10 10 6 5 6 6 5 6 6 5 6 7 6 3 4 2 2 2 4 4 3 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Stress Crisis Emergency

• At provincial level, 3% of households resorted to emergency coping mechanisms.

• The proportion of households that resorted to emergency coping mechanisms was high in Chiredzi (5%) and Mwenezi (5%).

152 Households Engaging in Livelihoods Based Coping Strategies 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30 24

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 21 20 12 14 13 10 7 7 6 3 0 Stress Crisis Emergency 2019 2020 2021

• There was a general decrease in the proportion of households engaging in livelihood based coping strategies over the last three years. 153 Households’ Maximum Livelihoods Coping Strategies

100 2 5 2 2 4 4 3 4 6 5 5 3 6 6 6 6 90 9 6 9 7 7 6 8 10 80

70

60

50 90 86 40 81 84 83 81 81 84

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 30

20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Not coping Stress Crisis Emergency

• At provincial level, 84% of the households did not use any coping strategies to maintain their access to food and other basic goods/services .

• Bikita had the most households that did not engage in any livelihood coping strategies (90%). 154 Child Nutrition Status

155 Complementary Feeding Practices Based on Seven Food Groups 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 Proportion of Children (%) Childrenof Proportion 28.6 30 25.0 23.5 22.6 21.9 18.5 18.8 20 14.7 12.5 11.811.8 11.8 9.4 11.1 5.7 6.3 10 3.7 3.2 3.1 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Minimum Meal Frequecncy Minimun Dietary Diversity Minimum Acceptable Diet

• Masvingo had the lowest minimum meal frequency at 3.2% • A minimum acceptable diet is an indicator that combines information on children who received the minimum dietary diversity and the minimum meal frequency. It is essential to ensure appropriate growth and development for children aged 6-23 months. 156 Continued Breastfeeding Beyond 1 year

100

90

80 76 74 70 67 70 66 64 61 62 60 57

50

40

30 Proportion of Children (%) Childrenof Proportion

20

10

0 Manicaland Mash Central Mash East Mash West Mat North Mat South Midlands Masvingo National

• In Masvingo province, 62% of the children continued to be breastfed beyond 1 year.

157 Early Initiation of Breastfeeding

100 90 90 90 88 90 85 86 81 82 81 80

70

60

50

40

Proportion of children (%) childrenof Proportion 30

20

10

0 Manicaland Mash Central Mash East Mash West Mat North Mat South Midlands Masvingo National

• Masvingo province reached the target of 90%.

158 Child Illness 100

90

80

70

60 55

50

36 36 40 36 34 31 32 33 29 30 30 25 22 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 21 19 19 17 20 15 16 14 12 12 9 11 10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Cough Diarrhoea Fever

• Chivi district had highest proportion of children who had cough (55%), diarrhea (19%) and fever (36%) in the two weeks preceding the survey.

159 Recommended Vitamin A Supplementation Schedule for Children 6–59 Months of Age

Target group Infants 6–11 months of age Children 12–59 months of age

Dose 100 000 IU 200 000 IU

Frequency Once a year Twice a year (Every 6 months)

Route of administration Oral

160 Children aged 6-59 Months who Received the Recommended Dose of Vitamin A

100 100 89 90 86 86 85 78 80 75 75 71 68 71 68 70 64 61 62 62 63 60 57 54 51 50 40 31 30 26 18 Proportion of Children (%) Childrenof Proportion 20 13 10 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province 6-11 months 12-59 months 6-59 months Target

• The proportions of children who received the recommended dose of Vitamin A in the past 12 months were: 85% for 6-11 months; 51% for 12-59 months and 54% for the children 6-59 months.

• Only Chivi District (100%) reached the surpassed target of 90% for children 6-11 months.

• Bikita and Chivi districts (71%) had the highest proportion of children 6-59 months who received recommended Vitamin A doses and Chiredzi (18%) 161 had the lowest. Acute Malnutrition by District Based on MUAC Measurements

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30

Proportion of Children(%)of Proportion 20 11.111.1 10 6.2 5.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.2 0.9 1.9 1.9 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province GAM MAM SAM

• Bikita and Chivi both had high GAM rates above the WHO threshold of 5%. • However, the provincial GAM rate was 3.4 which is below the WHO threshold.

