Mashonaland Central Province Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC) 2020 Rural Livelihoods Assessment Report Foreword
The Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC) under the coordination of the Food and Nutrition Council, successfully undertook the 2020 Rural Livelihoods Assessment (RLA), the 20th since its inception. ZimVAC is a technical advisory committee comprised of representatives from Government, Development Partners, UN, NGOs, Technical Agencies and the Academia. In its endeavour to ‘promote and ensure adequate food and nutrition security for all people at all times’, the Government of Zimbabwe has continued to exhibit its commitment for reducing food and nutrition insecurity, poverty and improving livelihoods amongst the vulnerable populations in Zimbabwe through operationalization of Commitment 6 of the Food and Nutrition Security Policy (FNSP).
As the country is grappling with the COVID-19 pandemic, this assessment was undertaken at an opportune time as there was an increasing need to urgently collect up to date food and nutrition security data to effectively support the planning and implementation of actions in a timely and responsive manner. The findings from the RLA will also go a long way in providing local insights into the full impact of the Corona virus on food and nutrition security in this country as the spread of the virus continues to evolve differently by continent and by country. In addition, the data will be of great use to Government, development partners, programme planners and communities in the recovery from the pandemic, providing timely information and helping monitor, prepare for, and respond to COVID-19 and any similar future pandemics. Thematic areas covered in this report include the following: education, food and income sources, income levels, expenditure patterns and food security, COVID-19 and gender based violence, among other issues.
We want to applaud the ZimVAC as well as the food and nutrition security structures at both provincial and district levels for successfully carrying out the survey during this unprecedented time. In spite of the apparent risks, they exhibited great commitment towards ensuring that every Zimbabwean remains free from hunger and malnutrition. We also extend our appreciation to Government and Development Partners for the financial support and technical leadership which made the assessment a resounding success. The collaboration of the rural communities of Zimbabwe as well as the rural local authorities is sincerely appreciated. The leadership, coordination and management of the whole assessment displayed by the staff at the Food and Nutrition Council (FNC) is also greatly appreciated.
We submit this report to you for your use and reference in your invaluable work. We hope it will light your way as you search for lasting measures in addressing priority issues keeping many of our rural households vulnerable to food and nutrition insecurity. George D. Kembo (DR.) FNC Director/ ZimVAC Chairperson 2 Table of Contents Foreword ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………..………………………………………………..2 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………..…………..……………………………………………….…….…4 Acronyms …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………..…………..………………………………………………..…………….6 Background and Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………..…………..………………….……………………..……………………7 Assessment Purpose …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………..…………..………………………………………………..…………..12 Assessment Methodology ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..…………..……………………………………………..……………..20 Demographic Description of the Sample ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..…………..…………………………………………..……………………29 Chronic Illness……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... ………………………………………..…………..……………………………………………..……………………..36 Education……..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….37 Social Protection ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………………………………………..……………………43 Crop Production .. …...... …………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………..…………..………………………………………………..………………….……..46 Effects of Fall Armyworm…….…………………………..……………………………..……………………………………………….………………………………………..…………..……………………………………………..…………………..……….……..50 Livestock Ownership……………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………54 Livestock Mortality………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………...58 Cattle Prices……..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………67 Extension Service Provision..…………………………………………………………………….……………..……..………………………………………………………..…………..……………………………..……….…………………………………………..71 Access to Livestock Extension Services……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………………………………………..……….…..….………76 Income and Expenditure ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………………………………………..…………………..……….…………….81 Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….……..88 Access to Infrastructure…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..101 ISALS and Loans…………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….………………………. ……………..……………………………………………………..……….111 Food Consumption Patterns…………………………………………………………………..……………….……………..……..…………………………………………………………..…………..……………………………..…..………………………..……116 Consumption of Non-Timber Forrest Food Products…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………129 Household Coping Strategies…………. …..…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………..…………..……………………………………………………..…...………134 Complementary Feeding Practices…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..……….139 Child Nutrition Status……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….….143 Gender Based Violence…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………148 COVID-19…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….153 Shocks and Hazards……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………168 Food Security……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..176 Conclusions and Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…180 3 Acknowledgements The technical and financial support received from the following is greatly appreciated: • Office of the President and Cabinet • Food and Nutrition Council • SIRDC • Ministry of Finance and Economic Development • Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) • Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water and Rural Resettlement • Ministry Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare • Ministry of Health and Child Care • Ministry of Local Government and Public Works • Ministry of Women Affairs, Community, Small and Medium Enterprise Development • Ministry of Justice and Parliamentary Affairs • Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate • Rural District Councils • Zimbabwe Resilience Building Fund(ZRBF) • United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) • Red Cross 4 • LFSP-ENTERPRIZE Acknowledgement of Support
ZIMBABWE
5 Acronyms
EA Enumeration Area
FNC Food and Nutrition Council
FNSP Food and Nutrition Security Policy
FNSIS Food and Nutrition Security Information System
HDDS Household Dietary Diversity Score
HHS Household Hunger Score
NNS National Nutrition Survey
RLA Rural Livelihoods Assessment
SAM Severe Acute Malnutrition
MAM Moderate Acute Malnutrition
GAM Global Acute Malnutrition
TSP Transitional Stabilisation Programme
ZimVAC Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee 6 Background and Introduction
7 Introduction
• ZimVAC livelihood assessments’ results continue to be an important tool for informing and guiding policies and programmes that respond to the prevailing food and nutrition security situation. To date, 20 rural and 6 urban livelihoods updates have been produced.
• ZimVAC plays a significant role in fulfilling Commitment Six, of the Food and Nutrition Security Policy (FNSP) (GoZ, 2012), in which the “Government of Zimbabwe is committed to ensuring a national integrated food and nutrition security information system that provides timely and reliable information on the food and nutrition security situation and the effectiveness of programmes and informs decision- making”.
• It has become mandatory for FNC to coordinate annual livelihood updates with the technical support of ZimVAC.
8 Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC)
ZimVAC is a consortium of Government, Development Partners, UN, NGOs, Technical Agencies and the Academia. It was established in 2002 and is led and regulated by Government. It is chaired by FNC, a department in the Office of the President and Cabinet whose mandate is to promote a multi-sectoral response to food insecurity and nutrition problems in a manner that ensures that every Zimbabwean is free from hunger and malnutrition.
ZimVAC supports Government, particularly FNC in:
• Convening and coordinating national food and nutrition security issues in Zimbabwe
• Charting a practical way forward for fulfilling legal and existing policy commitments in food and nutrition security
• Advising Government on the strategic direction in food and nutrition security
• Undertaking a “watchdog role” and supporting and facilitating action to ensure sector commitments in food and nutrition are kept on track through a number of core functions such as:
▪ Undertaking food and nutrition assessments, analysis and research;
▪ Promoting multi-sectoral and innovative approaches for addressing food and nutrition insecurity, and:
▪ Supporting and building national capacity for food and nutrition security including at sub-national levels. 9 Assessment Rationale
The 2020 RLA was undertaken to guide the following:
• Evidence based planning and programming.
• Early warning for early action.
• Evaluation of the socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Monitoring and reporting towards commitments made within the guiding frameworks of existing national food and nutrition policies and
strategies (TSP, FNSP, Zero Hunger strategy and the SDGs.
• Development of the National Development strategy and the Food and Nutrition Security Strategy, for the next five years.
• The rapidly evolving food and nutrition security situation which was feared to be further deteriorating since the beginning of the COVID-19
crisis in Zimbabwe in April 2020 called for collection of additional and up to date FNS data.
10 Assessment Rationale cont.
• The current seasonal analysis could not rely on data collected in February 2020 prior to the COVID-19 crisis.
• The survey was envisioned to support the setting-up of the food and nutrition security near real time monitoring and capacitation of sub- national Food and Nutrition Security Committees. Purpose
The overall purpose of the assessment was to provide an annual update on livelihoods in Zimbabwe’s rural areas, for the purposes of informing policy formulation and programming appropriate interventions.
12 Objectives The specific objectives of the assessment were:
1. To assess impact and severity of both Drought and COVID 19 on rural livelihoods.
2. To estimate the population that is likely to be food insecure in the 2020/21 consumption year, their geographic distribution and the severity of their food insecurity
3. To assess the nutrition status of children of 6 – 59 months.
4. To describe the socio-economic profiles of rural households in terms of such characteristics as their demographics, access to basic services (education, health services, protection services and water and sanitation facilities), assets, income sources, incomes and expenditure patterns, food consumption patterns and consumption coping strategies.
5. To determine the coverage (accessibility, availability and quality) of humanitarian and developmental interventions in the country.
6. To determine the effects of shocks experienced by communities on food and nutrition security.
7. To measure resilience at all levels and identify constraints to improving their resilience.
8. To identify early recovery needs in order to determine short to long term recovery strategies.
9. To assess the medium and long term (future) sources of vulnerability and risks to food and nutrition security. 13 Background
• The 2020 RLA was undertaken against a continuously evolving food and nutrition security situation. The performance of the agricultural season negated by the consecutive drought, coupled with the COVID -19 pandemic have affected the livelihoods of the rural and urban population. • COVID-19, declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020, has literally turned the world ‘upside down’ since it started in Wuhan, China with global reported cases of more than 21 million and more than 760, 000 deaths (14 August 2020). • The Government of Zimbabwe, responded to the pandemic by gazetting Statutory Instrument 83 of 2020 Public Health (COVID-19 Prevention, Containment and Treatment) Order 2020, on March 27, 2020 declaring the COVID-19 crisis a “national disaster” and introduced a nationwide lockdown with the aim of slowing down the spread of COVID-19. • The lockdown indicated that essential industries and services needed to remain open to support the health sector and ensure minimal disruption in critical goods and services. During the lockdown the public was strongly encouraged to stay in their homes and to practice social distancing, among other critical preventative measures outlined. • Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, food insecurity in the Southern African region was already alarmingly high, with a record 45 million food insecure people across the SADC countries. Key drivers of this food insecurity include climatic shocks (drought, flooding) and structural macro-economic and social factors. • The risks which threaten to exacerbate the precarious food security situation through the following: - impacts on exports, imports (supply chain of essential goods such as food, medicine and other essential supplies such as seeds and fertilizers), - livelihoods (employment and income reduction) and fiscal pressure on the health sector. - the downstream impact of policy interventions and regulations being implemented to control the spread of COVID-19 which will be felt at individual, household, community and national levels. 14 Background
• The COVID-19 outbreak and its debilitating impacts on livelihoods will further exacerbate the situation, eroding community coping capacities and deepening food and nutrition insecurity of vulnerable households and individuals.
• Furthermore, we are likely to see an increase in the number of vulnerable people as those who typically are able to cope may find themselves struggling to meet needs given the unprecedented challenging environment. Background
• Impact on Trade
- immediate impact of COVID-19 being realized through its effect on trade.
- Zimbabwe being hit by a drop in export revenues due to slow-down in demand and weakening of its currency.
- On the import side, Zimbabwe with high food import burden will be affected.
- The decision for lockdown is needed for reducing infection and “flattening the curve” but has far reaching effects on people and their livelihoods, especially of daily wage earners, small businesses, the informal sector and the large population already at risk because of pre- existing vulnerability conditions.
16 Background
• Impact on Programme and Supply Chain
- Requirements to maintain social/physical distancing and travel restrictions are negatively impacting programme delivery and humanitarian and developmental activities, which threatens food and nutrition security.
- Travel restrictions and border closures are likely to delay the movement of the essential supplies such as seed and fertilizers (for the winter season) which are crucial for the preparation for the 2020/2021 planting season. This could have long-term implications on the food security of households.
• Programmes will inherently have to depend on reduced information and evidence.
17 Background
• COVID-19 Effect on Populations
- There is a high likelihood that urban areas are at the highest risk because of high density settlements as they are also the main entry points for international travel. The population group most affected would include the urban poor and the daily wage employees whose livelihoods are curtailed by the lockdown measures.
- The disruption of supplies of agricultural inputs is likely to affect the preparations for the next agricultural season which is very much needed to start the recovery from the back-to-back droughts that have been experienced so far and affect farmers’ livelihoods.
