Tree ings and ople

International Conference on the Future of Dendrochronology Davos, 22-26 September 2001

Abstracts

Edited by Michele Kaennel Dobbertin and Otto Ueli Braker

Published by the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL CH-8903 Birmensdorf. 2001 Recommended form of citation: Kaennel Dobbertin, M.; Braker, O.U. (eds) 2001: Tree Rings and People. International Conference on the Future of Dendrochronology. Davos, 22-26 September 2001. Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 278 pp.

ISBN 3-905620-96-0

Available from Library WSL ZOrcherstrasse 111 CH-8903 Birmensdorf E-mail: [email protected] Contents

In the table of contents, short and extended* poster abstracts are sorted according to sub-themes within each session. Extended abstracts are grouped in the last section of this volume, pp. 197-264.

Session 1: Wood structure and function

The increment puncher: A tool for extracting small cores of wood and bark from living trees 17 Theodor Forster, Fritz Hans Schweingruber, Bernhard Denneler

Using three different methods for measuring tree rings: comparison of results 18 Ignacio Garcfa Gonzalez, Lorena Garcfa Rodrfguez, Elvira Dfaz Vizcafno

A computer-assisted dendrochronology workstation: progress report 19 Martin A.R. Munro, Malcolm K. Hughes, Robert Schowengerdt, W. Steven Conner, James B. Engle, Giribalan Gopalan, James M. Burns

Analysis of tree-ring growth and cell structure on free-hand sections by confocal microscopy * 197 Peter Kitin, Ryo Funada

Microphotometry and tomography as tools for the study of internal wood structures 20 Vladimir Bahyl, J. Dursk, M. Gajtanska, Pham Van Tinh, Th. Seifert, A. Zbonak1

Image analysis of ring anatomy: interpretation of intra-ring microvariations in wood density * 198 Valerie Decoux, Emmanuel Defays, Charles De Canniere

Modelling of cambial activity 21 Alexander V. Shashkin, Harold C. Fritts, Debbie Hemming

Dendrochronology of roots: applications and potential 22 Cornelia Krause

Why is there so much air in sapwood? * 200 Barbara L. Gartner, John A. Moore, Barry A. Gardiner

Cell-wall masses of conifer tree ring * 202 Pavel P. Silkin

Mediterranean tree rings: difficulties encountered during the dating 23 Paolo Cherubini, Barbara Gartner, Roberto Tognetti, Otto U. Braker, John L. Innes

Age determination of two evergreen woody species (Pistacia lentiscus and Phillyrea latifolia) of 24 Mediterranean macchia vegetation Riccardo Gucci, Otto U. Braker, Werner Schoch, Paolo Cherubini

Do ring-shaken chestnut trees display larger earlywood vessels and/or less radial rays than unshaken 25 ones? Patrick Fonti

A reassessment of carbon content in wood: Variation within and between 40 North American species 26 Sabah Lamlom, Rodney Savidge

Tree rings and sex: A case study from high-altitude Austrocedrus chilensis forests from southern Argentina 27 and Chile Fidel Roig, Carlos Le-Quesne, Jose A. Boninsegna, Mariano Morales

3 Preliminary results on the dendrochronology of Wollemi Pine ( Wollemia nobilis), a new conifer genus from 28 NSW, Australia John C.G. Banks

The variation of the annual rings in Iranian beech (Fagus orientalis L) 29 Davoud ParsaPajouh

The formation of new vessel elements in the ring-porous hardwoods in springtime in relation to water 30 transport Ryo Funada, Tomoko lwatate-Suzuki, Yasuhiro Utsumi, Toshihiro Suzuki, Peter Kitin, Yuzou Sano

Mechanism leading to intra-ring radial cracks in young spruce trees * 204 Michael Grabner, Burgi Gierlinger, Rupert Wimmer

Variation in wood anatomy of some Maloideae species in relation to climate * 206 Vera E. Benkova

The effects of climate on variations in early- and latewood width of Japanese ash in northern Hokkaido, 31 Japan Koh Yasue, Ryo Funada

Salt stress signal in the annual rings of poplars exposed to coastal storms 32 Thorbergur Hjalti Jonsson, Baldur J6n Vigfusson, 61afur Eggertsson

Ash pollarding in SWitzerland in the last 6000 years: the wood-anatomical evidence 33 Jean Nicolas Haas, Heiner Albrecht

Spruce budworm defoliation and its impact on the tree-ring formation of Balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) 34 Mill.) Young-In Park, Hubert Morin

Frost rings in conifers and broadleaved trees - seasonal differentiation and ecological evaluation 35 Hannes Hubert Leuschner, Fritz Hans Schweingruber

Frost-induced shrinkage in stem and root of Jug/ans regia trees 36 Sergio Mapelli, Alcide Bertani

Rhythmic patterns of stable isotopes in tropical wood 37 Gerhard Helle, Gerhard Hans Schleser, Martin Worbes, Dieter Anhuf

Long.term climate controls on vessel diameter and density in tropical trees 38 Fidel Roig, David Stahle, Silvia Delgado, Susana Monge

Possible growth rings in the mangrove Rhizophora mucronata Lamk in Kenya 39 Anouk Verheyden, Hans Beeckman, Jurgen Tack, Nico Koedam

Dendroclimatology of the Australian red cedar in Eastern Australian rainforests 40 lngo Heinrich, John C.G. Banks

Dendroecological studies on Swietenia macrophyl/a King and Cedre/a odorata L. from the Central Amazon 41 Oliver Dunisch, Josef Bauch, Valdinez R. Mont6ia

Phenology and stem-growth periodicity of tree species in Amazonian floodplain forests 42 Jochen Schongart, Martin Worbes

Wood anatomical characteristics for tree-ring and growth periodicity analysis of semideciduous forests in 43 Brazil Mario Tomazello Fo., Viviam Correia Baptista, Ligia Ferreira, Paulo Cesar Botosso

Tree rings of teak as dendrochronological tools: Some anatomical evidences 44 Kanthila Mahabala Bhat

4 Session 2: Archaeology

Dendrochronology: doing the splits between archaeology and natural sciences 47 Andre Billamboz, Wilhelm Tegel

Tree-ring Research and archaeological heritage in the Netherlands 48 Esther Jansma, Elsemieke Hanraets, Ute Sass-Klaassen, Tamara Vemimmen

Dendrochronological evidence of timber trade 49 Tomasz Wazny

A dendrochronological study of violins by Antonio Stradivari 50 John Topham

A new oak chronology for early medieval Venice 51 Nicoletta Martinelli

Dendrochronological analysis of the library (Sala Vaccarini) and sacristy of the San Nicolo !'Arena 208 Monastery, Catania, Italy * Mauro Bernabei, R. Castorina, Angela Lo Monaco

Lavagnone, Italy: a four-phase tree-ring chronology from the Early Bronze Age 52 Carol B. Griggs, Peter I. Kuniholm, Maryanne W. Newton

Eastern Turkey: archaeology, history and tree-ring research at Urartian Ayanis 53 Maryanne W. Newton, Peter I. Kuniholm, Carol B. Griggs

Xylological aspects of charcoals from the archaeological city of Ferento (Xllth century, Viterbo, Italy) * 210 Mauro Bernabei, Manuela Romagnoli

Notes on ancient woodland exploitation from the dendrochronological study on the bronze pile-dwelling of 54 Frassino I (Northern Italy) Nicoletta Martinelli, Olivia Pignatelli

Dendrochronological investigations in prehistoric pile dwellings in the Ljubljana Moor, Slovenia 55 Katarian Cufar, Anton Veluscek, Tom Levanic, Bernd Kromer

Dendrochronological study of archaeological lake sites. From datation to forest exploitation 56 Jean-Pierre Hurni, Christian Orcel, Jean Tercier

The history of the prehistoric mire woodland in Ypenburg, the Netherlands 57 Ute Sass-Klaassen, Laura Kooistra, Sjoerd van Daalen, Elsemieke Hanraets, Esther Jansma, Pauline van Rijn

Recent dendroarchaeological investigations in north-eastern France 58 Wilhelm Tegel

Session 3: Air pollution and environmental chemistry

Chemical elements in tree-ring patterns as related to soil chemical status in the Southern Black Forest, 212 Germany* Jurgen Schaffer, Klaus von Wilpert

Emission of power plants and growth of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) * 214 Wolfram Elling

5 Relationships between radial increment and lignification of conifers in alkalised industrial areas of Estonia 61 Malle Mandre, Henn Parn

Air pollution effects on wood decay of windthrown trees in the southern taiga of the Urals 62 E.L. Vorobeichik, Marina R. Trubina, Alexandr Yu. Surkov

Elements, PAH and isotopes of S and Pb in tree bark for biomonitoring of air quality and fingerprinting of 63 pollution sources Frieder Hofmann, Werner Wosniok, Guido Bracke, Annette Giesemann, Ulrike Siemers

The effects of drought, insects and pollution on the radial increment of Scots pine on sandy soil in western 64 Rnland Kristian Karlsson

Estimation of fluctuations in forest stand productivity with help of ring-width analysis 65 Irene Dashkovskaya, Alexey Buzikin, Vladislav Soukhovolsky

Growth response of tamarack and black spruce populations to wastewater filtered through a boreal bog 66 Thomas W. Doyle, Glenn R. Guntenspergen

Trace element determination by PIXE in tree rings and soil of the Mexican Basin 67 German Galva-Vasquez, J. Miranda, L. Huerta-Arcos, C. Solis, V. Cetina

Global radiation disasters and tree rings 68 Valery Kozlov, Gennadiy Kozubov, Margarita Kisternaya

Metal deposition in baldcypress tree rings 69 Margaret S. Devall, Shane D. Latimer, Leonard B. Thien, Erik G. Ellgaard t, Charles E. Thomas, Satish D. Kumar

Temporal trend in heavy metals concentrations and lignin structure in some conifers in Aosta Valley 70 (western Italian Alps) Marco Orlandi, Manuela Pelfini, Manuela Pavan

Woodtrax: a new instrument for x-ray and trace element analysis 71 Hakan Grudd

Session 4: Climatology

Tree-ring width wavelet analysis of solar variability and climatic effects on a Chilean cypress during the last 216 two and a half millenia * Daniel J. R. Nordemann, N. R. Rigozo, E. Echer, L. E. A. Vieira, A. Zanandrea

Dendrochronological evidence of long-term variations in solar activity and climate * 218 O.M. Raspopov, V.A. Dergachev,0.1. Shumilov, T. Kolstrom, M. Lindholm, J. Merilainen, 6. Eggertsson, S.S. Vasiliev, A.V. Kuzmin, I.Yu Kirtsidely, E.A. Kasatkina

Interpretation of solar cycle length connection to global surface temperatures using tree-ring data 75 Oleg I. Shumilov, Oleg M. Raspopov, Elena A. Kasatkina, Gordon Jacoby, V.A. Dergachev

Atmospheric and oceanic indices since AD 1000 reconstructed from tree rings in the American Southwest 76 Fenbiao Ni, Malcolm K. Hughes, Gary Funkhouser

Regional features of climate variability and solar forcing on tree-ring data 77 Elena A. Kasatkina, Oleg I. Shumilov, Gordon Jacoby, Oleg M. Raspopov, Andrey G. Struev

6 To what extent can oxygen isotopes in tree rings be used to reconstruct past atmospheric temperature? 78 An analysis of Abies alba in SWitzerland Martine Rebetez, Matthias Saurer, Paolo Cherubini

Tree-ring stable carbon isotopes of Siberian larch as indicators of changing atmospheric CO2 and humidity * 220 Victor I. Voronin1, Gerhard Hans Schleser, Gerhard Helle

Extreme climatic phenomena and tree-ring growth anomalies in the 16th-19th centuries in the north of the 79 Russian plain Margarita M. Chernavskaya, N.B. Chernykh, Andrei V. Pushin

A dendroclimatological network analysis of Central European chronologies 80 Burkhard Neuwirth

Dendroclimatic potential of Juniperus sibirica 81 Ljudmila A. Gorlanova, Stepan G. Shiyatov, Rashit M. Hantemirov

Spatio-temporal dynamics of forest-tundra ecosystems under climate change in the Polar Ural Mountains 82 Stepan Shiyatov, Oleg Tchekhlov

Was there a Little Ice Age in Scandinavia? 83 Hakan Grudd, Bjorn E. Gunnarson, Maarit Kalela-Brundin, Hans W. Linderholm

Isotope proxies in tree rings as climatic indicators - investigations at timberline sites in the Karakorum 84 mountains (Northern Pakistan) KerstinTreydte, Jan Esper, Gerhard Helle, Gerhard Hans Schleser, Christian Welscher, Matthias Winiger

Temperature regime of warm seasons in Siberian Arctic since 1642 A.D. reconstructed from cell dimension 85 of larch tree rings Irina P. Panyushkina, Malcolm K. Hughes, Evginei A. Vaganov, Martin A.R. Munro

Climate reconstruction from tree-ring records in northern China for the last 250 years 86 Yu Liu, Umin Ma, Malcolm K. Hughes, Gregg M. Garfin-Woll, Qiufang Cai, Zhisheng An, Steven W. Leavitt

Establishing a multi-millenial Pinus cembra chronology for the central Eastern Alps 87 Kurt Nicolussi, Peter Schiessling lnterannual and decade scale changes in northern Fennoscandian midsummer temperatures since 88 5500 B.C. extracted from the supra-long ring.width chronology of Scots pine Markus Lindholm, Matti Eronen, Mauri Timonen

Response of pines to climate factors in Estonia 89 Alar Laanelaid

Frost rings in coniferous trees of the West-Siberian Subarctic 90 Marina Gurskaya

Millennium length tree-ring reconstruction of extreme climatic events in the Polar Urals 91 Rashit M. Hantemirov, Ljudmila A. Gorlanova, Stepan G. Shiyatov

Dendrochronological evidence in beech (Fagus sy/vatica L.) of May late frosts in the Polish 92 Tatra National Park Zdzislaw Bednarz

Dendroclimatological analysis of climate features in Northern and Central Yakutia 93 Anatoliy Nikolaev

Dendroclimatic reconstruction of growth-season temperatures in eastern Hokkaido, Japan 94 Osamu Kobayashi, Koh Yasue

7 Preliminary reconstructions from 1750-1991 for May-August maximum and minimum temperatures 222 and the diurnal temperature range for Interior British Columbia * Rob J.S. Wilson, Brian H. Luckman

A 700-year reconstruction of winter/spring precipitation for south-central Oregon from western juniper 95 (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) tree rings Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, Peter T. Soule, Paul A. Knapp

Dendroclimatological spring rainfall reconstruction within an inner alpine dry valley * 224 Walter Oberhuber, Werner Kofler

Changing relationship between spruce and fir over the last 500 years: Implications for climatic 226 reconstruction in the Lower Bavarian Forest, Germany * Rob J.S. Wilson

A paleoclimatic record for the Late Holocene in the Central Sahara: tree rings of Cupressus dupreziana 96 from the Wadi Tanezzuft area (SW Fezzan, Libya) Mauro Cremaschi, Manuela Pelfini, Luca Arzuffi, Vincenzo Di Mauro, Maurizio Santilli, Andrea Zerboni

Dendroclimatology of miornbo woodland species in southern and eastern Africa 97 Valerie Trouet, Kristof Haneca, Pol Coppin, Hans Beeckman

The dendrochronological potential of three South African Widdringtonia species 98 Edmund C. February, Mary Gagin

Dendroecological analysis of selected tree species from South Brazil 99 Peter Spathelf, Leif Nutto, L.F. Watzlawick

Tree-ring analysis of Tectona grandis (Teak) from central India 100 Hemant P. Borgaonkar, Kolli Rupa Kumar, Amar B. Sikder, Somaru Ram, Govind Ballabh Pant

Tree-ring studies in India 101 Hemant P. Borgaonkar, Amalava Bhattacharyya, K. Rupa Kumar, G. B. Pant, V. Chaudhary

Climate variation since 300 BP in the eastern part of Qilian Mountain, China 102 Xiaohua Gou, Fahu Chen, Yajun Wang, Xuemei Shao

A 2'500-year long temperature-sensitive tree-ring record in far north-eastern Eurasia 103 Malcom K. Hughes, Evgenij A. Vaganov, Stepan G. Shiyatov, Ramzi Touchan, Muchtar M. Naurzbaev, Gary Funkhouser

Tree rings and climate in the Near East 104 Ramzi Touchan, Malcom K. Hughes, Nesat Erkan

Carbon and oxygen isotope trends along the northern tree-line in Eurasia 105 Matthias Saurer, Fritz H. Schweingruber, Evgenij A. Vaganov, Stepan G. Shiyatov, Rolf Siegwolf

Decadal-scale climatic variability in the South American sector of the Southern Ocean: Evidence 106 from tree-ring records during the past four centuries Ricardo Villalba, Jose A. Boninsegna, Antonio Lara, Silvia Delgado

On the use of high elevation tree-ring records in Northern Patagonia for assessing information 107 about climate variability Andrea Schmelter

Influence of climate on tree rings of Common beech (Fagus sy/vatica L.) 108 Christoph Dittmar

Comparison of dendroclimatological variability of Scots pine along an east-west transect in northern Europe 109 Hans Linderholm, Markus Lindholm, Bard Solberg

8 Comparative analysis of growth responses to climatic changes in several conifer species in the Middle 228 Taiga region (Central Siberia) * Alexander Kirdyanov

Influence of climate changes on radial increment and age structure of subalpine larch forests of Kuznetski 110 Alatau (Russia) over the last 330 years Pavel Moiseev

Climatic response of larch trees growing at the upper timber line and above flood-plain terrace of lower 230 stream lndigirka River * Olga V. Sidorova

Age-dependent tree-ring growth response to climate of Larix decidua Mill. and Pinus cembra L. at timberline 111 Marco Carrer, Carlo Urbinati

Dendroclimatic comparison of invasive Pinus strobus and native Pinus sylvestris along two ecological 232 and geographical gradients in the Czech republic * Tomas Tichy, Marcela Macova

Dendroclimatological investigation of Juniper (Juniperus po/ycarpos) in Elburz Mountains of Iran 112 in comparison with neighboring high mountain areas Kambiz Pourtahmasi, Davoud ParsaPajouh

Spatial analysis of earlywood vs. latewood chronologies of oak in the Iberian Northwest 113 Ignacio Garcfa Gonzalez, Elvira Dfaz Vizcafno, Antonio Martfnez Cortizas

Yearly maps of different seasonal climate parameters for eastern Tibet under special consideration 114 of mountain topography using GIS Achim Brauning

Influence of thermic and pluvial conditions on the radial increments of Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco 115 from Western Pomerania Anna Cedro

Three millennia of climate, hydrology, and cliff ecology of the Great Lakes Basin of North America: 116 long tree-ring records from cliff-dwelling trees Brendan M. Buckley, Peter E. Kelly, Douglas W. Larson, Edward R. Cook, Robert J. Wilson

Comparison of height increment and radial growth to needle proxies on young Scots pine as climate 117 predictors based on the Needle Trace Method, NTM Risto Jalkanen, Tarmo Aalto

The verification of pointer years in dendroclimatology 118 Fabian Meyer

The International Tree-Ring Data Bank 119 Connie A. Woodhouse

Tree ring web and alternative chronologies 120 Dirk Schmatz, Sucharita Ghosh, Iris Heller

Evaluating the time-dependent behavior of ecological models based on dendrochronological data 121 or. What if we know climate but not its large-scale ecological response? Harald Bugmann, T. Kittel, D. Schimel, Connie Woodhouse, Christof Bigler

9 Session 5: Forest ecology and management

Tree rings as control and data source in disturbance history studies 125 Mats Niklasson

Growth-dependent tree mortality processes in conifers 126 Christof Bigler, Harald Bugmann, Fritz H. Schweingruber

Composition, age-structure, and disturbance dynamics of a rare dwarf Pinus rigida community 127 on Mt. Everett, Massachusetts David A. Orwig, Glenn Motzkin, David R. Foster

From past to future: long-term investigations in a strict forest reserve in the Eastern Italian Alps 128 using dendroecology and a Geographic Information System Renzo Motta, Paola Nola, Pietro Piussi

A multifactorial approach of sensitivity/ complacency * 234 Christian Wuthrich

The influence of winter conditions on the radial increment of Norway spruce in the coastal areas 129 of western Finland Kristian Karlsson

Using dendroecology for autecology studies: Examples with old-growth Pinus strobus 130 Marc D. Abrams

Pointer years of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) tree rings on dry forest sites in Lithuania 131 Adomas Vitas

Mapping avalanche risk using GIS and dendrochronological techniques 132 Giovanni Comunello, Marco Ciolli, Paolo Cherubini

Growth reactions of sub-alpine spruces at Davos "Lusiwald" after one-sided light exposure 133 by a "slot technique" for forest regeneration Otto U. Braker, Ernst Baumann

Using soil water availability estimates for the interpretation of tree-ring series in northwestern Spain 134 Ignacio Garcfa Gonzalez, Elvira Dfaz Vizcafno, Antonio Martfnez Cortizas

Relation among annual growth of conifer species, bushes and mosses in Northern Taiga region * 236 Anastasiya A. Knorre

Condition of live fire-scarred ponderosa pine trees, six years after removing partial cross sections 135 Emily K. Heyerdahl, Steven J. McKay

Dendrochronological reconstruction of fire frequency in Prosopis ca/denia woodland of central Argentina 136 Andrea A. Medina, Esteban G. Dussart, Hector D. Estelrich, Ernesto A. Morici

Reconstruction of fire regime in boreal forests of Siberia 137 Galina A. lvanova

Linking fire activity and weather in Ural pine forests during the last 600 years 138 Igor Drobyshev, Per Angelstam, Mats Niklasson

The use of paleoecology for fire history reconstruction and long-term effect of fire on ecosystem dynamics * 238 Isabelle Larocque

Disturbance interactions and post-fire development in a Rocky Mountain forest landscape 139 Peter Bebi, Dominik Kulakowski, Thomas T. Veblen

10 Patchiness and spatial synchrony of two-year cycle budworm outbreaks in central British Columbia, Canada 140 Qi-Bin Zhang, Rene I. Alfaro, Angus Shand

Application of dendroecological analytical techniques in assessing growth responses to external influences: 141 impact of eastern spruce budworm defoliation on black spruce growth Peter F. Newton

Diffusion patterns of the eastern spruce budworm outbreaks, Quebec, Canada 142 Yves Jardon, Hubert Morin, Pierre Dutilleul

Implication of roots in tree survival after spruce budworm defoliation 143 Cornelia Krause, Hubert Morin

Response of Pinus sylvestris L. trees to defoliation caused by Bupa/us piniarius L. 144 Irina Viktorovna Svidesrakaia, Elena Nikolaevna Palnikova

The impact of two fungal root pathogens on tree-ring growth of Pinus mugo in the Swiss National Park 145 (Engadine, Switzerland) Giovanni Fontana, Daniel Rigling, Matthias Dobbertin, Peter Brang, John L. Innes, Paolo Cherubini

Competition dynamics of important woody plants of the hardwood floodplain forest 240 along the middle reaches of Elbe river, Germany* Stephan Bonn, Andreas Roloff

Long-term climate change and vegetation dynamics in bogs * 242 Rutile Pukiene, Theodoras Bitvinskas

Detecting disturbance history of Barrier Island forests of Gulf Islands National Seashore, USA 146 Thomas W. Doyle, Jeff Balmat

Increment of aboveground wood biomass and dynamics of whitewater inundation forests 147 of the Central Amazonia Jochen Schongart, Martin Worbes

Forest impact and recovery of a longleaf pine ecosystem along the south Atlantic coast, USA 148 following Hurricane Hugo Thomas W. Doyle

Is the risk of uprooting or stem breakage associated with wood properties? A post-Lothar analysis 149 Fabian Meyer, Jens Paulsen, Christian Korner

The role of high-frequency tree-ring growth synchronization of forest stands in biological diversity and 244 stability of forest ecosystems * Alexey Buzikin, Irene Dashkovskaya, Vladislav Soukhovolsky

Missing rings in suppressed saplings of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) in old-growth stands, Quebec, 150 Canada and their implication in the interpretation of forest dynamics Sylvain Parent, Hubert Morin

The dating of old grown trees in the La Selva low land rain forest in Costa Rica 151 Esther Naumer, Martin Worbes

Differences in tree-ring parameters of Scots pine provenances in response to annual weather conditions 246 at a central Siberian location * Yu.V. Sawa, Fritz H. Schweingruber, Evgenij A. Vaganov

Increase in radial DBH increment of Silver fir stands in Poland and its differentiation * 248 Jerzy Zawada

11 The limiting factors at the upper and lower forest limits in the mountain-woodland steppe of Northwest 250 Mongolia* Joachim Block, Uwe Treter

Tree-ring chronology of Picea abies (L.) Karsten forests in the Rila Mountains of Bulgaria 152 Ivan Raev

Recent dynamics of treeline ecotones in the Pyrenees: patterns and paces of treeline response to climate 153 Jesus Julio Camarero, Emilia Gutierrez

Ecology and dendroclimatology of Pi/gerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin in the southernmost Andes 154 (53° S) - a pilot study in its southernmost distribution area Johannes Koch, Rolf Kilian

Tree-ring growth patterns of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) along the Italian Alps, from the French 155 to the Slovenian border Marco Carrer, Ruggero Dal Gin, Roberta Janna, Renzo Motta3, Paola Nola, Carlo Urbinati

Dendroecological analysis of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in the Aosta Valley 156 Paola Nola, Renzo Motta

A 3474-year alpine tree-ring record from the Dachstein, Austria * 252 Michael Grabner, Rupert Wimmer, Wolfgang Gindi, Kurt Nicolussi

Tree-ring growth dynamics of Picea abies L. Karst along elevation gradients in Italian and Austrian Alps 157 Benedetta Bortoluzzi

Dependence of Douglas-fir height increment on geographic characteristics of provenance in central Serbia 158 Vera Lavadinovic, Milo Koprivica,Vasilije lsajev

Radial growth as a tool to differentiate Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) from provenance trials 254 in the Krasnoyarsk forest steppe * Valentina V. Tarasova, A.V. Benkov, L.I. Milyutin, Alex B. Shashkin, Vera Benkova, Fritz H. Schweingruber

Dendroecological analysis of silver fir (Abies alba) in stands under different silvicultural systems 159 Maria Chiara Manetti, Andrea Cutini

Long.term tree ring growth patterns of individual old Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesil) in western 160 Oregon, USA: Silvicultural implications for developing old-growth characteristics in young managed forests Nathan Jeremy Poage, J.C. Tappeiner II, S. Andrews

A simulation model of tree growth based on tree-ring analysis as a part of integrated forest management 161 Karel Drapela, Jaroslav Simon

Dynamics of coniferous radial increment and recreational use of northern taiga forests 162 Pavel A. Feklistov, V.N. Evdokimov, E.V. Prigov

Ecological basis for the management of a subalpine balsam fir forest in Quebec (Canada) 163 Sophie Dallaire, Stephane Dery, Louis Belanger

Wood mass and density - a still unused dendro-resource for the carbon cycle discussion * 256 Otto u. Braker

12 Session 6: Landscape ecology and management

Picea abies as indicator for geomorphodynamic activity in St. Antonien (Switzerland) * 258 Astrid Ropke

Dendrogeomorphology, climate and geomorphic responses in the northern Tien Shan mountains, 167 Kazakhstan Vanessa Winchester, Stephan Harrison, Alaric Rae, David G. Passmore, Igor V. Severskiy

Dendrogeomorphological analysis of Cereniste landslide (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic) 168 Rosanna Fantucci, Vitek Vilimek

Dating the thermokarst processes in West Siberia with dendrogeomorphological methods 169 Leonid I. Agafonov, Thomas 0. Nuber, Horst Strunk

Anatomical features of exposed roots - A new methodology in dating erosion events 170 Holger Gartner

Spatio-temporal analysis of mass movements by means of dendrochronology (preliminary results) 171 Maria Cleofe Stefanini, Alessandro Chelli

Debris flow in the Central Italian Alps: an example of a dendrogeomorphological study to date recent events 172 Maurizio Santilli, Manuela Pelfini

Reconstruction of debris flow frequency by analysis of deposits on a forested cone 173 Michael Grichting, Delphine Conus, Thierry Falco, Igor Lievre, Gilles MaTtre

Dendroglaciologal evidence of Little Ice Age glacier fluctuations at the Gran Campo Nevado, 174 southernmost Chile Johannes Koch, Rolf Kilian

Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Swiss Alps 175 Hanspeter Holzhauser

Bioindication of rock glacier generations in the Turtmanntal (Valais, Switzerland) 176 Isabelle Roer, Holger Gartner, Richard Dikau

Dendrogeomorphological reconstruction of glacier variations in northern Patagonia during 177 the past 1000 years Mariano Masiokas, Ricardo Villalba, Dario Trombotto, Silvia Delgado, Brian Luckman, Alberto Ripalta, Jose Hernandez

Tree rings as tools to reconstruct past avalanches 178 Marco Bezzi, Marco Ciolli, Maria Giulia Cantiani, Paolo Cherubini

Microscopic analysis of growth reactions caused by rock fall and snow avalanches 179 Markus Stoffel

Dendrogeomorphic investigations of snow avalanche tracks in the Canadian Rockies 180 Brian H. Luckman, Gordon W. Frazer

Paleoflood records for the Red River basin, Canada derived from anatomical signatures 181 in Quercus macrocarpa Scott St. George, Erik Nielsen

Dendrochronological analysis of Scots pine and common alder in the vicinity of small water reservoir 182 Marcin Fortunski

Tree growth to reconstruct irrigation effects in time and space 183 Andreas Rigling, Harald Bruhlhart, Otto Ulrich Braker

13 A 280-year reconstruction of Baikal Lake water level from tree rings 184 Valery N. Magda, Anastasiya V. Zelenova, Serguei G. Andreev

A dendrohydrological method for reconstruction of river flow in the Swedish boreal zone 185 Karin Jonsson

Input processes and decomposition rates of large woody debris in a boreal forest stream 186 Niklas Dahlstrom, Karin Jonsson

Dendrohydrology in Colorado, USA 187 Connie A. Woodhouse

Tree-ring analysis for the assessment of the effects of coastal erosion on Pinus pinea growth 188 Sabrina Raddi, Paolo Cherubini, Otto U. Braker, F. Magnani

Trees of the sea: "Clam"-ring chronologies 189 Bernd R. Schone, David L. Dettman

Spatio-temporal rhythms in landscape processes: application of dendrochronological methods 190 Andrei I. Beliakov

Dendrochronological studies of natural reforestation and landscape development processes 191 (Ramosch, Lower Engadine, Switzerland) Bernd R. Schone, Fritz H. Schweingruber

Dendrochronological dating of charcoal kilns: a new method for dating historical land use 260 at the upper timberline * Christa E. Backmeroff, Gaetano Di Pasquale

Historical land-use and upper timberline dynamics determined by a thousand-year larch chronology 262 made up of charcoal fragments from kilns and ancient trees * Christa E. Backmeroff

The Tunguska event in 1908: Evidence from tree-ring anatomy 192 Pavel P. Silkin, V.D. Nesvetailo, Evgenij A. Vaganov, Malcom K. Hughes

Dendroecological analysis of vegetation dynamics in Mediterranean macchia 193 Sandro Strumia, Assunta Esposito, Gaetano Di Pasquale, Antonino de Natale, Stefano Mazzoleni

The application of dendroecological methods in urban areas - Examples from Berlin 194 Angela von Luhrte

Extended abstracts 197 Authors 267 Geographical index 271 Plant species 274 Keywords 276

14 Wood structure and function The increment puncher: A tool for extracting small cores of wood and bark from living trees

Theodor Forster 1, Fritz Hans Schweingruber 1, Bernhard Denneler 1, 2 theodor [email protected] 1: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 2: Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Groupe de recherche en ecologie forestiere interuniversitaire, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

A newly designed and easy-to-use increment puncher (in French: minisonde de prelevement, in German: Zuwachsstecher, in Italian: puntura incrementale) allows the extraction of wood and bark cores from living tree stems to study radial increment, cell-wall growth, lignification and wound reactions. The size of the wood samples are maximal 10 mm in length and 2.5 mm in diameter. The main parts of the puncher are: The punchertube, the guide, the fixing panel with fastening belt and finally the clearing rod with guiding tool.

Punching procedure: 1. Attach the fixing panel on the stem and secure it by means of the belt. 2. Ram the puncher into the trunk, using the flat of the hand, brake off the core and pull the puncher out of the trunk. 3. Push the punched core out of the puncher tube. To protect the cells adjacent to the cambial zone, use the guiding tool for the clearing rod. The simplest method to prepare these very small samples is to glue them on a wooden support with waterproof adhesive. For taking photographs, cores must be grinded or microsections cut with a microtome.