162 Gender Based Violence (GBV)

163 Forms of Gender Based Violence

Physical abuse (%) Sexual abuse (%) Refused to Refused to N No Yes answer No Yes answer

Manicaland 1741 94.3 3.7 2.0 97.6 0.6 1.8

Mash Central 1999 96.2 3.5 0.3 99.0 0.7 0.3

Mash East 2257 96.6 2.8 0.5 99.1 0.6 0.3

Mash West 1722 95.9 3.1 1.0 98.3 0.8 0.9

Masvingo 1747 97.2 2.4 0.4 99.0 0.6 0.5

Mat North 1747 97.0 1.9 1.1 98.2 0.7 1.1

Mat South 1736 97.3 1.6 1.1 98.8 0.2 1.0

Midlands 1999 95.7 3.8 0.5 98.5 0.9 0.6

National 14948 96.3 2.9 0.8 98.6 0.6 0.8

• In Masvingo province, 2.4% of the respondents reported having experienced physical abuse while 0.6% reported to have experienced sexual abuse. 164 Victims of GBV who Reported 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30 Proportion of Respondents (%) Respondents of Proportion

20 29 31 25 10 22 15 16 5 0 3 0 Manicaland Mash Central Mash East Mash West Masvingo Mat North Mat South Midlands National

• Of those who experienced GBV, none of the households in Masvingo province reported the incidents.

165 Sources of GBV Services

One stop Centre 1

Church 2

Relatives/Friends 2

UN/NGO 5

Health facility 16

Other 32

Victim friendly unit 43

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proportion of respondents (%)

• Of the 3% that experienced GBV in Masvingo province, the highest proportion of respondents (43%) got a service from the Victim Friendly Unit. 166 Spousal Violence

167 Incidence of Spousal Violence

Sexual abuse Physical abuse Emotional abuse Economical abuse Province (%) (%) (%) (%) N Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Manicaland 1389 2.16 3.34 4.82 5.18 8.76 9.35 5.58 5.68 Mash Central 1766 1.25 1.91 2.74 4.39 8.44 6.64 4.9 4.28 Mash East 2042 1.16 1.01 3.27 2.47 6.75 6.5 5.27 3.3 Mash West 1322 1.09 2.07 2.48 2.51 6.37 9.32 3.42 5.47 Masvingo 1562 0.63 1.16 1.46 2.15 3.34 2.64 1.78 2.31 Mat North 1464 0.9 0.38 1.8 0.63 3.29 2.76 2.54 2.76 Mat South 1627 2.02 1.36 3.92 2.86 6.83 4.64 4.7 4.37 Midlands 1597 0.23 1.49 2.09 1.49 4.3 4.34 2.67 2.17 National 12769 1.18 1.52 2.82 2.68 6.01 5.76 3.86 3.74 • There was high incidence of emotional abuse among spouses, 3.34% for males and 2.64% for females in Masvingo province. • Generally, emotional abuse was high for both males and females while sexual abuse had the lowest reported incidents.

168 Forms of Spousal Violence

10%

28%

21%

41%

Sexual abuse Physical abuse Emotional abuse Economical abuse

• Emotional abuse (41%) was the most prevalent form of abuse among spouses. • Sexual abuse was the least reported (10%). 169 Reported Incidence of Spousal Violence 100 0 0 03 3 1 13 7 4 9 10 90 13 8 3 80 43 32 18 36 70 64 44 44 44 60 8 50 11 32 7 2 40 2 0 13

Proportion of victims (%) victims of Proportion 30 30 36 44 13 27 20 29 37 34 10 19 16 7 12 10 11 0 3 Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Sexual Physical Emotional Economical Police Relatives Health facility No one Church Other

• Most victims of sexual abuse did not report to anyone, males 64% and females 44%. • Physical violence was mostly reported to the police by females (34%) and males either did not report (43%) or reported to relatives (30%).