- Markets play a major role in enhancing food and nutrition security. However, market dynamics, failures and shortcomings often weaken the desired impacts and long term effects. Furthermore, households with livelihood options such as petty trade, vending, casual labour, skilled trade and own businesses were likely to experience the most impact of no trade during the lockdown period.
18 Background
• Poverty continues to be one of the major underlying causes of vulnerability to food and nutrition insecurity as well as precarious livelihoods in Zimbabwe. According to the ZIMSTAT Poverty, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2017 Report, 70.5% of the population were poor whilst 29.3% were deemed extremely poor.
• The projected GDP growth rate for 2019 was -6.5% and 3% for 2020.
• Year on year inflation for May 2020 was at 785.55%.
• The Total Consumption Poverty Line (TCPL) for April 2020 was ZWL 7,425.81 which is 703.4% higher compared to the same time last year.
• The impact of poor rainfall distribution was compounded by the unaffordability of key agricultural inputs such as seed, fertilisers and herbicides. Consequently, the area planted to major crops in the 2019/20 season was lower in most areas compared to the same time in the previous season.
19 Assessment Methodology
20 Methodology – Assessment Design
• The assessment was a cross-sectional study whose design was guided and informed by the Food and Nutrition Security Conceptual framework (Figure 1), which Zimbabwe adopted in the FNSP (GoZ, 2012), and the conceptual framework on food security dimensions propounded by Jones et al. (2013) . • The assessment was also guided and informed by the resilience framework (figure 2) so as to influence the early recovery of households affected by various shocks. • The assessment looked at food availability and access as pillars that have confounding effects on food security as defined in the FNSP (GoZ, 2012). • Accordingly, the assessment measured the amount of energy available to a household from all its potential sources hence the primary sampling unit for the Figure 1: Food and Nutrition Conceptual Framework assessment was the household.
21 Figure 2: Zimbabwe resilience framework (UNDP Zimbabwe, 2015)
22 Methodology – Assessment Process
• ZimVAC, through multi-stakeholder consultations, developed an appropriate assessment design concept note and data collection tools informed by the assessment objectives.
• The primary data collection tools used in the assessment were the android–based structured household tool and the District key informant tool.
• ZimVAC national supervisors (including Provincial Agritex Extension Officers and Provincial Nutritionists) and enumerators were recruited from Government, United Nations, Technical partners and Non-Governmental Organisations. These underwent training in all aspects of the assessment. In order to minimise risk of spreading COVID-19, training for both supervisors and enumerators was done virtually.
• The Ministry of Health and Child Care was the lead ministry in the development of the Infection, Prevention and Control (IPC) guidelines for the assessment. These were used to train all enumerators and supervisors on how to practice IPC measures during the whole assessment process.
• The Ministry of Local Government, through the Provincial Development Coordinators’ offices coordinated the recruitment of district level enumerators and mobilisation of provincial and district enumeration vehicles. Enumerators for the current assessment were drawn from an already existing database of those who participated in one or two previous ZimVAC assessments. Four enumerators were selected from each district for data collection.
23 Methodology – Assessment Process
• Primary data collection took place from 11 to 25 July, 2020. In recognising the risk of spreading COVID-19 during data collection, innovative approaches were used to collect vital information without causing any harm. The RLA was guided by global and country specific recommendations and all necessary precautions were taken to avoid potential transmission of COVID-19 between enumerators and community members. In order to reduce exposure to COVID-19 through person to person physical contact, primary caregivers were capacitated to measure their children using Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) tapes and assessment of oedema.
• Data analysis and report writing ran from 27 July to 21 August 2020. Various secondary data sources and field observations were used to contextualise the analysis and reporting.
24 Methodology - Sampling and Sample Size
• Household food insecurity prevalence was used as the key indicator to determine the sample to ensure 95% confidence level of statistical representativeness at district, provincial and national level. Number of Sampled • The survey collected data from 20 randomly selected EAs that were enumerated in Households the 2019 RLA. • A two staged cluster sampling was used and comprised of; Bindura 201 • Sampling of 20 clusters per each of the 60 rural districts, denoted as EAs in Muzarabani 200 this assessment, from the Zimbabwe Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) 2012 master sampling frame using the PPS methodology Guruve 201 • The second stage involved the systematic random sampling of 10 households per EA (village). Mazowe 198
Selection of Households for the “Panel” survey: From a selected village, a list of the Mt Darwin 199 households that were interviewed during the 2019 survey was created and 5 households selected using systematic random sampling. Household data interviews Rushinga 195 were conducted in the sampled households. Shamva 199 Selection of Non-Panel Households: From the same randomly selected village a household list of non-panel households from the village head was generated and the Mbire 200 remaining number of households (5) from the sample was identified using systematic random sampling. Total 1593 • Around 200 households were interviewed per district, bringing the total sampled households to 1593. 25 Methodology – Sampled Wards
26 Data Preparation and Analysis
• Primary data was transcribed using CSEntry on android gadgets and using CSPro, it was consolidated and converted into SPSS, STATA and DBF datasets for: • Household structured interviews • District key informant Focus Group Discussion (transcribed in excel)
• Data cleaning and analysis were done using SPSS, STATA, ENA, Microsoft Excel and GIS packages.
• Analyses of the different thematic areas covered by the assessment were informed and guided by relevant local and international frameworks, where they exist.
• Gender, as a cross cutting issue, was recognised throughout the analysis.
27 Technical Scope
The 2020 RLA collected and analysed information on the following thematic areas:
• Education • COVID-19
• Health • Linkages amongst the key sectoral and thematic areas
• WASH • Cross-cutting issues such as gender
• Nutrition
• Agriculture and other rural livelihoods activities
• Food Security
• Shocks and stressors
• Social Protection
• Markets
• Gender Based Violence 28 Demographic Description of the Sample Population Distribution by Age
100 90 80 70 60 50 43 41 40 35 37
Proportion (%) (%) Proportion 30 20 14 12 8 10 10 0 0-4 years 5-17 years 18-59 years 60+ years Provincial National
• The 18-59 years age group constituted the highest proportion of the sample (43%), followed by 5-17 years age group. Characteristics of Household Head: Sex
100 90 20 26 23 24 24 25 24 24 28 32 80 70 60 50 40 80 74 77 77 76 75 76 76 72 68 30
Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial National Male Female
• There were more male headed households across the country (68% ) and province (76% ). • Shamva (80%) had comparatively the highest proportion of male headed households in the province. Characteristics of Household Head: Marital Status
100 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 14 17 17 15 90 18 15 21 18 17 7 80 4 9 6 9 6 8 4 5 70 60 50
40 76 69 75 75 72 70 74 73 73 30
20 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Married living together Married living apart Divorced/seperated Widow/widower Never married
• The majority of the household heads in the province were married and living together with their spouses (73% ). • Shamva (76%) had the greatest proportion of household heads married and living together. • Muzarabani (5% ) had highest proportion of married and living apart. • Mt Darwin (21%) had highest proportion of widow or widower household heads. Characteristics of Household Head: Education Level Attained
100 2 3 1 3 1 2 2 5 2 90 23 28 18 33 32 30 29 80 35 37 70 10 15 11 60 8 9 18 12 12 15 50 31 32 37 40 34 34 45 38 22 30 36 20 34
Proportion of Household Heads (%) Heads Householdof Proportion 26 10 22 24 26 22 14 15 15 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial None Primary level ZJC level O level A level and above
• Consistent with the national average of 86%, 78% of household heads in the province had attained at least primary level of education. • Muzarabani (34%) had the highest proportion of household heads who had not attained primary level of education whereas Bindura (86%) had the highest proportion of household heads that had attained at least primary level of education. Household Vulnerability Attributes
Households Proportion of Households (%) Provincial National 2019 2020 2019 2020 Presence of at least one orphan 22 15.7 16 17.2 Presence of chronically ill person 3 19 3 22 Presence of disabled person 4 8.9 5 9.7
• Compared with the previous year, vulnerability attributes regarding presence of chronically ill and disabled persons in a household had generally increased. • The presence of at least an orphan in a household had significantly decreased Households with Orphans and Chronically Ill Members Households with Orphaned Members Households with Chronically Ill Members 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 24 28 30 19 30 21 23 19 15 14 16 17 15 16 20 12 9 9 11 20 11 10 4 10
0 0
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion
• Mbire (19%) had the highest proportion of households with orphans while Guruve (4%) had the least which was below the provincial average (16%). • Mt Darwin (28%) had the highest proportion of households with chronically ill members above the provincial average (19%) indicating a huge burden. Proportion of Households with Chronically Ill Persons 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 28 30 24 23 21 19 22 17 15 16 20 11
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial National
• The province had 19% of households with persons who reported to be chronically ill. • Mt Darwin(28%),Bindura(24%) and Shamva(23%) had higher proportions of households with chronically ill persons. The least was observed in Guruve at 11%.