Editorial Keywords increment cores, puncher, sampling http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs56.ehtml Abstract number 56

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 17 Using three different methods for measuring tree rings: comparison of results

Ignacio Garcfa Gonzalez, Lorena Garcfa Rodrfguez, Elvira Dfaz Vizcafno

[email protected] Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Esco/a Politecnica Superior, Departamento de Bioloxfa Vexetal, Lugo, Spain

Tree rings were measured using three different methods: a usual tree-ring measuring device (measuring table), a flatbed scanner and a binocular microscope attached to a video camera. Trees (15 oaks, Quercus robur, and 15 birches, Betu/a alba) were sampled near Lugo (Northwestern Spain) and their measurements were later used for chronology building.

The time needed for measurement was recorded for comparison. This result, together with the accuracy of the measurements and the difficulties that were observed with each method are discussed.

All three methods were very suitable for ring-porous trees. Diffuse-porous woods showed several difficulties when using scanned or captured images, as contrast was not always enough for recognition, and wood surface required very high quality. Although the use of a typical tree-ring measuring device resulted to be the most adequate method, a high-resolution flatbed scanner seems to be a good solution for professionals that occasionally need to measure tree-rings, as both time consumption and precision are very similar, together with a relatively low cost.

Editorial Keywords tree-ring measuring, time consumption, cost, accuracy, Quercus robur, Betula alba, Northwestern Spain, Lugo

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs115.ehtm1 Abstract number 115

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 18 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. A computer-assisted dendrochronology workstation: progress report

Martin A.R. Munro 1, Malcolm K. Hughes 1, Robert Schowengerdt 2, W. Steven Conner 2, James B. Engle 2, Giribalan Gopalan 2, James M. Bums 1 [email protected] 1: University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, Arizona, USA 2: University of Arizona, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tucson, Arizona, USA

The workstation is designed to retain the best characteristics of present methods of tree-ring dating and data capture, but uses modern image-capture and processing techniques to remove much of the drudgery from the dating process, and renders the separate measuring phase unnecessary. It does not offer complete automation, but assists the dendrochronologists, who can override its decisions at all phases of the process. A microscope and video camera provide the dendrochronologists with both a conventional optical and a real-time video image of the wood surface, allowing their experience in microscope technique to help resolve dating problems and identify any anatomical peculiarities within the rings. The computer shares control of the three-axis stage that moves the wood and captures the live video images. It suggests positions of ring boundaries, measures the ring widths, and develops a 'skeleton plot' (a graphical summary of the patterns of between-ring variation evident on the wood surface), or a time-series plot. Dendrochronologists are not only free to correct misidentified rings, but also to customize the conventions used on the plots to suit their preferences; they can then compare plots on the screen to cross-date the ring patterns against known chronologies and each other, aided by software that suggests possible matching positions and identifies inconsistencies possibly caused by absent or false rings. We are currently working on making this system available for use on easily accessible, economical hardware.

Editorial Keywords tree-ring dating, tree-ring measuring, false rings, image analysis, dendrochronology workstation http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs133.ehtml Abstract number 133

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 19 Microphotometry and tomography as tools for the study of internal wood structures

Vladimir Bahyl 1, J. Dursk 1, M. Gajtanska 1, Pham Van Tinh 1, Th. Seifert 2, A. Zbonak1 [email protected] 1: Technical University, Zvo/en, Skovakia 2: Technische Universitat Munchen, Germany

This poster describes our design of a fully automated microdensitometer for the measurement of tree-ring structures. It presents the whole system, from the cutting of samples through the X-ray imaging and microdensitometry to the data processing system.

It also describes the software and hardware of our new transportable tomograph, based on fan beam geometry. This system produces images of internal structures of living trees.

Editorial Keywords wood anatomy, wood structure, microdendrometers

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs244.ehtml Abstract number 244

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 2C Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Modelling of cambial activity

Alexander V. Shashkin 1, Harold C. Fritts 2, Debbie Hemming 2

[email protected] 1: V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2: University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, Arizona., USA

TreeRing is a process model of tree growth, designed to examine the specifics of tree ring development. Daily meteorological variables are used to predict various tree growth processes including photosynthesis, transpiration, leaf resistance, carbon allocation and water balance. A cambial sub model utilizes these predictions to estimate tracheid cell division, enlargement and maturation during a growth season. Although it is well known that cambial activity, tracheid size and cell-wall thickness respond to phonological and environmental changes during the growing season, the physiological mechanisms controlling these responses are not clear. We present a novel model to explain cambial function, and we outline how this model relates cell growth and structure with environment and phenology.

Editorial Keywords cambial activity, physiological processes, TreeRing model, tracheids size, cell-wall thickness

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ Abstract number 62

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 21 Dendrochronology of roots: applications and potential

Cornelia Krause

[email protected] Sciences fondamentales, Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada

The functions of the root system are mainly water and nutrient absorption, stocking reserves, transport and fixation. The latter imply the mandatory formation of woody roots with secondary growth. Despite an eccentric growth in the root parts close to the stump, valuable information can be extracted by analysing them. Root cross­ dating allows the precise identification of the year of installation in each part of the underground system. Moreover, the presence of adventitious enables its reconstruction in time (Marin and Fillion 1992, Strunk 1995). Root analysis can be used for geomorphic applications and dendrohydrology such as in the dating of floods or changes in groundwater level (Alestalo 1971, La Marche 1966, Bayard and Schweingruber 1991, Begin et al. 1996). Root growth can also be used for dendroclimatological analysis (Schulman 1936, Krause and Eckstein 1993). Defoliation periods in the stems are followed by a radial growth decrease in the roots which often results in elongation in the root system (Krause 1997, 1999). Stress factors such as drought periods or acid rain will be recorded more intensively in the roots than in the stem. Dating of root injuries also gives other information about events during the lifespan of the tree. Root system analysis offers a wide range of information from tree health to forest decline.

Editorial Keywords

root analysis, dendrohydrology, dendrochronological potential

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs6.ehtm1 Abstract number 6

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 22 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Mediterranean tree rings: difficulties encountered during the dating

Paolo Cherubini 1, Barbara Gartner 2, Roberto Tognetti 3, Otto U. Braker 1, John L. Innes 4

[email protected] 1: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 2: Department of Forest Products, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA 3: Universita deg/i Studi def Mo/ise, Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, Vegetali e dell'Ambiente (SAVA), Campobasso, Italy 4: University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Department of Forest Resources Management, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Tree rings have been used extensively in temperate regions to reconstruct responses of forests to past environmental changes. In mediterranean regions, although such information would be very useful to understand and predict the effects of global change on important ecological processes such as desertification, studies of tree rings are scarce. Studies of tree rings are scarce in mediterranean regions as the great spatio-temporal variability of mediterranean environmental conditions means that tree rings are sometimes not formed. Often, clear seasonality is lacking, and vegetation activity is not always associated with regular dormancy periods. We present examples of tree-ring morphology of five species (Arbutus unedo, Fraxinus ornus, Quercus cerris, Q. ilex, Q. pubescens) sampled in Tuscany (Italy), focusing on the difficulties we encountered during the dating. We present an interpretation of anomalies found in the wood structure and, more generally, of cambial activity in such environments. Furthermore, we propose a classification of tree-ring formation in mediterranean environments. Mediterranean tree rings can be dated and used for dendrochronological purposes, but great care should be taken in selecting sampling sites, species and sample trees.

Editorial Keywords wood anatomy, wood structure, cambial activity, site selection, Arbutus unedo, Fraxinus omus, Quercus cerris, Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens, Tuscany, Italy http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs200.ehtml Abstract number 200

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 23 Age determination of two evergreen woody species (Pistacia lentiscus and Phi/Jyrea Jatifolia) of Mediterranean macchia vegetation

Riccardo Gucci 1, Otto U. Braker 2, Werner Schoch 2, Paolo Cherubini 2

[email protected] 1: University of Pisa, Dept. Coltivazione Difesa Specie Legnose, Pisa, Italy 2: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Determining growth rates and age of woody species is critical to estimate biomass productivity of ecosystems, and for modelling vegetation dynamics. Tree rings provide useful information on growth rates of woodlands, but there is a lack of knowledge on the dendrochronology of evergreen woody species in the Mediterranean. One of the problems is the difficulty of distinguishing actual yearly­ formed tree rings from growth layers formed during multiple periods of vegetative growth within the year.

We investigated two key evergreen species of Mediterranean macchia, Pistacia /entiscus and Phil/yrea /atifo/ia, at two sites with different soil physical properties, at the "Parco Naturale della Maremma" in Southern Tuscany (Italy).

Cross-dating for age determination was very difficult due to the presence of many unclear rings and double rings. We were able to identify false rings, which are caused by seasonal variability in air temperature and soil moisture.

We describe the anatomical features of the wood, the identified false rings, other anomalies found in the wood structure, and the relationships between tree-ring growth and climatic conditions.

Editorial Keywords dendrochronological dating, false rings, macchia, Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea latifolia, Parco Naturale della Maremma, Tuscany, Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs215.ehtml Abstract number 215

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 24 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Do ring-shaken chestnut trees display larger earlywood vessels and/or less radial rays than unshaken ones?

Patrick Fanti patrick. [email protected] Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Southern Branch, Bellinzona-Ravecchia, Switzerland

In chestnut wood ( Castanea sativa Mill.), cracks mostly appear in the longitudinal­ tangential plane along the annual ring. This defect, called ring shake, mainly develops across the lumen of the earlywood vessels, which are positioned in rows along the ring boundary. From a mechanical point of view, the earlywood zone, which is characterised by a large number of cavities (vessels), represents a weak plane. In addition, the radial bonding sticks (radial wood rays) are thin and monoseriate and offer only a weak resistance to cracks developing along the earlywood plane. Although these characteristics make chestnut wood prone to ring shake, not all chestnut trees are ring shaken.

Quantitatively anatomical analysis of earlywood vessels and radial rays were performed in order to verify whether among these characteristics is it possible to differentiate between ring shaken and not ring shaken trees.

Editorial Keywords earlywood, ring shake, vessels, Castanea sativa, Ticino, Switzerland http://www.wsl.ch/forest; dendro2001/abstracts/abs217 .ehtml Abstract number 217

In. Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 25 A reassessment of carbon content in wood: Variation within and between 40 North American species

Sabah Lamlom, Rodney Savidge

[email protected] University of New Brunswick, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada

At present, 50% (w/w) carbon is widely promulgated as a generic value for wood; however, the literature yields few data and indicates that very little research has actually been done. C contents in forty softwood and hardwood North American species were determined. C in hardwood species ranged from 46.32 to 49.97% (w/w), in conifers from 47.21 to 55.2%. The higher C contents in conifers agree with their higher lignin content (-30 %, versus 20% for hardwoods). Wood meal samples drilled from discrete earlywood and latewood zones of seven of the forty species were also investigated. C contents of earlywoods were invariably higher than those in corresponding latewoods, in agreement with earlywood having higher lignin content. Further investigation was done into some species to determine how much volatile C (e.g., terpenes, isoprenes) exists in freshly harvested wood, comparing oven-dried wood meal with wood meal dried at ambient temperature over a dessicant. C contents of oven-dried woods were significantly lower than those of desiccated woods, indicating that all past data on C content in oven-or kiln-dried woods are inaccurate in relation to the true C content of forests. We conclude that C content varies substantially among species as well as within individual trees. Clearly, a 50% generic value is an oversimplification of limited application in relation to global warming.

Editorial Keywords carbon sequestration, earlywood, latewood, elemental analysis, carbon content, North America

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs218.ehtm1 Abstract number 218

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 26 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Binnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Tree rings and sex: A case study from high-altitude Austrocedrus chilensis forests from southern Argentina and Chile

Fidel Roig 1, Carlos Le-Quesne 2, Jose A. Boninsegna 1, Mariano Morales 1 [email protected] 1: Laboratorio de Dendrocronologfa, IANIGLA-CRICYT, Mendoza, Argentina 2: lnstituto de Silvicultura, Universidad Austral de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

Sex ratio in vascular plants assumes that female function is more costly than male function. These hypothetical differential costs between male and female individuals are interpreted in terms of different resource investment related to reproduction activities. The higher energy cost for females may cause reductions in vegetative growth that can be reflected in changes of the annual tree-ring widths.

Austrocedrus chilensis is a dioecious conifer tree from the xeric-mesic habitats of southern Argentina and Chile. Populations of Austrocedrus chi!ensis growing on both sides of the northern Patagonian Andes were considered in this study to elucidate possible sex-related differences in the annual growth patterns of trees. To assess any differences in ring-width series related to sex expressions, the intercorrelation among each individual sample at each site and among chronologies was analyzed using principal component analysis through the 1890-1990 common interval.

The arrangement of male and female Austrocedrus series with respect to the first three eigenvector axes reflects differential patterns according to sex. Each sex ex­ pression is clearly grouped in any population analyzed. This suggests that male and female trees separate owing to particular characteristics of growth, probably asso­ ciated with differential reproductive costs. However, the assumption that female trees could pay a higher cost in terms of wood production is somewhat contro­ versial since not all sites show higher growth rates for male trees. According to the large percentage of the common variance accounted for by the first eigenvector, tree-ring variations at the different sites appears to largely reflect macroclimatic signals. Eigenvectors of order two and three could reflect smaller-scale variations that likely represent secondary growth-related features associated to sex.

When comparing chronologies developed by sex, the third principal component appears to reflect differences between groups located at both sides of the Andes. This study points out the importance to extend our results to other populations on both faces of the Andes in order to validate our provisional estimations about differences in growth pattern related to sex and registered at both, local and regional scales.

The work discusses differences in female/male growth rate characteristics, growth cycles contained in chronologies developed by sex as well as implications of the use of these chronologies in climatic reconstructions.

Editorial Keywords vascular plants, sex, annual increment, principal component analysis, Austrocedrus chilensis, Argentina, Chile, Patagonia http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs189.ehtm1 Abstract number 189

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 27 Preliminary results on the dendrochronology of Wollemi Pine ( Wo/lemia nobilis), a new conifer genus from NSW, Australia

John C.G. Banks

John. [email protected] Australian National University, Forestry Department, Canberra, Australia

Wollemi Pine was discovered in 1994 lying in a deep sandstone gorge in the Wollemi National Park about 200 km west of Sydney. The species is restricted to 40 trees in three isolated stands. Trees grow in clonal clumps to 40 m. To date one sample has been taken from a dead tree to ascertain its usefulness for tree-ring analysis. Distinct annual rings have been identified and this tree age was possibly -300 years old given that only 245 rings were recorded and an estimated 2-4 cm of the outer wood had decayed. Tree-ring width pattern through time displays a tendency for cyclic growth pulses somewhat on -35 year cycle which may indicate an El Nino effect. In addition over the last 100 years growth has accelerated indicating a change in the status of the tree in the stand or more likely the crown reaching more sunlight as tree height increased, the gorge being 100 m deep. Investigations are continuing to learn more about the ecology of the stand in particular the annual height increment of these trees. It is hoped that the species will be sensitive to the regional climate as it is the only species on the central tablelands of NSW to produce long chronologies.

Editorial Keywords forest ecology, annual increment, Wollemia nobilis, Wollemi National Park, Australia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs118.ehtml Abstract number 118

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 28 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. The variation of the annual rings in Iranian beech (Fagus orientalis L)

Davoud ParsaPajouh [email protected] University of Tehran, Faculty of Natural Resources, Karaj, Iran

The variations of annual ring width, density and their relative factors were studied for Fagus orientalis at three altitudes (750, 1000, and 1250 m) in the western part of the Caspian forests (Iran). At each altitude, randomized samples were taken with a 5-mm increment borer from 30 trees with 45-65 cm diameter.

The radiodensitometric method was used for measuring the ring width, the average, maximum, minimum and range of the density (di, dmax, dmin, dmax-dmin) and the percentage of wood above 600 gr/dm3 density (texture%) in each ring. According to the statistical results, we found that each factor decreases with altitude: ring width 3 decreases from 2.18 to 1.14 mm, dmax from 820 to 681 gr/dm , dmin from 541 3 to 477 gr/dm , the range dmax-dmin heterogeneity from 879 to 204 and the texture % from 62.6 to 29.8%. The maximum-variability between trees was found for the parameters (dmax) and (dmax-dmin), and the minimum for (di) and (dmin). Duncan test shows that the site at 750 m a.s.l. is different from the other two sites. But the sites at 1000 and 1250 m.a.s.l. are similar at the error level of 1%.

Editorial Keywords ring width, wood density, altitudinal gradient, Fagus orientalis, Caspian Forests, Iran http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs126.ehtml Abstract number 126

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 29 The formation of new vessel elements in the ring-porous hardwoods in springtime in relation to water transport

Ryo Funada, Tomoko lwatate-Suzuki, Yasuhiro Utsumi, Toshihiro Suzuki, Peter Kitin, Yuzou Sano

[email protected] Hokkaido University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Forest Science, Sapporo, Japan

The division of cambial cells produces the secondary xylem and phloem. The secondary xylem cells have an important function for the transport of water and support of heavy weight of trees. Therefore, detailed information of formation of secondary xylem cells is fundamental to understand the growth of trees. In springtime the ring-porous hardwoods develop earlywood vessel elements, which have relatively large diameters. Such vessel elements play an important role in transport of water. In this paper, the progress of formation of earlywood vessel elements along the main stem in approximately 5-year-old saplings of Japanese ash (Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica), a deciduous ring-porous hardwood, was observed by light microscopy, ultraviolet microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Expansion of wide vessel elements was observed first at the upper part of stem. The formation of vessel elements was gradually spread downward along the stem. The deposition of secondary walls and lignification of earlywood vessel elements and the formation of perforations between vessel elements were also observed first at the upper part of stem. Therefore, the timing of the expansion and maturation of earlywood vessel elements, which play an important role in current year's water transport, was clearly different among the stem positions. Our results indicate that the new system of water transport is established first at the upper part of stem in Japanese ash. Before the complete development of earlywood vessel elements throughout the stem, previous year's latewood vessel elements, which have relatively small diameters, function in the water transport.

Editorial Keywords

wood anatomy, water transport, vessels, earlywood, latewood, Fraxinus mandshurica, Japan

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs138.ehtml Abstract number 138

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 30 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. The effects of climate on variations in early- and latewood width of Japanese ash in northern Hokkaido, Japan

Koh Yasue 1, Ryo Funada 2

[email protected] 1: Shinshu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Forest Science, Nagano, Japan 2: Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Wood Biology, Sapporo, Japan

The climatic responses of early- and latewood widths of Japanese ash (Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica) in northern Hokkaido, Japan, was investigated. A total of 79 trees were sampled from three growth sites with different conditions. The early­ and latewood widths were measured by X-ray densitometry and chronologies ranging from 156 to 261 years were developed. Climatic responses of the chronologies were investigated statistically. The relationships between earlywood widths and numbers and areas of large vessels were also assessed. The correlation analyses on climatic responses revealed that the earlywood chronologies are negatively correlated with temperature of current June, regardless of the site conditions. By contrast, the latewood chronologies are highly correlated positively with temperature of current June to August. Correlation analysis between earlywood widths and vessel numbers and areas indicated that the changes in earlywood widths are mainly due to changes in number of large vessels. The contrasting responses of early- and latewood widths to June temperature and the significant relationship between earlywood widths and vessel numbers demonstrated that June temperature might affect the suspension of large vessel formation, which regulate transition from earlywood to latewood. The study also revealed the potential usefulness of early- and latewood widths of Japanese ash for reconstruction of past climate in summer.

Editorial Keywords earlywood, latewood, temperature, precipitation, vessel frequency, Fraxinus mandshurica, Hokkaido, Japan

http://www.wsl.ch/forestj dendro2001/ abstracts/abs83.ehtml Abstract number 83

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 31 Salt stress signal in the annual rings of poplars exposed to coastal storms

Thorbergur Hjalti Jonsson 1, 3, 4, Baldur J6n Vigfusson 2, Olafur Eggertsson 3

[email protected] 1: Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Reykjavik, Iceland 2: Center of Chemical Analysis - Keldnaholt, Keldnaholt, Reykjavik, Iceland 3: Iceland Forest Research Station, M6gilsa Kjalarnes, Reykjavik, Iceland 4: Icelandic Horticultural College, Reykir, Hveragerdi, Iceland

The object of this study is to observe if salt-laden winter storms leave a chlorine signal in the earlywood formed in the subsequent spring. To test this hypothesis wood cores were drilled from trees of Popu/us trichocarpa at two sites in South Iceland, Heimaey Island (Latitude 63°26'N, longitude 20°16'W) and frafoss (Latitude 64°06'N, longitude 21 °01'W). Each annual ring in the wood cores was split into two samples, i.e. 1 mm of the earliest wood formed (earlywood) and the remaining ring wood (late wood). Before chemical analysis the samples were thoroughly soaked and washed with deionised water to remove chlorine not bound in the cell walls. The results indicate that the chlorine concentration in the washed earlywood samples reflect the level of salt stress at the time of xylem cell formation.

Editorial Keywords salt stress, chlorine, earlywood, Populus trichocarpa, Heimaey Island, Iceland, frafoss

http://www.wsl.ch/forest; dendro2001/ abstracts/ abs91.ehtml Abstract number 91

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 32 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Ash pollarding in Switzerland in the last 6000 years: the wood-anatomical evidence

Jean Nicolas Haas 1, Heiner Albrecht 2

[email protected] 1: University of Innsbruck, Department of Botany, Innsbruck, Austria 2: University of Basel, Department of Botany, Basel, Switzerland

Pollarding of trees and shrubs for gaining winter leaf-fodder for livestock has a long tradition in remote valleys of Switzerland, for example in the 'Loetschental' valley in Valais. However, the knowledge of cutting and drying leaf-bearing twigs in late summer is vanishing quickly and only a few farmers still use leaf and twig fodder on a regular basis in the Valais and Ticino. From a wood-anatomical perspective the cutting of Ash twigs (Fraxinus excelsior) in late summer may result in a physiological budding reaction of the affected tree, i.e. earlywood-like pores show up in the latewood. Such a typical morphology has up to now only been recorded in historical trees from the Valais. Here we present the first wood-anatomical evidence from a Zurich archaeological site that Fraxinus trees have been important pollards since Neolithic Times in Switzerland.

Editorial Keywords pollarding, wood anatomy, Neolithic Times, physiological processes, Fraxinus excelsior, Zurich, Switzerland, Loetschental http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs233.ehtm1 Abstract number 233

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 33 Spruce budworm defoliation and its impact on the tree-ring formation of Balsam fir (Abies ba/samea (L.) Mill.)

Young-In Park, Hubert Morin

[email protected] Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, Sciences fondamentales, Quebec, Canada

The Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreak is along with wildfire one of the most important disturbances in the boreal forest of Canada, especially with respect to forest yield and management. However, the relationship between the defoliation caused by spruce budworm and tree-ring formation has not been examined in great detail until recently.

This study is carried out to obtain information about how the progress of defoliation by spruce budworm is related to the mechanism of tree-ring formation of Balsam fir, the preferred host tree species. The data obtained can serve for a more precise prediction of the loss of forest productivity and consequently for more efficient forest management planning and decision-making for forest protection and damage prevention.

For this study, a Spruce-fir stand in Arvida, Quebec was chosen where the first infestation after the last outbreak in the 1970s was observed in 1998. Immediately after the observation, a permanent study plot was installed. It consists of an affected and a control stand in which 20 of the most vigorous mature trees have been sampled with micro-core for a detailed analysis of cell structure and development every year. Most of individuals investigated show certain reduction of the cell division rate already one year after the infestation. On each sample tree, changes in morphology as well as in each developing phase of tracheids are scrutinized and their possible relation to the defoliation intensity is analysed.

Editorial Keywords insect outbreak, spruce budworm, boreal forest, forest productivity, wood anatomy, Abies ba/samea, Choristoneura fumiferana, Quebec, Canada

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs178.ehtml Abstract number 178

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 34 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Frost rings in conifers and broadleaved trees - seasonal differentiation and ecological evaluation

Hannes Hubert Leuschner 1, Fritz Hans Schweingruber 2 [email protected] 1: Albrecht-von-Hal/er-lnstitut fur Pflanzenwissenschaften, Abteilung fur Palyno/ogie und Quartaerwissenschaften, Labor fur Dendrochrono/ogie und Dendroklimato/ogie, Gottingen, Germany 2: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Frost events cause the formation of callus tissue in many tree species. The position of this callus in relationship to the tree-ring boundary is due to the season of the frost. The morphology of the callus leads to the questions of its ontogenesis, of the kind and dimension of the sensitive cell layer(s) and to the way of the wound's healing. There also occurs similar but not frost caused callus as for example mechanical wounds, which can partly be diagnostically distinguished from that one which is caused by frost. A number of micro-photos will demonstrate the morphology of frost rings. Extended evaluation has been carried out with some 3,000 Lower Saxonian modern and historical oaks, some hundred Alpine Larix and Pinus cembra trees and some diffuse-porous species. The comparison with instrumental data and with climate historical records hints at the severity and kind of frost events which lead to the formation of frost rings. In case of oak trees also other anatomical anomalies like small earlywood vessels, collapsed vessels and unusual broad earlywood are related to frost events. The oak data set shows long­ term changes of the trees' sensitivity for winter frost, which are probably not climatically caused but due to long-term adaptation behaviour.

Editorial Keywords wood anatomy, frost rings, Quercus sp., Larix decidua, Pinus cembra, Lower Saxonia, Alps http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ Abstract number 87

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 35 Frost-induced shrinkage in stem and root of Jug/ans regia trees

Sergio Mapelli, Alcide Bertani

[email protected] Plant Biosynthesis Institute, CNR, Milan, taly

It is reported from the 19th century that the elastic living tissues of trees diminish their size when temperature decreases below freezing point. To explain stem shrinkage extracellular freezing of water has been considered as well as water migration from the bark to the xylem. Linear variable differential transducers (LVDT) Solartron DFg2.5, prepared with Plexiglass and stainless steal rods supports, were fixed to the walnut trees using laboratory Parafilm band and few drops of grafting glue. The Dfg2.5 device had a displacement of ±2.5mm and according to the constructor data it gave an output signal of 900mV/mm. If necessary the LVDT can be repositioned moving the Plexiglass part along the stainless rods, without any disconnection of the device from the stem and interruption of data collection. LVDT were connected to a Campbell CR10X datalogger, with data averaged over 15 min. Datalogger resolution is 0.1 mV in the range ±700mV. The LVDT devices were applied to twelve stems and twelve roots of 2-year-old walnut (Jug/ans regia) trees pot-cultivated in nursery in Milan area. Measures have been collected for several years (now the 4th year) on some of the same trees and some new walnut trees. Application of LVDT to stems and tap roots of young walnut trees gave indication that shrinkage at deep temperature occurred in both organs but roots did not recover to original size after thawing. Exudation of water from xylem occurred from cut branches during frozen period, supporting the view that water was migrating to the xylem. During winter season, root or stem segments, cut from nursery trees in intact pieces or split into bark and xylem, were connected to LVDT and subjected to frozen and thawing cycles in growth chamber with controlled temperature. Root or strips of stem bark shrunk below freezing point and recovered the original size after thawing. Such movement was observed when the tissues were subjected to repeated cycles. Stem xylem did not change size during freezing. On the contrary walnut root xylem shrunk during freezing but it did not recover the original size after thawing. If a second cycle of freezing was imposed no change was observed. These results indicate that in walnut tree the freezing shrinkage mechanism occurs inside bark tissues and is not related to the possible migration of water to the xylem.

Editorial Keywords frost-induced shrinkage, water migration, Jug/ans regia, Milan, Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs88.ehtml Abstract number 88

In: Kaennel Oobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 36 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Rhythmic patterns of stable isotopes in tropical wood

Gerhard Helle, Gerhard Hans Schleser, Martin Worbes, Dieter Anhuf [email protected] Isotope Geochemistry and Paleoclimate Research, Research Center Juelich, Germany

Extensive high-resolution studies were accomplished to investigate the charac­ teristics of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in tropical and subtropical wood from different habitats and regions of the world.

In order to achieve the highest time resolution possible, tangential slices down to 10µm thickness were separated from wood segments with the help of a special sledge microtome. The investigations focused on total wood and/or cellulose of the following tree species: Cedre/a odorata, Caparo, Venezuela, northern South America, Swietenia sp., Central America, Macro/obium akaceifo/ium, Ilia de Machaterice, Rio de Amazonas, Brasil, Khaya ivorensis (Meliaceae), Ivory Coast, Central Africa, C/iffortia dichotoma (Rosaceae), South Africa.

The trees are characterised by different kinds of wood anatomical growth ring features. Some of them showed more or less distinct annual tree-ring patterns caused by seasonally recurring drought or flooding. Others exhibited almost no or very indifferent growth increments due to a more or less continuously favourable environment. Both carbon and oxygen isotopes do vary considerably along the growth period. The carbon isotope variations follow a general rhythmic pattern which is representative for all species measured so far, whether they have growth-ring structures or not. The pattern appears to be the same as the one observed for trees from temperate regions. The stable carbon and oxygen isotope behaviour will be discussed with respect to: 1. biochemical and plant physiological phenomena due to carbohydrate partitioning on the transfer of photosynthates into the wood caused by activities like e.g. flowering or fruiting. 2. environmental stresses like drought or flooding.

Editorial Keywords oxygen isotopes, carbon isotopes, tropical tree species, rhythmic pattern, physiological processes, Cedrela odorata, Swietenia sp., Macrolobium akaceifolium, Khaya ivorensis, Cliffortia dichotoma, Venezuela, Central America, Rio de Amazonas, Brazil, Central and South Africa

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs43.ehtml Abstract number 43

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. D1::vos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 37 Long-term climate controls on vessel diameter and density in tropical trees

Fidel Roig 1, David Stahle 2, Silvia Delgado 1, Susana Monge 1

[email protected] 1: Laboratorio de Dendrocronolog(a, IANIGLA-CRICYT, Mendoza, Argentina 2: University of Arkansas, Tree Ring Laboratory, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA

Most of the effort in capturing information from anatomical tree ring features has been traditionally applied to temperate species, tropical tree species remaining largely lagged. New information derived from anatomical-related features is important to provide additional insights from tropical tree rings as well as a useful contribution for reconstructing climate.

The deciduous miombo woodlands of southern Africa attracted our interest to study wood anatomical-related features that annually vary under the influence of a strong seasonal pattern of precipitation. Pterocarpus ango/ensis, a summergreen legumi­ nosae tree that naturally grows in these environments, was the selected species for this study. Two forest stands were considered.

Image analysis served to quantify anatomical tree-ring structures in transverse sections such as number, diameter and area of vessels corresponding to the total and early and late portions of the ring. With each parameter we developed the corresponding annual cell chronology for the period 1870-1996.

The influence of the wet-season rainfall on the physiology of P. ango/ensis is here evaluated in terms of correlation between precipitation and the internal characteristics of the ring anatomy. Wider vessel chronologies showed a strong signal to rainfall variability during the wet season, while narrow and medium-size vessel chronologies showed a negligible response to precipitation. Wider vessels are probably more important physiologically because the rate of water flow is expected to be many times greater through one large vessel than through the equivalent passageway provided by a number of smaller vessels. The present results open interesting perspectives for climatic reconstructions derived from wood anatomical-related features in tropical trees.

Editorial Keywords miombo woodlands, wood anatomy, precipitation, image analysis, ring width, vessels, Pterocarpus ango/ensis, South Africa

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs188.ehtm1 Abstract number 188

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 38 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Possible growth rings in the mangrove Rhizophora mucronata Lamk in Kenya

Anouk Verheyden 1, Hans Beeckman 2, Jurgen Tack 3, Nico Koedam 4 [email protected] 1: Research assistant Fund for Scientific Research-Randers (Belgium), c/o Research Group of General Botany and Nature Management, Mangrove Management Group, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium 2: Agricultural and Forestry-Economy - Xylotheek, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium 3: Institute for Nature Conservation, Biodiversity Platform, Brussels, Belgium 4: Research Group of General Botany and Nature Management, Mangrove Management Group, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium

Mangrove trees of the genus Rhizophora have been reported to show uniform growth (Panshin 1932, vanVliet 1976). However, Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. disks collected from two sites in the mangrove forest in Gazi, Kenya show a clear alternation of light brown and dark brown wood when polished. This study examines whether this macroscopical phenomenon is related to wood anatomical features and whether these colored zones could be incorporated in a tree-ring analysis.