• Emotional and economical violence were either reported to no one or to relatives by both males and females. 170 Victims who Sought Medical Attention as a Result of Spousal Violence

Sexual Physical Emotional Suffered Sought medical Suffered Sought medical Suffered Sought medical abuse (%) attention (%) abuse (%) attention (%) abuse (%) attention (%)

Manicaland 2.67 17.9 4.97 18.6 9.01 17.8

Mash Central 1.59 10.3 3.57 32.8 7.54 17.8 Mash East 1.08 11.5 2.84 17.2 6.62 16.1

Mash West 1.59 8.7 2.5 17.1 7.88 25.5 Masvingo 0.83 0 1.73 15.2 3.07 15.3

Mat North 0.61 0 1.16 16.2 3.01 13.5

Mat South 1.72 22.2 3.44 21.1 5.84 13.3 Midlands 0.81 15.6 1.82 17.2 4.32 21.8 National 1.34 11.8 2.76 20.1 5.9 18.3

• Medical attention was sought by 0% of those who suffered sexual violence, 15.2% for physical and 15.3% for emotional violence in Masvingo province meaning most cases go unreported amongst spouses. 171 COVID-19 and Livelihoods

172 Households that Ever Heard about COVID-19

99 99 100 99 100 100 98 99 99 99 100 98 94 90 96 92 90 80 70 70 60 50 40 30

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 10 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

2020 2021

• In Masvingo province 92% of households heard about COVID-19. • Gutu (70%) had the lowest proportion of households who were aware of COVID-19.

173 Sources of COVID-19 Information Current Sources Preferred Future Sources

Others 1 Social media 3 Road shows 1 Vehicles moving with hailers 1 Television 4 Posters 2 Print media 7 Traditional leaders 4 Newspapers 4 Posters 9 Churches 5 Television 7 Opinion leaders 10 Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) 8 Workshop 10 Social gathering 12 Social media 17 Radio 36 Health worker 31 Community/Village health… 66 Friends and relatives 41 Community Health Workers/Health… 48 Clinic/ Health facility 66 Radio 76 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proportion of households (%) Proportion of households (%) • The main sources of COVID-19 information in the province were reported to be radio (76%), Community Health Workers/ Health Volunteers (48%) and friends and relatives (41%).

• The main preferred future sources of information on COVID-19 in the province were reported to be: clinic/health facility (66%), community/village health workers (66%) and radio (36%). 174 COVID-19 Tollfree Numbers Awareness of the Availability of Tollfree Awareness of Tollfree Numbers Numbers 100 99 100 99 100 100 97 100 96 90 90 83 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 43 40 40 30 29 27 17 30 25 24 26 20 4 3 20 17 16 10 1 0 1 0 0 0

10 Proportion of households (%) householdsof Proportion 0 (%) householdsof Proportion

2019 2023 393 None of the above • The proportion of households which were aware of the existence of the COVID-19 toll free lines in the province was 26%, with Bikita (43%) having the highest proportion. About 74% of the households in the province were not aware the existence of the tollfree numbers and are of concern.

• Of those who were aware of the availability of toll free number, the most common toll free number was 2019 (97%) hence the need to raise the existence of the other lines. 175 Effects of COVID-19 on Livelihoods

100 90 81 80 70 66 60 60 54 53 53 53 47 50 45 43 43 44 38 41 40 35 32 33 29 30 30 30 27 20 20 Proportion of households (%) householdsof Proportion 19 20 16 19 14 15 11 13 8 14 9 9 10 5 9 7 4 2 2 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Loss of bussiness income Loss of employment Failed to access health facility Failed to access basic commodities Reduced sources of income Reduced salaries Reduced food sources Gender-based violance (GBV) Restricted access to agricultural markets

• At provincial level, the main effects of COVID-19 on livelihoods were reduction in food sources (35%) and sources of income (591%) leading to increased vulnerabilities.

• Mwenezi (81%) had the highest proportion of households that reported reduction in income sources, while Chiredzi (54%) reported reduction in sources of food. Most of the impacts could be attributed to the restrictive measures. 176 Access to Hand Sanitizers, Masks and Soap

100.0 98 97 89 90.0 84 84 85 81 82 81 79 80.0 78 78 78 72 74 70.0 67

60.0

50.0

40.0 35 33 30.0 24 22

Proportion of households(%)of Proportion 20 20.0 16 17 12 10.0

0.0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province Hand Sanitizers Masks Soap

• Access to masks (85%) and handwashing soap (79%) was high. However, access to sanitisers was very low (22%). • The trend was similar in all districts, that is, masks and soap were accessible whereas hand sanitizers were not easily accessible.