36 Education School Attendance
100 88 87 90 83 80 72 70 60 50 40 30
Proportion of Children (%) Children of Proportion 20 10 7 0 2017 2018 2019 2020 (Before Covid-19 2020 (Home, Online, Pandemic) WhatsApp)
• Nationally, school attendance by children (4-17years) had increased to 87% before the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic from 83% in 2019 • School attendance through virtual means was at 7% across the provinces Children Currently Receiving Any Form of Schooling
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Proportion of Children (%) Children of Proportion 20 8 10 3 4 4 4 2 3 5 4 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• Mt Darwin (8%) had the highest proportion of children accessing any form of schooling (home, online, WhatsApp) while Rushinga (2%) had the least. Children Not Going to School before COVID-19 Pandemic
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30 21 20 15 15 17 15 15
11 12 11 Proportion of School going Children (%) Children Schoolofgoing Proportion 10
0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• In the province, 15% of children of school going age were not attending school before the onset of COVID-19. • Bindura District (21%) had the largest proportion of school going children not attending school before the onset of COVID -19 while Guruve and Rushinga had the least (11%). Major Reasons for Children not Being in School
Non- payment of last Expensive Child Not Distance term Work for or no considered interested Pregnancy to school Completed school food or money too young in school /marriage to far O/A level Other Disability fees Illness money Bindura 38.3 33.3 6.2 3.7 2.5 1.2 3.7 4.9 1.2 2.5 0.0 Muzarabani 42.4 31.8 4.5 3.0 1.5 0.0 9.1 1.5 1.5 0.0 1.5 Guruve 34.0 41.5 3.8 11.3 3.8 3.8 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mazowe 43.6 38.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 12.8 Mt Darwin 40.6 28.1 14.1 3.1 6.3 3.1 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rushinga 24.4 34.1 14.6 9.8 14.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shamva 48.5 30.9 2.9 4.4 4.4 2.9 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 Mbire 20.4 42.9 8.2 2.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 12.2 6.1 2.0 Provincial 44.8 24.8 6.6 5.7 3.8 3.5 2.6 2.4 0.9 0.9 0.5 National 38.9 31.3 5.3 4.1 5.4 3.5 3.1 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.2
• Non-availability of money for fees or expensive fees was the main reason for not being in school by children of school going age before the onset of Covid-19 in the province Children Turned Away from School Due to Non- Payment of Fees
100
90
80 71 70 65 62 62 60 60 55 46 50 43 40 29
30 Proportion of Children (%) Childrenof Proportion 20
10
0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• In the province, children continued to be turned away from school during first term for non-payment of fees (55%). • Muzarabani (71%) had the highest proportion of children turned away from school for non-payment of fees while Rushinga (29%) had the least. Social Protection Households which Received Any Kind of Support
100 94 96 89 90 80 74 74 74 76 68 70 63 60 50 39 40 30
20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial National
• All districts had households that were receiving some form of support • Bindura had the lowest proportion of households receiving support (39%) Households which Received Support from Different Sources
Government UN/NGO Church Rural relatives Rural non- Urban Urban non- Diaspora support support support relatives relatives relatives relatives
Bindura 21.9 13.9 1.0 5.5 3.5 11.4 1.5 1.5 Muzarabani 76.0 49.0 3.5 24.5 11.5 25.0 1.5 4.5 Guruve 44.8 10.4 5.0 17.4 20.4 17.9 1.5 1.5 Mazowe 51.0 15.2 1.5 4.0 2.0 11.1 2.5 4.5 Mt Darwin 48.7 31.7 3.5 7.0 3.0 9.5 2.5 1.0 Rushinga 85.1 57.4 1.5 10.3 1.5 6.7 0.0 0.0 Shamva 50.8 37.2 1.5 5.0 1.5 12.1 0.5 3.5 Mbire 87.0 65.5 2.5 5.0 2.5 11.5 2.5 2.5 Provincial 58.1 35.0 2.5 9.9 5.8 13.2 1.6 2.4 National 55.1 32.7 2.8 12.9 6.8 16.0 1.9 10.9
• The majority of support to households came from government (55%) with an average of 58 % in the province • Mbire was receiving more support from both government (87%) and UN/ NGO (65.5%) compared to the rest of the districts Crop Production Type of Crops Planted 100 90 84 80 70 60 50 40 28 27 30 25 20 14 13 8 10 6 6 2 2 2 2
Proportion of Households (%) (%) Households of Proportion 0
• Maize was the major crop grown by the households (84%) followed by groundnuts and cowpeas at 28% and 27% respectively. • There was a general low proportion of households that planted small grains like sorghum (25%) ,pearl millet and finger millet both at 2% and oil producing crops like cotton (13%), sunflower(6%) and soyabean (2%). • No households planted wheat during the 2019/20 season. Average Household Cereal Production 400 351 350 291 300 250 200 150 100 43
50 11 Average Cereal Production (Kg) (Kg) Production Cereal Average 0 2018/19 2019/20 Maize Small grains
• There was a decrease on average households cereal production for the province during the 2019/20 season as compared to the 2018/19 season. • Average household maize production decreased from 351kg to 291 kgs whilst average small grains production decreased from 43 kgs to 11kgs per household. Average Household Cereal Production 600 510 500 420 400 366
289 291 300 286 232 200 163
100 58 43 30 Average Harvest per Household (kg) Householdper Harvest Average 6 11 11 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Harvested maize (in kgs) Small grains (in kgs)
• The province had an average household maize production of 291kg. • All districts except Rushinga and Mbire had an average maize production which was above the province. • Guruve had the highest average household maize production of 510 kgs, followed by Shamva (420kgs) and Mazowe (366kgs) whilst Mbire district had the lowest average maize production (58kg). • The province generally recorded low average households production on small grains. Effects of the Fall Armyworm Households Affected by Fall Armyworm 100
90
80 76 76 71 70 61 61 62 60 52 50 47
40 34 30
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20
10
0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• All districts in the province were affected by Fall Armyworm this season • Mt Darwin and Rushinga had the highest proportion of households (76%) affected by Fall Armyworm followed by Guruve (71%). • Muzarabani had the least number of households affected by fall army worm (34%) Fall Armyworm Management and Control Measures 100 90 80 73 68 67 70 60 56 50 40 40 42 42 40 37 36 30 31 32 32 31 29 25 30 21 21 21 17 1717 20 13 11 11 11 8 10 5 6 7 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 1 1 1 1 0 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
Did nothing Upon identification Within 2 weeks 3-4 weeks
• A total of 42% of the households took action upon identification and 21% within 2-3 weeks of identification. • Muzarabani had the highest proportion of households (73%) that took measures against fall armyworm upon identification followed by Shamva (67%) and Guruve (56%). • Bindura recorded the highest proportion of households (68%) who took no management and control measures followed by Mt Darwin (36%) and Guruve and Shamva (31%). Effectiveness of Fall Armyworm Management and Control Measures 100 90 80 70 67 58 59 60 57 57 51 49 52 50 45 39 40 35 34 36 33 30 26 25 26 20 21 22 22 16 16 20 13 12 9 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Extremely successful Somewhat successful Not successful
• The majority of households (52%) at provincial level reported that the Fall Armyworm control measures used were somewhat successful whilst 26% reported measures used were not successful. • Generally all districts had low proportions of households that used management and control measures that were extremely
successful. Livestock Ownership Cattle Ownership 100 12 13 5 10 3 11 10 11 10 90 14 5 16 7 5 6 8 3 4 80 8 8 10 3 9 12 13 11 70 16 15 13 11 13 14 60 5 15 50 89 40 84 30 62 63 66 57 59 54 58
Proportion of Households (%) (%) Households of Proportion 20 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Zero One to Two Three to Four Five >Five
• At the provincial level, 66% of households did not own cattle • Mazowe district had the highest proportion of households (89%) with no cattle followed by Bindura (84%) and Shamva (63%). • Cattle ownership is generally low in the province with much of the upper districts being predominantly crop growing areas while the valley is mainly livestock rearing areas. Draught Cattle Ownership 100 1.0 1.5 4.5 6.5 9.5 5.1 8.2 6.0 11.5 7.0 90 2.0 13.9 4.0 9.5 11.5 15.6 12.5 21.0 80 14.9 12.6 16.0 5.6 6.5 7.5 70 3.0 3.1 6.0 60 50 90.5 89.4 40 74.9 72.5 68.2 73.4 67.7 70.9 30 66.5
20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Zero One Two >Two
• A high proportion of households (75%) in the province did not own draught cattle. • Mbire district (33%) had the highest ownership of draught cattle while Bindura district had the lowest (8%). • Low cattle ownership in the province was attributed to high losses of cattle due to January disease which occurred in the 2019/20 season. Goats Ownership
100 3 2 5 9 24 12 11 13 90 5 18 3 19 3 17 7 3 6 27 3 80 5 5 9 6 8 9 5 70 12 9 7 9 12 19 60 10 13 11 50 13 86 92 18 40 74 67 73 66 30 56 54 20 37 41 10
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Province National Zero One to Two Three to Four Five >Five
• Goat ownership was low in the province ( 34%) and was below national proportion of 46% • Rushinga had the highest proportion of households(63%) who owned at least one goat or more whilst Bindura had the lowest (14%) proportion of households. Livestock Mortality Cattle Calving and Offtake Rates
Cattle Calving Rates Cattle Offtake Rates 15 5 14 13 11.8 12 11.6 4 11 10.2 3.5 9.3 10 8.8 8.6 9 3 2.7 8 2.4 7 5.8 2.0 1.9 6 5.2 2 1.8
4.4 Calving Rates Rates Calving 5 Rates Offtake 1.1 4 0.9 3 1 2 0.3 1 0 0
• The province had a cattle calving rate of 1.9 and an offtake rate of 8.6. • Mt Darwin district had both the highest cattle calving rate(3.5) and offtake rate (11.8). • Bindura had the lowest cattle calving rate (0.3) and offtake rate (4.4). Cattle Deaths 100 88 90 78 80 69 70 65 62 60 52 50 50 43 40 37 27 30 23 24 22 21 22 20 16 15 18 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 14 14 12 12 10 8 8 8 10 10 9 7 10 5 4 5 2 2 1 1 4 3 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial zero one to two three to four five > five
• At provincial level a high proportion of households (62%) did not record any cattle deaths whilst (20%) lost one to two cattle followed by (8%) who lost five or more cattle. • Bindura (67%) had the highest number of households that lost at least one or more cattle followed by Shamva (50%) and Mazowe (48%). • The low cattle ownership in this season was attributed to high losses of cattle due to January disease which occurred in the 2019/20 season and this calls for intervention in disease prevention management . Cause of Cattle Deaths
100 5 1 3 5 6 10 2 90 20 18 80 20 9 70 60 50 100 97 95 97 95 91 40 77 73 70 30
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 10 0 3 1 1 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Drought/Lack of water Diseases Predators Slaughter for own consumption Floods/cyclone Other
• The major cause of death in cattle was diseases (91%) at provincial level and in all districts. • Death caused by other unknown causes was high which might require further investigations in districts like Muzarabani, Mbire, Guruve and Shamva. Proportion of Cattle Deaths By District
100
90
80
70 63.9 60 56.3
50 43.8 40
30 25.0 22.5
Proportion of Cattle Deaths (%) (%) Deaths Cattle of Proportion 17.2 20 14.0 10 4.7 1.8 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• The province had a cattle mortality rate of 25. • Mt Darwin district (63.9) had the highest goat mortality rate followed by Mazowe (56.3) and Bindura (43.8). Goat Calving and Offtake Rates
Goat Calving Rates Goat Offtake Rates 30 18 16 15.4 25 24.0 14.3 14 12.7 13.2 13.0 19.6 20 12 11.3 11.5 15.0 10 15 12.9 11.9 12.5 12.2 8
10.1 5.7 Calving Rates Rates Calving 10 8.0 Rates Offtake 6 4 3.3 5 2 0 0
• The province had a goat calving rate of 12.9 and an off take rate of 11.5 • Bindura district had both the highest goat calving rate (24) and offtake rate (15.4). • Shamva had the lowest goat calving rate (8.0) and offtake rate(3.3). Goat Deaths 100 97
90 85 79 80 76 75 76 78 72 69 70 60 50 40 30 17 17 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 20 16 11 13 12 12 14 8 9 10 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 5 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial zero one to two three to four five > five
• At provincial level a high proportion of households (78%) did not record any goat deaths whilst 14% lost one to two goats followed by 5% who lost three to four goats. • Mazowe district had the highest number of households that lost at least one or more goats (31%) followed by Shamva (28%) and Guruve (25%). Cause of Goat Deaths
100
90 85 80 81 82 80 74 70 69 70 59 60 50 50 50 40 32 30 20 20 18 Proportion of Households(%) of Proportion 20 15 16 15 15 13 10 11 10 5 5 3 0 2 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Drought/Lack of water Diseases Predators Slaughter for own consumption Floods/cyclone Other
• The major cause of death in goats was diseases (74%) at provincial level and in all districts. • Death caused by other unknown causes was high which might require further investigations in districts like Muzarabani, Mt Darwin, Guruve and Mbire. Proportion of Goat Deaths By District 20 19 18 16.8 17 16 15 14 13 12 11.6 11 10 9 8 6.7 6.4 7 5.8 6.3 5.8 6 5.5
Proportion Goat Deaths (%) Deaths Goat Proportion 5 3.8 4 3 2 1 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• The province had a goat mortality rate of 6.4. • Mazowe district had the highest goat mortality rate (16.8) followed by Guruve (11.6) and Bindura (6.7) Cattle prices Cattle prices
• The highest cattle prices in the province were in Bindura district US$350-00 ( ZWL 28 163 at that time ) • The lowest cattle prices in the province were in Guruve district US$150-00 ( ZWL 12 553 at that time) Goat Prices