Microscopic investigation revealed that the macroscopically visible color alternation is a reflection of a difference in vessel frequency, light wood exhibiting higher 2 2 vessel frequency (23-32 vessels/mm ) than dark wood (13-20 vessels/mm ). The transition between the colored zones is a gradual increase/decrease in vessel frequency. Radial and tangential vessel diameter did not show any significant difference between light and dark wood.

We suggest that the difference in vessel frequency is the result of fluctuations in salinity during the dry and rainy seasons, and that the alternation of the colored wood can thus be considered as growth rings with indistinct boundaries.

The absence of a distinct growth-ring boundary restrains us from using classical dendrochronological techniques for the investigation of the growth pattern of the tree and the ecological past of the surrounding environment. Using image analysis, different techniques are being evaluated to delimitate the border of the rings in a formal manner. Once potential 'boundaries' have been detected, crossdating and response function analysis with meteorological data can be attempted.

Editorial Keywords wood structure, tropical tree species, vessel frequency, image analysis, Rhizophora mucronata, Gazi, Kenya http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs186.ehtml Abstract number 186

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Binnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 39 Dendroclimatology of the Australian red cedar in Eastern Australian rainforests

lngo Heinrich, John C.G. Banks

[email protected] Australian National University, Forestry Department, Canberra, Australia

Whilst a number of annually resolved long-term climatic proxy-data records exist in the tropics and subtropics elsewhere, comparable sources for Australia are still lacking. Therefore, several tree species of Eastern Australia were examined in the past. The most promising genera were Toona, Melia, Araucaria and Ca!litris all of them exhibiting distinct growth rings.

This study will concentrate on the most promising species Toona ciliata M. Roemer. The Australian Red Cedar occurs naturally in Eastern Australian subtropical and tropical rain forests ranging from Cape York Peninsula to just south of Sydney. Trees were sampled at several sites along this latitudinal range.

The analysis revealed distinct tree rings but asymmetric growth. False rings, which can be distinguished through crossdating, seem to be more common in the tropics than further south. Anatomically, the annual tree ring follows a sequence of parenchyma cells appearing as a white band. This is directly followed by the large vessels of the early time of the year, which then decrease in size and number as the season progresses.

The analysis also indicates that rainfall and temperature are the most important factors influencing tree growth. Further examinations will focus on sampling older trees.

Editorial Keywords dendroclimatology, tropical tree species, dendrochronological potential, false rings, wood anatomy, parenchyma, rain forest, Toona ciliata, Eastern Australia

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs48.ehtml Abstract number 48

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 40 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Dendroecological studies on Swietenia macrophyl/a King and Cedrela odorata L. from the Central Amazon

Oliver Dunisch, Josef Bauch, Valdinez R. Mont6ia [email protected] University of Hamburg, Institute of Wood Biology, Hamburg, Germany

The dendroecological studies on Swietenia macrophyl/a King and Cedrela odorata L. were initiated by the need for further knowledge on the relationship of exogenous input and the tree growth of these high quality timber species of the Amazon, which are already strongly exploited in primary forests.

The study was carried out from 1995 until 2001 in plantations near Manaus (03°08'S, 59°52'W) and in primary forests near Aripuana (10°09'S, 59°26'W), Brazil. The wood formation of the trees was dated by means of the pinning method and dendrometer measurements. The anatomical structure of the xylem and the pattern of increment labelling was investigated by light microscopy along the tree axis. Annual patterns of increment labelling were used for the creation of increment curves. The increment curves were tested for parallel run and crossdated within and between trees. Increment curves from 63 old-growth primary forest Swietenia and 51 old-growth primary forest Cedrela from the Aripuana site were correlated with precipitation data.

Three types of increment labelling were found in the xylem of Swietenia: parenchyma bands, vessel bands, and bands of resin canals, but only the formation of parenchyma bands was predominantly annual. An annual growth pattern marked by a fibre band and a subsequent formation of large sized vessels embedded in paratracheal parenchyma was found in the xylem of Cedrela. The annual formation of increment zones in Swietenia and Cedrela was induced by the seasonal variation of the water supply of the study sites. The correlation of increment curves and precipitation data showed that Swietenia reacts more sensitive to short-term periods with reduced precipitation during the main growth season from January until May compared to Cedrela, but the analyses indicates that both species react more sensitive to changes of the site conditions compared to many angiosperms from temperate regions.

Editorial Keywords pinning method, dendrometer, precipitation, increment, wood anatomy, tropical tree species, Swietenia macrophylla, Cedre/a odorata, Central Amazon, Manaus, Brazil http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs162.ehtm1 Abstract number 162

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors). 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 41 Phenology and stem-growth periodicity of tree species in Amazonian floodplain forests

Jochen Schongart, Martin Worbes

[email protected] Georg-August-University, Institute for Forest Botany, Gottingen, Germany

To study the impact of the annual long-term flooding (flood-pulse) on seasonal tree development in Amazonian floodplains, the phenology and growth in stem diameter of various tree species with different leaf-change patterns were observed over a period of two years. The trees of the functional ecotypes evergreen (9 species), brevi-deciduous (6 species), deciduous (7 species) and stem-succulent (1 species) species show a periodic behaviour mainly triggered by the flood-pulse. The stem­ growth periodicity - in consequence of the phenological behaviour - is annual. Trees have high increment during the terrestrial phase. The flooding cause a shedding of some or all leaves leading to a cambial dormancy of about two months and the formation of an annual ring.

Since the beginning of the 20th century the question of the triggering factor for phenological processes in tropical tree species (on non flooded sites) has been controversially discussed. Many studies carried out in tropical dry forests verify a strong relationship between the phenological development and the water status of the trees, strongly affected by seasonal drought. The comparison of the phenology patterns and the diameter-growth of the corresponding ecotypes in floodplain forests and a semi-deciduous forest in Venezuela shows a displacement of at least three months in the periodicity, except for stem-succulent tree species. This indicates that tree development of evergreen, brevi-deciduous and deciduous species is related to drought period (dry forest) or the inundation (floodplain forest) and not triggered by variation in daylength. For stem-succulent trees it remain unclear which factors influence the phenology and stem diameter growth.

Editorial Keywords ecotypes, flooding, cambial dormancy, phenology, stem diameter growth, tropical tree species, Amazonian floodplains

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs167.ehtm1 Abstract number 167

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 42 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birniensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Wood anatomical characteristics for tree-ring and growth periodicity analysis of semideciduous forests in Brazil

Mario Tomazello Fo., Viviam Correia Baptista, Ligia Ferreira, Paulo Cesar Botosso

[email protected] University of Sao Paulo, Department of Forest Sciences, Piracicaba - Sao Paolo, Brazil

Wood anatomical characteristics of several semideciduous tree species, from different places of Sao Paulo State, southeastern Brazil, were carried out with the objective of investigating the tree-ring structure and growth periodicity. The wood samples were analyzed with macro- and microscopy for the occurrence of growth rings. For studying growth periodicity, permanent dendrometer bands were also fixed on the trunk of these species. Some species showed clearly visible growth zones distinguished by wood anatomical features, such as semi-ring porous in the early wood embedded in initial parenchyma cells, boundaries of marginal parenchyma bands, early and latewood with thin and thick-walled fiber cells, gum ducts, etc. The early results of dendrometer measurements show a diameter growth periodicity of trees related with the rainfall and phenological phases. The cambium activity, wood formation and anatomy and the phenology of the trees will be analyzed with climatic variations for long-term observations. These results constitute a potential tool for growth rate determination and dendrochronological studies in tropical and subtropical species.

Editorial Keywords wood structure, growth periodicity, dendrometer, tropical tree species, Sao Paulo State, Brazil http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs232.ehtml Abstract number 232

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 43 Tree rings of teak as dendrochronological tools: Some anatomical evidences

Kanthila Mahabala Bhat

[email protected] Wood Science Division, Kera/a Forest Research Institute Peechi, India

In the recent years teak has been widely planted, besides its home countries, in almost all the tropical parts of the world. The present poster attempts to adduce probable evidences for assessing the dendrochronological potential of teak especially during the juvenile phase of growth based on the anatomical observations made in the South-western part of India during two consecutive annual cycles during 1994-1995.

Cambium was active for longer period of the annual cycle in juvenile wood formation than in mature wood production of the trees. Irrespective of age and location within the same agro-climatic zone of the Western Ghats, a peak period of wood production was recorded during the monsoon season of June-July correlating with the highest amount of rainfall of the year. The comparison of results with earlier findings indicate that the season of highest amount of wood formation follows the monsoon period which varies from Southwest to eastern and northern parts of the country. The pattern of seasonal cambial activity varies with the monsoon/rainy period of tropical other parts of the world. The results of tree-ring analysis in juvenile trees revealed the rainfall pattern and dry spell of active growing season of the year by displaying different types of false rings. However, mature trees appear to be less responsive for tree-ring analysis. The recent results are discussed to highlight the significant role of teak in studies on global climatic changes and dendrochronology in the tropics.

Editorial Keywords dendrochronological potential, tropical tree species, monsoon, precipitation, false rings, Tectona grandis, Western Ghats, India

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs28.ehtml Abstract number 28

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 44 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Archaeology Dendrochronology: doing the splits between archaeology and natural sciences

Andre Billamboz, Wilhelm Tegel

[email protected] Landesdenkma!amt Baden-Wurttemberg, Hemmenhofen, Germany

Since 1983, the tree-ring laboratory of the Landesdenkmalamt Baden-WOrttemberg at Hemmenhofen has been dealing with the dendrochronological investigations of the Southwest German bog and lake-shore sites, which are dated from the Neolithic period through to the Bronze Age. In order to highlight the interferences between climate and environmental changes, human impact and settlement behaviour, this approach is organised under four different aspects:

Dating Building of regional chronologies Heteroconnection of different tree-species Felling activity and development of occupation

Building structures - Computer-aided-design (CAD}-driven applications History of construction Woodworking techniques Organisation of the villages Relocation of settlement and lake-level changes

Woodland management Dendrotypological stand analysis Age structure and dynamics in relation to woodland management Localisation of timber sources Distribution and choice of tree species

Palaeecology and palaeeoclimatology Evaluation of tree-ring information at different frequencies Abrupt growth changes Regeneration phases Pointer years and event dating Special focus on wetland tree species

Editorial Keywords bog, lake-shore, dendroecology, Neolithic Times, climate change, palaeoclimate, forest ecology, forest management, dendroarchaeology http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs159.ehtml Abstract number 159

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 47 Tree-ring Research and archaeological heritage in the Netherlands

Esther Jansma, Elsemieke Hanraets, Ute Sass-Klaassen, Tamara Vernimmen

[email protected] ROB/RING Netherlands Centre for Dendrochronology, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

The Centre for Dendrochronology RING is located at the National Service for Archaeological Heritage in the Netherlands (Amersfoort). It was founded in 1993 as a result of an increased interest in the absolute dating of archaeological sites, historical monuments and art objects. Since then, the focus of research has wide­ ned to encompass palaeoclimate, forest ecology and landscape archaeology. In our poster we will present an overview of our work.

Editorial Keywords dendrochronological dating, palaeoclimate, forest ecology, dendroarchaeology, Netherlands

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/ dendro2001/ abstracts/ abs64.ehtml Abstract number 64

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 48 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Dendrochronological evidence of timber trade

Tomasz Wazny [email protected] Academy of Rne Arts, Fae. of Conservation, Warsaw, Poland

Intensive building activity in medieval Europe caused a deficit of timber in many areas and hence produced the necessity for large scale wood importation. The first cases of long-distance transportation detected dendrochronologically are from Dorestad in Holland and Wolin in Poland, both are 9th century settlements located close to the mouth of large river systems. Some of the wood used at these sites was transported from long distances inland by floating the logs downstream.

Later medieval advances in shipbuilding increased the range of trade connections; timber became one of the most important commercial products. In particular vast quantities of timber were transported from ports of Eastern Baltic Sea to Western Europe. Documents, for example custom books, confirm this timber trade, but dendrochronology reflects its scale.

A growing number of very local master chronologies provides opportunities for both ends of the trade: for the western countries, they enable us to identify imported timber; whilst for Eastern Baltic countries, they enable us to localize its origin. There is at present the ongoing development of a network of high resolution chronologies in Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia; chronologies for historic "foreign" material have been built and refined in the U.K., France, Holland, Belgium, Germany and Denmark. The grid of chronologies is still not dense enough and "dendroprovenancing" remains an interesting challenge. The presented poster reviews the history of the problem, and the current state of research.

Editorial Keywords timber trade, Middle Age, Europe, Eastern Baltic Sea, Netherlands, Poland http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs45.ehtml Abstract number 45

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 49 A dendrochronological study of violins by Antonio Stradivari

John Topham

[email protected] South Nutfield, Redhill, Surrey, Great Britain

As part of an ongoing dendrochronological survey of stringed instruments of the violin family the current investigation has studied 37 instruments made by Antonio Stradivari (1644-1737). The primary aim of the study was to date the spruce fronts of the instruments. In addition the investigation was designed to gain insight into the working practices of Stradivari and his contemporaries.

A floating instrument chronology was assembled after cross-matching data from individual instruments, and it was dated using an Alpine spruce reference chronology. This allowed determination of dates for the wood from individual instruments, and in all cases the dendrochronologically determined date was consistent with the attributed date of manufacture.

Analysis of violins from different periods of Stradivari's long working life shows stronger cross-matching between instruments within a particular period than between instruments of different periods, perhaps suggesting periodic changes in the origin of his wood. Another insight into working practices concerns the seasoning period of wood. Modern opinion favours long seasoning periods for instrument tonewood. However, it is clear from the present study that on many occasions Stradivari (and other Cremonese makers, notably Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesu (1698-17 44)) used wood as little as 4-5 years after felling.

In conclusion, in this study dendrochronological analysis has proved to be a valuable tool not only in dating violin wood to support or deny attribution, but also in elucidating the working methods of Stradivari and his violin-making contemporaries.

Editorial Keywords floating tree-ring chronology, violins, Stradivari, dendroarchaeology, Picea sp., Italy, Alps

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs211.ehtml Abstract number 211

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 50 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Binnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. A new oak chronology for early medieval Venice

Nicoletta Martinelli dendrodata@ti n .it DENDRODATA, Verona, Italy

New excavations carried out in 1999 and 2000 in two sites in the city of Venice (Teatro Malibran and formerly Cinema San Marco) allowed us to collect a large number of wood samples from early medieval wooden structures. Dendrochro­ nological investigations carried out on this material led to the construction of a 241- year local oak mean curve, dated by using the 'wiggle-matching' method in the period between 447 and 687 AD± 30 years.

This oak chronology enabled us to date other wooden remains from Venice and the Veneta region too. It was possible to recognize a period of strong building activity that took place in the city of Venice during the second half of the Vllth century AD. Problems referring to teleconnections between the regions to the North and to the South of the Alps are discussed.

Editorial Keywords dendrochronological dating, Middle Age, teleconnection, wiggle-matching, dendroarchaeology, Quercus sp., Venice, Italy http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs106.ehtml Abstract number 106

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 51 Lavagnone, Italy: a four-phase tree-ring chronology from the Early Bronze Age

Carol B. Griggs, Peter I. Kuniholm, Maryanne W. Newton

[email protected] Cornell University, The Malcolm and Carolyn Wiener Laboratory for Aegean and Near Eastern Dendrochronology, Ithaca, New York, USA

At the pile settlement of Lavagnone di Brescia, Italy, the Early Bronze age of the site was first established from archaeological remains. Prof. Raffaele de Marinis, the excavator, asked us to look at the extensive amount of wood to determine with as fine a resolution as possible the chronological sequence of the buildings and a possible trackway. 148 samples, all of Quercus sp. {oak) except for one piece of Carpinus betulus {hornbeam), were collected from two of the three excavated trenches. The wood was all water-logged with good preservation, often with full sapwood and waney edge or bark.

Of the 148 samples, 87 cross-sections from 47 trees were securely cross-dated and a 297-year chronology was constructed. One sample was cut into decadal sec­ tions and sent to Dr. Bernd Kromer of the lnstitut fur Umweltphysik in Heidelberg for wiggle-matching. The resulting C-14 dates put the chronology at 2213-1917 BC +11 years. The chronology is comprised of four phases, Phase I ending circa 2048 BC, Phase II in 2010-2008 BC, Phase Ill in 1994-1991 BC, and Phase IV in circa 1984 BC {+11 for all of these BC dates). There are samples that extend the life of the settlement, but with no obvious phases.

In the construction of the chronology, it was also noted that there are two distinct groupings of the samples, probably reflecting two different forest localities from where the wood was culled. In the earliest phase {Phase I), samples are from only one group and are mainly of small-diameter timbers. The later phases contain nearly equal amounts from both groups and are of larger logs. It is thought that the groupings are a result of the wood-collectors in the first phase gathering and thin­ ning out the local trees and in the later phases having to collect both local trees and those from a farther distance.

Editorial Keywords

pile dwellings, Early Bronze age, buildings, trackway, wiggle-matching, water-Jogged wood, dendroarchaeology, Quercus sp., Carpinus betulus, Lavagnone di Brescia, Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs130.ehtm1 Abstract number 130

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 5'.:: Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Eastern Turkey: archaeology, history and tree-ring research at Urartian Ayanis

Maryanne W. Newton, Peter I. Kuniholm, Carol B. Griggs [email protected] Cornell University, The Malcolm and Carolyn Wiener Laboratory for Aegean and Near Eastern Dendrochronology, Ithaca, New York, USA

Excavation of the Urartian fortress at Ayanis, on the northeast shores of lake Van in eastern Turkey has yielded an abundance of charcoal samples of Pinus sylvestris/nigra which have been combined into a 259-year sequence dated by 1 dendrochronology to 651 BC . The wealth of wood samples is productive for studies of Urartian architecture and wood use. And for chronological studies the dendrochronological date can be tied to the Assyrian king list, which, through synchronisms with claimed defeats of Urartian kings, dates the reign of Rusa II (the builder of the fortress) between c. 685 and 645 BC.

Cutting dates for timbers used in the construction of different parts of the fortress range between 654 and 651 B.C. Since no samples date beyond this cutting period (thus, no rebuilding or repairs), we suggest the building had a relatively short life before it was consumed by fire.

Ayanis (alt. 1866 m) is also the easternmost dated archaeological site in the archives of this laboratory. It is dated against Juniperus sp. chronologies from the site of Gordian (alt. ca. 1000 m) in central Anatolia some 960 km to the west. The long-distance crossdating mirrors that observed in longer-lived higher-altitude forest material from central Italy in the west to Georgia in the east, and establishes a principle for dendro-archaeological investigations at points further east as archaeologists continue work in Iran, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia.

1: cf. P.I. Kuniholm, B. Kromer, S.W. Manning, M. Newton, C.E. Latini, M.J. Bruce, "Anatolian tree rings and the absolute chronology of the eastern Mediterranean, 2220-718 BC," Nature 381:780-783 (27 June 1996). The dates therein reported are determined by a combination of 14C wiggle-matching and the concordance of an anomaly in the tree-record from Porsuk with what we believe is the 1628 BC date for the volcanic eruption on the Aegean island of Thera. We acknowledge that from 14C alone there is some room for upward adjustment of the series. Because the dendrochronological match between the Ayanis and Gordion sequences is fixed, this possibility for upward adjustment of the Bronze-Iron dendrochronology extends also to the 651 BC date for the Ayanis series.

Editorial Keywords dendrochronological dating, charcoal, teleconnection, dendroarchaeology, Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, Ayanis, Turkey http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs131.ehtm1 Abstract number 131

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 53 Notes on ancient woodland exploitation from the dendrochronological study on the bronze pile-dwelling of Frassino I {Northern Italy)

Nicoletta Martinelli, Olivia Pignatelli

dendrodata@ti n. it DENDRODATA, Verona, Italy

Dendrochronological investigations carried out on the Bronze Age site "Frassino I" on Laghetto del Frassino (Northeastern Italy) led to the construction of a 194-year local oak chronology, dated by using the 'wiggle-matching' method in the period between 1830 and 1637 BC ± 12 years.

The different felling phases found in the piles allowed us to reconstruct the development of the village through a chronology of annual precision during a period of about 70 years between 1709 and 1637 cal. BC.

A peculiarity of the village "Frassino I" was revealed by wood analysis: the posts of the pile dwellings were mostly made either with trunks of Quercus Sectio Robur (n=49) or with trunks of Quercus Sectio Cerris (n=38), after Cambini 1967a,b. It was surprising to discover that the inhabitants of the village did not use the two types of oak wood at the same time. The use of Quercus Sectio Robur wood was exclusive in the first two phases, while that of Quercus Sectio Cerris wood was exclusive in the last three phases.

The significance of this peculiarity in the reconstruction of ancient wood management is discussed.

References Cambini A., 1967a. Micrografia comparata dei legni del genere Quercus, Contributi scientifico-pratici per una migliore conoscenza ed utilizzazione del legno, C.N.R., X: 7-49 Cambini A., 1967b. Riconoscimento microscopico del tegno delle querce italiane, Contributi scientifico-pratici per una migliore conoscenza ed utilizzazione del legno, C.N.R., X: 51-79

Editorial Keywords pile dwellings, tree-ring dating, dendroarchaeology, Laghetto del Frassino, Quercus sp., Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs105.ehtml Abstract number 105

In: Kaennet Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 54 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Dendrochronological investigations in prehistoric pile dwellings in the Ljubljana Moor, Slovenia

Katarian Cufar 1, Anton Veluscek 2, Tom Levanic 3, Bernd Kromer 4 [email protected] 1: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnica/ Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2: Scientific Research Centre of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute of Archaeology, Ljubljana, Slovenia 3: Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia 4: Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Radiometrische Altersbestimmung von Wasser und Sedimenten, Heidelberg, Germany

The Ljubljana Moor in Slovenia contains Eneolithic pile dwellings that have been preserved underwater or buried in the soil. Sufficient building timbers have been excavated to permit the provisional reconstruction of building plans. These prehistoric structures help establish the Ljubljana Moor as part of a network of archeological sites in the southeastern Alpine region. Dendrochronological analysis has been used to investigate a total of 3332 samples from six of the ancient pile dwellings. Most of the samples were of oak (Quercus sp.}, ash (Fraxinus sp.}, alder (A/nus sp.}, and maple (Acer sp.). At some locations, silver fir (Abies alba Mill.} and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were also found. From these samples, we have constructed 18 floating tree-ring chronologies. Chronologies derived from two adjacent and two more distant pile dwellings were successfully crossdated. Radiocarbon analysis indicates two periods of wood formation, 3850-3325 BC and 2847-2309 BC, suggesting that the Ljubljana Moor was inhabited in the 4th and in the 3rd millennium BC.

Editorial Keywords dendroarchaeology, floating tree-ring chronology, pile dwellings, bog, Quercus sp., Fraxinus sp., A/nus sp., Acer sp., Abies alba, Fagus sy/vatica, Ljubljana Moor, Slovenia http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs23.ehtm1 Abstract number 23

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos. 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 55 Dendrochronological study of archaeological lake sites. From datation to forest exploitation

Jean-Pierre Hurni, Christian Orce!, Jean Tercier

[email protected] Laboratoire Romand de Dendrochrono/ogie, Moudon, Switzerland

Archaeological lake sites offer a very important dendrochronological potential. By way of examples one can mention sites studied by authors, in France, Charavine the Bathers (700 wood samples) and in Switzerland in the canton of Fribourg, Delley-Portalban (1267 wood samples), Montilier-Platzbunden (2260 wood samples), the bridge of Rondet (200 wood samples), in the canton of Zug, Sennweid-Steinhausen (2306 wood samples) and in the canton of Vaud, Yverdon­ Clendy (1407 wood samples), Concise-sous-Colachoz (8932 wood samples). The first objective of the analyses is the absolute dating of the sites and the definition of their duration of occupation. The dendro-typo-ecological study of the dated wood leads to the determination of architectural organisations and their spatial-temporal evolution, as well as the understanding of the forest environment and of its management in the course of time. These studies highlight the human impact on the environment, in particular on the forest, and give indices on the demographical and social trends of the village societies of the archaeological periods concerned. Such results can be obtained only if the exhaustive analysis of wood is carried out in the long term, without discrimination concerning the tree species and the number of tree rings from the wood. In addition, the degree of dating, in order to be satisfactory within the framework of these studies must border 80% of the corpus. The example presented is the site of Concise-sous-Colachoz, covering occupations from 5800 cal BC to -1070 (dendrochronological date). Comparison of the results achieved on other sites, such as the phenomenon of rupture in the management of the forest environment observed in -2700, shows that this approach opens prospects largely exceeding the purely chronological framework in the analysis of archaeological lake sites.

Editorial Keywords dendrochronological dating, archeological lake sites, forest ecology, forest management, dendroarchaeology, Switzerland

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs231.ehtml Abstract number 231

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 56 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. The history of the prehistoric mire woodland in Ypenburg, The Netherlands

Ute Sass-Klaassen 1, Laura Kooistra 2, Sjoerd van Daalen 1, Elsemieke Hanraets 1, Esther Jansma 1, Pauline van Rijn 2 [email protected] 1: ROB/RING Netherlands Centre for Dendrochronology, Amersfoort, The Netherlands 2: BIAX Consult, Zaandam, The Netherlands

In the Netherlands oaks that grew in former mire woodlands are the main source of datable prehistoric tree-ring patterns. Most of these oaks have been collected on an ad hoc basis, for example when they emerged in existing meadows or during construction and dredging activities.

The latter also happened in Ypenburg, where more than 50 of these bog oaks emerged in an area where more than 10 000 houses are planned to be built. This site is situated in a former coastal dune landscape where peat formation occurred during wetter periods between ca. BC 3000 to 1000 AD. Dendrochronological investigation showed that from ca. BC 2900 to 2500 a mixed oak forest with black alder, birch and ash was growing on this spot.

In order to reconstruct the structure, composition and dynamics of the mire woodland in Ypenburg an excavation was carried out focussing on palynology, botanical macro remains (seeds, leaves), tree morphology, dendrochronology and micromorphology.

First results point to a succession from a reed vegetation to mire woodland which was first dominated by willow and later by successively black alder, birch and oak. These vegetation changes are discussed in relation to changes in hydrology and climate.

Editorial Keywords mire, forest ecology, pre-history, coastal forests, dendroarchaeology, Quercus sp., Ypenburg, Netherlands http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs213.ehtml Abstract number 213

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 57 Recent dendroarchaeological investigations in north-eastern France

Wilhelm Tegel

[email protected] DendroNet, Laboratory for Wood-Ana(yses, Boh/ingen, Germany

Due to the large number of archaeological excavations undertaken over recent years in north-eastern France, and an increasing archaeological interest in dendrochronology, it has been possible to analyse some 3000 wooden finds from 86 sites. The sites mainly represent terrestrial settlements.

In addition it was possible to analyse some 300 samples of sub-fossil oak stems extracted from natural waterlogged deposits. It has been possible to construct an oak-chronology for north-eastern France spanning the last 3500 years, incorporating several older floating chronologies. Silver fir sequences have been combined to produce an Abies chronology covering 939 years.

Apart from the chronological aspect, dendrochronological studies make it possible to gain an insight into forest history, and the intensive interactions between humans and the woodland that they exploit.

The investigations of the archaeological wooden finds included the following analyses: species identification of single finds (artefacts, mineralised wood pieces) of series of finds (construction wood beams, branches, charcoals etc.); documentation of artefacts (measurements, counting/estimation of the number of tree rings, drawings of wood sections); dendrochronological dating; documentation of wood-working marks/techniques.

The archaeodendrological method applied includes an interpretation of these results in relation to archaeological data. Such an approach can provide us with important indications concerning palaeoecological and climatological questions. An example is presented of a Roman wood construction in Metz (Lorraine), which illustrates woodland management during the second and third centuries AD.

Editorial Keywords subfossil logs, water-logged wood, floating tree-ring chronology, dendrochronological dating, dendroarchaeology, Abies alba, Quercus sp., Lorraine, France

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs75.ehtml Abstract number 75

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 58 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Air pollution and environmental chemistry Relationships between radial increment and lignification of conifers in alkalised industrial areas of Estonia

Malle Mandre, Henn Parn [email protected] Estonian Agricultural University, Forest Research Institute, Tallinn, Estonia

Contrary to the acidification problems in Central Europe, Estonian industrial regions are confronted with the problems of alkalisation due to high concentration of alkaline dusts and ashes in the air pollution complexes emitted from cement industry, oil shale chemistry enterprises and oil shale fired power plants.

We studied the influence of alkaline dust pollution (pH of water solution 12.3 - 12.6) from a cement plant and alkalised soil on the increment and biomass formation of trees depending on the intensity of lignin synthesis and mineral composition of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sy/vestris). The accumulation of Ca, K, Mg and heavy metals in precipitation (snow, rain) and upper horizons of soil is in good correlation with the total air pollution load. The alkalisation of environment, the mobility and solubility of some contaminants (Mn, Zn, Cu, Al, etc.) has decreased, and nutrition processes have become complicated, causing serious deviation in the mineral composition and lignification of trees. Reduced (40 - 60%) radial increment of conifers was observed in heavily polluted areas. Increased and premature lignification in alkalised environment may conse­ quently have limited the length of needles and shoots and radial increment. A nega­ tive correlation was found between radial increment and concentration of lignin.

Editorial Keywords atmospheric pollution, alkalisation, heavy metals, precipitation, radial increment, lignin, soil chemistry, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Estonia http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs86.ehtm1 Abstract number 86

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 61 Air pollution effects on wood decay of windthrown trees in the southern taiga of the Urals

E.L. Vorobeichik, Marina R. Trubina, Alexandr Yu. Surkov

[email protected] Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology UD RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia

Pollution by heavy metals is well known to cause significant slowering in destruction rates of active fractions of tree waste (needles, foliage, small branches, etc.). Little is known however about an influence of air pollution on destruction of large wood remains (whole trunks) because very long experiments (tens of years) are needed. We investigated rates of wood destruction of wind-fallen trees (Abies sibirica Lebed. and Picea obovata Lebed.) under the pollution from a copper smelter (sulphur dioxide and heavy metals) located 50 km from Ekaterinburg in the Middle Urals, Russia (southern taiga, mixed fir and spruce forests). Samples of wood were taken from 20 wind-fallen trees in each of three pollution zones (strong, intermediate and background). Sections were taken from the basal part of trunks (from periphery of a trunk, a middle part, and heartwood). Density of wood was measured by weighting of a definite volume sample and was used as an estimate of the destruction rate. Age of windfalls was determined by dendrochronological methods (cross-dating, indirect methods, etc.) accurate to the year. Windfalls from 2 up to 58 years old were investigated.

Pattern of density change was found to be similar in all the pollution zones: density 3 decreases exponentially (from 0.35-0.40 to 0.1-0.2 g/cm ) with an increase in the tree-fall age. However, in the background area, the long lag-period (about 20-25 years) was found when wood density did not change significantly. Such a pheno­ menon was not found under the pollution conditions where destruction begins immediately after a windfall. Additionally, destruction of heartwood exceeded that of periphery of trunk under the pollution conditions while in the background zone this difference is not so sharp. The following suggestion was made to explain these phenomena. In the background area, wind-fallen trees are supporting above the ground by undamaged roots for a long period. In the polluted areas, the root system of trees is weakened by fungal infections. So, fallen trunks quickly come in contact with the ground surface and hence are inoculated by xylotrophic fungi after the short period. Additionally, trees in the polluted areas can be destructed by fungi long before the fall.

Editorial Keywords atmospheric pollution, coarse woody debris, wood decay, sulphur dioxide, heavy metals, xylotrophic fungi, wood density, Abies sibirica, Picea obovata, Middle Urals, Russia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs50.ehtml Abstract number 50

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 62 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Elements, PAH and isotopes of Sand Pb in tree bark for biomonitoring of air quality and fingerprinting of pollution sources

Frieder Hofmann 1, Werner Wosniok 2, Guido Bracke 3, Annette Giesemann 4, Ulrike Siemers 5 [email protected], [email protected] 1: Okologieburo, TIEM Integrated Environmental Monitoring, Bremen, Germany 2: University of Bremen, Institute of Statistics, Germany 3: CNRS - UMR, Centre de Geochimie de la Surface, Strasbourg, France 4: Federal Agricultural Research Centre, Institute of Agroecology, Braunschweig, Germany 5: Bremer Umweltinstitut, Bremen, Germany

Tree bark has been exposed to air pollutants for many years and accumulates contamination in the outermost layers of bark. The outer tree bark is also dead material with no interfering growth cycles or metabolic processes, as may be the case with other plant bioaccumulators. For a standardisation of bark biomonitoring, a new sampling device was developed. This bark sampler permits a removal of a predefined thickness of tree bark while maintaining pro-analytical conditions, so that a single sample enables the mean deposition of immissions loads to be deter­ mined for numerous accumulable and persistent pollutants on a comparative way.