177 Affordability of PPE

100

90

80

70

60

50 44 40 32 30 26 22 22 Proportion of Households(%)of Proportion 20 10 12 10 8

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• About 22% of households in Masvingo province could afford COVID-19 personal protective equipment. • The lowest proportion was in Bikita at 8%.

178 How Household Members were Protecting Themselves from COVID-19

Frequently wash hands Cover mouth with soap Avoid Use a face with flexed Practice under Use alcohol touching mask in elbow when Avoid social Traditional/r Getting running based hand mouth, eyes public places sneezing and crowded distancing Use of eligious vaccinated water (%) sanitizers (%) and nose (%) (%) coughing (%) places (%) (%) herbals (%) practices (%) (%) Others (%) Bikita 71.5 15.9 37.8 50.4 23.6 55.7 58.1 5.7 5.3 0.8 0.4 Chiredzi 64.6 36.6 12.6 69.9 6.5 50.8 35.0 6.5 0.4 0.0 1.2 Chivi 71.6 10.3 20.2 61.7 12.3 25.1 42.8 0.8 0.0 0.8 1.2 Gutu 88.4 33.6 21.6 44.8 4.8 37.2 42.0 3.6 0.4 0.8 0.8 Masvingo 80.6 14.6 47.0 71.5 36.8 56.9 53.4 25.3 2.0 10.7 0.8 Mwenezi 74.2 13.7 14.6 88.4 18.0 30.9 50.2 1.7 0.4 0.4 1.7 Zaka 77.3 15.9 32.7 84.9 27.5 49.8 76.5 5.2 5.6 4.8 1.6 Masvingo Province 75.6 20.2 26.8 67.2 18.6 44.0 51.2 7.1 2.0 2.7 1.1

• The most common methods used by households to protect themselves from COVID-19 included frequent washing of

hands (75.6%), use of face masks in public places (67.2%) and practicing of social distance (51.2%). 179 Trust in the Covid-19 Vaccine 100

90 30 38 80 42 47 46 47 54 70 69 60

50 42

22 42 33 40 29 29

30 30 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 8 20 31 29 25 25 24 10 20 23 15 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Not at all Moderately Very much

• In Masvingo province about 73% of households reported that they trusted the COVID-19 vaccine. • Gutu (69%) and Bikita (54%) had the highest proportion of households which did not trust the vaccine. 180 Vaccine Concerns 100 0 4 1 1 2 4 3 6 6 7 5 7 5 8 90 6 6 6 23 14 80 13 15 24 19 70 20 60

50 91 87 40 75 77 74 66 69 30

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 56

20

10

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

None Having serious reactions Illness Other

• The majority of the households in Masvingo province indicated no concern about the COVID-19 vaccine (74%). • Having serious reactions (15%) was the most stated concern. 181 Shocks and Hazards

182 Proportion of Households Experiencing Shocks

100 90 80 69.9 72.6 70 60 50 41.4 40 37.0 35.4 28.4 25.5 25.2 30 20.1 20 11.6 10.0 6.7 6.0

Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 4.2 3.8 10 3.3 3.1 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.2 0

• Cash shortages (69.9%), water logging (72.6%) and crop pests (41.4%) were the most prevalent shocks experienced by households.

183 Number of Shocks/Stressors Experienced by Households

6 5.5

5 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9 4 3.6 3.4 3.5

3 Index

2

1

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Masvingo (5.5), Mwenezi (4.6) and Chivi (4.3) had the highest average number of shocks experienced by households.

184 Severity of Shocks

4 3 2 6 4 3 2 6 100 7 10 8 8 9 90 18 15 17 19 23 22 21 80 26 24 28 30 27 28 33 32 70 31 32 31 33 34 60 43 50 38 28 38 40 49 52 30 45 75

20 Proportion of households (%) householdsof Proportion 10 82 79 78 72 71 69 69 67 66 62 62 59 58 58 48 47 45 39 28 28 25 25 0

Severe Moderate Minor/Mild

• Death of main income earner(82%), floods (79%) and loss of key employment (78%) were reported to have had the most severe impact on households. 185 Average Shock Exposure Index 18

16 15.5

14 12.5 12 10.8 10.9 10.1 10.2 10 8.7 8.5

Index 8

6

4

2

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

• Shock exposure index was calculated by multiplying number of shocks experienced with impact severity of the shock to the household. • Masvingo district (15.5), Mwenezi (12.5)and Chiredzi (10.8) had the highest shock exposure index.