• The highest goat prices in the province were in Shamva district at US$33-00, and lowest were in Mbire district at US$19-00. • The low prices in Mbire could reflect scarcity of money in the district as it is perennially hit by drought Chicken Prices (USD)
10 9 8 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3
3 Chicken Prices (USD) Prices Chicken 2 1 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire
• The most common price of chicken in the province was US$5-00 • Mt Darwin had exceptionally low prices averaging US$3-00 Extension Services Provision Households which Received Extension Services
100 90 87 78 80 70 64 58 58 60 51 50 47 41 40 37 30 20
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• A high proportion of households in the province (58% ) received extension services. • Rushinga had the highest proportion (87%) of households which received extension services followed by Mbire ( 78%) and Muzarabani (64%). • Mazowe had the lowest proportion of households(37%) which received extension services. Households which Received Agricultural Training
100 94 96 97 95 95 94 90 92 90 86 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• Generally the province had a high proportion of households (94%) which received agricultural training. • All 8 districts expect Guruve had above 90% household coverage on agricultural training . Households which Received Extension Visits
100 88 87 87 90 84 82 80 78 81 80 70 67 60 50 40 30 20 Proportion of Households(%) of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial • A high proportion of households (82%) in the province received extension visits. • Districts which had the highest proportion of extension visits were Guruve (88%) followed by Mbire and Mt Darwin (87%). • In the face of Covid 19 where gatherings for formal training sessions are limited, individual farm visits by extension workers will need to be supported by provision of transport facilities . Households which Received Cropping Advice
100 96 96 90 93 90 90 86 86 83 85 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• A high proportion of households (90%) in the province received cropping advice. • Rushinga and Guruve had the highest proportion of households (96%) who received cropping advice followed by Mazowe and Muzarabani (93 % and 90% respectively). • Shamva had the lowest proportion of households which received cropping advice. Access to Livestock Extension Services Households which Received Livestock Extension Advice
100 90 81 80 67 70 60 55 57 60 52 51 50 40 40 30 25 20
10 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• At provincial level, 57% of the households received livestock advice from extension officers • Mbire had the highest proportion of households ( 81%) which received livestock advice from extension officers followed by Rushinga (67%) and Mt Darwin (60%). • Shamva had the lowest proportion of households ( 25%) which receive livestock advice from extension officers. Satisfaction with Livestock Advice Received
100 95 89 90 87 80 80 74 68 68 70 67 60 57 50 39 40 32 33 30 24 24 20 20 10 8 7 7 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 5 4 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Not satisfied at all Somewhat satisfied Satisfied
• At provincial level, 74% of households were satisfied with livestock advice received whilst 24% were somewhat satisfied. • Guruve (95%) had the highest proportion of households which were satisfied with livestock advice received followed by Muzarabani (89%) and Shamva (87%). • Bindura (68%) had the highest proportion of households which were somewhat satisfied with livestock advice received. Access to Animal Health Services
100 90 80 70 64 60 60 48 50 42 45 38 40 36 31 30 27 20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• In the province, the proportion of households with access to animal health services was low ( 45%). • Guruve (64%) had the highest proportion of households which had access to animal health services followed by Muzarabani (60%) and Mt Darwin (48%). • Shamva (27%) had the lowest proportion of households which did not have access to animal health services. Satisfaction with Animal Health Services
100 91 92 90 83 82 79 80 77 74 70 60 54 50 45 42 40 36 30 17 20 13 14 16 16 12 9 9 9 11 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 5 4 4 5 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Not satisfied at all Somewhat satisfied Satisfied
• At provincial level (79%) of the households were satisfied with the animal health services provided. • Guruve (91%) had the highest proportion of households satisfied with animal health services followed by Mbire (93%) and Rushinga (83%) • Shamva (54%) had the lowest proportion of households that were satisfied with animal health services. Income and Expenditure Sources of Income from January to March 2020
Vegetables production/sales 11.3 Small scale mining/mineral sales 8.6 Formal salary/wages 7.9 Cash crop production 7.9 Food crop production/sales 7.3 Remittance within 7.1 Livestock production/sales 5.8 Petty trade 4.4 Skilled trade/artisan 2.9 Own business 1.7 Remittances outside 1.5 Pension 1.4 Non-state social transfers 1.1 Government social transfers 1.1 Gifts 0.8 Other 0.8 Gathering natural products for sale e.g. firewood 0.8 Fishing 0.5 Beer brewing 0.4 Begging 0.3 Cross border 0.3 Collecting scrap/waste material for re-sale 0.1 Rentals 0.1 Currency trade 0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proportion of Households(%)
• In Mashonaland Central, 25.9% of households reported that their most important source of income was casual labour • Vegetable production and small scale mining were ranked as second and third income sources in the province (11.3% and 8.6 % respectively). Average Household Monthly Income and Expenditure for June 2020 Income Expenditure
7000 3000 6318 2577 6000 2500
2071 5000 2000 4095 4000 3332 1429 1430 1500 1337 1388 1365 2879 2891 1240 3000 2646 2379 2326 939 2158 1000 2000 1618 668
MonthlyHousehold Income (ZWL$) 500
1000 MonthlyHousehold Expenditure (ZWL$)
0 0
• The average household monthly income for the province was $ZWL 2891 whilst expenditure for the province was $ZWL1429.
• Shamva reported the highest income in the province at $ZWL 6318 and Mbire the least at $ZWL 1618. Food Poverty Line
5,000.00
4,500.00 4,559.62
4,000.00
3,500.00
3,000.00 3,007.72
2,500.00 2,530.72 $ZWL 2,000.00 2,067.49 1,850.76 1,689.74 1,795.61 1,500.00 1,460.12 1,247.69 1,000.00 808.71 656.96 500.00 541.55
0.00 Jul-19 Aug-19 Sep-19 Oct-19 Nov-19 Dec-19 Jan-20 Feb-20 Mar-20 Apr-20 May-20 Jun-20
• The food poverty line continues to increase over time ,June 2020 was at $ZWL 4560 whilst the average household income of the province was $ZWL 2891. • This is evidence that households’ ability to purchase food continues to deteriorate. Main Contributor of Income 100 90 80 73.9 70 64.3 58.8 60 52.6 50 40 30 20
Proportion of of Households(%) Proportion 8.9 10 6.7 2.6 2.1 2.7 1.4 0 Father Mother Daughter Son Other relative
Main income contributor Decision maker on household income
• Fathers were reported to be the main Income contributors (64.3%) whilst mothers were reported to be the main decision makers of household income (73.9%). Six Months Average Household Expenditure (January-June 2020) 4500 4254 4000
3500
3000
2500
2000 1429 1430 1500 1231 915 1000 708 694
Household Expenditure (ZWL$) Expenditure Household 572 500 301 280
0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial National
• Mt Darwin ($ZWL 4254) reported the highest expenditures in 6 months whilst Mbire ($ZWL 280) reported the least. • The provincial average expenditure for the 6 months was $ZWL 1429 Household 6 Month Expenditure by Type
1600 1440 1400
1200
1000
800
600 477 523
Expenditure ($ZWL) Expenditure 400 191 192 200 88 11 0 Education (ZWL$) Agriculture (ZWL$) Business (ZWL$) Health (ZWL$) Taxes (ZWL$) Social (ZWL$) Other (ZWL$)
• Agriculture ($ZWL 523) and education ($ZWL 477), had significantly high expenses incurred by households. • Taxes had the least expenses at ZWL$11 • Average expenses incurred on health was $ZWL 192 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
88 Ladder for Drinking Water Services
Service Level Definition
Safely Managed Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination.
Basic Drinking Water Services Basic drinking water services are defined as drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing.
Limited Drinking Water Services Limited water services are defined as drinking water from an improved source, where collection time exceeds 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing.
Unimproved Water Sources Drinking water from an unprotected dug well or unprotected spring.
Surface Water Sources Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation channel.
Note : “Improved” drinking water sources are further defined by the quality of the water they produce, and are protected from faecal contamination by the nature of their construction or through an intervention to protect from outside contamination. Such sources include: piped water into dwelling, plot, or yard; public tap/standpipe; tube well/borehole; protected dug well; protected spring; or rainwater collection. This category now includes packaged and delivered water, considering that both can potentially deliver safe water. 89 Access to Improved Water 100 95 90 90 83 80 81 80 80 77 77 76 77 71 71 73 72 73 72 72 70 64 60 51 50 46 40 30
20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial National 2019 2020
• The province had 76% of households accessing water from improved sources. • Compared to 2019 Mashonaland Central recorded an increase in households accessing water from improved water sources 72% in 2019 to 76% in 2020. • Rushinga (95%) had the highest proportion of households accessing water from improved sources whilst Muzarabani (51%) had the least. According to the WHO drinking contaminated water can transmit diseases such diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and polio. 90 Main Drinking Water Services 2019 2020
100 100 2 4 4 0 4 5 4 3 4 10 9 7 6 8 1 8 12 16 12 90 90 23 15 16 19 8 18 17 27 22 21 24 16 80 11 80 16 23 25 3 15 4 43 16 70 4 70 25 5 44 20 15 12 13 27 17 33 60 60 19 50 50 10 40 10 40 72 74 66 65 69 65 66 30 58 60 30 59 58 55 52 56
45 47 ProportionofHouseholds (%) ProportionofHouseholds (%) 20 20 41 35 10 10 0 0
Basic Limited Unimproved Surface water Basic Limited Unimproved Surface Water
• The province had 56% of households accessing drinking water from basic water services. • Compared to 2019 Mashonaland central recorded a decrease in households accessing water from basic services from 60% in 2019 to 56% in 2020 whilst an increase was noted in households accessing water from limited services from 12% in 2019 to 20% in 2020. • Mazowe District (74%) had the highest proportion of households accessing water from basic water services whilst the least was
Muzarabani district at 41%. 91 Distance to Main Water Source 100 3 6 11 11 90 24 14 24 18 33 80 26 35 29 70 44 29 60 16 34 22 50 51 40 83 68 30 60 49 52 20 42 45 46 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 26 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Less than 500m More than 500m but less than 1 km 1km and above
• The province had 52% of households accessing drinking water within a distance of less than 500 metres. • Mazowe district (83%) had more households accessing water within a distance less than 500 metres whilst Rushinga district (26%) had the least. • Muzarabani district (35%) ,Mbire (33%), Guruve and Rushinga (24%) had the highest proportion of households walking more than 1km to fetch drinking water. 92 Time Spent Queuing and Prevalence of Violence at Water Point Time Spent Queuing to Access Drinking Water Violence at Water Point
100 100 2 5 7 12 13 11 10 12 90 10 26 21 90 80 10 20 16 15 22 19 16 80 70 11 16 20 60 24 26 70 50 44 42 16 29 60 40 69 50 30 64 67 51 47 40 20 38 27 30 33
10 30 ProportionofHouseholds (%) 0 20 16.7 16.4 16.6 ProportionofHouseholds (%) 9.6 9.0 9.5 9.0 11.2 10 2.5 0
Less than 15minutes (or within premises) 15- 30 minutes 30 minutes to 1 hour More than 1 hour
• In the province, 47% of households spent an average of less than 15 minutes queuing to access drinking water. • Rushinga (46%), Mbire (37%) and Guruve (30%), had the highest proportion of households spending at least 30 minutes whilst queuing to access water. • Except for Guruve, districts with households spending more time queuing generally have higher prevalence of violence at water 93 points these are Mt Darwin (16.7%), Rushinga (16.4%) and Mbire (16.6%). Person Responsible for Fetching of Water 100 88 91 88 90 89 90 85 84 87 79 80 80 70 60 50 40 30 16 15 20 12 9 8 9 11 9 8 10 10 1 2 5 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 1 2 2 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 1 1 0 0 1 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial National Adult woman [15 years and above] Adult man [15 years and above] Female child [under 15 years] Male child [under 15 years]
• Generally across all the districts the person responsible for fetching water was an adult woman 15 years and above. • Muzarabani(16%), Mbire(12%) and Mt Darwin(11%) had higher proportion of households with adult man 15 years and above fetching water.
94 Water Treatment Methods 1.4 4.3 2.9 4.3 Boil
Add bleach/chlorine [jik or water guard]
Strain it through cloth
Use a water filter (ceramic,sand,composite,etc) 55.1 31.9 Let it stand and settle
Add water treatment tablet
• Of the 3.3% of households that treated water, the main method was boiling at 55.1% followed by the addition of bleach/chlorination at 31.9%.
95 Ladder for Sanitation
Service level Definition
Safely Managed Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite.
Basic Sanitation Facilities Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households.
Limited Sanitation Facilities Use of improved facilities shared between two or more households.
Unimproved Sanitation Facilities that do not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. Unimproved Facilities facilities include pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines.
Open Defecation Disposal of human faeces in fields, forest, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches or other open spaces or with solid waste.