In order to validate the method, bark samples were taken with the new method at 54 places around major industrial emitters with known gradients of air pollution and at selected reference sites of air pollution surveys in Germany. The bark samples were removed mainly from oak trees and from ash, lime, pine and spruce. The sam­ ples were analysed for 55 elements, 17 PAH and the isotopic ratios of S and Pb.

The results show that the method works well in reflecting the air pollution levels. The gradients around the pollution sources came out significantly. The statistical analysis of the bark deposition data reveal that the data follow a log-normal­ distribution. Based on the 10%-quantile of the normal-base-distribution, for all pollutants in the test it was possible to estimate the regional background levels of air pollution and to calculate enrichment factors in order to compare the air pollution impacts of all pollutants from site to site. Furthermore, the characteristic patterns of the emission sources were reflected in the bark deposition data, so that an immission fingerprinting of the pollution sources was possible.

Editorial Keywords biomonitoring, atmospheric pollution, heavy metals, bark samples, isotopes, PAH, immission fingerprinting, oak, ash, lime, pine, spruce, Germany http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs19.ehtml Abstract number 19

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 63 The effects of drought, insects and pollution on the radial increment of Scots pine on sandy soil in western Finland

Kristian Karlsson

[email protected] Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, An/and

Forests of the site type Calluna or Cladonia cover a few percent of the forested land in southern Finland. Growing conditions on these site types are very uniform when the soil is sorted sand. Pinus sylvestris trees growing on such sites were sampled for cores in four areas and tree-ring widths were measured. The areas were on different distances from the smelter industries of Harjavalta, where pollution has caused forest decline.

Tree-ring indices were calculated for each tree and combined on stand and area levels. An examination of indices from all areas showed the same climatic signal even though this signal was not easily detected close to Harjavalta. The year-to-year variation could be explained for with precipitation in June and mean temperature in July during current growing season and precipitation in June during the previous two years.

A growth model for the radial increment was calculated including indices based on the weather conditions mentioned. Data from the two areas furthest away from Harjavalta were used calculating the model, but residuals between measured and modeled increment in the whole material were plotted over time and distance from the smelter industries.

The periods 1960-65, 1930-34 and 1898-1900 exhibited low radial increment and have also been documented as periods of mass occurrence of larva of Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr. Thus our results indicate that these insects were a major natural calamity. Pollution seems to have decreased growth from around 1970 and up to a distance of 4-8 km from the factories.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, drought stress, atmospheric pollution, forest health, insect outbreak, forest decline, precipitation, temperature, radial increment, Pinus sytvestris, Neodiprion sertifer, Finland, Harjavalta

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs53.ehtml Abstract number 53

in: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. international Conference Tree Rings and People. 64 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Estimation of fluctuations in forest stand productivity with help of ring-width analysis

Irene Dashkovskaya, Alexey Buzikin, Vladislav Soukhovolsky

[email protected] V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

The productivity of forests is regulated by a complex of natural and anthropogenic factors. The estimation of stand productivity based on tree-ring width analysis al­ lows to study how the influence of these factors on productivity changes with time.

We investigated a reciprocal response of a forest stand to a single-dose fertilizing action. Thus, the so-called echo-effect was detected. The effects of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (Carbamid) on even-age pine stands in the Middle Siberia (Russia) were examined (Pinus sylvestris, 15 to 110 years old, lichen and green-moss forest floor). An analysis of the long-term dynamics of radial growth revealed an "echo effect" associated with the nitrogen reutilization.

The phenomenon "echo-effect" consists of two phases: a radial increment increase within two to three years after a single and sufficient fertilizer dose (direct effect), and a second peak of increment seven to eight years after the initial one (echo).

A mathematical model was developed describing the dependence of increment change on fertilizer dose that takes into account this echo-effect. The model represents the integral equation, parametering the data on impact dose, initial radial increment and dynamic tree waste.

Editorial Keywords tree-ring width, nitrogen fertilizer, growth response, Pinus sy/vestris, Middle Siberia, Russia http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs145.ehtml Abstract number 145

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 65 Growth response of tamarack and black spruce populations to wastewater filtered through a boreal bog

Thomas W. Doyle 1, Glenn R. Guntenspergen 2

jeffrey_bal [email protected] 1 U.S. Geological Survey, National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, USA

The use of filtering municipal wastewater through natural wetlands and bogs has been proposed to enhance wetland function and water quality. A municipal treatment facility near Drummond, Wisconsin has been circulating wastewater effluent through a forested bog since 1979. Tree-ring analysis was used to document the effects of secondarily treated wastewater on forest productivity of an acid bog colonized by black spruce (Picea g/auca) and tamarack (Larix /aricina). Tree-ring data chronicled the establishment, disturbance history, and growth dynamics of a spruce and tamarack cohort dating to the turn of the century.

We examined the influence of wastewater effluent over a fifteen year pre- and post­ treatment period on the growth response of black spruce and tamarack populations. Dominant trees were selected for tree core sampling in a paired tree fashion by species within a control and treated stand in proximity to effluent discharge. Growth analysis consisted of pre-and post-discharge periods to test for differences of growth between discharge dates and between treated and control stands.

Results showed that treated tamarack responded positively to wastewater amendments in comparison to the control group and prior to application. Black spruce conversely showed no response to treated effluent and a negative response relative to the control population. Findings suggest that tamarack responded favorably to added nutrient levels while black spruce was effected negatively by flooding and hummock degradation. These findings offer a baseline for evaluating the effects of chronic and long-term application of treated effluent on the health and productivity of forested ecosystems.

Editorial Keywords wastewater filtering, forested bog, forest health, forest productivity, Picea glauca, Larix laricina, Wisconsin, USA

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs99.ehtml Abstract number 99

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 66 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Trace element determination by PIXE in tree rings and soil of the Mexican Basin

German Galva-Vasquez 1, J. Miranda 2, L. Huerta-Arcos 2, C. Solis 2, V. Cetina 3

Iabcont@servidor. unam. mx 1: Laboratorio de Contaminaci6n Atmosferica, Facultad de £studios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Mexico 2: /nstituto de Ffsica, Universidad Naciona/ Aut6noma de Mexico, Mexico D.F., Mexico 3: /nstituto de Recursos Natura/es, Co/egio de Postgraduados, Mexico, Mexico

The industrial and vehicle emissions into the atmosphere of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) have severely increased in the last 30 years. In the last decade (1990-2000) the pollution by suspended particles matter reached levels 3 ranging between 70 and 300 mg/m , annual average. The concentration of pollutants is aggravated by the calm and static environmental conditions that characterize the basin. Because of this, it is of interest to find out whether there are effects on the forests surrounding the MCMA.

This study investigates the historical events in the Forest Mexican Basin with the applicability of dendrochronology. The element concentrations in tree-ring have been used to monitor situations ranging from contamination by heavy metals to the effects of acid deposition-air pollution on soils.

Many quantification methods (wet or dry) were considered for evaluating the problem, but Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) seems to be ideal. The application of PIXE for the direct analysis of trace element contents in tree-ring and soil samples has been successful. PIXE analyses were carried out using an external beam facility directly on the tree cores. Nitrate Reductase Activity (NRA) using a 1.2 MeV deuterium beam also complements the soil analysis.

This study reports on the relative variation of trace element contents, determined by PIXE, in annual rings of pine (Pinus spp) and sacred fir (Abies religiosa) growing from the same areas in several forests in the Mexico Basin, and soil samples. The results are discussed in relation to the main historical events of pollution registered in the literature.

This work was partially supported by grants from DGAPA-UNAM (IN204999), CONACYT (G0010-E and J32159-U), and Fondo Ricardo J. Zevada.

Editorial Keywords trace elements, heavy metals, atmospheric pollution, acid deposition, PIXE analysis, urban area, Pinus sp., Abies re/igiosa, Mexico City Metropolitan Area http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs70.ehtml Abstract number 70

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Binnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 67 Global radiation disasters and tree rings

Valery Kozlov 1, Gennadiy Kozubov 2, Margarita Kistemaya 1

[email protected] 1: Forest Research Institute, KRC, RAS, Petrozavodsk, Russia 2: Institute of Biology, KSC, RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia

Patterns of annual increment, structure and formation of tree ring under ionizing radiation were investigated in the zone affected by the Chernobyl Power Station disaster.

Analysis of extensive experimental data set (annual increment was measured for more than 2000 cores) revealed a specific response of long-living plants like Pinus sylvestris L., Picea exce/sa Link., Betu/a pendu/a Roth. and A/nus gtutinosa L. to radiation, which manifests itself in changes of the annual ring growth dynamics. Trees were found to experience drastic suppression of annual increment at the year of the disaster followed by two years of intensified increment. The dependence is most explicit in silver birch and Norway spruce. On experimental grounds the procedure for biological dosimetry in forest biogeosystems was worked out: with a high degree of reliability, the procedure makes it possible to evaluate retrospectively the dose absorbed by forest ecosystems after nuclear disasters.

The results of practical implementation of the proposed biological dosimetry procedure in a 10-km zone around the Chernobyl Power station in 1988-1992 and 2000 are discussed. Application of the procedure to investigate the Tri Mail Island Power Station case (USA) in 1979 is presented.

Editorial Keywords Chernobyl power station disaster, wood anatomy, biological dosimetry, annual increment, ionizing radiation, Pinus sy/vestris, Picea exce/sa, Betula pendula, A/nus g/utinosa, Chernobyl, Russia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs52.ehtm1 Abstract number 52

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 68 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Metal deposition in baldcypress tree rings

Margaret S. Devall 1, Shane D. Latimer 2, Leonard B. Thien 3, Erik G. Ellgaard t 3, Charles E. Thomas 4, Satish D. Kumar 3 [email protected] 1: Center for Bottom/and Hardwoods Research, Stoneville, Missouri, USA 2: Beak Consultants, Portland, Oregon, USA 3: Tulane University, Cell and Molecular Biology Dept., New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 4: 5780 N. Cascabel Rd., Benson, Arizona, USA

A chronology based on tree ring increments was constructed for cypress (Taxodium distichum) trees along Bayou Trepagnier in southern Louisiana. Heavy metals and organic pollutants from an oil refinery and other sources contaminated the bayou beginning in the early 1900s. The levels of Ni, Cu, Cr, Fe and Mn of 50 trees along Bayou Trepagnier was analyzed in the tree rings using x-ray fluorescent spectrometry to produce an historical record of pollution. High levels of Ni, could be correlated with the establishment of a petroleum refinery in 1916 and dredging of the area (1930-1950), which created spoil banks containing high levels of heavy metals. Mean concentration of Ni in stands of trees located within 10 adjacent stations (at 305 m intervals) was 6.6 mg/kg (ppm) for stations in the upper portion of the bayou closer to the refinery and 4.5 mg/kg for stations in the lower portion of the bayou closer to Lake Pontchartrain. Fe and Cu concentrations were similar for stations along both portions of the bayou (67 4.0 mg/kg and 652.5 mg/kg for Fe; 2.4 and 2.8 mg/kg for Cu). Cr and Mn concentrations increased in the lower portion of the bayou (6.6 mg/kg and 7.4 mg/kg for Cr; 20.2 mg/kg and 29.1 mg/kg for Mn). The historical record of heavy metals in the growth rings over time is presented as well.

Editorial Keywords heavy metals, elemental analysis, growth rings, Taxodium distichum, Bayou Trepagnier, Louisiana, USA http://www.wsl .ch/forest/dendro2001/ abstracts/abs117 .ehtml Abstract number 117

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Dc::11os, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 69 Temporal trend in heavy metals concentrations and lignin structure in some conifers in Aosta Valley {western Italian Alps)

Marco Orlandi, Manuela Pelfini, Manuela Pavan

[email protected] Universita di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze de/la Terra, Milan, Italy

The identification, quantification and temporal variations of heavy metals in alpine conifers represent an important and actual research topic. The alpine environment is in continuous and rapid evolution both from natural and anthropogenic points of view. The present climate warming involves a drastic contraction of alpine glacier, an elevation of timberline forests and a general increase in annual production of wood. The more intense tourism and other human activities have a significant impact on natural environment. The development of techniques for measuring the amount of heavy metals in tree rings at microscale allowed to point out some trends that were compared with the chronologies and related with the use of fossil fuels. In the future the results will be compared with the data of the Lys Glacier core. We also studied the difference in lignin composition from 1940 to today. Twenty-five samples were collected from larches (Larix decidua) from Gressoney Valley (Aosta, Italy). After an acidolysis and derivatization it was possible to evaluate the ratio between the constituent of lignin. The metal presence in wood

was analyzed after a treatment with HN03 in GAF's (graphite fruit atomic absorption spectroscopy). The analytical results were checked by principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the information contained in the experimental data (distribution, cluster, outliners, etc.) in a way to reduce the natural variance. In this way it is possible to study a trend in metal and monomeric lignin constituents from 1940 to today and correlate this trend with the climate and the anthropogenic influence.

Editorial Keywords heavy metals, growth rings, lignin, graphite fruit atomic absorption spectroscopy, Larix decidua, Aosta Valley, Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs156.ehtml Abstract number 156

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 70 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Woodtrax: a new instrument for x-ray and trace element analysis

Hakan Grudd [email protected] .se Climate Impacts Research Centre, Kiruna, Sweden and Stockholm University, Dept. of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Sweden

The ltrax Wood Scanner is a custom-made, special version of the ltrax XRF Microscope and the Density Scanner from COX Analytical Systems. The instrument is designed for density measurements of wood and other biological or geological laminated materials. It is also capable of simultaneous, non-destructive multi­ element analysis of all elements from Sodium to Uranium.

Here we present the first results from tree-ring density measurements at Dendrolab in Kiruna using the new ltrax Wood Scanner instrument. Sample cores from pine trees in the Abisko valley, northern Sweden, were sawed to thin laths using a twinblade saw. Resins were extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus. The samples were then mounted in the Wood Scanner and exposed to a narrow and well defined x-ray beam in steps of 10 mm. For each step a sensor with a slit opening of 10 mm registered the radiation that was not absorbed by the sample. The digital radio­ graphic images thus produced by the Wood Scanner have a resolution of 10 mm in the scanning direction and 25 mm in the transverse direction. The file format is 16- bit TIF. In each batch 18 samples of 20-cm length can be processed. Calibration of the greylevels was done with a calibration wedge from Walesch Electronic. The radiographic images were finally evaluated using the WinDENDRO software, produ­ cing ring-width and density data.

Editorial Keywords trace elements, wood density, methodological approach, Kiruna, Abisko valley, Southern Poland, Sweden http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs125.ehtm1 Abstract number 125

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 71 Climatology Interpretation of solar cycle length connection to global surface temperatures using tree-ring data

Oleg I. Shumilov 1, Oleg M. Raspopov 2, Elena A. Kasatkina 1, Gordon Jacoby 3, V.A. Dergachev 4 [email protected] 1: Polar Geophysical Institute of RAS, Apatity, Murmansk region, Russia 2: St-Petersburg Filial of IZMIRAN, St-Petersburg, Russia 3: Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York, USA 4: Joffe Physical-Technical Institute of RAS, St-Petersburg, Russia

Some aspects of the physical interpretation of a connection between 11-year solar cycle length (SCL) and the Northern Hemisphere temperature anomalies are given on the analysis of instrumental records and tree-ring series. It is shown that as a rule shorter cycles are the more intensive ones. During more intensive cycles one can observe solar radiation increase and decrease in galactic cosmic ray influence on cloud formation. Both effects are additive and lead to temperature enhancement. So, the shorter cycles are the warmer ones. It is shown that temperature response to cycle length changes are different for the periods 1705-1810 and 1900-1990, and equal -0.03°/yr and 0.4°/yr correspondingly, and are absent for the period 1810-1890.

SCL-parameter reflects only a tendency: shorter (and more powerful) cycles are connected to warmer climate and could hardly be used for numerical estimates of solar influence on the climate.

Editorial Keywords solar cycle, temperature anomalies http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs109.ehtml Abstract number 109

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 75 Atmospheric and oceanic indices since AD 1000 reconstructed from tree rings in the American Southwest

Fenbiao Ni, Malcolm K. Hughes, Gary Funkhouser

[email protected] University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, Arizona, USA

The aim of this research is to link tree-ring variability with atmospheric/oceanic indices, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), that directly influence western US climate variations. The trees that make up the chronologies for a millennial network are relatively isolated and have limited interaction with their neighbors. Many exhibit particularly clean climatic signals. Linear regression with leave-one-out technique was used to simulate atmospheric/oceanic indices during the instrumental period and a predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) was used to cross-validate the reconstruction from an independent data set. We have also linked these 1000-year atmospheric/oceanic time series with the observed and previously reconstructed cool-season precipitation in Arizona and New Mexico, providing a decadal to multicentury perspective on climate/circulation variability. Preliminary results indicate that these key atmospheric/oceanic indices and precipitation in the American Southwest have distinct patterns of variation over the last millennium. For example, the amplitude and suddenness of the 1977 PDO reversal is unusual but not unique on a 1000-year time scale. Features like this are inferred for the 1890s, 1580s, 1000, etc. Robust quasi-periodic features in the 1000-year atmospheric/oceanic time series were also revealed by the multiple-taper spectrum estimate method (MTM). For example, we have detected a strong 73-year oscillation in the PDO reconstruction. The two most intense droughts over the last millennium (in the 1580s and 1950s) probably coincided with the cold sea surface temperature (SST) and high sea level pressure (SLP) over North Pacific that was enhanced by a greater number of in-phase cold-ENSO and PDO events.

Editorial Keywords tree-ring series, Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), precipitation, drought, American Southwest

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs134.ehtm1 Abstract number 134

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker 0.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 76 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Regional features of climate variability and solar forcing on tree-ring data

Elena A. Kasatkina 1, Oleg I. Shumilov 1, Gordon Jacoby 2, Oleg M. Raspopov 3, Andrey G. Struev 1 [email protected] 1: Polar Geophysical Institute of RAS, Apatity, Russia 2: Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York, USA 3: St.-Petersburg Filial of IZMIRAN, St.-Petersburg, Russia

Regional features of climatic oscillations on temperature and tree-ring data collected in the North of Russia, Scandinavia, and Central Europe have been investigated for periods from approximately 1700 till present. Results of nonlinear statistics and spectral analysis have shown that the main oscillation periods are: 7, 11-13, 18-23, and 30 years. We consider North Atlantic - Europe atmospheric pattern as a nonlinear dynamical system and solar activity seems to be the external factor. So, as the more probable forcing periods we can consider the following solar cycles: 11-year, 90-year, 30-year and 22-year. Periods of 7 years and 18 years can be connected to self-induced oscillation processes in the ocean-land-atmosphere system and to lunar tidal influence respectively. It was demonstrated that solar forcing of climate is spatially inhomogeneous and more pronounced along the so­ called nod-line (line separating the system into two regions of relative stability) of standing thermobaric waves induced in the atmosphere of the North Atlantic-Europe dynamic system. In our case this nod-line spreads from Northern Lapland to Switzerland. The results obtained can be used in models and forecasts of local climate changes.

Editorial Keywords tree-ring series, spectral analysis, solar cycle, climate variability, temperature, Russia, Europe, North Atlantic http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs137.ehtml Abstract number 137

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 77 To what extent can oxygen isotopes in tree rings be used to reconstruct past atmospheric temperature? An analysis of Abies alba in Switzerland

Martine Rebetez 1, Matthias Saurer 2, Paolo Cherubini 3

[email protected] 1: WSL Antenne romande, c/o EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland 2: Paul Scherrer lnstitut PSI, Vil/igen PSI, Switzerland 3: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

The relationship between air temperature and oxygen isotopes measured in tree rings was analysed, based on a series of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) tree rings from a long-term forest ecosystem research plot in the Swiss Jura mountains (Langfristige Wald6kosystem-Forschung project). The oxygen isotope data were compared with a century-long meteorological series of air temperature data. Measurements of oxygen ratio in precipitation was also used for comparison. Results show that the latewood tree-ring series are in significant correlation with temperature from May to August. Correlation is better with maximum (daytime) air temperature and even slightly better with air temperature measured on rainy days only. Trends in maximum temperature series for this time of the year, like trends in oxygen isotopes series from tree rings, are completely different from trends in yearly mean temperature. Indeed, these trends have been slightly decreasing since the beginning of the 20th century whereas yearly means have been strongly increasing.

Editorial Keywords dendroclimatology, oxygen isotopes, precipitation, temperature, climate reconstruction, Abies alba, Jura mountains, Switzerland

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs4.ehtml Abstract number 4

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 78 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Extreme climatic phenomena and tree-ring growth anomalies in the 16th-19th centuries in the north of the Russian plain

Margarita M. Chernavskaya 1, N.B. Chemykh 2, Andrei V. Pushin 1 [email protected] 1: Institute of Geography RAS, Moscow, Russia 2: Institute of Archaeology RAS, Moscow, Russia

This poster deals with the methodological approach achieved by the authors, which consists of the combined investigation of mutual independent proxy data - dendrochronological and historical records. Two data sets on climatic change - extreme climatic phenomena (ECP) based on documented records and abrupt growth change (AGC) based on six tree-ring series obtained from monuments of the northern part of the Russian plain (dated back to the 16th-19th centuries) were analysed. The technique for assessing tree-ring growth anomalies (from -5 to 5) in tree-ring analysis on the base of the pointer years was used and adopted for ECP indices of intensity. The data set of ECP was classified based on spatial scale, duration of action and caused damage, and analysed according to the contribution from each type of events to their total sum. Regional features of tree-ring growth response to spatial spread of climatic extremes and especially to their combinations were revealed. It was shown that the true frequency of agreement between the negative AGC and ECP exceeded the theoretical one over the duration of the whole period of investigation. The connection of AGC appearance and the global warming and cooling was also studied. The frequency of AGC (positive as well as negative) increased twice during the periods of cooling. The authors came to the conclusion that a reliable basis for reconstruction of climatic changes would be the mutual verification of the mentioned two sets of independent proxy data. The obtained findings could serve as a background for further methodological studies on filling gaps in the original historical data.

The work is being carried out within the research project RFBR 01-05-6437 4.

Editorial Keywords dendroclimatology, climate reconstruction, growth anomalies, methodological approach, Russia http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs66.ehtml Abstract number 66

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 79 A dendroclimatological network analysis of Central European chronologies

Burkhard Neuwirth

[email protected] University of Bonn, Department of Geography, Bonn, Germany

Reconstruction of past climate conditions is an important subject of dendroclimatological investigations. Normally such reconstructions are based on tree-ring data of one or more species of a spatially limited area. In order to use tree-ring data as proxies for climate reconstruction temperature and/or precipitation information must be separated from all other factors influencing tree growth.

Depending on the chosen tree-ring parameters and the investigated frequency different statistical analyses need to be used. Furthermore, the result of different investigations becomes comparable if variations specific to species and site ecology are taken into account.

We build a network of over 500 tree-ring chronologies spanning most regions of central Europe. Using various tree-ring parameters (tree-ring width, maximum den­ sity, and d13C) pointer years and interannual and decadal variations will be compu­ ted. Growing patterns of these chronologies will be compared with climate anoma­ lies during the 20th century in regard to the various ecologically determined site conditions and species specific modifications. Various statistical and geographical methods (Gleichlaufigkeit, multi correlation analysis, GIS, etc.) will be used for the following objectives:

production of maps showing the distribution of regional and supra regional pointer years evaluation of climate signals at interannual and decadal level identification of growing factors, differentiated after climatically and site ecologi­ cally criteria investigation of the spatial reach of climate signals in tree rings and the factors determining such spatial dimension.

The concept of the study and first results will be shown in the poster.

Editorial Keywords dendroclimatological network, tree-ring series, pointer years, wood density, GIS, spatial patterns, Central Europe

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs122.ehtml Abstract number 122

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 80 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Dendroclimatic potential of Juniperus sibirica

Ljudmila A. Gorlanova, Stepan G. Shiyatov, Rashit M. Hantemirov [email protected] Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (Lab. of Dendrochronology}, Ekaterinburg, Russia

We have examined the potential of Siberian juniper (Juniperus sibirica Burgsd.) ring­ width chronologies for climatic reconstructions. Siberian juniper is a typical arctic­ alpine shrub with a height of up to 1.0-1.5 m. This abundant species in the Polar Urals grows under the canopy of light spruce-larch forests and in the tundra beyond the tree-line. An individual juniper bush usually consists of several branches and is morphologically variable. Since branches form adventive roots, old individuals are cushion-like with a diameter of 2-3 m. Dead branches remain for centuries. The oldest living branches of Siberian juniper we found in the Polar Urals (66°48'N, 65°33'E) are 840 years old.

On the basis of ring width of living and dried-off branches of juniper a 1359-year chronology (from 641 to 1999 AD) has been developed. This chronology contains a climatic signal reflecting average temperature of May, June and July. The compa­ rison of juniper chronology with ones for Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) growing in this area has shown that there are both similarity and distinction in a radial growth (and in the content of the climatic information) between shrubs and trees. The combined chronology for juniper and larch provides a more reliable reconstruction of the average June and July temperature than with a reconstruction based on any separate chronology.

Editorial Keywords climate reconstruction, ring width, temperature, Juniperus sibirica, Larix sibirica, Picea obovata, Polar Urals, Russia http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs144.ehtml Abstract number 144

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 81 Spatio-temporal dynamics of forest-tundra ecosystems under climate change in the Polar Ural Mountains

Stepan Shiyatov, Oleg Tchekhlov

[email protected] Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ekaterinburg, Russia

Significant climate-dependent changes in the composition and structure of open spruce-larch stands, in forest regeneration within the "subgoltsy belt" (treeline ecotone in mountains with very continental climate, synonym of the "subalpine belt") and shifts of the upper treeline have occurred during the last 1300 years on the eastern macroslope of the Polar Ural Mountains (66°45'-66°60'N, 65°30'-65°50'E). A special attention is paid to the study of forest-tundra ecosystem changes during the 20th century. Direct and indirect evidences such as mapped and dated wood remnants, longevity and calendar life span of dead and living trees, density and age structure of stands, variability of ring widths and ring­ width indices, old photographs, geobotanical maps and descriptions were used to carry out a detailed reconstruction of these changes.

The highest altitudinal position of the treeline, maximum regeneration and intensive tree growth were observed from the 10th to the end of the 13th centuries as a result of a warming during the summer months. From the end of the 13th to the beginning of 20th centuries the climate was mainly cold and the degradation of forest-tundra ecosystems occurred. From the 1920s up to the present the climatic conditions were favorable for tree growth and regeneration. During this period the younger larch and spruce generations formed. The degree of regeneration increased 2.2 times (taking into account the area under light and closed forests), the density and biomass of stands increased 2 to 5 times, the upper treeline and timberline shifted upward up to 20-40 m in altitude and up to 2 km along the gentle slopes.

Editorial Keywords spatio-temporal dynamics, climate change, upper tree line, stand structure, forest-tundra ecosystems, climate reconstruction, Larix sp., Picea sp., Polar Urals, Russia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs150.ehtml Abstract number 150

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 82 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Was there a Little Ice Age in Scandinavia?

Hakan Grudd 1,2, Bjorn E. Gunnarson 2, Maarit Kalela-Brundin 3, Hans W. Linderholm 2 [email protected] 1: Climate Impacts Research Centre, Kiruna, Sweden 2: Stockholm University, Dept. of Physical Geography and Quatemary Geology, Sweden 3: Museum of Forestry, Lycksele, Sweden

Knowledge about the Little Ice Age climate in Scandinavia has mainly come from historical records and from glaciological and geological evidence of a major advance of mountain glaciers, which culminated in the 18th and 19th centuries. These records indicate large regional differences in the timing and magnitude of climatic change. However, they rarely provide precisely dated information which is continuous and with high, i.e. yearly, resolution. Thus, although the Little Ice Age climate in Scandinavia can be recognised as generally cold and wet, it may not be understood as one uniform climatic event.

Here we present four continuous, high-resolution, Little Ice Age records of summer temperature change in a north-south transect in Scandinavia (Sweden and Norway). We use data from temperature sensitive tree-ring records (Pinus sy/vestris) from about 62° N to about 68° N. The data were standardised with autoregressive spline filtering to display high-frequency summer temperature variability, and with regional curve standardisation (RCS) to show medium-to-low frequency variability.

Our data cover the last 1000 years and display a significant homogeneity in summer temperatures over this large region. An "early" Little Ice Age period is evident from about AD 1100 to about AD 1370, followed by a 200-year period of warmer summer climate. A cold period is centered around AD 1600, followed by low temperatures up to about AD 1750, when a short but notably warm period occurred. Another short but notably warm period occurred around AD 1830. These two warm periods apparently caused massive new germination in Scandinavian forests, while very few trees germinated in the 16th and 17th centuries. Scandinavian summers were cold in the first decade of the 20th century, a period when most Swedish glaciers formed their terminal Little Ice Age moraines.

We conclude that the Scandinavian Little Ice Age climate can be divided into an early phase from about AD 1100 to about AD 1370, and a late phase from about AD 1570 to about AD 1915.

Editorial Keywords Little Ice Age, climate reconstruction, temperature, Pinus sylvestris, Sweden, Norway http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs155.ehtml Abstract number 155

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 83 Isotope proxies in tree rings as climatic indicators: Investigations at timberline sites in the Karakorum mountains (Northern Pakistan)

KerstinTreydte, Jan Esper, Gerhard Helle, Gerhard Hans Schleser, Christian Welscher, Matthias Winiger

[email protected] Research Center Juelich, Isotope Geochemistry and Paleoc/imate Research, Juelich, Germany

Paleoclimatological work on Central Asia is of crucial interest for understanding the climatic evolution of the Asian continent as it represents one of the main driving forces for the SW and SE Asian monsoons. At several timber line sites in the Karakorum mountains (Northern Pakistan) tree-ring series of up to 1200-year-old living junipers (Juniperus turkestanica and Juniperus excelsa) are investigated. Stable isotope chronologies (13C/12C and 180/160) of annual resolution will be combined with tree-ring width chronologies of the same sites which are known to be temperature sensitive. The aim of this study is to infer climate development for this region over the past millennium. Preliminary results indicate that depending on the site conditions (upper/lower timber line; dry/moist) the relation between the different tree-ring parameters is strong or less pronounced. Calibration studies with meteorological data show that the climate-isotope correlations increase at the drier sites. This is to be seen as a first hint for reconstructing atmospheric humidity conditions from isotope records. Additionally, intra-annual isotope variations give some more detailed information about tree physiologically induced isotope effects which could mask the climatic signal and modify the quality of the climate reconstruction.

Editorial Keywords isotopes, timberline, monsoon, tree-ring width, climate reconstruction, temperature, Juniperus turkestanica, Juniperus excelsa, Karakorum, Northern Pakistan

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs163.ehtml Abstract number 163

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 84 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Temperature regime of warm seasons in Siberian Arctic since 1642 A.O. reconstructed from cell dimension of larch tree rings

Irina P. Panyushkina 1, Malcolm K. Hughes 1, Evginei A. Vaganov 2, Martin A.R. Munro 1

[email protected] 1: University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, Arizona, USA 2: V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

We investigated the influence of temperature and precipitation on radial tracheid cell size and wall thickness in more than 9800 tree rings of larch (Larix cajanderi Mayr.) growing in the permafrost environment at the northern timberline of the East Siberia (Yakutia). Estimated variance of radial tracheid dimension is almost independent of larch's cambium age. Long-term chronologies for tracheid cell-size, wall-thickness and number of cells per tree ring were built for the period 1642-1993 A.D. (without detrending). Based on the strong relationship of tracheid dimensions with June-September temperature, we developed reliable models to reconstruct June temperature from cell numbers and mean July-September temperature from tracheid wall-thickness of transition wood (coefficient of determination is 0.7 and 0.55, respectively). Decadal variability of the reconstructed temperatures shows different patterns over time. In the cold periods 1810-30 and 1880-95, the mean July-September temperature decreased more than June temperature. In the warm 20th century, the increase of July-September temperature was greater than that of June. Fluctuation of the reconstructed temperatures diverges after 1975: June temperature tended to decrease but July-September temperature was steady. The regime of warm season temperatures in the second half of the 20th century is unusual in the context of the last 340 years.

It seems that in the Siberian Arctic the formation of wide light tree rings at the end of the 20th century is caused by a longer growing season to September and warmer late summer conditions. The chronology of cell dimensions is added to the ring width and maximum latewood density, the existing climatic repertoire of tree-ring records.