186 Households’ Perception of their Ability to Cope with Shocks

100 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 3 9 7 6 7 6 10 9 13 90 26 22 27 21 80 20 31 40 35 37 45 45 49 70 44 49 51 45 48 50 56 49 54 60 75 35 65 84 50 56 40 56 66 40 43 71 30 65 60 52 51 49 48 47 47 46 20 45 44 42 41 39 37 10 25 25 22 22 20 18 Proportion of Households(%)of Proportion 13 13 0

Unable to cope Able to cope with difficulty Able to cope without difficulty

• Most households perceived inability to cope with economic, livelihoods and weather-related shocks.

187 Comparison Between Shock Exposure and Ability to Cope 18

16 15.5

14 12.5 12 10.8 10.9 10.1 10.2 10 9.1 8.7 8.5

Index 8 7.6 7.2 7.1 6.8 5.9 5.6 6 4.9

4

2

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Shock exposure index Ability to cope index

• Shock exposure was higher than the ability to cope across all districts meaning households were not able to cope with most shocks experienced. • Households continue to be vulnerable to shocks and stressors and are not able to cope on their own. 188 Food Security

189 Food Security Dimensions

Figure 3: Dimensions of Food Security (Jones et al., 2013)

190 Food Security Analytical Framework

• Food security exists when all people at all times, have physical, social and economic access to food which is safe and consumed in sufficient quantity and quality to meet their dietary needs and food preferences and it is supported by an environment of adequate sanitation, health services and care allowing for a healthy and active life (Food and Nutrition Security Policy, 2012).

• The four dimensions of food security as give in Figure 3 are:

• Availability of food

• Access to food

• The safe and healthy utilization of food

• The stability of food availability, access and utilization

191 Food Security Analytical Framework

• Each of the surveyed households’ minimum expenditure or the emergency nutrition sensitive food basket

was computed from the following annual food basket requirement for an individual:

Food Items Individual Annual Requirement Maize Grain (Kgs) 148 Rice (Kgs) 15 Ration meat (Kgs) 14.6 Milk (Litres) 36.5 Cooking Oil (Litres) 13.5 Peanuts (Kgs) 0.73 Cabbage (Heads) 15 Beans (Kgs) 7.3 Sugar (Kgs) 12.1

192 Food Security Analytical Framework

• Each of the surveyed households’ potential to acquire minimum expenditure food basket (Figure 3) was computed by estimating the household's likely disposable income (both cash and non cash) in the 2021/22 consumption year from the following possible income sources;

• Cereal stocks from the previous season;

• Own food crop production from the 2020/21 agricultural season;

• Potential income from own cash crop production;

• Potential income from livestock ;

• Potential income from casual labour and remittances; and

• Income from other sources such as gifts, pensions, gardening, formal and informal employment.

193 Food Security Analytical Framework

• Household Food Security Status

• The total minimum expenditure food basket that could be acquired by the household from the cheapest available sources using its potential disposable income was then computed and compared to the household’s minimum expenditure food basket.

• When the total minimum expenditure food basket that a household could acquire was greater than its minimum expenditure food basket requirements, the household was deemed to be food secure. When the converse was true, the household was defined as food insecure.

• The severity of household food insecurity was computed by the margin with which its potential energy access was below its total minimum expenditure food basket requirements.

194 Food Security Analytical Framework

• Household Cereal Security Status

• From the total minimum expenditure food basket, the total energy that could be acquired by the household from the cheapest available sources using its potential disposable income was also extracted and compared to the household’s minimum energy requirements.

• When the potential energy a household could acquire was greater than its minimum energy requirements, the household was deemed to be food secure. When the converse was true, the household was defined as food insecure.

• The severity of household food insecurity was computed by the margin with which its potential energy access was below its minimum energy requirements.