Note: Improved sanitation facilities: Facilities that ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. They include flush or pour flush toilet/latrine, Blair ventilated improved pit (BVIP), pit latrine with slab and upgradeable Blair latrine. 96 Sanitation Services 100 3 14 9 8 12 8 11 90 16 21 14 23 8 29 80 10 21 4 25 17 10 70 22 8 19 28 27 60 23 20 29 25 12 50 7 40 70 30 56 58 50 51 52 51
20 42 43 46 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial National Basic Limited Unimproved Open defecation
• In the province ,52% of households had access to basic sanitation services. This was slightly above the national average. • Rushinga (70%) had the highest proportion of households with access to basic sanitation services whilst Muzarabani (42%) and Shamva (43%) respectively had the least. • Households practicing open defecation were high in Mbire(21%),Rushinga(16%) and Bindura(14%). • Open Defecation has serious detrimental effects on human health including among them increase in waterborne diseases, vector-borne 97 diseases , malnutrition in children and increased cases gender based violence especially amongst girls and women. Ladder for Hygiene
Service level Definition
Basic Availability of a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water.
Limited Availability of a handwashing facility on premises without soap and water.
No Facility No hand washing facility on premises.
Note: handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy taps, and jugs or basins designated for hand washing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powdered detergents and soapy water but does not include sand, soil, ash and other handwashing agents.
98 Availability of Handwashing Services 100 90 80
70 63 60 81 90 93 93 89 50 100 97 97 40 30
20 37 Proportion of Households( %) Households( of Proportion 10 19 10 7 7 11 0 0 3 3 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Basic Limited No service
• The proportion of households with available hand washing services in the province was 11%. • Rushinga (37%) and Mt Darwin (19%) had the highest proportion of households with handwashing services and the least was observed in Guruve at 0%. • The major unavailability of handwashing services across districts is worrisome during this time of COVID-19 pandemic. Critical Moments for Handwashing 100 90 80.9 76.0 80 71.2 70 60 50 40 30.0 24.6 30 20.8 20 11.5
Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 10 1.0 0.9 0
• In Mashonaland Central province the most frequently observed critical times for handwashing were after using the toilet(80.9%),before handling food (76.0%) and before and after eating (71.2%). • Thirty percent of households reported they wash their hands regularly. 100 Access to Infrastructure Households with Access to Police Services Within One Hour 100 90 80 74 74 68 70 61 60 52 54 50 45 40 40 30 20
20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• Approximately 54% of rural households across the province had access to police services within one hour • Guruve district had the least proportion of households (20%) who had access to police services within one hour which should be a cause for concern. • Districts which had the highest access were Muzarabani and Mbire ( 74%). Households with Access to Victim Friendly Unit
100 90 80 70 70 60 51 50 44 40 36 40 33 28 30 30 28
Proportion of households (%) households of Proportion 20 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• Only 40% of the households in the province had access to victim friendly unit (VFU) which shows a significantly huge gap in this service that requires attention. • Guruve (70%) had the highest proportion of households who had access to VFU while Bindura and Mazowe (28%) had the least. Access and Satisfaction with Physical and Sexual Violence Services Access to Physical and Sexual Violence Services Satisfaction with Service 100 100 90 90 77 80 38 80 73 52 70 63 68 64 67 70 60 72 60 84 92 15 48 47 50 50 42 40 37 40 34 30 41 9 20 47 24 21 30 28 28 24 10 9 12 12 20 11 11 0 7 6 8 5 4 10
0
Proportion of Households (%) (%) Households of Proportion (%) Households of Proportion
Not satisfied at all Somewhat satisfied Satisfied
• Out of the 42% households who had access to physical and sexual violence services , 67% said they were satisfied with the service . • Guruve recorded the highest proportion of households which access to physical and sexual violence services (77%) and satisfaction with the services provided to them (92%). • Mazowe (47%) had a significantly high proportion of households which were not satisfied with services provided. Households with Access to Information on Services for Physical and Sexual violence
100 90 75 80 70 70 63 60 51 50 47 39 40 35 30 27 20 13
10 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• Only 47% of the households in the province had access to services for physical and sexual violence which shows a significantly high gap in this service that requires attention. • Rushinga recorded the highest proportion of households ( 75% ) who had access to such services whilst Shamva had the least proportion of households ( 13%). Major Sources of Information on Gender Based Violence
100 91 90 87 86 80 75 70 64 60 50 51 48 50 45 40 36 39 37 37 40 31 28 26 30 25 23 23 17 20 19 20 19 20 13 13 13 13 15 9 11 11 10 11 10
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 5 4 5 4 4 1 0 3 1 1 3 0 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Radio Health workers Other household member Governement Extension Worker UN/NGOs Friends and relatives
• The major source of information on gender based violence for most of the districts in the province was radio, however for Shamva district the major source was mainly through health workers. Infrastructure that Supports Food and Nutrition Security
100 90 80 70 60 47 50 40 29 27 30 17 20 15 10 3 2 2 1 1 0
0 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion
• The major infrastructure that supported food and nutrition security in the province were nutrition gardening ( 47%) , fowl runs ( 29%) and farming equipment ( 27%).
• Resilience building interventions need to target development of these infrastructures. Major Infrastructure that Supports Food and Nutrition Security
100 94 90 79 80 70 70 63 60 53 47 50 43 44 45 3840 40 40 36 37 37 31 31 29 28 29 30 27 26 27 23 21 19 18 17 20 14 13 14 15 8 9 11 8
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 8 10 7 5 3 1 2 1 0 0 0 Bindura Guruve Mazowe Mbire Mt Darwin Muzarabani Rushinga Shamva Provincial Nutrition gardening Fowl runs Farming equipment Other Storage facility
• The major infrastructure that supported food and nutrition security in the province were nutrition gardening ( 47%) , fowl runs ( 29%) and farming equipment ( 27%).
• Resilience building interventions need to target development of these infrastructures. Households that Received Early Warning Information on Climate and Weather
100 90 80 70 70 70 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20
Proportion of Households (%) (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• Access to early warning information on climate and weather was at 50% in the province .
• Muzarabani and Mt Darwin recorded the highest proportion of households ( 70%) that had access to information on climate and weather. • Low access recorded in Mazowe ( 30%), Rushinga ( 40%), Shamva ( 30%) and Mbire ( 40%) is a cause for concern. Major Sources of Early Warning Information on Climate and Weather 100 89 88 90 82 84 83 80 75 76 76 70 64 61 57 56 60 52 50 42 40 34 34 29 30 30 25 20 14 17 16 11 8 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 5 6 4 3 0 2 2 1 0 Bindura Guruve Mazowe Mbire Mt Darwin Muzarabani Rushinga Shamva Radio Government Extension Workers Neighbours/Friends/Other Huseholds Social media
• The major sources of information on climate and weather across all districts were radio and government extension workers. ISALS and Loans
111 Households that Received Loans
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
20 12 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 10 6 3 1 1 4 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• Mt Darwin (12%) reported the highest number of households with a member that received a loan in the past 12 months (May 2019 to April 2020). • Guruve and Mbire had no households members that received any form of loan.
112 Sources of Loans
Government/Rural credit fund 1.6
Micro finance institution 3.1
Banks 6.3
ISAL/SACCO 12.5
Friend/relative 15.6
Farmers organisation 60.9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proportion of households(%)
• Of the 4% of households that received loans, the main source was from Farmer organisation (60.9%).
113 Types of Loans and Primary Use
Types of Loans Loan Primary Use 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60.3 50 46 60 40 50 46.0 30 39.7 38.1 20 40 20 13 11 9 10 5 2 30 0
20 (%) Householdsof Proportion 10 1.6 0.0 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0
• Of the households that received loans, 60.3% received them in the form of inputs. About 39.7% accessed them as cash disbursements. • About 46% of households used the loans for agricultural purposes whilst 13% used them for consumption.
114 Households with a Member in an ISAL Group and Use of the Share-out
Households with a Member in ISAL Group Use of the Share-out
100 100 90 90 80 80 70 56.9 70 60 50 60 40 32.4 50 30 20 14.7 40 4.9 10 0.0 3.9 2.9 2.0 0.0 30 Households(%) of Proportion 0 17.1 20 9.5 7 8.7 6.4 10 1.5 2 1.5 4.1 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0
• In Mashonaland Central the proportion of households with a member in an ISAL group was 6,4% • About 57% of the Households used their share out to by food. This is evidence that households’ ability to purchase food continues to deteriorate as households are using their share out to buy food rather than investing somewhere productive.
115 Food Consumption Patterns Household Dietary Diversity Scores (HDDS)
• Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) is used as a proxy measure of food access and the socio-economic status of the household.
• HDDS shows the number of food groups consumed by households.
HDDS Classification
<4 Low
4-5 Medium
>5 Acceptable Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.4
HDDS 4.1 3.8 4 3 2 1 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
•The highest dietary diversity score was approximately 5 food groups out of the possible 12 and this was in Guruve, Mazowe, Muzarabani and Shamva. •The lowest dietary diversity score was in Mbire with a mean score of 3.8 Household Dietary Diversity Categories
100 6 5 9 14 90 16 22 21 15 17 80 70 56 60 67 58 70 50 66 65 65 64 72 40 30 20 39 27 10 24 19 25 21 Proportion of Households(%) of Proportion 12 15 11 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
low medium acceptable
•Mashonaland Central had a 14% proportion of households with acceptable dietary diversity. •Mbire had the lowest proportion of households with acceptable household dietary diversity at 5% Food Consumption Scores
• The Food Consumption Score is a measure of dietary diversity, food frequency and the relative nutritional importance of the food consumed. • The FCS is used to classify households into three groups: poor, borderline or acceptable food consumption, • The households with acceptable food consumption are considered food secure, while those with borderline or poor food consumption are considered moderately or severely food insecure respectively.
Score Food Consumption Score group
0-21 Poor
21.5-35 Borderline
>35 Acceptable Food Consumption Score
100 90 17 21 21 29 80 36 38 32 44 50 70 60 33 55 55 50 48 40 49 54 30 48 60 38 20 46 28 25 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 23 19 9 12 0 4 8 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
poor borderline acceptable
•The province had a proportion of 32% households consuming acceptable diets. •Mazowe had the highest proportion of households consuming poor diets at 46% and Guruve had the lowest at 4%. Consumption of Iron Rich Foods: Previous Day Consumption
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 18 20 17 15 13 12 9 10 10 6 Proportion of Households(%) of Proportion 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• The proportion of households which consumed iron rich foods in 24 hours prior to the day of survey was 13% for the province. • Bindura had the least proportion of households which consumed iron rich foods the previous day preceding the survey at 6%. Consumption of Iron Rich Foods: 7 Day Consumption
100 0 2 2 3 1 4 2 2 2 90 23 24 24 80 35 36 38 34 42 47 70 60 50 40 77 73 75 30 63 62 61 65 57 51 20
10 Proportions of Households (%) Households of Proportions 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
never consumed consumed for 1 to 6 days consumed for 7 days
• About 65% of the households did not consume iron rich foods for in the 7 days prior to the survey. • Bindura had the highest proportion of 77% of households which did not consume iron rich foods in the 7 days prior to the survey. Consumption of Protein-Rich Foods: Previous Day Consumption
100 90 80 70 61 60
50 42 37 37 37 40 36 35 34 30 20 15
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• The proportion of households which consumed protein rich foods in 24 hours prior to the day of survey was 37% for the province. • Bindura had the least proportion of households which consumed iron rich foods in 24 hours preceding the survey at 15%. Consumption of Protein-Rich Foods: 7 day Consumption 100 4 11 6 6 11 7 7 9 90 19 80 33 70 51 50 54 51 53 60 59 64 50 63 40 30 64 20 43 40 44 ProportionHouseholds(%)of 38 38 31 30 10 17 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
never consumed consumed for 1 to 6 days consumed for 7 days
•The proportion of households not consuming protein in the past 7 days prior to the day of the assessment was at 38%. •The proportion of households not consuming protein in the past 7 days prior to the day of assessment was highest in Bindura at 64% while the lowest was in Rushinga. Consuming Vitamin A- Rich Foods: Previous Day Consumption
100 94 96 96 90 83 80 79 80 73 70 64 60 50 50 40 30
20 ProportionHouseholds(%)of 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
•All districts had proportions of households above 50% reporting having consumed vitamin A rich foods the previous day preceding the survey. The districts with the highest proportion were Mazowe and Shamva at 96%.The lowest proportion was in Mt Darwin at 50% . Consumption of Vitamin A Rich Foods: 7 Day Consumption
100 90 80 36 70 61 68 70 72 60 73 91 90 20 86 50 40 12 30 7 10 44 12 Proportion of Households(%) of Proportion 20 18 25 28 10 17 7 9 12 14 16 0 1 1 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
never consumed consumed 1 to 6 days consumed 7 days
•Vitamin A consumption for 7 days in the past 7 days preceding the survey was highest in Mazowe at 90%. •Lowest proportion of household members consuming vitamin A for 7 days in the past 7 days preceding the survey was in Mt Darwin at 36% Consumption of Protein, Iron and Vitamin A Rich Foods by Women 100 95 95 90 86 80 76 70 73 73 70 64 63 60 48 50 40 34 36 35 34 33 30 30 25 19 19 17 16 16 19
Proportion of women (%) women of Proportion 20 14 15 9 10 7 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Protein Vitamin A Iron
• The provincial proportion of women of child bearing age consuming protein, Vitamin A and iron rich foods was 34%, 76% and 15% respectively. • Iron rich foods were consumed by few women across all districts and this is a cause of concern as the age group is already at risk of iron deficiency due to monthly blood losses and during pregnancy and lactation.. • Bindura had the lowest proportion of women consuming protein and iron-rich foods, at 19% and 7% respectively. Consumption of Non-Timber Forest Food Products Top 7 Widely Consumed Indigenous Insects by District
100 94 88 90 83 81 80 80 80 78 69 70 66 65 62 6462 61 59 60 60 57 58 49 50 42 40 35 32 30 29 30 26 21 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 21 20 16 1716 18 13 13 14 1313 15 15 11 9 10 11 11 9 111010 7 9 7 8 8 8 7 8 10 6 5 4 5 5 1 2 0 0 Bindura Guruve Mazowe Mbire Mt Darwin Muzarabani Rushinga Shamva Provincial
Hwiza/Mhashu Ishwa Tsambarafuta Majuru Makurwe Tsumwarumwa Madora
• The widely consumed insects by most households in the province were hwiza (80%), ishwa (58%) and tsambarafuta (26%). • The least consumed insects included tsumwarumwa and madora at 10%.