Editorial Keywords climate reconstruction, wood anatomy, temperature, cell-wall thickness, "light" rings, Larix cajanderi, Yakutia, Siberia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs195.ehtm1 Abstract number 195

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 85 Climate reconstruction from tree-ring records in northern China for the last 250 years

Yu Liu 1, Umin Ma 1, Malcolm K. Hughes 2, Gregg M. Garfin-Woll 2, Qiufang Cai 1, Zhisheng An 1, Steven W. Leavitt 2 [email protected] 1: Chinese Academy of Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Xian, P.R. China 2: University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, Arizona, USA

Mean temperature from March to April for the Qin ling Mountains, central China, has been reconstructed based on Abies chensiensis tree-ring width for the last 250 years, with good chronology replication since A.O. 1828 to 1991. The explained variance of the reconstruction was 50.8%. From the reconstruction, we found that there were 8 relative cold and 8 warm periods separately for early spring in the last 250 years. Power spectrum analysis displays 24-, 21.82-, 20.00-, 18.46-, 2. 76-, 2.73-, 2.26-, 2.11-, and 2.09-yr cycles. The reconstruction was significantly negati­ vely correlated to dryness/wetness indices, which were derived from historical documents, with r = - 0.297(N1 = 229, p < 0.0001) after 10-year moving average. After 1900, r reached -o.718 (N2= 75, p < 0.0001). This suggests that lower mean temperature from March to April could be a signal of drought for the year, and vice versa.

Editorial Keywords climate reconstruction, climate anomaly, precipitation, temperature, ring width, Abies chensiensis, Inner Mongolia, Qinling Mountains, China

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs235.ehtml Abstract number 235

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 86 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Establishing a multi-millenial Pinus cembra chronology for the central Eastern Alps

Kurt Nicolussi, Peter Schiessling

[email protected] University of Innsbruck, Institute of High Mountain Research and Alpine Agriculture and Forestry, Innsbruck, Austria

Until recently multi-millenial tree-ring chronologies were missing in the Eastern Alps. During the last years about 490 subfossil logs were sampled at 26 sites near the tree line of the central Eastern Alps (Hohe Tauern, Zillertal Alps, btztal and Stubai Alps, Ortler group; above 2000 m a.s.l.) for the construction of such a chronology. Almost only samples of the species Pinus cembra were found. Larix decidua samples are only dominating in the eldest part of the Holocene (Preboreal and Boreal). Currently calendar dated and floating sections of the chronology cover nearly the whole Holocene. The calendar dated section of this tree-line chronology (back to 5125 BC) still shows two gaps around 500 BC and 1300 BC of about 80 and 160 years respectively. These gaps were bridged by the synchronisation with other alpine, previously floating chronologies from the Austrian and Swiss Alps (Dachstein, Hohenbiel, Grachen).

This new Pinus cembra tree-line chronology enables the dating of events of the alpine environment (e.g. glacier fluctuations or snow avalanches) as well as climate reconstructions. Tree-ring growth of Pinus cembra at timberline sites is mainly determined by summer temperatures. For the last 2000 years a summer tempera­ ture reconstruction has been carried out using a RCS data set. For the last 1300 years approximately this temperature reconstruction shows similar mid- to long-term fluctuations like some north-hemispheric temperature reconstructions and tree-ring chronologies. Just for about the first 700 years, the comparison points out some differences.

Editorial Keywords subfossil logs, dendroecology, Holocene, climate reconstruction, timberline, temperature, Pinus cembra, Eastern Alps, Hohe Tauern, Zillertal Alps, 6tztal, Stubai Alps, Ortler group

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs242.ehtml Abstract number 242

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 87 lnterannual and decade scale changes in northern Fennoscandian midsummer temperatures since 5500 B.C. extracted from the supra-long ring-width chronology of Scots pine

Markus Lindholm 1, Matti Eronen 1, Mauri Timonen 2

[email protected] 1: University of Helsinki, Division of Geology and Palaeontology, Department of Geology, Helsinki, Rn/and 2: The Rnnish Forest Research Institute, Rovaniemi Research Station, Rovaniemi, Rn/and

Midsummer (July) temperatures were reconstructed using the supra-long ring-width chronology of Scots pine (Pinus sy/vestris L.) for northern Fennoscandia (between 66°-70° N and 21°-30° E), covering the last seven and a half millennia. Only high and mid-frequencies are now extracted from this annually resolved record. 1087 crossdated mean-tree series in all were standardised using both negative exponentials and splines. A previously developed transfer model, which retrieved over one-half of the dependent climate variance, was applied.

Largest abrupt changes in temperatures as well as cold and warm summers and decades during the last seven and a half millennia are presented. The most favour­ able year for pine growth was 1582 BC. The coldest summer took place in 330 BC. The most dramatic shift between individual years took place between AD 535-536. The highest temperatures among the 10-year means occurred d·Jring AD 1085-1094 and the lowest temperatures between 330-321 BC. The We ,mest 30- year period was experienced during 360-331 BC and the coldest during 5144-5115 BC. Among non-overlapping century scale means the 25th century BC was lowest and the 16th century AD the highest. The twentieth century is the 19th coldest and very close to the all-time average.

Editorial Keywords climate reconstruction, temperature, regional chronology, Pinus sy/vestris, Fennoscandia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs110.ehtm1 Abstract number 110

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 88 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Response of pines to climate factors in Estonia

Alar Laanelaid [email protected] University of Tartu, Estonia

Seven forest sites in different parts of Estonia were sampled to yield tree-ring cores, 12 trees of Scots pine (Pinus sy/vestris L.) from each site. All series of tree­ ring widths were synchronized with each other and 50 series were chosen for making a general Estonian tree-ring chronology of pine. The program Arstan (International Tree-Ring Data Bank ITRDB) produced a residual chronology for 1756-1998. For dendroclimatic analysis we possessed records of monthly average air temperature in Tallinn for 1828-1999 and average monthly precipitation sums in Estonia for 1866-1999.

Response functions carried out with various time windows showed that generally the tree-ring width of pines in Estonia is most influenced by air temperature, not during the vegetation period but in winter (positive correlation with average temperatures of prior December, January, February, and March of the growth year), whereas amount of precipitation has less effect on annual increment of pines. Only in some sites and in certain "time windows" precipitation in the beginning of the vegetation period (in May and June) had a positive effect on tree growth. It appeared also that the effect of climate factors on the increment of pines changed during the time periods. In some 40-year "time windows" the correlation of ring widths of pines with winter temperature appeared to be higher than in other periods. The positive effect of winter temperatures to radial increment of pines was noted also by other researchers in Estonia.

Editorial Keywords dendroclimatology, tree-ring width, temperature, precipitation, response function analysis, Pinus sylvestris, Estonia http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs121.ehtml Abstract number 121

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 89 Frost rings in coniferous trees of the West-Siberian Subarctic

Marina Gurskaya

[email protected] Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ekaterinburg, Russia

Frost rings were studied in the wood of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ldb.) and Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.) in the West-Sibirian Subarctic to reconstruct extreme weather events like frosts and abrupt temperature falls during the growth season. Frost rings occur more often in spruce than in larch. Over the last 100 years, we found 7 4 years with frost rings for spruce and 23 years for larch. Frost damage occurrence has the same frequency in earlywood and latewood. Double frost damage in one ring were found in both spruce and larch. Maximum stem height where frost rings occurred was 6 m. Maximum stem diameter, when frost ring formation is possible, is 3.5 cm in spruce and 1.5 cm in larch. In earlywood these pathological structures develop when the minimum air temperature ranges from -1.1 to +4.0°C at 2 m height, in latewood frost damage occur when the minimum temperature ranges from +0.6 to +5.0°C at the same height. The difference of these temperatures is significant. Under such conditions the temperatures on the ground are usually below zero. Frost-ring development is possible under abrupt temperature falls from +15-20°C to +5°C.

Editorial Keywords frost rings, climate reconstruction, temperature, Larix sibirica, Picea obovata, Siberia, Russia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs151.ehtml Abstract number 151

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 90 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Millennium length tree-ring reconstruction of extreme climatic events in the Polar Urals

Rashit M. Hantemirov, Ljudmila A. Gorlanova, Stepan G. Shiyatov [email protected] Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Lab. of Dendrochronology, Ekaterinburg, Russia

The results of identification and dating of frost and false rings in the wood of living and dead individuals of Siberian juniper ()uniperus sibirica Burgsd.) growing at the upper forest boundary in the Polar Urals were used to determine the incidence of these structures over the past millennium. Based on the data of instrumental observations on daily air temperature, the dates and rates of temperature decrease in the years of pathological wood formation were analyzed. It was found that the presence of frost lesions provides evidence for frost that occurred in late June and July. A long-term and pronounced temperature drop in the middle of July is the factor responsible for fluctuations of wood density in tree rings ("false rings"). Based on these relationships the history of temperature extremes in the Polar Urals during the past 1000 years has been reconstructed. The following events were dated: frosts in July (1109, 1278, 1466, 1601, 1783, 1857 and 1882); and long­ term temperature drops in mid-July, preceded and followed by very warm periods (1555, 1610, 1621, 1919 and 1966). Weather extremes in the Polar Urals, reconstructed by analyzing pathological wood structures in Siberian juniper, reflect probably both global climatic anomalies caused by major volcanic eruptions (summer seasons of 1601 and 1783) and regional anomalies.

Editorial Keywords frost rings, latewood, false rings, temperature anomalies, Juniperus sibirica, Polar Urals, Russia http://www.wsl.ch/forest; dendro2001/abstracts/abs173.ehtml Abstract number 173

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 91 Dendrochronological evidence in beech (Fagus sy/vatica L.) of May late frosts in the Polish Tatra National Park

Zdzislaw Bednarz

[email protected] Agricultural University, Dept. of Forest Botany and Nature Conservation, Krakow, Poland

On the basis of 31 beeches (Fagus sy/vatica L.) from the Strazyska Valley in the Polish Tatra National Park, a tree-ring chronology spanning the years 1816-1977 was elaborated. Ring-width indices were calculated. The analysis of the relationship between ring-widths indices and average monthly air temperatures (1896-1977), total monthly precipitation (1906-1977) and monthly sunshine (1924-1977) in Zakopane revealed a distinct relationship between tree growth and June-August temperature (r=0.32, p=0.001). The influence of the thermal conditions in the summer of the previous year was also significant. According to common opinion, European beech is a subatlantic species and for this reason its growth in the high mountain sites is limited mainly by low winter temperature. Therefore the distinct limiting influence of frosty winters on radial growth of the analysed beeches was expected. Contrary to expectation, the relationship between tree-ring widths and winter temperatures is not significant. Even, after the extremely frosty winter of 1928/1929 the growth reduction was lower than expected. In the case of beech from the Tatra Mts. the biggest radial growth reductions were associated with the late spring frosts, as was observed in 1866, 1867, 1876, 1882, 1911, 1913, 1952. It was confirmed both by dendroclimatological analysis and by written historical sources like parochial chronicles, historical annals etc.

Editorial Keywords ring width, late frost, precipitation, temperature, sunshine, historical archives, Fagus sytvatica, Strazyska Valley, Polish Tatra National Park, Poland

http://www.wsl.ch/forestj dendro2001/ abstracts/ abs123.ehtml Abstract number 123

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 92 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Dendroclimatological analysis of climate features in Northern and Central Yakutia

Anatoliy Nikolaev [email protected] Permafrost Institute SB RAS, Yakutsk, Russia

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) occupies a huge territory in northeastern Russia. It lies in the zone of permafrost and has a sharp continental climate. These two factors determine the spatial differentiation of the forest cover and response of trees to regional and global climate changes.

A correlation analysis of tree-ring chronology in larch (Larix cajanderi Mayr) and pine (Pinus sylvetris L.) has been first conducted in three subzones of Yakutia's forest zone. The analysis along two longitudinal (along river Lena and river Yana) and one latitudinal (along Central Yakutia) transects has revealed spatial changes in the response of trees to climatic changes and has allowed to identify the main climatic variables. Individual chronologies were obtained using conventional dendrochro­ nological methods of sampling living trees; 29 generalized tree-ring chronologies were constructed. High coefficients of sensibility and root-mean-square deviation, as well as interspecific coefficient of correlation show a high external signal. Next, analysis of response function with generalized chronologies were made.

The correlation analysis with climatic variables showed that radial growth is influenced mainly by June temperature in the North, and by May-June temperature and precipitation in Central Yakutia. The analysis of the response function indicates that the tree-ring series are highly changeable by annual increment. This has made it possible to reconstruct the air temperatures in summertime and precipitation of June-July and of hydrologic year as a whole for some meteorological stations in Yakutia. The reconstruction of the climatic variables was made with the help of multi-factor regression analysis, where the main components of the tree-ring chrono­ logies were used as the independent variables. The reconstruction consisted of two stages. First the main components of the tree-ring chronologies were determined using the factor analysis. Then the air temperature and precipitation were recons­ tructed with regression models.

Thus, not only early summer air temperature and annual precipitation amount, which are synchronous with the dynamics in the Northern Hemisphere, but the changes characterizing this region as well are observed in the radial growth in Northern and Central Yakutia.

Editorial Keywords dendroclimatology, climate reconstruction, tree-ring width, response function analysis, temperature, precipitation, Larix cajanderi, Pinus sylvetris, Yakutia, Russia

http://www.wsl.ch/forest; dendro2001/ abstracts/ abs177 .ehtml Abstract number 177

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 93 Dendroclimatic reconstruction of growth-season temperatures in eastern Hokkaido, Japan

Osamu Kobayashi 1, Koh Yasue 2

[email protected] 1: Ehime University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Forest Science, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan 2: Shinshu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Forest Science, Nagano, Japan

Ring-width and maximum-density chronologies of Picea gtehnii Mast. were used to reconstruct average growth-season (May-September) temperatures in Obihiro, eastern Hokkaido for the period 1489-1996. A total of 55 increment cores were sampled from 29 trees growing at a north-facing slope in the Daisetsu district, central Hokkaido (43°30' N/143°12' E, 149 m a.s.l.). Ring-width and maximum density were measured using an X-ray densitometer (Dendro 2003) and then crossdated by both visual and statistical techniques. Ring-width and maximum­ density chronologies extending back to 1489 (509 y) were established by biweight robust averaging of the indices standardized by fitting a 120-year cubic spline. The mean correlation between the trees was 0.22 for ring width and 0.20 for maximum density. Response function analysis showed that monthly temperature and precipi­ tation of Obihiro explained 48.8% of the total variance of ring-width and 64.6% of that of maximum-density. Both ring width and maximum density showed a signifi­ cant response to summer temperatures. The established transfer function that reconstructs average May-September temperature from ring width and maximum density was proved to be reliable from verification statistics. Ring width and maximum density together explains 31.5% of the total variance of average May-September temperature during the calibration period 1892-1996.

Editorial Keywords ring width, wood density, temperature, climate reconstruction, Picea glehnii, Hokkaido, Japan

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs135.ehtm1 Abstract number 135

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 94 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. A 700-year reconstruction of winter/spring precipitation for south-central Oregon from western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) tree rings

Henri D. Grissino-Mayer 1, Peter T. Soule 2, Paul A. Knapp 3 [email protected], [email protected] 1: University of Tennessee, Department of Geography, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA 2: Appalachian State University, Department of Geography and Planning, Boone, North Carolina, USA 3: Georgia State University, Department of Anthropology and Geography, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

As part of a larger study to analyze the range expansion of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) forests and the hypothesized synergistic effects of carbon dioxide fertilization, we developed a 700-year reconstruction of winter/spring precipitation for south-central Oregon. Increment cores were extracted from several hundred junipers in five Research Natural Areas, sanded to reveal cellular structure, then ring patterns crossdated using skeleton plot and list method techniques. Crossdating accuracy was confirmed statistically using COFECHA software. Conservative standardization techniques were employed to ensure preservation of long-term trends. Response function and correlation analyses revealed a strong relationship between the residual tree-ring chronology and regionalized winter/spring precipitation data (1896-1998) from south-central Oregon. Using least squares regression, the final calibration model showed that tree growth accounted for 61% of the variance in the climate data (F=152.2, p<.0001, n=98). A striking feature of this 700-year reconstruction is the low rainfall amounts during the 20th century relative to the long-term mean since 1280. Also quite noticeable is the oscillatory behavior of the variance of the precipitation reconstruction. Spectral analysis indicated a strong 120-year period and even stronger 20-year harmonic occupying the red noise fraction of the spectral density function. Preliminary analyses revealed a distinct relationship with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Our multicentury reconstruction suggests precipitation has fluctuated considerably over the last 700 years, especially during the 20th century. The cyclical nature of rainfall in southern Oregon could provide predictive capabilities not previously foreseen.

Editorial Keywords climate reconstruction, precipitation, long-term growth trends, response function analysis, precipitation, spectral analysis, Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Juniperus occidentalis, Oregon, USA http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs192.ehtml Abstract number 192

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 95 A paleoclimatic record for the Late Holocene in the Central Sahara: tree rings of Cupressus dupreziana from the Wadi Tanezzuft area (SW Fezzan, Libya)

Mauro Cremaschi, Manuela Pelfini, Luca Arzuffi, Vincenzo Di Mauro, Maurizio Santilli, Andrea Zerboni

[email protected] University of Milan, Department of Earth Sciences, CIRSA, CNR CGAGQ, Italy

The mountains of the central Sahara (Messak, Acacus, Tassili) and adjoining low lands enjoyed high availability of water during the early-middle Holocene. The whole area was later desiccated at about 5000 y BP, but the wadi Tanezzuft valley survived the onset of dry conditions for several millennia.

For the early and middle Holocene palaeoenvironmental data were obtained from caves and dried lakes, but few is known for the more recent periods. Information about precipitation changes and hydrological oscillations were obtained through a dendrochronological study of Cupressus dupreziana Camus, used to make house doors in the old cities of Ghat and Barkat, Libya, and imported from the Tassili massif (basin of the Wadi Tanezzuft). Preliminary samples indicate long ring series. C. dupreziana is not highly suitable for crossdating, however, it may be a source of palaeoclimatic information. Four dendroclimatic curves were dated through AMS radiocarbon:

1) 5160 ± 40 14C yr. BP (begin); 2) 4870 ± 40 / 4110 ± 40 14C yr. BP (range), 3) 4650 ± 40 yr. BP (middle); 4) 1010 ± 40 14C yr. BP.

The first group of curves indicates sensible oscillations in growth rate, on a decade scale, which may be interpreted as a shift of water availability (precipitation). The tree rings of the late period, because they are very thin, are indicative of a drier period, in good agreement with the geological record.

The dates appear consistent with the fluctuations of the wadi Tanezzuft discharge as reconstructed from alluvial deposits and related radiocarbon dating.

Editorial Keywords palaeoclimate, climate reconstruction, Holocene, precipitation, Cupressus dupreziana, central Sahara, Tanezzuft valley, Libya

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs157.ehtml Abstract number 157

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 96 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Dendroclimatology of miombo woodland species in southern and eastern Africa

Valerie Trouet 1,2, Kristof Haneca 3, Pol Coppin 2, Hans Beeckman 1 [email protected] 1: Laboratory for Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium 2: Laboratory for Forest, Nature and Landscape research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 3: Laboratory for Wood Biology and Wood Technology, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium

Both in equatorial eastern and in southern Africa, a teleconnection exists between the regional climate and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The regions experience opposite ENSO-effects. The understanding of ENSO-cycles and their variations can only be based on research of the long-term ENSO-signal. Proxy data are used for this purpose.

The value of growth rings as proxy data for climate reconstruction was studied in several miombo woodland species in southern and eastern Africa. A total of 12 species was examined from two sites in Tanzania and eight sites in Zambia. Species from both the wetter and the drier miombo woodland type were sampled.

A response function analysis was performed between growth ring data from the different sites and precipitation and temperature data from nearby weather stations. Southern Oscillation Index (SOl)-values were also comprised as climatic data in the response function analysis. Three different response function analysis methods were implemented to ensure the significance of the response functions found: redundancy analysis, multiple linear regression and set correlation analysis.

It was possible to build a representative mean growth curve for a number of sites. However, cross-dating of samples from other sites proved impossible. A key aspect could be degree of deciduousness, which is site- and species-dependent.

The sites with a representative mean growth curve were examined in a response function analysis with climatic data. The results of this response function analysis determine the potential of the sites for climate reconstruction.

Editorial Keywords climate reconstruction, El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), response function analysis, growth rings, tropical tree species, miombo woodlands, Tanzania, Zambia, eastern and southern Africa http://www.wsl.ch/forest/ dendro2001/ abstracts/ abs11.ehtml Abstract number 11

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 97 The dendrochronological potential of three South African Widdringtonia species

Edmund C. February 1, Mary Gagin 2

[email protected] 1: University of Cape Town, Department of Botany, Rondebosch, South Africa 2: University of Wales Swansea, Department of Geography, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK

The very limited time range of the regional rainfall data set (not more than 100 years) means that the long-term variability of water supplies in South Africa is poorly understood. South Africa urgently requires a high-resolution regional data set going back for 300 to 400 years so as to develop hypotheses on future water availability. In the Northern Hemisphere dendrochronology has demonstrated the capacity to produce long rainfall records extending back in time for many thousands of years. Within South Africa Dunwiddie and La Marche (1980) demonstrated the dendrochro­ nological potential of W. cedarbergensis and Curtis et al. 1978 gave some evidence for the potential of Podocarpus falcatus. These initially promising results were, however, never fully exploited. Here, in an effort to better understand the dendro­ chronological potential of all three South African Widdringtonia species we not only re-examine W. cedarbergensis, but also include W. schwarzii and W. nodiflora.

While W. cedarbergensis and W. nodiflora may cross date the ring-width indices of neither species correlates significantly with rainfall. W. cedarbergensis may live for many hundreds of years and is restricted to the Cedarberg Mountains while W. nodif/ora only lives for around 20 and is widespread in the wetter parts of the Western Cape Province. W. schwarzii is restricted in distribution to the rugged Kouga mountains of the Eastern Cape Province does not cross date.

Editorial Keywords

water stress, precipitation, dendrochronological potential, water availability, climate reconstruction, Widdringtonia cedarbergensis, Widdringtonia schwarzii, Widdringtonia nodiflora, South Africa, Western Cape Province, Kouga mountains

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs37.ehtml Abstract number 37

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 98 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Dendroecological analysis of selected tree species from South Brazil

Peter Spathelf, Leif Nutto, L.F. Watzlawick [email protected] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Dpto. de Ciencias Florestais, Santa Maria, RS Brasil

A dendroecological analysis was conducted for Ocotea pu/chel/a, Nectandra megapotamica, Fagara rhoifo/ia, Fagara hyemalis and Araucaria angustifo/ia from several sites of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Growth data were obtained by analysis of stem disks at breast height (1.3 m). Radial increment was measured on four perpendicular radii using the 'LINTAB' measuring device. The mean growth sequences were standardized to highlight short-term variation. Climatic data originate from the meteorological stations of Santa Maria and Born Jesus, Rio Grande do Sul. Temperatures, precipitation and compound climatic quantities like evapotranspiration and water balance were calculated to describe the climate­ growth relationship. Variation of increment and climatic variation was compared by using sensitivity and correlation analysis. Regional climate (seasonality) in general, wood structure of the species and cross-dating of individual radii indicate that annual growth banding is likely. Correlation analysis shows that water stress does not seem to be the synchronizing factor of radial increment of Ocotea pu/chella, Nectandra megapotamica and Araucaria angustifolia but that of Fagara rhoifolia and Fagara hyema/is. Possible medium-term growth releases of the species during the observation period were analyzed to detect abrupt changes in standing space.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, stem analysis, evapotranspiration, water balance, growth release, radial increment, Ocotea pu/chel/a, Nectandra megapotamica, Fagara rhoifolia, Fagara hyemalis, Araucaria angustifo/ia, Brazil http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs15.ehtml Abstract number 15

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 99 Tree-ring analysis of Tectona grandis (Teak) from central India

Hemant P. Borgaonkar, Kolli Rupa Kumar, Amar B. Sikder, Somaru Ram, Govind Ballabh Pant

[email protected] Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, Pune, India

Over Indian region few tropical species and Himalayan conifers exhibit high dendroclimatic potentiality. The tree-ring analysis of teak from western ghats of India revealed the usefulness of the species in reconstructing the past vagaries of monsoon and drought / flood events.

In this poster we present the preliminary results of tree-ring analysis of Tectona grandis from central India. More than 300 cores collected over 18 sites form a wide network of teak tree-ring chronologies. This network covers the central India between 17°30'N-22°10' N and 78°00'E-82°30'E. The region is strongly influenced by the summer monsoon where more than 75% of total annual precipitation is received during the monsoon months (June-September).

Crossdating between the cores from same tree and between different trees of the same sites was good over few sites. However, it was poor for some sites, particularly the sites having trees of large girth but rotten inside showed poor cross matching. The forests around such sites indicate decline phase. Occurrence of false rings was common over all sites and confined to both earlywood and latewood zone. However, events of occurrence in earlywood part is much higher than those observed in latewood portion. Pre-monsoon showers followed by prolong dry spell in beginning of growing season of the teak may cause high frequency of earlywood false rings.

More than 15 ring-width index chronologies of teak have been prepared. Few of them go back to early 18th century. They show good association with monsoon precipitation. It is evident that, two or three consecutive good monsoon years are capable for maintaining normal to above normal tree growth even though the following year is dry. The dendroclimatic analysis is to be extended further to look into the possible relationship with global parameters such as ENSO and El Nino.

Editorial Keywords dendroclimatology, tropical tree species, regional network, false rings, precipitation, monsoon, earlywood, latewood, Tectona grandis, India

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs34.ehtml Abstract number 34

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 100 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Tree-ring studies in India

Hemant P. Borgaonkar 1, Amalava Bhattacharyya 2, K. Rupa Kumar 1, G. B. Pant 1, V. Chaudhary 2 [email protected] 1: Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India 2: Birbal Sahani Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow, India

A large number of tree-ring sites have established a good quality tree-ring data network from western Himalayan region by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune and Birbal Sahani Institute of Palaeobotany (BSIP), Lucknow. These include several ring width and density chronologies of Pinus, Picea, Cedrus, Abies covering entire area of western Himalaya. Many of these chronologies go back to the 15th century. Cedrus deodara tree-ring chronology from Harshil close to Gangotri exhibits oldest (821 years) chronology so far from the region.

Dendroclimatic models indicate that the summer climate, particularly pre-monsoon temperature and precipitation are highly influencing parameters in tree growth process. This is mainly due to moisture stress condition occurring during the early phase of growing season of the Himalayan conifers. Reconstructed pre-monsoon (March-April-May) summer climate of western Himalaya do not show any significant increasing or decreasing trend since past several decades. These reconstructions also indicate that Little Ice Age phenomenon was not prominent over this part of the globe.

Tree-ring studies of eastern Himalaya at BSIP include several chronologies of coni­ fers. They exhibit high dendroclimatic potential. Abies chronologies show significant negative correlation with July-September temperature. Larix chronologies indicate significant positive association to May temperature. Late summer temperature of this region since A.D. 1757 has been reconstructed from Abies.

Over peninsular and central part of India, some tropical species (Tectona grandis, Cederala toona) show good response to monsoon variations. Preparation of ring­ width chronology network of T. grandis from this region is in progress. Preliminary results of teak (T. grandis) ring-width chronologies from coastal regions of India show significant relationship with monsoon precipitation. It is evident that two to three consecutive good monsoon years are capable of maintaining normal or above normal tree growth, even though the following year is low precipitation year.

Editorial Keywords monsoon, ring width, earlywood density, temperature, precipitation, Pinus sp., Picea sp., Abies sp., Tsuga, Larix, Taxus, Juniperus sp., Tectona grandis, Cedrus deodara, Cederala toona, India, Western Himalaya, Eastern Himalaya http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs236.ehtm1 Abstract number 236

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 101 Climate variation since 300 BP in the eastern part of Qilian Mountain, China

Xiaohua Gou 1, Fahu Chen 1, Yajun Wang 1, Xuemei Shao 2

[email protected] 1: Lanzhou University, Geography department, Lanzhou, China 2: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Institute of Geography, China

Based on the Sabina przewalskii samples obtained in the eastern part of Qilian Mountain, west of China, a standardized tree-ring chronology was established. The correlation analysis was carried out between the tree-ring index and the tempe­ rature as well as precipitation at Wushaoling Meteorology Station, which is 70 km away from the sampling site. The results showed that the tree-ring index signifi­ cantly correlates with the precipitation of March and April, with a coefficient of 0.525. The precipitation of March and April in the study area were reconstructed for the past 300 years. It can be seen that the climate has become wetter in the past 300 years. The statistics confirm that the reconstruction series is reliable.

Editorial Keywords dendroclimatology, climate reconstruction, tree-ring width, temperature, precipitation, Sabina przewalskii, Qilian Mountain, China

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs187.ehtm1 Abstract number 187

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 102 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. A 2'500-year long temperature-sensitive tree-ring record in far north-eastern Eurasia

Malcom K. Hughes 1, Evgenij A. Vaganov 2, Stepan G. Shiyatov 3, Ramzi Touchan 1, Muchtar M. Naurzbaev 2, Gary Funkhouser 1

[email protected] 1: University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, Arizona, USA 2: V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 3: Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ekatarinburg, Russia

We have developed a more than 2,500-year long temperature-sensitive tree-ring record in far north-eastern Eurasia, at the center of the largest longitudinal sector of the Arctic lacking such a record. This record is based on material from a network of sites in the lndigurka coastal region, and is well replicated through almost all of its length. During the course of collecting material for this chronology, the oldest known tree in the Russian Federation was found (1104 years). A number of the trees we used have more than 700 rings, improving the chances of capturing multi­ decadal to century-scale variability. The widths of annual rings of larch trees from this region contain a remarkably clear and strong summer temperature signal. 66% of the variance of early summer (6/6 through 7 /17) temperature is accounted for by the tree-ring width index series, 60% in cross-validation. The record is charac­ terized by variability on several time scales, including a twentieth century that is significantly warmer than any other period of similar length, a clear indication of the effect of large explosive volcanic eruptions on summer conditions in the Arctic, and a sharp cooling after 1976. While many of the 20 coolest early summers in the reconstruction since AD 1400 occur within a few years after major explosive erup­ tions from low-latitude volcanoes, several of the 20 warmest early summers follo­ wed major explosive eruptions from high-latitude volcanoes. We found no evidence to support the suggestion that these reconstructed warm summers represented a rebound in tree growth from volcano-induced cold conditions. Useful information on the climate effects of volcanic eruptions may not be limited to years with unusually cool summers, but may also be extracted from reconstructed unusually warm sum­ mers. One of the most notable features of the record is a series of very small or missing rings implying a period of several very cold summers commencing in AD 536. This is also seen approximately 2000 km to the West on the Taimyr Peninsula (Nuarzbaev and Vaganov 1999). It also coincides with a number of other meteo­ rological events, sometimes collectively called 'the A.O. 536 dust veil event' (Baillie 1994). In the case of our material, growth was so disrupted that several of the trees sampled lack clear ring structure for several years. Our results confirm that this was a very unusual event whose human consequences would be severe were it to recur in modern conditions. It is, therefore, worthy of further study.

References Baillie, M. G. L. Dendrochronology raises questions about the nature of the AD 536 dust veil event. Holocene. 1994; 4(2):212-7. Naurzbaev, M. M. and Vaganov E. A. 1957-year tree-ring chronology of eastern part of Taymir. Siberian Journal of Ecology. 1999; 6:159-168.

Editorial Keywords regional network, regional chronology, temperature, temperature anomalies, lndigurka, Russia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs116.ehtml Abstract number 116

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 103 Tree rings and climate in the Near East

Ramzi Touchan 1, Malcom K. Hughes 1, Nesat Erkan 2 [email protected] 1: University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, Arizona, USA 2: Southwest Anatolia Forest, Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey

In the Near East, relatively few dendroclimatological studies have been performed. We have accumulated several lines of evidence that this will be a practical possibility: 1) The establishment of crossdating between chronologies of three species in Jordan and the development of a high quality 400-year winter-spring precipitation reconstruction for southern Jordan using Juniperus phoenicia trees from the region near the ancient city of Petra; 2) The development of ten chronologies from Turkey of Cedrus libani (1449-2000), Juniperus exce/sa (1152-2000), Pinus nigra (1586-2000), and Pinus brutia (1729-2000). Preliminary results indicate that precipitation is the main limiting factor in tree growth. We will report the early stages of an ongoing effort to build a dendroclimatological network in the Near East that we plan to use in exploring the regional climate of the last 500 years and its larger-scale teleconnections.