195 Cereal Insecurity Progression by Income Source

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 95 93 93 95 94 93 90 90 91 91 91 91 90 89 91 90 89 90 86 86 87 87 87 86 85 86 82 83 81 77 77 80 73 70 60 51 50 43 40 35 34 36 36 27 30 24

Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 10 0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Cereal insecurity from cereals stocks Cereal insecurity from cereals stocks plus food crops Cereal insecurity from cereals stocks plus food crops plus cash crops Cereal insecurity from cereals stocks plus food crops plus cash crops plus remittances Cereal insecurity from cereals stocks plus food crops plus cash crops plus livestocks plus casual labour and remittances Cereal insecurity from cereals stocks plus food crops plus cash crops plus livestocks plus casual labour and remittances plus income

• After factoring in all the possible sources of household income into the food security model, 36% of households will be cereal insecure during peak hunger period. 196 Cereal Insecurity Progression by Quarter 100

90

80 76 73

70 65 66 64 64

60 57 51 51 49 50 43 43 40 40 35 35 36 34 34 36 36 36 36 32 30 28 29 29 30 27 27 28 Proportion of Households(%) of Proportion 23 24 24 23 21 20 22 20 18 18 17 14 14 13 14 12 13 13 10 6

0 Bikita Chiredzi Chivi Gutu Masvingo Mwenezi Zaka Masvingo Province

Apr - Jun Jul - Sept Oct - Dec Jan - Mar Cereal Insecure Below FPL

• About 36% of the households in Masvingo province will be cereal insecure during the peak of hunger period. • Mwenezi (51%) and Chiredzi (43%) will have the highest proportion of cereal insure households during the peak hunger period. • About 64% of households in Masvingo province will be below the food poverty line during the peak hunger period meaning they cannot meet the food requirements using income from all sources . 197 Cereal Insecure Population and Cereal Requirements by Quarter

Food Insecure Population Cereal Requirements (MT)

District Jul - Sept Oct - Dec Jan - Mar Jul - Sept Oct - Dec Jan - Mar

Bikita 42266 55097 64909 1564 2039 2402

Chiredzi 110661 139117 167573 4094 5147 6200

Chivi 35143 57010 67163 1300 2109 2485

Gutu 29375 40390 54160 1087 1494 2004

Masvingo 42969 57958 68951 1590 2144 2551

Mwenezi 75231 93324 119036 2784 3453 4404

Zaka 39299 54711 69352 1454 2024 2566

Masvingo Province 362455 486808 598629 13411 18012 22149

• During the peak hunger period , around 598 629 people will be food insecure and approximately 22 149 MT of cereal will be required for the province.

198 Community Development Challenges and Priorities

199 Development Challenges

Poor access to livestock/produce markets 0.9 Livestock theft 0.9 Drug Abuse 0.9 Unavailability of crop/livestock inputs on the local market 1.8 Poor Information Communication Infrastructure 1.8 Poor/ lack of Health and infrastructure 1.8 Gender Based Violence 1.8 No primary/secondary school in the ward 1.8 Other 2.6 Lack of /limited Water for crop and livestock production 2.6 Poor Water and sanitation facilities 2.6 Unemployment 2.6 High Livestock mortalities 2.6 Shortage of cash 2.6 Lack of/ limited Water for domestic use 3.5 High food prices 3.5 Lack of /intermittent Electricity supply 3.5 Unpredictable and unreliable rainfall patterns 4.4 Lack of Irrigation infrastructure 4.4 High cost of Inputs and implements 4.4 Livestock diseases 5.3 Draught Power shortage 6.1 Poor road infrastructure 7.0 Corruption 7.0 Prohibitive By-laws 7.0 Drought 7.9 Lack of income generating projects 7.9 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 Proportion of Communities (%)