130 Indigenous Fruits Consumed in the Province
100 90 80 70 60 55 50 42 35 40 33 33 31 30 30 25 21 19 18 20 15 14 8 7 6 6 10 4 4 3 2 1 1 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0
• The commonly consumed indigenous fruits were masawu (55%), matohwe (42%), mazhanje (35%), matamba (33%) and matufu (33%). • The least consumed indigenous fruits were mawonde, nzviru at 4%, mapfura (3%), makwakwa (2%), usika and nzambara at 1%.
131 Top 7 Widely Consumed Indigenous Fruits By District
100 97 95 89 90 84 80 7878 80 77 70 59 60 53 55 49 49 51 50 47 46 46 40 41 40 41 40 40 37 34 32 29 27 30 24 25 2123 21 18 18 18
20 15 17 16 15 15 15 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 10 7 6 2 2 2 1 0 2 2 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Masawu Matohwe Mazhanje Matamba Matufu Mauyu Hubva/tsubvu
• A greater proportion of households in Mbire (97%), Rushinga (89%) and Mt Darwin (77%) consumed masawu whilst mazhanje were predominantly consumed in Bindura (80%) and Mazowe (84%). • Mauyu were mostly consumed in Mbire (95%), Rushinga (78%) and Muzarabani (40%). Top 8 Widely Consumed Vegetables by District
98 100 94 96 95 90 87 88 84 81 83 82 7980 80 79 80 73 75 70 70 70 71 70 67 66 63 63 61 61 60 5758 49 50 47 464547 47 41 37 40 35 35
30 24 24 Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 20 19 18 20 18 12 9 8 10 6 3 4 4 4 0 2 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 2 2 0 Bindura Guruve Mazowe Mbire Mt Darwin Muzarabani Rushinga Shamva Provincial Mowa/bonongwe Nyevhe/runi Munyemba Mutsine/muuwu Nyenje/gusha Other Nhungunira Musemwasemwa
• The commonly consumed indigenous vegetables in the province were mowa (79%), nyevhe (75%), munyemba (63%), mutsine (47%) and nyenje/gusha (35%). 133 Household Coping Strategies Household Consumption Coping Strategies
• When livelihoods are negatively affected by a shock /crisis, households may adopt various consumption coping (strategies) which are not adopted in a normal day-to-day life, to cope with reduced or declining access to food.
• Coping Strategy Index (CSI) is often used as a proxy indicator of household food insecurity. It is a weighted score that allows one to measure the frequency and severity of coping strategies.
• The higher the CSI the more severe and frequent the coping strategy employed. Coping Strategy Index
100 90 85 80 70 60 53 45 46 50 44 41 34 CSI 40 31 26 26 26 28 25 30 21 24 17 20 9 10 5 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
2019 2020
• Mbire district had the highest and increasing CSI of 53, implying that more severe coping strategies are employed by people as food access is reduced. • Guruve had the least CSI of 5 and households are not adopting much coping strategies in response to shocks experienced. Household Livelihood-based Coping Strategies
• Households engage various methods of coping when faced with food access challenges.
• Livelihood coping strategies are employed in order to increase food availability outside of their normal livelihoods. There is therefore either an expandability of their normal activities or an engagement of more extreme and negative livelihood coping strategies that go beyond what is typical.
• The livelihood coping strategies have been classified into three categories namely stress, crisis and emergency as according to the WFP Technical Guidance note 2015.
Category Coping Strategy description of activities Stress • Borrowing money, spending savings, selling assets and selling more livestock than usual.
Crisis • Selling productive assets directly reducing future productivity, including human capital formation. • Withdrawing children from school • Reducing non food expenditure.
Emergency • Selling of one’s land thus affecting future productivity, more difficult to reverse /dramatic in nature. • Begging of food. • Selling the last breeding stock to buy food. Livelihood Coping Strategies
100 5 1 6 10 2 8 14 11 12 90 13 4 7 14 3 11 7 7 80 6 3 8 43 13 9 70 12 60 6 50 95 40 78 18 81 79 74 69 72 30 66 20 33 10 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Not coping Stress Crisis Emergency
• The province had 72% of the households not employing any coping strategy, lower than the national average of 69%. • Guruve District (95%) had the highest proportion of households not employing any coping strategies. • Mt Darwin district had the highest proportion of households engaging in emergency livelihoods coping strategies (43%), higher than both the province and the national average. Complementary Feeding Practices Complementary Feeding Practices
50 45 40 35
30 27.3 25 22.4 22.6 21.4 20.1 20.6 20 18.3 18.2 16.1 14.6 15 13.0 12.2 11.2 10.7 10.2 9.8 10.3 Proportion of Children (%) Children of Proportion 10 7.2 3.8 5 3.1 2.1 3.3 2.1 0.7 0.9 1.5 1.7 0 Manicaland Mash Central Mash East Mash West Mat North Mat South Midlands Masvingo National Minimum Meal Frequency Minimum Dietary Diversity Minimum Acceptable Diet
• Mashonaland Central had the lowest proportion of children 6-23months of age consuming minimum acceptable diets at 0.7% . • One in 5 children aged 6-23 months were getting the recommended number of meals per day in Mashonaland Central. Complementary Feeding Practices Trends: 2018 - 2020
100 90 80 70 60 52.8 50 40 30 19.0 20.6 16.0 15.2 Proportion of Children (%) Children of Proportion 20 11.2 6.9 10 4.0 2.1 0 2018 2019 2020 Minimum Meal Frequency Minimum Dietary Diversity Minimum Acceptable Diet
• Generally Minimum Meal Frequency and Minimum Acceptable Diet were at their highest in 2019 compared to 2018 and 2020 with the proportion at 52.8% and 6.9% respectively. Vitamin A Supplementation for Children 6-11 months
100 90 80 80 76 73 75 75 70 71 70 65 60 55 50 40 30
Proportion of Children (%) Children of Proportion 20 10 0 Manicaland Mash Central Mash East Mash West Mat North Mat South Midlands Masvingo National
• Vitamin A coverage for the 6-11 months category was at 76% for Mash Central, which is below the expected target of 80%. Vitamin A Supplementation for Children 12-59 months
100 90 80 70 61 60 48 50 50 47 47 46 39 42 40 33 30
Proportion of Children (%) Children of Proportion 20 10 0 Manicaland Mash Central Mash East Mash West Mat North Mat South Midlands Masvingo National
• The provincial coverage of vitamin A supplementation for the 12-59 months age category was at 39%. This is worrisome as a lot of children failed to receive the recommended two doses within a year. The expected target of 80% was far beyond reach. Child Illness 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 27 30 22 21 21 20 19 20 14 13 15 13 14 Proportion of Children (%) Children of Proportion 11 13 13 12 11 11 11 8 11 8 8 10 10 10 7 7 5 0 Manicaland Mash Central Mash East Mash West Mat North Mat South Midlands Masvingo National Diarrhoea Cough Fever
• Cough was the common child illness across all provinces with Mashonaland Central having the highest proportion of 27%. • Diarrhea was the least common child illness across most of the provinces with the lowest proportions recorded in Mashonaland East and Matabeleland South both at 7%. Child Nutrition Status
145 Introduction
• The anthropometric indices used for assessing acute malnutrition are weight-for-height/length Z-score (WHZ), absolute value of Mid
Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and MUAC-for-age Z-score (MUACAZ).
• It is recommended to use both the WHZ < − 3 and also the use of absolute MUAC below 115 mm in screening of severe acute malnutrition
for programming purposes in children 6-59months.
• Use of MUAC has operational advantages in terms of time and cost of data collection, and is also believed to identify the children at higher
risk of death.
• The current assessment only used MUAC for the assessment of malnutrition as it was sensitive to the ‘no-touch protocol’ covid-19
regulations, hence could not do weight and height measurements.