Editorial Keywords precipitation, tree growth, dendroclimatological network, teleconnection, Juniperus phoenicia, Cedrus libani, Juniperus excelsa, Pinus nigra, Pinus brutia, Jordan, Petra, Turkey, Near East

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs132.ehtml Abstract number 132

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 104 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Carbon and oxygen isotope trends along the northern tree-line in Eurasia

Matthias Saurer 1, Fritz H. Schweingruber 2, Evgenij A. Vaganov 3, Stepan G. Shiyatov 4, Rolf Siegwolf 1 [email protected] 1: Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland 2: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 3: V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 4: Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ekaterinburg, Russia

The recent climate change involves a complex spatial pattern of temperature and precipitation variations with causes often difficult to discern. For climate reconstruction in remote areas stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of tree-rings are a promising new tool. Calibration studies have shown that the isotope variations can be reliably related to climatic and physiological factors. The recent advances in continuous-flow technology make the method now feasible for large-scale mapping of past climate in a similar way as it is known from classical dendrochronology. We measured the isotope ratios for a network of old dominant trees across Eurasia from Norway to Siberia using material from three wide-distributed tree genus (Larix, Picea, Pinus) sampled previously for the Northern Eurasian Tree-Ring Project. The sites were selected at the northern timberline of the Eurasian boreal forest, where growth is most limited by temperature. We determined the isotope composition on composite wood samples of the period 1861-90 and 1961-90. First results for the values of 130 trees indicate a large east-to-west gradient in 180 that can be well explained by isotopic fractionations of the precipitation. The carbon isotope values show a decreasing trend with time that can be related to the decreasing isotope content of atmospheric CO 2 and changes in water-use-efficiency of the trees due to the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Editorial Keywords climate reconstruction, oxygen isotopes, carbon isotopes, international network, boreal forest, Larix sp., Picea sp., Pinus sp., Eurasia http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs220.ehtm1 Abstract number 220

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 105 Decadal-scale climatic variability in the South American sector of the Southern Ocean: Evidence from tree-ring records during the past four centuries

Ricardo Villalba 1, Jose A. Boninsegna 1, Antonio Lara 2, Silvia Delgado 1

[email protected] 1: Departamento de Dendrocronolog{a e Historia Ambiental, IANIGLA - CON/GET, Mendoza, Argentina 2: /nstituto de Silvicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

Climate variability induced by the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the Southern Ocean (50-60°S) is one of the principal goals challenging researchers of climatic change. Instrumental records are short, fragmentary, and scarce for the Southern Ocean compared to other oceans. They are thus inadequate to fully describe, model, and predict the nature of decade-scale climatic variability influenced by the Southern Ocean-atmospheric interaction. Based on the longest pressure records available in the South American-Antarctic Peninsula (SAAP) sector of the Southern Oceans, zonal and meridional indices have recently been developed. The zonal index (ZSAAP) is a measure of the westerlies between approximately 51° and 60°S, while the meridional index (MSAAP) measures meridionality across southern South America between 58°W and 71 °W. Temperature variations in southern South America are strongly affected by the strength of the MSAAP index, whereas regional precipitation is more related to changes in the ZSAAP index. We employed dendroclimatic techniques for reconstructing both the ZSAAP and MSAAP indices over the past four centuries. Spectral analysis shows that the MSAAP reconstruction exhibits considerably more power on decadal- and longer-scale variability than the ZSAAP reconstruction. The ZSAAP reconstruction shows dominant modes of variation at around 4.4-5 and 22 years. The former peak may be associated with the proposed Antarctic Circumpolar Wave in the Southern Oceans. For the MSAAP reconstruction, significant oscillations are shown at 8, 11 and more than 40 years. An assessment is also made of the interactions between these pressure gradients in the SAAP region and hemispheric tropical (SOI) and extra-tropical (TPI) circulation indices.

Editorial Keywords climate variability, zonal index (ZSAAP), meridional index (MSAAP), spectral analysis, tree-ring series, South America

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs198.ehtm1 Abstract number 198

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 106 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. On the use of high elevation tree-ring records in Northern Patagonia for assessing information about climate variability

Andrea Schmelter [email protected] University of Bonn, Department of Geography, Bonn, Germany

In the Northern Patagonian Andes, Nothofagus pumilio (Lenga) has a widespread distribution in the subalpine elevation belt. Its E-W distribution follows an extreme precipitation gradient, which offers a great opportunity to study a wide range of ecologically very different sites over a distance of only +/-70km. At the same time, it can be assumed that considerable differences exist in tree growth and climatic response, which causes problems for the use of the species in dendroclima­ tological studies.

At 41°S, a strict sampling strategy was applied across the Argentinean Andes: it systematically followed a) an E-W transect from dry to moist environments and b) altitudinal gradients located along this transect.

In a general view over the whole transect, the similarity in growth and in the climatic response of the trees was found to be greater for well-formed trees of the lower­ elevation sites and for krummholz of the high-elevation sites than for the sites of every respective altitudinal gradient. Based on these relationships, "growth belts", namely the krummholz growth belt and the erect tree growth belt can be determined.

As a consequence of these results, local chronologies containing selected trees with a homogeneous growth- and climate response pattern, from sites of the respective growth-belt only and excluding extreme sites, were built. These local chronologies prevailed higher significant climate- growth relationships than the single site chronologies and therefore more satisfactory results.

In spite of these results, it is highly recommended that future dendroclimatological studies in high mountain regions should be based on ecological networks, concerning spatial and temporal growth patterns.

Editorial Keywords krummholz growth belt, growth response, Nothofagus pumilio, Northern Patagonia, Argentina http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs221.ehtm1 Abstract number 221

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 107 Influence of climate on tree rings of Common beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.)

Christoph Dittmar

[email protected] Department of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany

Radial growth of Common beech stands at approx. 40 sites in various European regions were investigated. Study sites are located in Germany, Southern Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Italy and Spain. Sites represent various climatic situations in order to cover the range of climate-growth relationships and weather sensitivity of Common beech in Europe. Different continuous and discontinuous time-series analyses were applied (response function, single-factor and single-year analysis). Site-specific meteorology and water balance were estimated in order to study relationships between weather, water supply and tree­ ring widths.

Tree-ring widths of Common beech were found as very sensitive indicators reflecting climatic influences. Factors controlling radial increment, however, are strong site-, especially altitude-dependent. In Central Europe at lower altitudes (until about 600 m a.s.1.) water supply and the frequency and intensity of fructification are the main factors influencing growth. Radiation and warmth on the other hand are primarily important for cambial activity at higher altitudes (above 800 m a.s.l.). On these sites the frequency and intensity of late frost and of cool, wet and cloudy vegetation periods are the main growth limitations. These distinct site-dependent differences in weather sensitivity of Common beech have to be better considered in the assessment of growth trend changes and symptoms of new-type forest damage.

Editorial Keywords time-series analyses, water balance, ring width, Fagus sy/vatica, Germany, Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Italy, Spain

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs7.ehtm1 Abstract number 7

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 108 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Comparison of dendroclimatological variability of Scots pine along an east-west transect in northern Europe

Hans Linderholm 1, Markus Lindholm 2, Bard Solberg 3

[email protected] 1: Stockholm University, Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm, Sweden 2: University of Helsinki, Department of Geology, Division of Geology and Palaeontology, Finland 3: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Trondheim, Norway

The relationship between tree growth and climate was analysed in an east-west transect through central Fennoscandia. Ten ring-width chronologies from Scots pine (Pinus syfvestris L.), from the west coast of Norway, through the central Scandinavian Mountains, to western Russia, were compared regarding correlation among sites, growth variability and response to climate. Correlation and climate response were computed in a common period, 1840-1980, when all chronologies were considered to be reliable. The chronologies could be sorted into two major groups with high correlation among sites, similar growth patterns and comparable responses to climate - one eastern (continental) and one western (maritime) group. The western group displayed higher annual to decadal growth variability than in the eastern group. Variance in tree growth explained by climate (temperature and precipitation) was highest at the tree line in the Scandinavian Mountains and lowest at the Swedish east coast between maritime and continental influences. In the eastern group, growth is favoured by high summer precipitation while in the western group high temperatures and low precipitation during summer favour tree growth. Additionally, tree growth is positively correlated to winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the eastern chronologies, while a negative correlation with July NAO was found in the western chronologies. Generally, the growth trend in the second half of the 20th century was positive in the eastern chronologies and negative in the western chronologies.

Editorial Keywords tree growth, climate variability, precipitation, temperature, Pinus sylvestris, Fennoscandia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs243.ehtm1 Abstract number 243

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 109 Influence of climate changes on radial increment and age structure of subalpine larch forests of Kuznetski Alatau (Russia) over the last 330 years

Pavel Moiseev

[email protected] Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Dendrochronology, Ekaterinburg, Russia

Global warming has triggered an increase in investigations into forest-tundra vegetation dynamics because of their sensitivity to changes of the thermal regime. However, only few studies attended to long-term changes of quantitative parameters, such as structure and high-altitude position of subalpine forests, although spatio-temporal patterns of biotic responses to climate fluctuations are very important for understanding ecological consequences of climate change.

Our study aims to investigate the influence of climate change on the regeneration of subalpine larch forests (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) in the southern part of Kuznetski Alatau, Russia (53°38'-54°03'N and 88°19'-89°15'E). We have installed 60 plots of 8 ha each along four altitudinal transects between 1270 and 1580 m a.s.l.. We cored 577 trees with a diameter larger than 8-10 cm for age determination and ring-width measurement. We developed four local and two general ring-width chronologies (266-380 years length). We demonstrated that radial increment depends on thermal conditions during the vegetation period, the beginning and duration of which varies from year to year. The most significant correlation was with the sum of effective temperatures of 25-40 days after bud flush and snow melt (beginning of June). The comparison with chronologies of the nearby Altai region verified our results. Using the tree age data, the following favorable periods for formation of larch age generations were identified: 1660s, 1680s, 1700s, 1720s, 1740s, 1760s, 1780s, 1800-1810s, 1850s, 1870-1880s, 1900s, 1920s, 1930- 1940s. Tree abundance and tree growth indices were highly correlated. Our results show a close relationship between larch regeneration and changes in the thermal regime in the highlands of Kuznetsky Alatau. This is reflected in age structure as an increase in proportion of trees that germinated and survived during the above-listed periods or another favorable period.

Editorial Keywords dendroclimatology, climate change, vegetation dynamics, temperature, Larix sibirica, Kuznetski Alatau, Siberia

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs69.ehtml Abstract number 69

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 110 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Age-dependent tree-ring growth response to climate of Larix decidua Mill. and Pinus cembra L. at timberline

Marco Carrer, Carlo Urbinati [email protected] University of Padova, Dep. TESAF, Legnaro, Italy

A dendroclimatic study was conducted in a mixed uneven-aged forest (Pinus cembra L. and Larix decidua Mill.) at timberline in the Eastern Italian Alps to assess the influence of age on tree-ring growth. More than 250 trees of different size and age classes were sampled, ring widths measured and bootstrapped response functions (RF) were computed for each tree using monthly precipitation, maximum and minimum mean temperatures as climate variables.

The RF profiles show a clear climatic sensitivity (explained variance up to 80 %) especially to summer maximum temperatures, with the highest positive correlation, for both species, in June and July. A negative correlation limited to Arolla pine appears with June precipitation.

Differences occur after clustering the tree chronologies according to cambial age classes (69-100; 101-200; 201-300; >300 years in larch; <150; 151-250; 251-350; >350 years in Cembran pine). The RF profiles are similar among the age classes but the significance of the models and that of the most fitted monthly coefficients increase from lower to higher age classes.

The single tree RF results denote that the age-dependent effect exists regardless of standardization and it is continuous throughout the time span examined. Finally the climate sensitivity is likely to increase with tree ageing.

Editorial Keywords tree-ring width, dendroclimatology, timberline, response function, precipitation, temperature, Larix decidua, Pinus cembra, Italian Alps, Italy http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs161.ehtml Abstract number 161

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 111 Dendroclimatological investigation of Juniper (Juniperus po/ycarpos) in Elburz Mountains of Iran in comparison with neighboring high mountain areas

Kambiz Pourtahmasi, Davoud ParsaPajouh

[email protected]. i r University of Tehran, Faculty of Natural Resources, Karaj, Iran

Juniper (Juniperus po/ycarpos) is a widely distributed tree species growing at the upper timberline in the high mountains area of Iran. In subalpine environments, juniper is one of the dominant tree species, forming pure or mixed types of juniper forest. Clearly distinguishable growth rings make it suitable for dendrochronological investigations.

In this study, three sites were selected along a transect from east to west on Elburz Mountains. Ring widths were measured and visual anatomical features were recorded. All tree-ring samples could be crossdated and local chronologies were developed for each site.

From the nearest meteorological measuring station to each site, monthly mean temperature and total precipitation data were collected. The relationships between the ring-width chronology and climate variables along the sampling transect and the teleconnection between these three sites were investigated. The chronologies and the pattern of climatic response in Elburz Mountains are compared with the high mountain areas of neighboring countries.

Editorial Keywords dendroclimatology, timberline, growth rings, ring width, Juniperus polycarpos, Elburz Mountains, Iran

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs21.ehtml Abstract number 21

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 112 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Spatial analysis of earlywood vs. latewood chronologies of oak in the Iberian Northwest

Ignacio Garcfa Gonzalez 1, Elvira Dfaz Vizcafno 1, Antonio Martfnez Cortizas 2 [email protected] 1: Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Esco/a Politecnica Superior, Departamento de Bioloxra Vexetal, Lugo, Spain 2: Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Fae. de Biolox(a, Departamento de Edafolox(a e Qu(mica Agrrcola, Spain

A total of 14 forest sites dominated by oak (Quercus robur L.) were selected in the Northwest of Spain. All these forests were scattered along the study area and corresponded to different environments ranging for mid-elevation areas to valley bottoms towards the coast. The sites were selected so as to represent most of the micro-environments within the study area, and vegetation was characterised within each site paying special attention to plants that could be used as bioclimatic indicators.

Earlywood and latewood width chronologies were obtained, showing both of them enough quality for further analysis. All site chronologies were therefore compared by multivariate procedures, and their similarities were discussed in conjunction with the main environmental conditions within the area.

All sites within the Northern Galician Mountains, which are characterised by a less remarkable summer drought, clearly grouped together, regardless of using earlywood or latewood width chronologies. Chronologies of sites located towards the coastal valleys or the inland depressions showed a somehow different grouping depending on the growth variable used.

These results may indicate that earlywood and latewood chronologies respond to different bioclimatic components within the study area, so that this can be related to different local conditions at the time when this portion of the wood is built. This fact could be of great interest for understanding local climatic conditions in the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula.

Editorial Keywords regional chronology, earlywood width, latewood width, drought, Quercus robur, Galician Mountains, Spain http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs114.ehtml Abstract number 114

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 113 Yearly maps of different seasonal climate parameters for eastern Tibet under special consideration of mountain topography using GIS

Achim Brauning

[email protected] University of Stuttgart, Institute of Geography, Stuttgart, Germany

Dendroclimatological studies in mountain areas often face the problem of limited spatial representativeness due to strongly varying elevation and aspect of study sites and changing microsite conditions. On the other hand, the broad ecological variety of forest types offers the possibility to combine several tree-ring parameters which are sensitive to different seasonal climate elements, in order to get a more comprehensive view of climate change in respect of seasonal aspects. A network of tree-ring chronologies composed of various coniferous tree species (Picea, Abies, Larix, Juniperus) and including different tree-ring parameters (ring width, maximum latewood density, intra-annual density variations) from subalpine and valley bottom sites has been developed for eastern Tibet. The complex topography of this region which accounts for strong mesoscalic climatic effects and the distinct species distribution in the landscape is considered in an elevation model which is linked to the tree-ring data to evaluate the spatial patterns of growth reaction to the temporal variability of different seasonal climate elements.

Editorial Keywords GIS, climate variability, spatial patterns, Picea sp., Abies sp., Larix sp., Juniperus sp., Tibet

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs191.ehtml Abstract number 191

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 114 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Influence of thermic and pluvial conditions on the radial increments of Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco from Western Pomerania

Anna Cedro [email protected] University of Szczecin, Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Climatology and Marine Meteorology, Szczecin, Poland

The poster presents the results of dendroclimatological analyses of the annual increments of Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco), i.e. the influence of air temperature and atmospheric rainfalls on radial growth. The material has been taken from six locations in Western Pomerania (Poland).

The results of statistical dendroclimatological analyses (using the response function and convergence method) indicate that the radial increment in the analysed locations was strongly determined by the thermal conditions. High temperatures in winter months (December, January, February) and in early spring (March) had a positive impact on the size of radial growth. The effect of precipita­ tion on the growth of trees was relatively small.

The results match the observations from other regions proving that the decisive factor in the yearly growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco are thermal conditions in winter and in the early spring.

Editorial Keywords dendroclimatology, temperature, precipitation, radial increment, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Poland, Western Pomerania http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs13.ehtml Abstract number 13

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 115 Three millennia of climate, hydrology, and cliff ecology of the Great Lakes Basin of North America: long tree-ring records from cliff-dwelling trees

Brendan M. Buckley 1, Peter E. Kelly 2, Douglas W. Larson 2, Edward R. Cook 1, Robert J. Wilson 3

[email protected] 1: Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York, USA 2: University of Guelph, Dept. of Botany, Cliff Ecology Group, Ontario, Canada 3: University of Western Ontario, Dept. of Geography, London, Ontario, Canada

We present a 2,787 year ring-width chronology from cliffside eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) from Ontario's Bruce Peninsula. This long time-series is a 1,390 year extension of a previously-published chronology from the dolomitic limestone cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment. The record has been extended through the inclusion of non-living stem material that was salvaged from ledges and cliff­ base talus. Earlier climate response modelling indicates a statistically-significant response to climate, primarily as an inverse response to temperature and a (weakly) significant response to precipitation in the season prior to growth. We now interpret this chronology as a proxy for summer rainfall and drought, based on additional climate-response modelling and an interpretation of a growing body of ecological data. A preliminary, inferred reconstruction of drought, in the form of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), over the past 2,700 years is presented and we analyse the decadal to century scale variability of available moisture over that timescale. An exploration of two important statistical measures of chronology signal strength (RBAR and Expressed Population Signal, EPS) indicates periods of decreased reliability that need to be addressed. We therefore discuss strategies for improving the temporal integrity of our chronology, and for improving the reconstruction of PDSI. The potential to further extend the chronology through the inclusion of additional subfossil material found on cliffs, on cliff talus, in paleo shoreline caves, and preserved in situ below present-day lake levels is clearly demonstrated. Radiocarbon dating of trees, rooted in the substrate of the upper 40 meters of Lake Huron, yields ages as old as 10,QOO years before present, suggesting the rare possibility for developing a chronology of Holocene length. We are currently developing a network of cedar chronologies across the entire breadth of the Niagara Escarpment, spanning at least 500 to 1,000 years. We are exploring the possibility of using these chronologies for creating statistically-robust reconstructions of past climate and hydrology from the Great Lakes region over multiple centuries.

Editorial Keywords long time series, climate reconstruction, precipitation, cliff ecology, local network, Holocene, Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), temperature, drought, Thuja occidentalis, Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada, Great Lakes Basin, Lake Huron

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs42.ehtm1 Abstract number 42

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 116 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Comparison of height increment and radial growth to needle proxies on young Scots pine as climate predictors based on the Needle Trace Method, NTM

Risto Jalkanen, Tarmo Aalto [email protected] Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metia), Rovaniemi Research Station, Rovaniemi, Rn/and

Ten young Scots pine (Pinus sy/vestris L.) trees were sampled in one stand at the northern treeline in Kaamanen, northern Finland. The Needle Trace Method, NTM, was applied to the main stem of the trees, resulting in about 40-year-long standardised chronologies of needle proxies, height increment, and radial growth. Their response to climate as means of monthly mean temperature or precipitation during two biological years was analysed by Pearson's correlation. Based on the significance of the primary controller of each parameter, the proxies were ranked as follows. Needle production and height increment were primarily controlled by the temperature of the previous July (r = 0.803* * * and r = 0. 759* * *, respectively). Radial growth responded most powerfully to precipitation and temperature of the current May (r = 0.502**) and July (r = 0.385*), respectively. The main controller in summer needle retention was the precipitation of the previous year's November (r = -0.472**). Needle pool was controlled most of all by the precipitation of the previous October (r = -0.460**) and the temperature of the current February (r = 0.458**). Needle age responded strongest to the temperature of the current June (r = 0.393*) and March (r = 0.385*), and needle density to the current year's May (r = -0.379*) and previous year's September (r = -0.377**) precipitation, respectively. Annual needle shed was best controlled by the precipitation of the previous April and May (r = 0.340 ... 0.347*) and the temperature of the current August (r = 0.333*).

Editorial Keywords needle trace method, temperature, precipitation, height increment, needle retention, radial increment, Pinus sylvestris, Finland, Kaamanen http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs26.ehtml Abstract number 26

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 117 The verification of pointer years in dendroclimatology

Fabian Meyer

[email protected] University of Basel, Botanical Institute, Basel, Switzerland

In the last decades, pointer year analysis have come in use to reconstruct years with extreme climatic conditions. If a set of several trees indicate an extreme ring width in the same year it is defined as a pointer year. Pointer years in tree-ring width and latewood density are mostly induced by exceptional climatic events if they occur in a whole tree population. Thus, climatic key factors for tree growth can be determined. The main problem is that a mast year or an insect outbreak can also cause a pointer year. In most investigations this is solved with a confirmation of the climatic event by a description of the climatic conditions during the pointer year.

A simple method is proposed to verify the climatic influence on pointer years. Ring width from spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and birch (Betu!a pubescens Ehrh.) from two upper treeline sites near Grindelwald in the northern Swiss Alps were used to investigate pointer years. The climatic anomalies between the three subsets of (1) negative pointer years, (2) positive pointer years and (3) non-pointer years are compared. The method allows us to distinguish inhibitory and stimulating growth factors. The results enable to express the mean temperature anomaly in Kelvin for negative and positive pointer years.

Editorial Keywords pointer years, dendroclimatology, upper tree line, temperature, Picea abies, Betula pubescens, Grindelwald, northern Swiss Alps, Switzerland

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs183.ehtml Abstract number 183

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 118 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. The International Tree-Ring Data Bank

Connie A. Woodhouse connie [email protected] World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado, USA

The International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB) was established at an international dendrochronology workshop in 1974 as a permanent public repository for tree-ring data from around the world. Initially a volunteer effort spearheaded by Dr. Harold Fritts of the University of Arizona, the ITRDB is now managed by the World Data Center (WDC) for Paleoclimatology, Boulder, Colorado, funded and supported by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This WDC is one of 48 WDC data repositories initiated by the International Council of Scientific Unions (!CSU). The WDC for Paleoclimatology supports the International Geosphere­ Biosphere Programme (IGBP) goal of providing "full and open sharing of the full suite of global data sets, and other data sets needed for global change studies ... " by housing and maintaining the PAGES (Page Global Changes, a core program of IGBP) International Paleo-Data System. The ITRDB is a vital part of this data system.

Our goals are to maintain a high-quality, easily accessible tree-ring database and to provide an easy and efficient way to submit tree-ring data. Management of the ITRDB is guided by an international advisory committee of dendrochronologists. The ITRDB currently contains data from some 125 tree species at over 1,700 sites on six continents, including raw tree-ring measurements and site chronologies. All of the data contained in the ITRDB are available from the WDC Paleo website at http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/treering.html. Software and tools for search and display of ITRDB data are also available on the site, including the new WebMapper data search and display tool.

Editorial Keywords International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB), palaeoclimate, World Data Center (WDC), International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), PAGES, Boulder, Colorado http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs112.ehtml Abstract number 112

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker 0.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 119 Tree ring web and alternative chronologies

Dirk Schmatz, Sucharita Ghosh, Iris Heller

[email protected] Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Over the past 25 years, extensive amounts of dendrochronology data from over 500 sites have been collected at the WSL under the guidance of Fritz Schweingruber and his team. This wealth of information (part of it is included at the ITRDB Boulder) has been the basis of many research projects in botany, ecology and climatology.

Currently, the raw data are stored as a collection of approximately 3250 differently formatted ASCII files documented by a disjoined dBASE database. This structure has several disadvantages generally stemming from poor accessibility which e. g. prevents comprehensive data analyses. Moreover, data availability is complicated because database and web interactions are not possible.

As in other similar databanks, the data collection also includes mean chronologies. These are averages of synchronized single-core time series, offering information on the expected growth at a specific location, however, not revealing other distributional features such as variability and extremes. Importance of variability assessment has been well documented in various sciences including climatology, as information on variation over time may among others hint at the general stability of the underlying process as well as interventions that may have taken place over the years.

This poster discusses the architecture of a modern ORACLE based tree ring database including the new features such as quantile and variability chronologies. The interfaces to the geographic information system (GIS) and the WWW enable a user to perform attribute and spatial queries as well as data manipulations over the Internet.

Editorial Keywords tree ring database, GIS, Internet

http://www.wsl.ch/forestj dendro2001/abstracts/ abs 129. ehtml Abstract number 129

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 120 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Evaluating the time-dependent behavior of ecological models based on dendrochronological data or: What if we know climate but not its large-scale ecological response?

Harald Bugmann 1, T. Kittel 2, D. Schimel 2,3, Connie Woodhouse 4, Christof Bigler 1

[email protected] 1: Swiss Fed. Inst. of Technology, Mountain Forest Ecology, Dept. of Forest Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland 2: Ecosystem Dynamics and the Atmosphere, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA 3: Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany 4: Pa/eoclimato/ogy Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Dynamic models of ecosystem structure and function are increasingly used to address questions relating to the large-scale (continental to global) and long-term (decades to centuries) behavior of ecosystems, with the aim of assessing biogeochemical fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere as well as structural changes of the vegetation.

A spatially explicit climate data set covering the conterminous United States for the period 1895-1993 has recently become available, and this allows us to explore the response of the ecosystem models to climate variability on a variety of time scales. Few data sets are available, however, to evaluate the realism of the simulated spatial and temporal patterns of ecosystem properties.

Dendrochronological data have the potential to become a major resource for evaluating such ecosystem model predictions. Large archives of ring-width data exist from many regions of the world, the data have annual resolution over time periods of years to millennia, and tree rings record not only proxies for growth (diameter increments and density) but other factors via carbon (12C, 14C) and oxygen isotopes. Hence, we are confronted with the "inverse" problem of classical dendroclimatology: We have a climate reconstruction and are looking for the biotic response patterns, whereas much of dendrochronology is concerned with reconstructing climate from biotic variables.

In this poster, the methodological challenges of using dendrochronological data for evaluating ecosystem models will be discussed, and several case studies from the western United States will be presented, where data from the International Tree Ring Data Bank were re-analyzed and compared against indices from ecosystem model simulations.

Editorial Keywords ecosystem model, climate variability, ring width, International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB), western USA http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs5.ehtml Abstract number 5

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 121 Forest ecology and management Tree rings as control and data source in disturbance history studies

Mats Niklasson [email protected] Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Alnarp, Sweden

If present, tree rings may provide insights into past land use and disturbance history not found in other types of archives (biological and historical). I compared cross-dated fire history chronologies with data from historical archives and/or peat records in northern and southern Sweden. Historical data (maps for land survey, taxation and forestry, court records, newspapers, oral tradition) seldom provide data on fires from times before active fire suppression. Even for periods when such data are available it seems that very few of the fires dated in scars in trees will be found in the archives. One important reason for this mismatch is probably the ubiquitous nature of fire in the past forest landscape. Tree-ring based spatial reconstruction of fires and the analysis of seasonal timing of fire scars may add new information and also provide support for the interpretation of fire histories. In palaeoecological studies using peat or lake sediments, e.g., fire is becoming increasingly acknowledged and an increasing number of studies now include analysis of macroscopic charcoal content. However, very few attempts have been made to compare the fire record from charcoal in peat with fire histories from trees in the same area. In two studied localities, it seemed that charcoal records in peat largely underestimated fire history dated in tree rings. The results motivate for an increased use of tree rings in multidisciplinary studies, both as an independent data source and as a support for interpreting other types of data.

Editorial Keywords disturbance history, fire chronology, historical archives, dendrochronological dating, Sweden http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs104.ehtml Abstract number 104

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 125 Growth-dependent tree mortality processes in conifers

Christof Bigler 1, Harald Bugmann 1, Fritz H. Schweingruber 2

[email protected] 1: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Mountain Forest Ecology, Department of Forest Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland 2: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Tree mortality processes are poorly understood, since multiple short- and long-term stresses are responsible for tree death. As a consequence, existing models of tree population dynamics rely on highly simplified representations of tree mortality.

The aims of this study are (1) to compare tree ring patterns of dead and living spruce trees (Picea abies) from mountain forests in the Alps; (2) to formalize these observations using statistical models that predict the chance of tree death as a function of the observed tree-ring pattern; and (3) to use this knowledge to improve the mortality formulations in tree population models.

More than 200 dead and living trees from three sites in Switzerland (Davos, 86dmeren, Scatle) were sampled. Most dead trees showed a distinct trend of growth decrease before death, which generally lasted several decades. The difference of the growth over the past few years between living and dead trees was highly significant. 56% of the variability of recent growth could be explained by competition and a binary variable 'dead/alive'. Not surprisingly, living trees showed higher recent growth if competition was low. Impact of competition on growth of now dead trees during the last few years before death was smaller.

In a logistic regression model, recent growth of the last three years and the average growth trend of the last 25 years predicted quite well whether a tree was dead or alive. On average, 80% of dead trees and 83% of living trees of validation subsets were classified accurately as being dead or alive respectively.

These first results will be supplemented by additional statistical analyses and sampling of other tree species, thus allowing us to formulate a fairly general model of tree mortality in conifers.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, tree mortality, mountain forests, logistic regression model, bootstrap simulation, Picea abies, Scatle, B6dmeren, Davos, Switzerland

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs2.ehtm1 Abstract number 2

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 126 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Composition, age-structure, and disturbance dynamics of a rare dwarf Pinus rigida community on Mt. Everett, Massachusetts

David A. Orwig, Glenn Motzkin, David R. Foster

[email protected] Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, USA

The age, structure, and dendroecology of an 8 ha dwarf pitch pine (Pinus rigida) community was examined on the summit of Mt. Everett, southwestern Massachusetts. This rare forest type, existing in only a few sites in the northeastern U.S., was characterized by exposed bedrock, shallow soil depths of 10 to 18 cm, and abundant stunted pitch pine 0.5 to 2.0 m tall. The uneven-aged stand was also comprised of red maple (Acer rubrum), red oak (Quercus rubra), and birch (Betu/a) species. Pitch pine exhibited continuous recruitment since the 1830s and ranged in age from 12 to 170 years old. Hardwood species also became established in most decades since 1860 and in higher densities in the 1950s and 1960s. Diameter was a poor predictor of age in this forest as trees with diameters of only 10 cm differed in age by more than 100 years. Many pines exhibited multiple stems, prostrate growth forms, and evidence of terminal branch damage. There was no evidence of fire or other recent human disturbance on this site, but the exposed nature of the summit (795 m a.s.l.) suggest wind, snow, and ice damage were the dominant disturbance factors affecting this forest. Pitch pine ring­ widths displayed extremely slow growth, as many averaged < 0.40 mm y(1 and a few grew only 0.08 to 0.30 mm yr"1 for over 50 years. The unique structure, extremely slow growth rates, and continuous recruitment without fire suggest that weather and harsh site conditions have maintained this unusual community.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, stand structure, disturbance history, dwarf shrubs, growth rates, Pinus rigida, Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, Betu/a sp., Mt. Everett, Massachusetts, USA

http://www.wsl .ch/forest; dendro2001/ abstracts/abs111.ehtml Abstract number 111

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 127 From past to future: long-term investigations in a strict forest reserve in the Eastern Italian Alps using dendroecology and a Geographic Information System

Renzo Motta 1, Paola Nola 2, Pietro Piussi 3

[email protected], [email protected] 1: University of Turin, Dep. AGROSELVITER, Grugliasco, Italy 2: University of Pavia, Dep. ECOTER, Pavia, Italy 3: University of Florence, lstituto di Selvicoltura, Rrenze, Italy

In 1995-96 two permanent long-term monitoring plots, measuring one hectare each, were established in subalpine multi-layered forest stands in the Paneveggio forest (TN, Italy). The first one (Valbona 3) is a pure Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) stand located at the present upper limit of a pure spruce forest, while the second (Buse dell'Oro) is a mixed stand composed of Norway spruce, larch (Larix decidua Mill.) and Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.), located near the forest-line.

The main purpose of this study was to provide information about the origin, spatio­ temporal development and disturbance history of these stands. The study was carried out using biological databases (tree rings) and various types of written evidence. All the collected data were transferred onto a G.I.S. (Arcview 3.1) to obtain the spatial dimensions of the phenomena observed.