• The commonly reported development challenges were lack of income generating projects and drought both at 7.9%, prohibitive bylaws, corruption and poor road infrastructure all at 7%. • Livestock diseases and lack of draught power were also listed amongst the major developmental challenges pointing to the need to pay 200 attention to initiatives that increase cattle herd and also mechanization of farmers. Masvingo Development Challenge Bikita (%) Chiredzi (%) Chivi (%) Gutu (%) Masvingo (%) Mwenezi (%) Zaka (%) Province (%) Prohibitive By-laws 26.7 0.0 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.7 7.0 Lack of income generating projects 13.3 33.3 11.1 7.7 4.5 0.0 4.3 7.9 Corruption 13.3 0.0 11.1 3.8 0.0 0.0 13.0 7.0 Draught Power shortage 13.3 0.0 0.0 7.7 9.1 0.0 4.3 6.1 Drought 6.7 0.0 0.0 3.8 9.1 0.0 21.7 7.9 Drug Abuse 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 No primary/secondary school in the ward 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 4.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 Lack of /intermittent Electricity supply 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.5 0.0 14.3 0.0 3.5 Gender Based Violence 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.0 4.3 1.8 Poor/ lack of Health and infrastructure 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 4.3 1.8 High food prices 0.0 0.0 5.6 11.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 Poor Information Communication Infrastructure 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 4.3 1.8 High cost of Inputs and implements 6.7 0.0 0.0 3.8 13.6 0.0 0.0 4.4 Lack of Irrigation infrastructure 0.0 0.0 5.6 0.0 4.5 28.6 4.3 4.4 Shortage of cash 6.7 0.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 High Livestock mortalities 6.7 0.0 5.6 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 2.6 Livestock diseases 0.0 33.3 0.0 11.5 4.5 0.0 4.3 5.3 Livestock theft 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.9 Poor access to livestock/produce markets 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.9 Poor road infrastructure 0.0 0.0 11.1 7.7 4.5 28.6 4.3 7.0 Unpredictable and unreliable rainfall patterns 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 13.6 0.0 4.3 4.4 Poverty 0.0 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 Unemployment 6.7 0.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 Unavailability of crop/livestock inputs on the local market 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 14.3 0.0 1.8 Poor Water and sanitation facilities 0.0 0.0 5.6 0.0 4.5 0.0 4.3 2.6 Lack of/ limited Water for domestic use 0.0 0.0 11.1 0.0 4.5 0.0 4.3 3.5 Lack of /limited Water for crop and livestock production 0.0 0.0 11.1 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 2.6 201 Other 0.0 33.3 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 2.6 Conclusions and Recommendations

• The proportion of households which will be cereal insecure during peak of hunger period was estimated to be 36% hence there is need to institute measures that cushion the most vulnerable through targeted food assistance by the responsible ministry. The targeted food assistance should be coupled with initiatives that strengthen household resilience.

• There was a fair adoption rate of Pfumvudza with 52% of households practicing it whilst 56% were trained. This is applaudable, however, the proportion of households practicing drip/micro irrigation was low at 4%. This predisposes households to the effects of long dry spells and drought. Government needs to roll-out a pro-small scale producer irrigation programs in order to reduce crop failure.

• Given that the average household cereal production was 239.0kgs (205.1kgs for maize and 33.9kgs for traditional grains) , 6 out of 7 of the districts produced cereals sufficient for at least 9 months and the use of improved granaries (4%) and other grain protection methods is limited. It is recommended that Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Resettlement scale up post harvest management trainings and technology transfer to farmers so as to salvage the harvest.

• Only 2.9% of children 6-59 months in Masvingo province were receiving the Minimum Acceptable Diet which is worrisomely low hence there is need to strengthen the production and consumption of diversified crops though various initiatives that include, production and consumption of legumes, small livestock production and nutrition education and counselling among caregivers.

202 Conclusion and Recommendations

• Access to improved water for the province was 72%, Chivi district (44%) and Gutu (40%) had the highest proportion of households using water from unimproved sources .Government and its partners to prioritize districts with significant proportion of households using unimproved water sources since this poses a huge heath risk. • Only 3% of the respondents reported to have experienced gender based violence either sexual or physical. Emotional violence (41%) was the most prevalent form of violence among spouses. Victims of Gender Based Violence and Spousal Violence either reported to relatives or did not report at all. The Government and its partners should strengthen mechanisms and community structures for effective awareness and referral systems on GBV. • The major cited developmental challenges were lack of income generating projects and prohibitive bylaws therefore there is need to further establish more details with the local authorities about the appropriate income generating projects that can be implemented within their areas and prohibitive bylaws that can be revised to ensure easy of doing business by locals. • Lack of draught power coupled with livestock diseases and deaths were also cited as developmental challenges by communities hence there is need to ensure the prevention and treatment of all forms of livestock diseases coupled with appropriate mechanization of farmers to address the draught power challenge. • About 74% of households in Masvingo province have no concern with the COVID-19 vaccine hence the Ministry of Health and child care should utilize this opportunity to continue with the vaccination programme so as to reach herd immunity in the population.

203