• MUAC less than 115mm = Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)
• MUAC less than 125mm = Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM)
• Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) = SAM and MAM Acute Malnutrition by District Based on MUAC Measurements
10 9 8 7 6.0 6.0 6.2 6 5 4.1 4.0 4 3.2 3.0 3.0 3 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 2 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.80.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.1
Proportion of Children (%) Children of Proportion 1 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial National Global Acute Malnutrition Moderate Acute Malnutrition Severe Acute Malnutrition
• Of the children that were measured in the province, 3.0% had all forms of malnutrition; 1.1% had moderate and 1.9% had severe malnutrition. • Mt Darwin (6.2%) had the highest proportion of children who had all forms of malnutrition. • Guruve (6%) had the highest proportion of children with severe acute malnutrition and are at greatest risk of dying. Gender-Based Violence Forms of Spousal Violence in the Province
Try to choke you or burn you on purpose 2 Threaten or attack you with a knife, gun, or other weapon 3 Force you with threats or in any other way to perform sexual acts you did not… 6 Physically force you to perform any other sexual acts you did not want to 6 Twist your arm or pull your hair 12 Punch you with his fist or with something that could hurt you 19 Kick you, drag you, or beat you up 19 Physically force you to have sexual intercourse with him when you did not… 22 Deprive you of money to buy basic commodities for you or your children 28 Push you, shake you, or throw something at you 31 Slap you 33 Verbally abuse you, deprive you from physical needs in order to punish you 71 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proportion of Households (%)
• Verbal abuse and being deprived from physical needs as a way of punishment was the highest form of spousal violence in the province. • The proportion of households that wee physically forced to have sexual intercourse when they did not want was 22% in the province which was higher than the national average of 15%. Households which Encountered Spousal Violence
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 35 30 21 21 20 15 18 16 16 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 9 10 4 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• Spousal violence was highly recorded in Muzarabani district where 35% of the households were victims. • The least spousal violence was recorded in Guruve district (4%). Victims that Sought Medical Attention after Spousal Violence
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 15.4
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 6.9 6.1 4.2 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• Provincially 4.2% sought medical attention after spousal violence. • Of the 35% who were subjected to spousal violence in Muzarabani district, only 15.4% sought medical attention after the violence. • In Guruve, Mt Darwin, Shamva and Mbire districts, none of the spousal violence victims sought medical attention after the violence. Reported Incidents
100 90 80 70 67 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 40 33 33 30 20 8
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Police Church Relatives/friends
• Most gender-based violence cases experienced in province were reported to relatives and friends (50%) while 33% of the cases were reported to the police. • Guruve, Shamva and Mbire had no households with victims that reported the incidents of spousal violence. COVID-19 Proportion of Households that Heard about COVID-19
100 98 100 100 99 98 100 98 98 99 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• In the province, 99% of the households had ever heard about COVID-19. • All the households in Muzarabani and Rushinga districts had heard about COVID-19. Sources of Information on COVID-19
Current Sources of Information on Future Preferred Sources of COVID-19 Information on COVID-19 1.0 Television 2.1 Churches 1.1 1.2 Print media 3.6 Newspapers 1.4 Workshop 5.3 3.4 Television 3.5 Social media 7.0 3.6 Posters Traditional leaders 8.1 7.9 9.0 Opinion leaders 9.0 Health volunteers 10.8
11.8 Radio 49.2 Sources of Information Information of Sources Sources of Information Information of Sources Health worker 31.5 Clinic/ Health facility 50.3 37.2 Radio 86.9 Community/Village health… 59.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 Proportion of Households (%) Proportion of Households (%)
• The major source of information on COVID-19 in Mashonaland Central province was radio(86.9%) followed by friends and relatives (37.2%). • The most preferred future sources of information on COVID-19 in the province were from the village health workers (59.0%), clinic/health facility (50.3%) or radio (49.2%). Knowledge How COVID-19 Spreads
100 94 94 96 94 99 91 91 90 86 78 80 70 60 50 40 30
20 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• A total of 91% of the sampled households in Mashonaland Central Province had knowledge on how COVID-19 spreads. Symptoms of COVID-19 and How it Spreads Commonly Known Symptoms of COVID-19 Reasons How COVID-19 Spreads 100 100 85.3 90 90 80 72.3 79.1 80 70 58.8 68.3 60 70 49.6 59.4 50 38.7 60 53.1 40 35.2 29.5 50 30 20.4 40 20 30.5 10 2.8 30 0
20
ProportionofHouseholds (5) Proportion of Households (%) Householdsof Proportion 10 1.6 0 Being in close Coughing and Not covering Not washing Touching a Other contact with sneezing your mouth hand with contaminated someone without and nose with clean water surface and COVID-19 covering your a mask when and soap then touching including hand mouth and in public your face shaking and nose hugging • The most known COVID-19 symptoms in the province were cough (83.5%), headaches (58.8%) and fever (72.3%) whilst the least known included sudden loss of taste and smell (2.8%). • The major cited reasons how COVID-19 spreads were being in close contact with someone with COVID-19 (79.1%),coughing or sneezing without covering one’s mouth (68.3%), not covering your mouth when in public (59.4%) and not washing hands with clean water and soap (53.1%). Knowledge on How to Reduce the Spread of COVID-19 Knowledge on Slowing down COVID-19 Spread How to Slow down COVID-19 Spread
100 95 96 98 93 91 98 92 100 90 86 90 81 79 80 80 64 70 58 70 60 60 50 41 39 40 33 50 30 24 40 20 30 10
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0 20 Wash Limit Always Avoid Cough or Avoid Clean and 10 your social cover your close sneeze in touching disinfect Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0 hands gatherings nose and contact your bent your frequently with clean and time mouth with elbow eyes,nose touched water and spent in with a someone and objects soap crowded mask with mouth and often places when in COVID-19 surfaces public symptoms
• All districts in Mashonaland Central Province had knowledge on how to slow down the spread of COVID-19. • Washing hands with clean water and soap often (81%) was the most used method to slow down the spread of COVID-19 in the province. • Cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched objects and surfaces was the least known method in the province with 24% of households mentioning it. Affordability of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 36 30 17 20 14 9 10 12 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 10 1 3 2 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
• Provincially, 12% of the households could afford the personal protective equipment (PPE). • Guruve (1%) had the least proportion of households who could afford PPE followed by Mbire and Rushinga with 2% and 3% respectively. Common Sources of PPE
100 90 82 80 73 72 70 68 70 61 60 61 60 60 54 50 50 42 39 42 40 33 31 30 20 12 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 9 8 8 7 10 4 5 2 0 Bindura Mazowe Mbire Mt Darwin Muzarabani Rushinga Shamva Provincial Purchases Homemade Donations
• The common sources of PPE in the province were purchases (60%) followed by homemade (54%). • Rushinga (82%) had the highest proportion of households that used of homemade PPE. Preventative Measures Against COVID-19
Traditional/religious practices 1 Use alcohol based hand sanitizers 9 Cover mouth with flexed elbow when sneezing and coughing 22 Avoid touching mouth,eyes and nose 29 Avoid crowded places 45 Practice social distancing 47 Use a face mask in public places 51 Staying at home 57 Frequently wash hands with soap under running water for 20… 76
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proportion of Households (%)
• Provincially 76% of the households frequently washed hands with soap and running water for 20 seconds as a preventive measure against COVID-19. • The least used method was traditional/religious practices where only 1% of the households practiced it. Action Taken if Member Suspects COVID-19
100 86 88 8488 90 80 80 76 70 62 60 51 51 46 49 50 41 38 35 34 40 29 30 26 18 22 22 20 14 10 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 10 0 2 0 1 1 2 3 2 0 2 0 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion Bindura Guruve Mazowe Mbire Mt Darwin Muzarabani Rushinga Shamva Go to the clinic right away Stay at home and notify the nearest health service provider Consult local traditional healer/prophet Call the toll free number Home-based remedies Dont know
• Rushinga (88%) had the highest proportion of households that reported that they should stay at home and notify the nearest health service provider if they suspect they have COVID-19. • In Shamva district 10% of households did not know what to do when COVID-19 is suspected. Effects of COVID-19 on Livelihoods
100 89 90 75 80 72 75 70 63 65 60 62 60 54 50 52 50 52 50 46 46 47 42 40 37 40 34 29 28 30 27 26 21 2423 17 18 20 14 17
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 8 8 7 10 10 3 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Mbire Shamva Provincial Reduced food sources Reduced sources of income Failed to access basic commodities Restricted access to agricultural markets
• The major effects of COVID-19 were reduced food sources (54%), followed by reduced sources of income (52%). Challenges in Accessing Services During COVID-19 Pandemic
Experienced difficulties in accesing water supply 10 Experienced difficulties in accesing social security 22 Experienced difficulties in accesing agricultural extension sevices 29 Experienced difficulties in accesing health services 34 Experienced difficulties in accesing social services 39 Experienced difficulties in accesing hygiene and sanitary products 40
Access to Service to Access Experienced difficulties in accesing in accessing medical supplies 48 Experienced difficulties in accesing food products 62 Experienced difficulties in accesing public transport 80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proportion of Households (%)
• Public transport (80%) was the greatest challenge faced by households in Mashonaland Central Province whilst all districts had least difficulties in accessing water during the COVID-19 pandemic. Awareness about Toll free Numbers to be Used During COVID-19
Awareness Toll free numbers used 100 100 100 89 96 94 92 88 83 79 90 71 80 80 70 58 60 60 50 40 29 34 37 33 33 17 18 40 26 31 20 11 9 30 22 23 3 1 11 6 2 6 3 20 0 10
0
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion
2019 2023 393 None of the above
• Only 33% of the households in Mashonalanad Central Province were aware of the toll free numbers to be used if COVID-19 was suspected or if they want to know more about COVID-19. • Guruve (22%) had the least proportion of households who were aware of the toll free numbers. • 2019 was the most known and used toll free number whilst 393 was the least known and used. Extent of Risk of Contracting COVID-19
100 2 0 3 1 1 3 5 6 6 8 5 90 14 10 8 11 17 32 10 20 80 15 9 13 70 22 30 66 14 60 18 47 50 48 36 45 6 33 40 33 30 52 17 20 43 37 37 27 30 10 24 24 15
Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0 1 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Axis Title
Not at all Low Medium High Don't know
• Rushinga (66%) reported the highest proportion of households that felt they were at high risk of contracting COVID-19. Shocks and Hazards
167 Common Shocks Reported in the Province
GBV ( physical or sexual violence within the home) 2 Veld fires 3 Death of main income earner in the household 3 Diarrheal diseases incidents 4 HIV and AIDS illness 5 Loss of employment by key household member 7 Human wildlife conflict 8 Malaria diseases incidents 10 Livestock diseases 22 Livestock price changes 22
Typeof Shock Livestock deaths 23 COVID-19 Pandemic 43 Crop pests 46 Cereal price changes 58 Drought 70 Prolonged mid-season dry spell 73 Cash shortages 83 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proportion of Households (%)
• In Mashonaland Central the commonly reported shocks/stressors were cash shortages (83%), prolonged mid-season dry spell (73%), drought (70%), cereal price changes (58%), crop pests (46%) and COVID-19 pandemic (43%). • Shocks/stressors namely cash shortages, prolonged mid-season dry spell, crop pests,COVID-19 pandemic, livestock diseases, malaria incidents, diarrhoeal diseases, death of income earner, veld fires and GBV were above the national average.
168 Top 8 Reported Shocks by District 100 9796 96 91 88 88 90 86 86 878787 80 81 78 80 75 75 76 74 75 71 70 66 67 6667 6262 63 62 62 58 6159 60 52 52 51 49 50 45 46 43 43 42 39 39 40 34 36 30 31 32 28 28 30 30 25
ProportionofHouseholds (%) 20 19 16 16 20 14 14 10 12 12 10 2 2 1 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire
Cash shortages Prolonged mid-season dry spell Drought Cereal price changes i.e. sharp drop or increase Crop pests COVID-19 Pandemic Livestock deaths Livestock price changes
• Across all the districts in Mashonaland central cash shortage was the widely reported shock/stressor. Cash shortages were highest in Guruve(97%) and lowest in Muzarabani and Shamva at 75% respectively. • COVID-19 pandemic shock was highest in Bindura(88%) and least in Shamva(1%). • Livestock deaths shock was recorded highest in Mt Darwin(58%) and least in Bindura(10%).
169 Comparison of Shock Exposure and Ability to Cope Index 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 17.4 20 11.4 13.7 12.4 13.0 12.2 14.3 12.8 7.5 10.7 7.4 9.6 8.4 7.3 7.6 10 5.5 5.6 6.3 Proportion of Households (%) Households of Proportion 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Shock exposure Index Ability to cope index
• The shock exposure index in the province (12.8%) was higher than the ability to cope index(7.6%) meaning most households are not able to cope after suffering from a shock.
170 Impact of Different Shocks on Households 100 90 30 24 80 39 37 35 34 56 51 50 70 65 60 85 83 79 78 93 89 88 86 86 85 30 50 27 55 40 46 50 55 30 34 42 50 20 0 28 39 40 10 19 16 21 10 9 14 12 14 15 17 11 14 13 11
0 07 1 3 0 1 1 1 2 6 6 6 0 ProportionHouseholdsof(%)
Type of Shock Minor/Mild Moderate Severe
• As shown in the bar graph above the impact of shocks was severe especially the idiosyncratic shocks, climatic shocks and economic shocks. The most severe shocks were death of main income earner (93%), loss of employment (88%) cancer(83%),drought(89%),prolonged dry spell(86%), livestock price changes (86%), cereal price changes(85%) and cash shortages(85%).
171 Ability to Cope with Shock 100 2 4 4 4 4 4 7 9 8 11 9 12 14 90 20 25 25 21 17 33 31 26 34 80 24 26 31 24 31 27 33 34 70 30 52 60 25 50 50 33 54 48 57 67 40 78 76 56 68 66 30 65 65 65 64 63 62 58 50 20 44 36 33 10 21 20 17 13 10 Proportion of household (%) household of Proportion 0
Unable to cope Able to cope with difficulty Able to cope without difficulty
• The majority of households were unable to cope with loss of employment (78%),death of income earner (76%),livestock price changes (68%), human wildlife conflict(66%),prolonged mid-season dry spell, livestock deaths and drought at (65%) respectively.