In the Valbona 3 stand age structure analysis revealed an uneven-age population in which the oldest trees were more than 400 years old. The regeneration establishment during the last three centuries was quite continuous, in time and in space; the stand has been affected quite regularly by disturbances all over the last three centuries; this fact, coupled together with the age structure and the information gleaned from historical documents, supports the hypothesis that in this area a Plenterwald system was carried out over the last centuries. The Buse dell'oro stand when analyzed for age structure also showed an uneven-aged population with oldest trees more than 400 years old. This plot has been affected quite regularly by disturbances. However, differently from that which took place in the Valbona 3 stand, massive regeneration in this area occurred only following the disturbance recorded in 1920-1929. It is therefore plausible to theorize that the area was utilized as pasture up to the end of the 19th century.

The two plots, though sharing a relatively similar present structure, actually developed in entirely different ways. This study has confirmed that biological databases can be used to identify localization occurrence and the intensity of previous disturbance in forest stands, though the causes of the disturbance in cultivated forests can be determined only by means of the study of and comparison between biological databases and historical records.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, disturbance history, Picea abies, Larix decidua, Pinus cembra, Paneveggio, Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs103.ehtml Abstract number 103

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 128 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL The influence of winter conditions on the radial increment of Norway spruce in the coastal areas of western Finland

Kristian Karlsson [email protected] Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, Kannus, Rn/and

Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests along the coast of western Finland are more often suffering from early and/or extreme defoliation than spruce forests in the inner parts of Finland. Frozen soil, lack of precipitation and several other factors could cause drought symptoms like this and would affect growth as well.

Spruce trees growing in an area up to 30 km from the coastline were sampled for cores and tree-ring widths were measured. Tree-ring indices were calculated for each tree and for smaller areas and also according to soil moisture as indicated by the occurrence of mosses. Dependence between year-to-year growth variations and weather conditions during previous winter and early spring was examined. Characteristics of soil frost, soil temperature and snow depth were available for a period of 30 years, but daily air temperature and precipitation for the whole period (> 60 years).

Soil frost thickness and temperature regime (mean monthly, minimum, sum of minus degrees) during the winter did not correlate well with these indices. Dates of snow melting and beginning of growth (50 dd) were slightly correlated with the indices. The sum of precipitation during winter and spring, mainly snowfall, showed the strongest correlation.

According to the results a large winter precipitation would have decreased growth incoming season, but late snowmelt would have increased growth. Such conclusions seem contradictory. Thus, these dependencies proved difficult to interpret and other support is needed for final conclusions. Some possible interpretations will be discussed and alternative approaches will be presented in the poster.

Editorial Keywords radial increment, defoliation, snow, precipitation, climate reconstruction, Picea abies, Finland http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs164.ehtml Abstract number 164

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 129 Using dendroecology for autecology studies: Examples with old-growth Pinus strobus

Marc D. Abrams

[email protected] Penn State University, School of Forest Resources, University Park,, Pennsylvania, USA

The ecology of Pinus strobus in the eastern U.S. has been studied throughout the 20th century. Early ecologists concluded that P. strobus became established following large-scale disturbances, such as agricultural abandonment, fire, and wind-throw, and was replaced by shade tolerant trees during succession. However, this does not explain P. strobus' role in highly contrasting forest types, including the presence of multiple-age cohorts in old-growth forests.

My students and I have used dendroecological techniques to study the autecology of P. strobus in a variety of old-growth forests. Documented examples of P. strobus establishment include:

1) even-aged populations in the initial stand establishment phase following catastrophic disturbance; 2) uneven-aged populations forming after protracted recruitment in the initial stand establishment, thus playing the role of both an early and middle successional species; 3) even-aged cohorts recruiting in intermediate-sized gaps in uneven-aged forests following canopy disturbance; 4) uneven-age populations recruiting after periodic disturbance in an old-growth forest canopies; 5) scattered P. strobus individuals capturing small gaps in mixed-species stands; and 6) an uneven-aged physiographic climax on certain high elevation sites, sandy soils, or extreme northern forests.

Thus, it appears that P. strobus is a highly versatile, disturbance-dependent species with a wide range of ecological roles on contrasting sites in the presettlement forest. The dendroecological approach described in this poster has increased our understanding of the ecological complexity of P. strobus, and can be applied to other species and regions of the world.

Editorial Keywords large-scale disturbances, succession, autecology, Pinus strobus, Eastern USA

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs175.ehtml Abstract number 175

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 130 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Pointer years of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) tree rings on dry forest sites in Lithuania

Adomas Vitas

Adomas_Vitas@fc. vdu.Jt Vytautas Magnus university, Department of Environmental Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

Research material (samples from tree stems) was collected in all regions of Lithuania during 1995-2000. More than 50 research plots in mature Norway spruce forests were selected. Most of these plots (34) represent dry forest sites (Piceetum vaccinio-myrtil!osum and Piceetum hepatico-oxa!idosum). More than eight hundred tree-ring series from spruce trees were analysed. Latewood and earlywood widths were measured separately. During the research, two master chronologies (one for each site) were created. Using response function the correlation between tree-ring growth and meteorological factors (monthly precipitation and air temperature) was estimated. Pointer years of spruce radial increment during past sixty years were also estimated.

The following significant pointer years with negative increment were identified: 1941, 1954, 1979, 1980, 1992 and 1993. Characteristic pointer years of positive increment were in 1946, 1961, 1962 and 1974. There are no clear differences in the geographical distribution of pointer years in 1946, 1954, 1962 and 1992. There are only differences in comparison between annual ring, latewood and earlywood increment in these years.

Results of my research on Norway spruce have showed that even in a small territory like Lithuania (slightly bigger than 65 thousands km2), with hills no higher than 300 meters, there are significant differences in widths of tree rings.

Editorial Keywords latewood width, earlywood, response function analysis, pointer years, Picea abies, Lithuania http://www. wsl .ch/forest;dendro2001/ abstracts/ abs182.ehtml Abstract number 182

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 131 Mapping avalanche risk using GIS and dendrochronological techniques

Giovanni Comunello 1, Marco Ciolli 1, Paolo Cherubini 2

[email protected] 1: Universita degli studi di Trento, Dipartimento di lngegneria Civile e Ambientale, Italy 2: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

In this work we present a method for the evaluation of avalanche risk. The study site (Tof Larch) is an avalanche track located in Val di Pejo, in Trentino (Italy).

GIS and dendrochronological techniques provide useful information. We compared field observations with the geographical model. At the study site it was difficult to obtain complete information regarding the avalanche track, because of the lack of significant historical records. In order to obtain more data, we analyzed the spatial distribution of tree vegetation and made a dendrochronological preliminary study of the larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.) growing within the avalanche path.

With the aid of a numerical model elaborated by means of the GIS G.R.A.S.S. (Geographical Resources Analysis Support System) forest areas exposed to the avalanche hazard were mapped. We individuated two different kinds of risk:

morphological risk, based on topographical features that lead to the detachment of snowpack, i.e. slope, aspect and presence of morphological discontinuities; potential risk, as a function of two parameters of the stand structure, i.e. number of stems per ha and canopy density.

Using these models, the protective function of the forest may be assessed and evaluated, analysing the so called 'global risk areas', where the risk parameters are simultaneously presented.

We compared the results of the GIS study with field observations. The presence of clear-cut trimlines suggested the occurrence of past avalanche events. A dendrochronological study was carried out in order to reconstruct and map the spatial extent of past avalanches. Three sampling zones were selected along the main trimline and within the track. The occurrence of dendroecological indicators and the observation of various kind of damage on trees indicated the more active avalanche path, in agreement with the topographical output produced by the GIS.

This multidisciplinary approach revealed to be useful. The comparative analysis was effective to deduce information about the past occurrence of avalanches, especially where historical records and direct observations of phenomena are uncomplete.

Editorial Keywords snow avalanche, avalanche risk, GIS, stand structure, Val di Pejo, Trentino, Larix decidua, Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs201.ehtml Abstract number 201

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 132 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Growth reactions of sub-alpine spruces at Davos "Lusiwald" after one-sided light exposure by a "slot technique" for forest regeneration

Otto U. Braker, Ernst Baumann [email protected] Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

In 1982, several rectangular areas in an old sub-alpine spruce forest stand were cut for regeneration. The slant openings on the steep, north aspect created rapid environmental changes to the border trees. Possible reactions of these border trees compared to check trees within the closed canopy stand were analysed in a study in 1997. The radial growth pattern of the two data sets shows differences within this 14-year period since the openings: the border trees expressed growth releases. In addition, the growth reaction at the stem base was bigger than at breast height. The changes in wind exposition might have forced border trees to adapt their root system too. The subalpine spruce stands of ages around 100 years, usually considered slow growing at a north aspect, seem still capable to react to sudden light changes.

Editorial Keywords radial increment, forest openings, growth release, Picea abies, Switzerland, Davos http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs223.ehtml Abstract number 223

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 133 Using soil water availability estimates for the interpretation of tree-ring series in northwestern Spain

Ignacio Garcfa Gonzalez 1, Elvira Dfaz Vizcafno 1, Antonio Martfnez Cortizas 2

[email protected] 1: Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Bioloxra Vexetal. Esco/a Politecnica Superior, Lugo, Spain 2: Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Edafoloxra e Qufmica Agrfco/a. Fae. de Bio/oxra. Lugo, Spain

Tree-ring series of oak ( Quercus robur L.) growing at various sites within the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula were used to study the influence of soil water balance upon tree growth. Previous studies carried out at these sites showed a positive response to summer precipitation and a negative response to summer temperature, suggesting that water availability during the summer period was the main factor controlling radial growth. Some weak responses to spring weather conditions were also occasionally observed for certain sequences of years.

Different parameters (total monthly, seasonal and annual water excess and deficit (in mm), length of periods at different water availabilities (in days), water excess and deficit intensities (in mm/day) and the ratio total deficit;total excess) were estimated for the weather station of A Corufia (1900-1998) using a modification of the non-linear water balance model developed by Newhall. Both monthly and annual values of these parameters were correlated to tree-ring indices in order to test their suitability in describing wood formation.

Among all studied variables, accumulated water deficit (AWD) showed to be very important in describing radial growth. Tree-ring series exhibited a significant negative correlation to annual water deficit. Furthermore, correlation to annual values were considerably higher than those for monthly or seasonal values.

Not only did this result confirm the main role of water availability controlling growth for the study area, but also the more intense response to annual values is particularly relevant. AWD seems to integrate the water requirements of these oaks during the whole growing season, regardless of the moment of initiation and ending of cambial activity, which can be variable year-to-year depending upon the weather conditions.

Reference: Newhall, F. (1976). Calculation of moisture regimes from climatic record. USDA Soil Conservation Service, Soil Surv. Inv. Report. Washington.

Editorial Keywords water stress, soil water availability, tree-ring series, Quercus robur, Spain

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs226.ehtml Abstract number 226

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 134 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Condition of live fire-scarred ponderosa pine trees, six years after removing partial cross sections

Emily K. Heyerdahl 1, Steven J. McKay 2 eheyerdah l@fs. fed. us 1: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Montana, USA 2: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Seattle, Washington, USA

Our objective was to quantify the effect of fire-history sampling on mortality of mature ponderosa pine trees. We examined 138 trees from which fire-scarred partial cross sections were removed five to six years ago, and 386 similarly sized, unsampled neighbors, from 78 plots distributed over approx. 5000 ha in Oregon. Mortality was low for both groups, although it was significantly higher for the sectioned trees than their neighbors (8% versus 1%). Removing a fire-scarred section did not make the sectioned trees substantially more susceptible to factors that kill ponderosa pine trees, such as insects or wind. Most sectioned trees (79%) had evidence of insect activity in 1994/95, while only another 5% had such evidence in 2000. The few sectioned stems that broke did so well above sampling height. The mortality rate among sectioned trees in this study was low probably because we removed relatively small sections, averaging 8% of the tree's cross­ sectional area, from a species with effective, resin-based defenses against insects and microorganisms. Although sampling live ponderosa pine trees did not often lead to their death in the early years after sampling, fire-scarred trees that are already dead should remain an important source of information on historical fire regimes.

Editorial Keywords fire scars, sampling, mortality, methodological approach, Pinus ponderosa, Oregon, USA http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs89.ehtml Abstract number 89

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 135 Dendrochronological reconstruction of fire frequency in Prosopis caldenia woodland of central Argentina

Andrea A. Medina, Esteban G. Dussart 1, Hector D. Estelrich, Ernesto A. Morici

[email protected] Facultad de Agronomla, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Republica Argentina. 1: Current address: Centre d'Etudes Nordiques, Sainte Foy, Quebec, Canada

Dendrochronological analysis of Prosopis caldenia (Burkart) is being used for the reconstruction of fire frequencies in the Caldenal, a thorny deciduous forest with an area of about 42000 km2 in central Argentina. Although fire is the major disturbance factor in semiarid environments of central Argentina (in La Pampa province an average of 300 000 ha are burnt yearly, with peaks like summer of 2001 with 3 000 000 ha burnt) no information is available on its historical regime.

Cross-sections of dominant Calden trees were analyzed from an area of 500 ha in southern San Luis province. Fire years were determined dating fire scars and a fire chronology from 1787 to 1998 was obtained, giving a mean fire interval (MFI) of 13.14 years for the presettlement period. After 1910 its value decreased to 7 .25 years, coinciding with livestock introduction, logging and fire management practices (burning applied in order to thin trees and increase shortgrass abundance) by immigrant farmers. A strong vegetation change from open forest to dense shrubland, induced by cattle introduction, has been observed here, as well as in all the Caldenal, and this may have influenced the local fire regime, as the present vegetation is far more flame conductive than is was before 1910.

New fire chronologies are being developed with Calden trees of La Pampa province, which will broaden our knowledge about historical fire frequencies in this ecosystem and to stress the usefulness of dendrochronological methods for the reconstruction of past events with Prosopis caldenia.

Editorial Keywords fire chronology, dendrochronological dating, Prosopis caldenia, Argentina

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs127.ehtml Abstract number 127

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 136 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Reconstruction of fire regime in boreal forests of Siberia

Galina A. lvanova [email protected] V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

Current boreal forests manifest quite clear signs of long-term fire effects. The Russian forests, as they look today, are to a large extent the result of past fires. In Siberia, forest fires have been a major ecological factor since pre-historic time, and there is no forest stand which has not experienced fire at least once. Fire has considerably changed taiga forest of Siberia.

Every woody species has its specific fire regime characterized by particular fire behavior, fire return interval, and post fire forest regeneration dynamics. Fire regime is a historically evolved factor that determines conditions of fire occurrence, behavior, and long-term effects.

Fire frequency and return interval depend on alternation of dry and wet years, seasonal and daily weather dynamics, temporal changes of forest vegetation patterns, distribution of forest stands across big areas, and human activity.

One third of the total central Siberian pine forest annually burns in surface fires. Frequency of past fires varied widely. Fire return interval decreases from north to south in forests of central Siberia. Over recent decades, fire return interval has decreased almost twice due to growing human activity.

Fire frequency is strongly dependent on landscape characteristics. For example, fire frequency is higher in relatively big mainland areas bordering on each other than in isolated sites, e.g. on islands surrounded by bogs, or in the mountains. Fire return intervals are longer in isolated sites than in big areas. In central taiga pine/lichen stands, for example, they are 34-39 years and 17-23 years, respectively.

High-intensity forest fires accompanied by numerous surface fires were found to be characteristic of past fire regimes in central Siberia. High-intensity fires promoted uneven-aged stands.

Editorial Keywords fire chronology, boreal forest, taiga, dendroecology, Central Siberia, Russia http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs141.ehtml Abstract number 141

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. oa,•os, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 137 Linking fire activity and weather in Ural pine forests during the last 600 years

Igor Drobyshev 1, Per Angelstam 2, Mats Niklasson 3

[email protected] 1: Lund University, Department of Plant Ecology, Lund, Sweden 2: Grimso Wildlife Research Station, Department of Conservation Biology, Forest Faculty, SW, Riddarhyttan, Sweden 3: Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, SLU, Alnarp, Sweden

We considered annually resolved and spatially implicit record of fire activity in the forests of Komi republic (415.9 thousand km2 ), East European Russia, in order (1) to check for a link between weather variation and fire activity for the last half of 20th century and (2) to develop a proxy of regional scale fire activity from a local set of early and latewood tree-ring chronologies of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Additionally we developed chronologies of fire events for 14 sites located within 50x50 km2 area in the central Komi. By contrasting these chronologies with the proxy of fire activity during last 600 years, we check for predictive power of such proxy and discuss possibilities for reconstruction of fire activity with the help of tree-ring data.

Editorial Keywords fire chronology, earlywood, latewood, Pinus sylvestris, Russia, Ural, Komi

http://www.wsl.ch/forestj dendro2001/abstracts/ abs1 71.ehtml Abstract number 171

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 138 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Disturbance interactions and post-fire development in a Rocky Mountain forest landscape

Peter Bebi 1, Dominik Kulakowski, Thomas T. Veblen [email protected] Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA 1: Present address: Swiss Federal Institute of Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF), Davos, Switzerland

We used a historical map, aerial photographs, and dendroecological methods to study disturbance interaction in a 2800 km 2 forested landscape in the White River National Forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. The study area was affected by a severe widespread fire in 1879 and by a 1947 spruce beetle outbreak, which affected most of the Picea-Abies (spruce-fir) dominated forests in the study area. The boundaries of the 1879 fire and of the 1947 spruce beetle outbreaks were digitized based on a historical map and aerial photograph interpretation. The patterns of these two disturbances were overlaid in a GIS. The areas disturbed by the 1879 fire and the 1947 beetle outbreak were also overlaid with 303 fires recorded after 1950 as well as with topographical and forest structural variables.

Forests dominated by Picea enge/mannii and Abies /asiocarpa, which had burned in 1879, were less affected by the 1947 outbreak than older stands. On the other hand, areas affected by the 1947 spruce beetle outbreak showed no higher susceptibility for subsequent fires. Modern forest composition and structure strongly reflect the late 19th century fire and, in combination with topographical factors, had a significant influence on forest susceptibility to disturbance in the 20th century. This study shows how dendroecological methods in combination with historical maps, aerial photo interpretation, and GIS analysis can provide valuable information on forest disturbance interactions and on how these interactions change across spatial scales.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, fire ecology, spruce beetle, insect outbreak, disturbance history, aerial photograph, GIS, Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa, Colorado, Rocky Mountains, USA http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/ abstracts/ abs17 .ehtml Abstract number 17

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 139 Patchiness and spatial synchrony of two-year cycle budworm outbreaks in central British Columbia, Canada

Qi-Bin Zhang 1, Rene I. Alfaro 2, Angus Shand 2

[email protected] 1: School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada and Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China 2: Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

The two-year cycle budworm ( Choristoneura biennis Freeman) is a major insect defoliator of the interior spruce (Picea enge/mannii Parry X P. g/auca Moench) and subalpine fir (Abies /asiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) forests of central British Columbia, Canada. Outbreaks of this defoliator have recurred periodically every 24-39 years for the past 120 years. However, it is not clear if these outbreaks are spatially synchronized over the entire region. In this study we used dendrochronological techniques to investigate the spatial patterns of outbreaks in four Forest Districts, encompassing about 14 million-hectare of spruce-fir forests in British Columbia. The results showed that four outbreaks occurred in patches of different spatial scales from the year 1880 to 1999. These outbreaks were synchronized over the entire region, although the initiation date, the intensity of outbreaks and the size of patches varied from district to district. The outbreaks were most intensive and uniform in the Fort St. James District, and smaller and more patchy in the Prince George, Robson Valley and Mackenzie Districts. The spatial synchrony of outbreaks might be related to common extrinsic factors such as spells of suitable or adverse weather ("Moran effect"). However, the changes of forest structure over time are probably a major factor preconditioning outbreaks and, together with the budworm dispersal, they contribute to the formation of outbreak patches. The patch occupancy may change over time, but there might exist several major patches which serve as dispersal centers of the budworm metapopulation.

Editorial Keywords insect outbreak, spatial patterns, defoliation, dendrochronological dating, Choristoneura biennis, Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii Parry x P. glauca Moench, British Columbia, Canada

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs143.ehtml Abstract number 143

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 140 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Application of dendroecological analytical techniques in assessing growth responses to external influences: impact of eastern spruce budworm defoliation on black spruce growth

Peter F. Newton [email protected] Canadian Forest Service - Ontario, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada

Historically, the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) has been considered a relatively minor pest with regards to black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) 8.S.P.) within the Canadian Boreal Forest. However, during a severe budworm outbreak within central insular Newfoundland most black spruce trees were partially defoliated for one or more years during the 1976-1979 period. Consequently, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of defoliation on black spruce stem growth employing dendro-ecological analytical techniques. Specifically, the analysis consisted of (i) obtaining annual volume growth sequences from dominant trees which were partially defoliated during the 1976-1979 impact period using stem analysis techniques, (ii) removing the intrinsic age-dependent growth trend within each sequence through a standardization procedure employing multiple regression analysis, (iii) removing the autocorrelation effect within the mean standardized sequence using autoregressive moving average modeling techniques, (iv) expressing the residual sequence as a function of climatic variables employing regression analysis, and (v) estimating the budworm effect by obtaining the difference between the predicted and observed residual sequences for the impact period. Results of this analysis indicated that the effect of spruce budworm defoliation on the xylem increment of dominant black spruce trees was of significance consequence: a maximum loss of approximately 55% six years after defoliation. Furthermore, a lag of approximately 2 years in length was required since the termination of defoliation before the black spruce increments were within their non-defoliated expected range. These results clearly demonstrated the utility of dendro-ecological analytical procedures in quantifying and assessing the effect of external influences on tree growth within Boreal species.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, spruce budworm, stem analysis, standardization, autoregressive moving average models, defoliation, multiple regression analysis, volume increment, Picea mariana, Choristoneura fumiferana, Newfoundland, Canada http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs49.ehtml Abstract number 49

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 141 Diffusion patterns of the eastern spruce budworm outbreaks, Quebec,Canada

Yves Jardon 1, Hubert Morin 1, Pierre Dutilleul 2

[email protected] 1: Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada 2: McGui/1 University, Department of Plant Science, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

A new outbreak of the eastern spruce budworm is beginning in this summer 2001. Indeed, the number of adults captured in pheromone baited traps has increased since 1991 in several regions of the province of Quebec, Canada. The coming outbreak could spread very rapidly like the previous one, which ran through the province from the southwest to the northeast of the balsam fir range in less than 10 years. The spatial dynamics of the last outbreak in the 1970s were thoroughly studied using aerial surveys, mapping, spatial analysis and modeling. The conclusions of these studies are now used to predict the spread of the next outbreak, its severity and the damage that it will cause, but it is not undoubted that all outbreaks have the same space-time patterns. To understand the outbreak diffusion pattern and to establish a spatial structure in the temporal data, our purpose is to compare the dynamics of the last four spruce budworm outbreaks at a supra-regional scale.

Over an area of 200 000 km2, 32 stations were sampled in the four main bioclimatic belts of the boreal forest in Quebec. The classical methods in dendroecology were applied to find the last outbreaks. We established the beginning of the outbreak at the threshold of 20% of affected trees. A map of the spread of each outbreak was done. The diffusion patterns were analyzed by trend surface analysis and the spatio-temporal structures were verified with a Mantel correlogram. The Mantel statistics test the linear relationship between two distance matrices (space and time). The Mantel correlogram is a plot of the Mantel statistics against distance classes. The results show two outbreaks with a diffusion pattern and two outbreaks without. We suggest the presence of two processes in the spatio-temporal dynamics of the outbreaks: a migration dynamics and a local population dynamics. Therefore, the next outbreak must be predicted with due care because of a complex dynamics created by the two processes involved.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, insect outbreak, spatial patterns, trend surface analysis, spatio-temporal dynamics, Mantel correlogram, trend surface analysis, Choristoneura fumiferana, Quebec, Canada

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs142.ehtml Abstract number 142

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 142 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Implication of roots in tree survival after spruce budworm defoliation

Cornelia Krause, Hubert Morin [email protected] Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, Sciences fondamentales, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada

North American forests are regularly defoliated by insects. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), Black and White spruces (Picea mariana Mill (B.S.P.) and Picea g/auca (Moench) Voss) are affected at different levels by the spruce budworm larva. A severe defoliation period (for consecutive years) can provoke a decrease of the needle mass of the tree which can be followed by the death of the individuals. The survival of the trees depends on the reserves stocked in the stem and the larger roots. The role of the roots during and after insect defoliation has rarely been analysed. A dendrochronological analysis of roots enables us to understand the impact of insect attacks on the whole tree and the importance of the root system in the radial and height growth of the tree after an outbreak.

The root systems of 30 black spruces and 30 balsam firs have been excavated in the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada and analysed with dendrochronological methods. The radial growth was measured, crossdated and verified by the program COFECHA (Holmes 1986) along each root section (each 15 cm). The impact of the spruce budworm was clearly visible by ring-width decrease in the roots using the program IMPACT (TRLB). The reduction periods in the stem were compared with each root in order to relate the aerial and underground parts of the trees. The needle defoliation exhibited a growth reduction more pronounced in the roots than the stem. The installation of adventitious roots has been observed after defoliation periods in the surviving trees. Tree species adapted to produce adventitious roots seem to have an advantage to face environmental stress.

Editorial Keywords insect outbreak, spruce budworm, root analysis, boreal forest, defoliation, radial increment, Abies ba/samea, Picea mariana, Picea g/auca, Quebec, Canada http://www.wsl .ch/forest; dendro2001/ abstracts/abs95. ehtml Abstract number 95

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. BinTJensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 143 Response of Pinus sylvestris L. trees to defoliation caused by Bupa/us piniarius L.

Irina Viktorovna Svidesrakaia 1, Elena Nikolaevna Palnikova 2 [email protected] 1: V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2: Siberian State Technological University; postal address: V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

Outbreaks of Bupa/us piniarius L. are common in pure dense and old Pinus sy/vestris stands of age 40-100 years in Russia and result into significant tree defoliation and mortality. Severe defoliation occurs for two to three years from late July to late September. The purpose of the presented work is to analyze radial growth irregularities at outbreak sites in response to different levels of defoliation. The research is based on retrospective analysis by ring-width in several outbreak sites in the south of the Krasnoyarsk district and on direct observations after the outbreak in the middle of the 1970s.

Defoliation modifies radial growth dynamics significantly. Long-, middle- and short­ term effects can be observed. After severe defoliation the instant first to second year effect is growth suppression. The growth suppression is an individual tree response and related to the initial level of defoliation. The middle-term effect is growth recovery to the mean value and it occurs during the 7th and 8th years. "Super recovery" of radial growth in the 10th-12th years is the long-term effect and an ecosystem response to the defoliation. Alterning periods of suppression and "super recovery" cause larger amplitude of time variation in ring width in the damaged sites compared with the control ones.

Editorial Keywords insect outbreak, radial increment, Pinus sylvestris, Bupalus piniarius, Russia, Krasnoyarsk

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs136.ehtml Abstract number 136

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 144 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL The impact of two fungal root pathogens on tree-ring growth of Pinus mugo in the Swiss National Park (Engadine, Switzerland)

Giovanni Fontana 1, Daniel Rigling 2, Matthias Dobbertin 2, Peter Brang 2, John L. Innes 3, Paolo Cherubini 2 [email protected] 1: University of Padua, Department of Land and Agro-Forestry Systems, Legnaro, Italy 2: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 3: University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Department of Forest Resources Management, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

We tested the hypothesis that tree-ring patterns found in recently dead mountain pines (Pinus mugo Turra) infected by Armillaria sp. differ from those found in recently dead pines infected by Heterobasidion annosum. We determined whether and to what extent tree rings may be used as indicators of tree-disease history prior to death. Dendroecological and phytopathological analyses were undertaken in the Swiss National Park. The calendar year of death of the standing dead trees (snags) was determined by crossdating ring-width patterns of snags to reference ring-width chronologies obtained from living trees. The identification of the year of death for each tree is not exact as multiple intermittent missing rings may be present. A remarkable discrepancy (up to 31 years) was found between the tree-death year estimated through crown condition assessment and the year of formation of the outermost tree ring. New needles may form and existing ones remain green for some years after the cambium at different heights along the stem has ceased activity and no new wood cells are being formed. All snags infected by Armillaria had a slow growth decrease that indicates that the trees were suppressed for several decades. In contrast, trees infected by H. annosum in most cases showed a sudden growth decrease: they died over a very short period of time. H. annosum may directly infect and kill trees, whereas Armillaria, at this site, is a secondary pathogen. Tree rings may be used as indicators of the history of a fungal disease prior to tree-death.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, ring width, growth depression, fungal root pathogen, mortality, forest health, Pinus mugo, Armil/aria sp., Heterobasidion annosum, Swiss National Park, Switzerland http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs194.ehtm1 Abstract number 194

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker 0.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 145 Detecting disturbance history of Barrier Island forests of Gulf Islands National Seashore, USA

Thomas W. Doyle, Jeff Balmat

jeffrey_bal [email protected] U.S. Geological Survey, National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA

Fire and hurricane disturbance are primary agents of change driving forest establishment and destruction on barrier islands of Gulf Islands National Seashore (GINS) along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, USA. No knowledge or records exists of the frequency of natural and prescribed fire events on barrier islands of the Mississippi Sound prior to federal ownership. Residual tree stumps in shoreline waters spell the fate of past forest patches overtaken by saltwater encroachment and erosion. Hurricanes and fires have been shown to leave abnormal ring patterns chronologing the occurrence and severity of past disturbance events. Tree core collections were taken from barrier islands and mainland pine populations within the Gulf Islands National Seashore system to catalog regional and local disturbance events. Principal tree species included sand pine (Pinus clausa) longleaf pine (Pinus pa/ustris), and slash pine (Pinus elliotti1). In nearly all trees and sites, there are growth interventions that are synchronous with one or more hurricane events. Ring anomalies and localized departures on an individual tree or site basis indicate dates or periods of localized disturbance related to fire, logging, or turpentining effects. Age-size profiles have been generated to compare site quality differences among sampled stands. In general, growth rings of mainland populations were larger and more complacent than barrier island populations that may be stressed by salt spray and saltwater intrusion effects and low water retention typical of dune environments. Climate-growth relations demonstrate that coastal strand and dune populations growth variation is largely driven by the frequency of precipitation events than just rainfall amounts.

Editorial Keywords disturbance history, fire scars, hurricane, salt stress, coastal forests, precipitation, Pinus clausa, Pinus palustris, Pinus elliottii, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf Islands National Seashore, USA

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs98.ehtml Abstract number 98

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 146 Davos, 22·26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Increment of aboveground wood biomass and dynamics of whitewater inundation forests of the Central Amazonia

Jochen Schongart, Martin Worbes [email protected] Georg-August-University, Institute for Forest Botany, Gottingen, Germany

A basic information for the development of sustainable management plans in tropical rainforests is the knowledge of increment rates of forests and tree species. In floodplains of the Central Amazon, inundated by rivers carrying nutrient-rich sediments (whitewater), the growth rhythm of trees is triggered by the annual inundation (flood-pulse), which results in a cambial dormancy leading to the formation of an annual ring. This allows the determination of tree ages and growth rates. In the Mamiraua Reserve for Sustainable Development located in the Amazon state of Brazil, an investigation was carried our to describe various successional stages (early secondary, late secondary and climax stage) in their structure, floristic composition and annual wood biomass production. All trees above 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) are investigated in plots of different sizes by several parameters like tree species, DBH, tree and stem height, crown area and layer. From each tree core samples were taken to determine growth rates and wood density, from some trees stem disks were taken at different tree heights to estimate the development in tree height using stem analysis. The results show a change from the early secondary stage to the climax stage, which incorporate characteristic changes in the structure and floristic composition, an accumulation of aboveground wood biomass, but decreasing growth rates in diameter, volume and wood biomass.

Editorial Keywords increment, flooding, tree age, growth rates, succession, wood density, stem analysis, Central Amazon, Mamiraua Reserve, Brazil http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs168.ehtml Abstract number 168

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 147 Forest impact and recovery of a longleaf pine ecosystem along the south Atlantic coast, USA following Hurricane Hugo

Thomas W. Doyle

jeffrey_bal [email protected] U.S. Geological Survey, National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA

Hurricanes are disturbances of such physical force that their influence on forest structure is apparent immediately after storm strikes but less so with forest recovery and succession over a wide area and long-term. Hurricane Hugo (1989) severely impacted coastal lowland and tropical montane forests in Puerto Rico and in South Carolina. Longleaf pine ecosystems predominate in the coastal plain of the Southeastern U.S. and are thought to be highly resistant to wind damage for its structural features and density. A dendroecological investigation of coastal populations of longleaf pine (Pinus pa/ustris) was conducted to determine their susceptibility and response to hurricanes. Tree-ring chronologies were developed from two coastal populations in South Carolina to relate the temporal impact of past hurricane activity on forest productivity. A simulation model of hurricane dynamics, HURASIM, was used to reconstruct chronologies of hurricane windforce and vectors for each forest location derived from historic tracking data of Hurricane Hugo and other North Atlantic tropical storms. Growth analyses demonstrated significant departures from expected growth trends between sites coincident with Hurricane Hugo. This study demonstrates that longleaf pine may be more susceptible to hurricane impact than previously thought though more resistant than other species of pine and hardwood common to coastal habitats of this region. This research also demonstrates that tree rings offer a means for detecting the degree and timing of exogenous forest disturbances including hurricanes. Dendroecologists should be wary of the influence hurricanes can have on tree growth and chronologies developed from coastal populations.