172 Extent of Recovery from Shock
100 2 1 3 4 7 8 7 5 11 10 10 10 16 15 10 90 16 20 31 80 30 34 37 22 32 32 28 50 70 40 36 46 36 67 60 46 75 57 56 35 56 50 85 36 40 58 56 49 48 50 48 40 40 39 30 39 50 20 31 28 33 ProportionofHousehold (%) 28 10 24 26 25 25 16 14 14 16 10 11 11 12 13 10 7 5 0 6
Did not recover Recovered some, but worse off than before [event] Recovered to same level as before [event] Recovered and better off
• The majority of the households which encountered idiosyncratic shocks like death of main income earner and death ,climate, economic and environmental shocks recovered but were worse than before. • For shocks like conflict, malaria, diarrhoea and GBV the majority of households recovered to the same level as before.
173 Ability to Cope with Future Shocks
100 5 0 0 6 6 4 4 2 4 3 5 9 9 13 90 19 20 25 21 27 32 30 80 21 24 30 31 33 33 34 0 24 32 27 41 70 42 60 50 40 43 50 56 90 30 40 81 80 52 73 73 70 30 67 66 65 65 64 64 63 20 45 30 ProportionofHouseholds (%) 28 10 27 25 23 13 0
Unable to cope Able to cope with difficulty Able to cope without difficulty
• Most households will be not be able to cope with future shocks ranging from climatic shocks e.g drought (66%) and prolonged mid season dry spell (64%), economic shocks e.g cash shortages (65%) and cereal price changes (65%), cancer (73%) and idiosyncratic shocks like death of income earner (90%) and loss of employment (81%). 174 Food Security
175 Proportion of Cereal Insecure Population by Pillar 100 100 10095 100 10092 10096 100 10095 100999493 10093 90 88 908888 87 8683 868685 84 8584 8483 90 81 7979 7878 82 80 74 74 75 80 7370 73 65 70 61 57 56 58 58 60 52 50 37 40 30 20 10
ProportionofHouseholds (%) 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial
Food insecurity from cereals stocks Food insecurity from cereals stocks plus food crops Food insecurity from cereals stocks plus food crops plus cash crops Food insecurity from cereals stocks plus food crops plus cash crops plus remittances Food insecurity from cereals stocks plus food crops plus cash crops plus livestocks plus casual labour and remittances Food insecurity from cereals stocks plus food crops plus cash crops plus livestocks plus casual labour and remittances plus income
• In Mashonaland Central considering cereal stocks alone all households were found to be food insecure across the districts. • After adding all the components/pillars that define the food security model, 58% of households in Mashonaland Central will be food insecure during the peak of hunger period. • Households in Mbire district (75.0%) will be the most food insecure .
• Bindura district (37%) will be the least food insecure. 176 Household Cereal Insecurity Progression by Quarter 100 90 80 75.0 65.1 68.0 70 61.1 57.0 56.2 58.3 58.5 57.6 60 53.0 52.3 49.7 51.8 49.0 48.5 46.2 45.5 50 44.8 41.7 36.8 38.4 36.5 40 35.5 33.3 32.3 33.7 29.4 26.1 30 22.0 18.4 18.5 20.9 19.7 19.6 20 15.9 10.0 Proportion of Households(%) Households(%) of Proportion 10 0 Bindura Muzarabani Guruve Mazowe Mt Darwin Rushinga Shamva Mbire Provincial Apr - Jun Jul - Sept Oct - Dec Jan - Mar
• January to March 2021 will be the peak of hunger period with 57.6% of households in Mashonaland central not being able to meet their cereal requirements. This proportion was highest in Mbire (75.0%) and least in Bindura (36.8%).
177 Cereal Insecure Population and Requirements by Quarter Cereal Insecure Population Cereal Requirements in Metric Tonnes Apr - Jun Jul - Sept Oct - Dec Jan - Mar Apr - Jun Jul - Sept Oct - Dec Jan - Mar Bindura 13,627 25,210 40,199 50,419 2,017 3,731 5,949 7,462 Muzarabani 24,845 47,675 65,133 76,548 3,677 7,056 9,640 11,329 Guruve 28,347 45,221 60,744 76,268 4,195 6,693 8,990 11,288 Mazowe 50,290 98,002 135,397 156,029 7,443 14,504 20,039 23,092 Mt Darwin 60,794 97,037 121,588 135,618 8,998 14,361 17,995 20,071 Rushinga 12,873 26,162 40,281 52,739 1,905 3,872 5,962 7,805 Shamva 26,503 45,531 62,520 69,996 3,922 6,739 9,253 10,359 Mbire 40,994 52,707 61,266 67,573 6,067 7,801 9,067 10,001 Provincial 264,669 438,099 588,153 692,211 39,171 64,839 87,047 102,447
• The total cereal insecurity population in Mashonaland Central during peak of hunger period will be 693, 211 and Mazowe will be having the largest number of people which will be cereal insecure 156 ,029.
178 Conclusions and Recommendations
• School fees was reported to be beyond the reach of many at 44.8%. It is recommended that there be a clear policy on school children whose parents/ guardians fail to pay school fees. • Government remains the main source of support in the provinces at 58.1%. Support from partners to complement government efforts to be enhanced by attracting more partners working on social protection or enhancing their coverage and support package. • There is need for government and development partners to avail a vigorous input support scheme to support smallholder farmers that includes irrigation facilities to help alleviate the effects of climate change .
• There was a general low cattle owner ship in the 2019/20 season which was most likely aggravated by high losses of cattle due to January disease which occurred in the season.Therefore there is need for increased investment in the livestock sector mostly targeting areas which experienced high mortality rates for restocking, irrigation infrastructure for fodder production, and capacity building for extension personnel. Furthermore availability of animal health drugs locally and disease surveillance should be improved. • Access to information is critical for development .There was significantly low usage of modern technologies like internet browsing and television in the province. There is therefore need for government to upscale use of internet service through out the province to facilitate and enhance information flow and communication. Conclusions and Recommendations
• The proportion of women of child-bearing age (15-49 years) who consumed iron and protein rich foods was at 15% and 34% respectively. These low proportions indicate that there is an increased risk of compromising their health and nutrition status, together with that of the children to-be-born by these women. Maternal nutrition should be strengthened to reduce all forms of malnutrition; roping in male counterparts as these usually are decision makers within households.
• For complementary feeding Minimum Acceptable Diet is very low for the province at 0.7%. Improvement should be centered on unavailing funding to strengthen nutrition sensitive interventions which will greatly improve availability and consumption of a variety of foods in many households. There is also need to focus on educating communities about appropriate complementary feeding practices.
• Vitamin A supplementation was very low for the 12-59 months age category with the province recording a proportion of 39%. There is need to strengthen supplementation in the communities through VHWs so as to capture as many children as possible.
• Mt Darwin district (43%) had the highest proportion of households engaging in more extreme and negative livelihood coping strategies that are outside their normal livelihoods, when faced with food shortages. Programs to boost the households’ livelihoods are recommended to cushion them from the shocks experienced. Conclusions and Recommendations
• Mt Darwin (6.2%) and Guruve (6%) districts had the highest proportion of children with malnutrition. There is urgent need for further screening of
children with malnutrition; quick response in the management of malnutrition; humanitarian assistance and developmental programs for the
affected households and communities.
• Dietary diversity score was on average low across all districts indicating that most of the households had access to limited number of food groups. Efforts should be made to improve the socio-economic status of households so as to boost their disposable income to purchase food from more food groups.
• Consumption of iron is low in the province with 65% of the household members reporting not having consumed iron in the past seven days preceding the survey. There is need to intensify promotion of iron rich foods complementing the efforts that are currently in effect. Iron supplementation will also go a long way in preventing the devastating effects of iron deficiency.
• Protein consumption is low across all districts with only 9% of household members in the province having reported consuming protein for 7 days in the past 7 days preceding the survey. There is need to continue promotion of protein rich foods. It will also be imperative to intensify promotion of small livestock production as it will provide a cheap source of protein.
• Vitamin A consumption was high across all the districts, with a provincial average of above 70% . Promotion of vitamin A rich foods has been on the high side through programmes such as bio-fortification. More funding should be injected to maintain this momentum. Conclusions and Recommendations
• There is a significant level of spousal violence (16%) recorded in the province. Further investigations on the causes of the violence should be done so that appropriate interventions are implemented.
• The major impact of the COVID-19 on livelihoods was mainly the reduction of income sources(52%) and reduced access to food (54%) across all districts. Therefore Government and development partners need to continue expanding and strengthening social safety nets programmes to cushion vulnerable households against the effects of the COVID-19 furthermore the government to continue monitoring the COVID-19 situation and find innovative ways of doing business in the face of COVID-19 (COVID-19 smart business).
• The fact that some households in the province perceive themselves as not at risk of contracting COVID-19 is worrisome and calls for the government through the responsible ministries and partners to increase coverage and continue educating people on the risk of COVID-19 through the commonly identified sources of information accessible by most households.
• Provincially the proportion of households with available hand washing services was 11% which was equal to the national picture. The major unavailability of handwashing services across districts is worrisome during this time of COVID-19 pandemic hence there is need to intensify behaviour change participatory health and hygiene promotion activities so that the population prioritise the availability of these services at all times especially during this time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions and Recommendations
• In Mashonaland Central the commonly reported shocks/stressors were economical such as cash shortages (83%) and cereal price changes (58%); climatic such as prolonged mid-season dry spell (73%), drought (70%), crop pests (46%) and COVID-19 pandemic (43%). Amongst the households which encountered these shocks the impact was severe and the households did not bounce back/recover to their original state. There is need to increase the households' absorptive, adaptive and transformative capacities by improving the households’ accesses to income, through livelihood diversification, enhancing the access to productive asserts and promotion of climate suitable crop varieties.
• The province will have (57.6%) of households being cereal insecure during the peak of the hunger period. Households identified to be food insecure should immediately continue to receive food aid.
• The province had 24% of the households assessing water from unimproved water sources. with only 54% of households accessing basic water services (which is water from safe sources accessed within 30 minutes round trip). To increase the proportion of households accessing basic water services in the long term there is need to consider a holistic approach which includes transforming rural settlements into predefined settlements which are easily water serviceable either at household level or through public tapes using environmentally sustainable methods e.g solar powered boreholes. Immediately more safe water sources need to be established and rehabilitated especially in the affected districts.
183 Conclusions and Recommendations
• The province had 52% of households with access to basic sanitation services however Mbire (21%), Rushinga (16%) and Bindura (14%) had the highest proportion of households practicing open defecation. To reduce the prevalence of open defecation initiatives that support the establishment suitable structural hardware e.g. construction of standard latrines using low cost methods with participation of the communities need to be encouraged.
• Indigenous foods (fruits, insects and vegetables) were being consumed by some households especially during the rain season. To increase the consumption of indigenous foods, which are seasonal and found in the wild; there is need to increase awareness about their nutritive value whilst limiting their extinction through efforts that discourage deforestation, avoiding veld fires and identification of innovative ways of preserving them.
• Casual labour (25.9%) remain the main source of income for rural households in the province . There is need to develop strategies that promote income diversification for rural households .
• Only 6% of households in the province had a member in an ISAL group. There is need for the Government to direct efforts towards formation of ISALs as strategies to improve the level of household income.
• The Food Poverty Datum Line has continued to increase over time and remains higher than the average income. There is need for the Government to strategize on how to make food more affordable to the general rural population.
184 Report Writing Team
Name Organization
Bernad Torevasei Ministry of Agriculture
Lucia Jenami Ministry of Local Government
Shingirai Mikiri Ministry of Health and Child Care
Disalice Kunaka Ministry of Local Government
Ruth Machaka Ministry of Health and Child Care
Rongai Machinga Ministry of Agriculture
Rumbidzai Mtetwa LFSP-ENTERPRISE
Honest Mahlatini Food and Nutrition Council
N Taruvinga ZimSTATS
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