Editorial Keywords disturbance history, coastal forests, hurricane, simulation model, growth trend, Pinus palustris, South Carolina, USA

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs100.ehtml Abstract number 100

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 148 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Is the risk of uprooting or stem breakage associated with wood properties? A post-Lothar analysis

Fabian Meyer, Jens Paulsen, Christian Korner [email protected] University of Basel, Botanical Institute, Basel, Switzerland

This research project was initiated after the severe forest damages by the storm 'Lothar' which stroke central Europe on December 26th 1999. Experiments under controlled conditions showed that wood quality of Picea abies is affected by enhanced N-deposition and increased atmospheric CO2-concentration in opposite ways. N-addition tends to soften, CO2 addition tends to 'harden' the wood. Tree­ ring width is affected by both these factors, depending on soil type. Also soil base saturation and general growth conditions (e.g. thinning) may come into play. Here we explore potential correlation between growth and wood quality and the risk of trees to become uprooted, broken or remain unaffected in seventy Swiss windthrow plots. 1200 wood cores were sampled and analysed. A first analysis of tree-ring width, wood density and shrinkage is presented.

Editorial Keywords storm, N-deposition, atmospheric CO2, ring width, wood density, Picea abies, Switzerland http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs238.ehtml Abstract number 238

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 149 Missing rings in suppressed saplings of balsam fir (Abies ba/samea) in old-growth stands, Quebec, Canada and their implication in the interpretation of forest dynamics

Sylvain Parent, Hubert Morin

[email protected] Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, Centre muttiregional de recherche en foresterie and Consortium de recherche sur la foret boreale commerciale, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada

Precise age determination is a difficult task when trees have grown under a closed canopy. Under low light, height growth can be nil and radial growth could also be reduced to zero, especially at the base. Therefore, counting growth rings at the base could underestimate tree age.

The object of this study was to determine whether the age of suppressed balsam fir is correctly estimated by counting the maximum number or growth rings at the base of the trunk. Whole (root and shoot) balsam fir saplings (n=30) (68 to 168 cm in height) were randomly harvested in an old-growth balsam fir stand (> 120 years old) located in northern Quebec, Canada. On each fir we localised all terminal bud scars on the entire trunk. Above the presumed collar (above the first root), disk sections were sampled at each internode. Growth rings were counted and ring width was measured for each section. Radial growth patterns were superimposed to determine the number of missing rings at the base of the trunk. For all saplings, the number of missing rings at the presumed collar varied from 3 to 33. For several fir saplings, there were more missing rings than present rings at the presumed collar. Using this information, we were able to locate several pulses in the growth of saplings that were related to opening of the canopy by spruce budworm outbreaks. Without intra individual cross-dating, this interpretation would not have been possible. Our study questions the reliability of stand dynamic interpretations based on the dendrochronological analysis of these trees.

Editorial Keywords forest ecology, missing rings, disturbance history, insect outbreak, spruce budworm, wood anatomy, Abies ba/samea, Quebec, Canada

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/ dendro2001/abstracts/abs179.ehtml Abstract number 179

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 150 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL The dating of old grown trees in the La Selva low land rain forest in Costa Rica

Esther Naumer, Martin Worbes [email protected] Georg-August-University, lnstitut fur Forstbotanik, Gottingen, Germany

The La Selva research station in Costa Rica is located in one of the world's most famous lowland rainforests. We took samples from several important dense-wood and light-wood species from naturally fallen trunks. We investigated on six canopy and emergent species and on two sub-canopy species (six families). Six of the eight species were sampled for radiocarbon analysis. Dates of these treefalls were registered by two other monitoring projects. Age dating was carried out by combining tree-ring analysis with AMS-Radiocarbon-Analysis. The results support earlier assumptions on maximum age in tropical broadleafed trees, i.e. 400-500 years (Lamprecht 1989).

The study was supported by the Mellon foundation.

Editorial Keywords lowland rain forests, radiocarbon dating, dendrochronological dating, tropical tree species, Costa Rica, La Selva http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs166.ehtml Abstract number 166

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors}, 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 151 Tree-ring chronology of Picea abies (L.) Karsten forests in the Rila Mountains of Bulgaria

Ivan Raev

[email protected] Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Forest Research Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria

Tree-ring analysis was carried out in the ecosystems of Picea abies forests in the Rila mountains, as part of the studies of the structure and functioning of these valuable forests for Bulgaria.

Twenty-five spruce trees representative of the stand were studied. Mean chronologies in millimeters and indices were obtained for the 1915-2000 period. Years with a high increment were as follows: 1918, 1923, 1932, 1939, 1942-1945, 1974, 1978, 1992 and 1998. Years with decreased increment were : 1916, 1920, 1929, 1953-1954, 1963-1964, 1982-1984, 1987-1989, 1991 etc. The maximum increment was in 1998 and the minimum in 1953-1954. Two major time series occur: the first period is from 1916 to 1953 (37 years), the second from 1953 to 1991 (38 years).

The analysis shows that there is no significant link between radial increment and the quantity of precipitation in these forests. A comparatively high dependence of the increment from changes in air temperature was observed. There is no proof for degradation of ecosystems due to climatological or anthropogenic factors. The high increment, together with its dependence on temperature variations show that these ecosystems are part of the zones of the optimum of Picea abies (L.) Karsten in Bulgaria and are proof of their sustainable development.

Editorial Keywords radial increment, precipitation, temperature, Picea abies, Rila mountains, Bulgaria

http://www.wsl.ch/forest; dendro2001/abstracts/ abs7 4.ehtml Abstract number 7 4

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 152 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Recent dynamics of treeline ecotones in the Pyrenees: patterns and paces of treeline response to climate

Jesus Julio Camarero, Emilia Gutierrez [email protected] Univ. de Barcelona, Fae. de Biologia, Dept. d'Ecologia, Barcelona, Spain

We have studied treeline dynamics using dendroecological techniques at three contrasting treeline ecotones located in the Spanish Central Pyrenees, and dominated by Pinus uncinata Ram. (Ordesa -0-, Tess6 -T-, and Estanys de la Pera -E-). Elevation and age were recorded for all living P. uncinata individuals located within rectangular plots with their longest side along the altitudinal gradient. Radial growth was studied taking two cores at 1.3 m. To estimate their age, all individuals were cored near their base. Sites O and T showed younger individuals aggregated above the treeline. The site E showed a patchy spatial structure, probably caused by local and recent human disturbances (fires). Only site E showed no significant relationship between age and elevation. All sites showed treeline advancement since at least 1750. The estimated mean rate of treeline advance was within the range 0.20-0.76 m2/yr. The rate of treeline advance was maximum during the period 1850-1899. The highest treeline positions were reached during the period 1900-1950. During the twentieth century, regeneration was high at all sites between 1955 and 1975. However, these recent regeneration episodes have not produced any altitudinal treeline advance, but increases of tree density within the ecotone. Overall, radial growth was low during those periods characterized by high regeneration within the ecotone. This inverse relationship may be due to temporal lags or different responses of both processes to climate variability. Those periods characterized by a great climatic stability and warm springs showed higher rates of treeline advance.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, upper tree line, disturbance history, altitudinal gradient, radial increment, Pinus uncinata, Central Pyrenees, Spain http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs101.ehtml Abstract number 101

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Da:os, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 153 Ecology and dendroclimatology of Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin in the southernmost Andes (53° S) - a pilot study in its southernmost distribution area

Johannes Koch 1, Rolf Kilian 2

[email protected] 1: Universitat Freiburg, Geo/ogisches lnstitut, Freiburg, Germany 2: Universitat Trier, Lehrstuhl fur Geo/ogie, FB VI, Trier, Germany

Little is known of the growth ecology of Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin in its southern distribution area. Ranging from 39° 30' S to 55° 30' S tip of South America it holds potential to be essential for palaeoecological reconstruction for this southernmost vegetated landmass. The pilot study will concentrate on establishing growth conditions of Pi/gerodendron uviferum at the Gran Campo Nevada (Chile) at 53° S, where it is constrained to the most unfavourable sites - water-logged, peaty soils. Our first paleoclimate reconstructions with this tree species were developed back to 1628 A.O. for two sites of this area, one to the west and the other to the east of the climate divide of the Andes with annual precipitation in excess of 10.000 mm. Our data show that tree-ring widths correlate negatively with precipitation, suggesting that high precipitation hinders growth for this species.

The ongoing study will elucidate the possible effects on dendroecological studies of Pi/gerodendron uviferum completely relying on vegetative reproduction in these areas. Also, periods of tree growth will be determined with dendrometer measuring. This seems to be crucial as climatic conditions show no pronounced seasonality and other evergreen tree species flower in winter. This is indicating that Pi/gerodendron uviferum, as other evergreen species at these latitudes, use favourable times to grow and have no defined season when growth ceases completely. The study will lead to a greater knowledge of the growth ecology of this longest-living tree species in southernmost Chile, and enable a better interpretation of growth-climate interaction, thus leading to better palaeoecological reconstruction.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, palaeoclimate, dendrometer, ring width, precipitation, dendroclimatology, Pi/gerodendron uviferum, Gran Campo Nevado, Chile

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs102.ehtml Abstract number 102

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 154 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Tree-ring growth patterns of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) along the Italian Alps, from the French to the Slovenian border

Marco Carrer 1, Ruggero Dal Cin 1, Roberta lanna 2, Renzo Motta 3, Paola Nola 2, Carlo Urbinati 1 [email protected] 1: University of Padova, Oep. TESAF, Legnaro, Italy 2: University of Pavia, Oep. ECOTER, Pavia, Italy 3: University of Turin, Oep. AGROSELVITER, Grugliasco, Italy

Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is the only coniferous species present in the whole Italian peninsula and major islands, both in Alpine and Mediterranean mountains. In the latter fir forests are rare and sparsely distributed, often relicts of the old-growth forests harvested throughout the centuries. In the Alps, although Norway spruce or European beech have often replaced it, silver fir is more extensively distributed, especially between 1200-1600 m a.s.l.

The authors present some results of a dendroecological analysis performed within the framework of an EU-funded project (FORMAT), on the most representative pure or mixed fir forests of the Italian Alps, from Liguria to Friuli-Venezia-Giulia. In each of 30 populations, 15 to 20 dominant trees were sampled extracting 2 or 3 cores per tree. All the cores were suitably prepared, ring widths measured, ring-width series crossdated (CATRAS and COFECHA), mean site chronologies built. Individual tree­ ring series were also filtered with low and high-pass filters and mean indexed series obtained to highlight the different variability sources in the various sites. Raw and indexed site chronologies were compared with existing local and/or regional silver fir chronologies.

Populations ages range between 100 to 500 years and raw site chronologies are well correlated with each other. In some sites, when suitable climatic data were available, bootstrapped response functions were computed.

Results are presented comparatively and discussed taking into account climate influence and site disturbance history. Teleconnections and behavioral patterns of fir are sought along geographic and/or ecological gradients.

Editorial Keywords tree-ring series, dendroecology, response function, Abies alba, Italian Alps http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs160.ehtml Abstract number 160

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 155 Dendroecological analysis of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) in the Aosta Valley

Paola Nola 1, Renzo Motta 2

[email protected], [email protected] 1: University of Pavia, Dep. ECOTER, Pavia, Italy 2: University of Turin, Dep. AGROSELVITER, Grug/iasco, Italy

A dendroecological analysis on 7 population of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was performed during 1997-2000 in the Aosta Valley. The Norway spruce is one of the most important species in the montane and subalpine forests of the Alps but dendrochronological data from the Italian Western side are scarce in spite of the fact that the Norway spruce is one of the most important species in the Aosta Valley.

A total of 7 populations have been sampled and analysed so far. In each population, three cores per tree were taken with a Pressler increment borer from 15 to 20 dominant and apparently healthy trees and a mean site chronology was built in each site after ring-width measurement and cross-dating. The resulting mean site chronologies ranged from 227 to 360 years and were found to be well correlated with each other, even if at different levels of significance, depending on distance between the sites and on their ecological characteristics.

The following operations were conducted for each site:

All the individual chronologies were analysed by means of pointer years, pointer intervals and abrupt growth changes, in order to obtain information about stand history and local events affecting the growth. Mean site chronologies were compared with standard chronologies already available for the same species in Italy and in other European countries in order to verify to what extent the variance of tree-ring width is attributable to local factors and to macro-climatic parameters; Dendroclimatic analyses were performed by means of response functions, in order to highlight the main climatic factors directly affecting growth in each site.

The results of the site chronologies are presented and discussed taking into account the disturbance history of each site. The growth/climate relationships and the teleconnections are discussed taking into account the ecological requirements of the Norway spruce.

Editorial Keywords dendrochronological dating, pointer years, abrupt growth changes, stand history, dendroclimatology, response function, teleconnection, Picea abies, Aosta Valley, Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forestj dendro2001/ abstracts/ abs170.ehtml Abstract number 170

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 156 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Tree-ring growth dynamics of Picea abies L. Karst along elevation gradients in Italian and Austrian Alps

Benedetta Bortoluzzi [email protected] University of Padova, Dip. TeSAF, Legnaro, Italy

The role of altitude in tree-ring growth-climate relationship variability was assessed in alpine Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) stands located in two alpine slopes, respectively in Ampezzo Dolomites (Italian Eastern Alps) and in Nordkette Mountain (Tyroler Alps).

In each location three sample areas were selected along an elevation range from 1200 to 2000 m a.s.l. in Italy and 1000 to 1600 in Austria. Thirty trees were sampled (two cores per tree) in each of the six areas. All wood material was prepared, ring widths measured and all individual series crossdated using CATRAS and COFECHA. Bootstrapped response functions were computed (PPPBase) using digitally filtered (and ARMA modelled) ring series and the most suitable meteorological data for the two sites (Cortina d'Ampezzo, 1234 m a.s.l. and Innsbruck, 580 m a.s.l.).

In preliminary results (Italian sites) the upper site ring-width chronology shows a different behaviour in comparison with the other two site chronologies (at 1500 and 1200 m a.s.l.) depending partly on their length (respectively 421, 379 and 214 years long) and partly on their different disturbance history.

Globally significant response functions appear only at timberline, where June and July maximum temperatures confirm to be major driving forces. At lower elevation the climatic influence is globally reduced and only partial regression coefficients show some positive effects of February and June precipitation in the lowest area and only of February precipitation in the intermediate one. Since in lower elevation sites harvesting is more regularly and intensively performed by means of selection systems, it is likely that tree-growth dynamics is influenced by silvicultural management.

Editorial Keywords altitude factor, tree growth, response function, temperature, precipitation, Picea abies, Ampezzo Dolomites, Tyroler Alps, Austria, Italy http://www.wsl .ch/forest;dendro2001/ abstracts/ abs209 .ehtml Abstract number 209

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 157 Dependence of Douglas-fir height increment on geographic characteristics of provenance in central Serbia

Vera Lavadinovic, Milo Koprivica, Vasilije lsajev [email protected] Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Yugoslavia

This poster presents a study of the effects of geographical coordinates of provenances on height increment of plants on beech stands, aiming to select the dominant ones. The introduction of species with as wide a natural habitat as Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) inevitably calls for provenance testing. The test included 18 provenances of Douglas fir from Oregon to British Columbia. Douglas-fir seed originating from North America was an initial material for establishing experimental provenance tests in Serbia. The Institute of Forestry in Belgrade set up two experimental plots in Central and Eastern Serbia in 1982, in order to gather some necessary and useful information on Douglas fir. The experimental plot in the mountain Juhor is situated between 43. 7 and 43.55 degrees of northern latitude and between 18.52 and 18.58 degrees of eastern longitude at the altitude of 600 m, on a beech site (Fagetum submontanum Jov.).

The aim of the research was to test dependence of height increment of Douglas-fir plants on latitude, longitude and altitude. The dependence was explained with 95.33% of the mutual effect of latitude, longitude and altitude. The effect of latitude on height increment of plants is insignificant, while the effect of longitude and altitude is significant. Maximum value of height increment is present in the provenances at the latitude of 44.7, longitude of 113 and altitude of 465 m. By measuring height increment of plants during the experiment, it was found that height increment at the age of fifteen years varies from 43.0 cm (provenance 9, Washington 204-04) to 89.0 cm (provenance 1, Oregon 205-15). Mean value of height increment is 75.2 cm. When introducing Douglas fir, attention must be paid to the geographical characteristics of the origin of seed or planting material.

Editorial Keywords provenance trial, height increment, latitude factor, longitude factor, altitude factor, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Fagetum submontanum, Serbia, mountain Juhor

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs55.ehtml Abstract number 55

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 158 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Dendroecological analysis of si Iver fir (Abies alba) in stands under different silvicultural systems

Maria Chiara Manetti, Andrea Cutini

[email protected] lstituto Sperimentale per la Selvicoltura, Arezzo, Italy

Two silver fir forests located on the Apennines (Central Italy) have been analysed in order to compare the growth rhythm of stands characterised by a different structure consequent on the past silvicultural management. The Forest of Camaldoli is made up of one-storeyed and evenaged pure silver fir stands. It was managed in the past essentially for wood production with high density of plantation, low and moderate thinnings, clearcutting at 80-100 years. The Forest of La Verna, made up of multi­ layered and unevenaged stands, is mixed with beech and other broadleaves. The forest, owned by San Francesco d'Assisi friars, was managed by silvicultural techniques that foresaw a constant but poor wood harvesting and aimed at preserving structure, specific diversity, amenity and landscape according to the spiritual attitude.

In order to evaluate if and how the different silvicultural management conditioned both the growth trend and the stand's ability to get over disturbances, a dendroecological approach was used. Cores were collected from aged, dominant and healthy trees in the two forests; in addition, disks from declining trees were collected in the forest of La Verna.

The first results are consistent with the different structure of the two stands - the selected trees are aged from 87 to 101 years in Camaldoli and from 102 to 306 in La Verna - and have pointed out the impact of the silvicultural management on the growth, mainly over the juvenile phase, and the existence of three main and differently articulated growth phases in both the forests.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, sylviculture, stand structure, multi-layered and unevenaged stands, Abies alba, Apennines, Italy, Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs44.ehtm1 Abstract number 44

Jn· Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 159 Long-term tree ring growth patterns of individual old Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesil) in western Oregon, USA: Silvicultural implications for developing old-growth characteristics in young managed forests

Nathan Jeremy Poage 1, J.C. Tappeiner II 2, S. Andrews 3

[email protected] 1: USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, USA 2: Oregon State University, Department of Forest Resources, Corvallis, Oregon, USA 3: Oregon State University, Corvallis, Department of Rsheries and Wildlife, Oregon Cooperative Ash and Wildlife Research Unit, Oregon, USA

Diameter growth and age data collected from the stumps of 505 recently cut old­ growth Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesil) at 28 clearcut sites in western Oregon, USA, indicated that rapid and sustained growth by age 50yr was important in attaining basal diameters typical of old-growth trees (>100cm), particularly by ages 100-200yr. The diameters of the old-growth trees at ages 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300yr were strongly, positively, and linearly related to their diameters at age 50yr and, more importantly, to their basal area growth rates as young, 50-year­ old trees. Average periodic basal area increments (PAIBA) of trees increased for the first 30-40yr and then leveled-off, remaining relatively high and constant from age 50 to 300yr. Average PAIBA of the largest trees at ages 100-300yr were significantly greater by age 20yr than those of smaller trees at ages 100-300yr.

The hypothesis that large-diameter, old-growth Douglas-fir trees grew at low stand densities when young was supported by the observed relationships between size and growth at different ages and the wide range in establishment ages found at each site. Simulated silvicultural treatments in young managed forests indicate that early and heavy reductions in stand density were generally the most effective means by which to accelerate the development of stand structures characteristic of nesting sites of the Northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis), a species associated with old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest.

Editorial Keywords old-growth trees, stand density, sylviculture, periodic basal area increments (PAIBA), Pseudotsuga menziesii, Strix occidentalis, Oregon USA, Pacific Northwest

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs3.ehtm1 Abstract number 3

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 160 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL A simulation model of tree growth based on tree-ring analysis as a part of integrated forest management

Karel Drapela, Jaroslav Simon [email protected] Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Brno, Czech Republic

One of the important parts of the system of integrated forest management in the Czech Republic is a simulation model of stem growth. This model contributes to a better understanding of growth processes and offers a good methodological basis for modelling growth processes under the influence of air pollutants and other stress factors, as well as for planning and implementing suitable silvicultural measures.

The model of stem growth is based on stem analysis and consists of the following main parts:

measuring of tree-ring width based on computer aided image analysis with data export to the model, analysis of measured tree-ring series from 1 m or 2 m sections of the stem, simulation of diameter and height growth of the stem.

Input of measured data is ensured by special image analysis program based on LUCIA G software.

The program module for measured tree-ring series includes common dendrochronological techniques - standardization, synchronization and building of autocorrelation model. Standardisation functions include some uncommon but reliable ones - e.g. Korf's increment function, with the possibility of changing the standardization period. This feature is very important when tree-ring series from air­ polluted regions are analysed.

The program module for modelled tree-ring series includes a model of environmental influences based on regression approach. The described model will be used for simulation of environmental and anthropogenic influences to the stem (and consequently stand) growth as a supporting tool for forest management plans and for implementing suitable silvicultural measures.

Editorial Keywords stem growth model, stem analysis, integrated forest management, ring width, image analysis, Czech Republic http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/abs9.ehtml Abstract number 9

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 161 Dynamics of coniferous radial increment and recreational use of northern taiga forests

Pavel A. Feklistov, V.N. Evdokimov, E.V. Prigov

[email protected], [email protected] Arkhangelsk State Technical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia

To evaluate annual radial increment changes taking place in the recreational forests at the northern taiga, we analysed radial growth of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce (Picea abies) forests with high age and low productivity near Arkhangelsk (Archangel region of Russia).

Radial growth was analysed with the methods of Bitvinskas (197 4) and Lovelius (1979).

Spruce forests have been actively used as recreation forests. A significant decrease (t=35,2 ... 40,7; t0.95=2.1) of radial growth was noted in recreation spruce forests since the 1970s, which is when the active recreational use of these stands started with considerable damage. Until 1970 there was no significant difference between average increment and the annual radial growth of disturbed and undisturbed stands.

A similar considerable radial growth decrease was found in the case of pine (12.7%) since intensive recreational use started in the early 1980s. There was a decrease in average annual increment every year. Radial growth decrease is significant and reliable (t=2,3; t0.95=2,1).

Recreational use of pine and spruce forests lowers the radial increment in northern taiga conditions.

References: Bitvinskas T. 1974. Dendroclimatological investigations. Hidrometeoizdat Publishing House, Leningrad, 174 pp. Lovelius N.V. 1979. Changeability of tree increment: Dendroindication of natural processes and anthropogenic influences. Leningrad, 232 pp.

Editorial Keywords taiga, radial increment, recreation forests, urban area, Picea abies, Pinus sy/vestris, Archangelsk, Russia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs203.ehtml Abstract number 203

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 162 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Ecological basis for the management of a subalpine balsam fir forest in Quebec (Canada)

Sophie Dallaire, Stephane Dery, Louis Belanger [email protected] Universite Laval, Faculte de Foresterie et Geomatique, Departement des Sciences du bois et de la foret, Quebec, Canada

The woodland caribou population of Gaspesie is presently considered as endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Its habitat is located in the eastern boreal fir forest and part of it is threatened by logging. The use of ecosystemic management has been suggested to maintain the population and its habitat. However, such a management practice requires knowledge on the ecological characteristics of the forest. The goal of the project is to describe the composition, structure and ecology of the virgin subalpine forest sheltering the woodland caribou. With the use of dendrochronology, it was possible to determine the age structure of the stands, which are mainly composed of balsam fir (Abies balsamea), white spruce (Picea gtauca) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera). Surveys of vegetation and of biophysical characteristics provided complementary information on stand composition and ecology. These stands are mainly irregular in structure, as shown by the age structure and diameter distributions. Such structure is characteristic of stands mainly regenerated by partial disturbances, where death occurs on a single tree or small groups level. In the studied area, these disturbances are caused mainly by the windthrow and spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) outbreaks. One of the many applications of the study will be the development of silvicultural techniques suitable for this ecosystem. Based on these preliminary results, it appears that an uneven­ aged silviculture would be adapted to maintain ecological integrity and to protect the woodland caribou habitat.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, stand structure, wildlife, woodland caribou, forest ecology, spruce budworm, Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, Betula papyrifera, Quebec, Canada http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs228.ehtml Abstract number 228

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Binnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 163 Landscape ecology and management Dendrogeomorphology, climate and geomorphic responses in the northern Tien Shan mountains, Kazakhstan

Vanessa Winchester 1, Stephan Harrison 2, Alaric Rae 2, David G. Passmore 3, Igor V. Severskiy 4 vanessa. [email protected] 1: School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2: Coventry University, Centre for Quaternary Science, Coventry, UK 3: The University, Department of Geography, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK 4: Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography, Almaty, Kazakhstan

High precipitation and intensive erosion on the northern slopes of the Zailiiskiy Alatau range, Tien Shan Mountains, Kazakhstan, has resulted in the city of Almaty (population 1.5 M) being subject to catastrophic flooding, debris flows and mudslides. Earthquakes also devastated the city in 1887 and 1911.

Currently there is considerable developmental pressure particularly from tourism and leisure activities in the valleys north of the city. Consequently, there is a pressing need for an analysis of geomorphic processes in the region. Detailed records back to the 1930s have been kept of climatic parameters and recent environmental changes. However, data is still required on longer-term climate changes and their effects on geomorphic processes.

The aim of our project in the Bolshaya Almatinka valley (42°02'N 76°60'E), whose river channel is the focus of many of the catastrophic events that have affected the city, is to establish the relationship between tree growth, climate and high­ magnitude geomorphic events in order to clarify local landscape responses to marked climatic changes of the past 350 years. In August 2000 we mapped the location of avalanche, debris-flow and flood deposits in the Bolshaya Almatinka valley between 2500-2650 m. We took cores from Picea schrenkiana subsp. tianshanica to supply a dating framework and to establish the extent and frequency of recent depositional events and their relationship to climate. Narrow ring widths correlating with known events stand out. Earlier events and climatic trends in the late 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are suggested.

Editorial Keywords dendrogeomorphology, snow avalanche, debris flow, flooding, climate reconstruction, dendrochronological dating, Picea schrenkiana, Tien Shan Mountains, Bolshaya Almatinka valley, Zailiiskiy Alatau range, Kazakhstan http://WWW. wsl .ch/forest;dendro2001/ abstracts/abs16.ehtml Abstract number 16

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Binnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 167 Dendrogeomorphological analysis of Cereniste landslide (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic)

Rosanna Fantucci 1, Vitek Vilimek 2

[email protected] 1: via def Lago, Montefiascone, Italy 2: Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography and Geoeco/ogy, Prague, Czech Republic

The Cereniste landslide is located in the Natural Park of Ceske Stredohorf Mts., Czech Republic. Here the volcanic activity occurred in response to the Alpine orogenic processes with effusions, outbreaks and injections of basalts, trachites, phonolites, tuffs, tuffites (with diatomites and coal) during Terziary. The Cereniste landslide is 1050 m long and 700 m wide; the upper part of the slope is deformed by very slow but deep (reaching up to 100 m of depth) creep movements of lateral type. The upper part is separated from the central and lower section by a distinct platform inclined to a saddle form. The platform suffered from more shallow and frequent movements of sliding character. Landsliding in the central and lower section of the slope occurs mostly in the weathered superficial zone reaching considerably higher rates of movement. Dendrogeomorphological analysis was made for samples from 36 trees, mostly Fagus sy/vatica L. and some Acer pseudoplatanus L. or Quercus robur L. Trees affected by the movement of the landslide had typical stem tilting and showed growth anomaly (suppression) that could last several years or many decades. The analysis of the growth anomaly led to identify the western and lower part of the landslide as the most active one, with many activation/reactivation events dated in 1940, 1954, 1956-57, 1966, 1969-71, 1976, 1978-80, 1982, 1987-88, 1991, 1992, 1995. The relationship between particularly wet seasons, derived from the nearest gauge station (Doksany), with the dating of the growth anomalies indicate susceptibility to movement of this part of landslide.

Editorial Keywords dendrogeomorphology, mass movement, growth anomalies, dendrochronological dating, Fagus sy/vatica, Acer pseudop/atanus, Quercus robur, Ceske Stredorf Mountains, Czech Republic

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs63.ehtml Abstract number 63

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 168 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Dating the thermokarst processes in West Siberia with dendrogeomorphological methods

Leonid I. Agafonov 1, Thomas 0. Nuber 2, Horst Strunk 2

1: Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Laboratory of Dendrochronology, Ekaterinburg, Russia 2: University of Regensburg, Department of Physical Geography, Regensburg, Germany

Thermokarst is a geological phenomenon characterized by landforms due to subsidence and collapse which result from the deep thawing of permafrost and from the melting of underground ice. Natural and manmade thermokarst features are relatively common in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Fires, the felling and rooting up of trees, and many other types of development are among the causes of frozen soil disturbance and degradation.

Our study area is close to the river Synya in West Siberia, about 30 km upstream its mouth into the river Ob (65°03'N, 64°42'E). In this region, the northern taiga zone of Western Siberia, i.e. near the southern limit of discontinuous permafrost, cutting of forests on high floodplains led to an increase in the thaw depths and to thermokarst and the formation of sagponds and swamps. The trees in our study area seem to be a natural stand of Pinus sibirica. Most of them sprouted between 1820 and 1850 AD.

The program's objective was to understand the spatial and temporal aspects of thaw subsidence due to permafrost degradation. Subsidence or sinkhole formation results from thaw settlement of the embankment at the transition zone between the sinkhole or sagpond and the stable frozen plateau around.

Both the sagpond and its surrounding embankment enlarge radial in time. Trees which are affected by thaw subsidence on the embankment are tilted towards the pond and produce compression wood. As the thaw settlement continues, the tree roots gradually plunge below the water table of the pond. As a reaction, the diameters of the tree rings decrease dramatically until the trees wither.

The study of reaction wood of affected trees enables the spatial and temporal aspects of thaw subsidence in thermokarst areas. The results will be analysed in detail.

Editorial Keywords dendrogeomorphology, thermokarst, permafrost, thaw subsidence, Pinus sibirica, Synya River, Siberia, Russia http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs181.ehtml Abstract number 181

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Binnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 169 Anatomical features of exposed roots - A new methodology in dating erosion events

Holger Gartner

[email protected] Universite de Fribourg, tnstitut de Geographie, Groupe de Recherche en Geomorpho/ogie (GreG), Perol/es, Fribourg, Switzerland

Research on roots concentrates on root anatomy in general, on root morphology, and on the role of roots in supplying trees with nutrients and moisture. In terms of geomorphic applications, most previous work is mainly related to the dating of floods or changes in river pathways by analyzing growth changes in the stem as a result of the exposure of a bigger part (> 40%) of the root system. Analyzing annual rings in roots is mostly used for dating debris flows by determining the age of adventitious roots. Furthermore the role of root systems in stabilizing slopes and in soil conservation is often discussed.

Based on occasional research, mainly done in the 1960s, this work focuses on analyzing microscopic variation in annual growth rings of roots (Larix decidua, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris) due to exposure caused by geomorphic processes. Study sites were chosen in Thueringen, Germany as well as in alpine areas in Switzerland to detect influences of changing environmental conditions.

Results show that dating the first year of exposure is possible. There are significant differences in root anatomy of coniferous trees due to erosive processes like e.g. debris flows. In general specific anatomical features can be related to (i) sudden erosive events, that causes an immediate and complete change in size and shape of earlywood as well as latewood cells and (ii) continuous denudation, that causes a gradual change of latewood cells first. Additionally the weight of possible causing factors (light, temperature, hydrological conditions, etc.) of these changes are discussed.

Dating the first year of root exposure provides a tool for geoscientists to determine the year of past destructive events as well as to estimate rates of e.g., soil erosion in areas where no measurements of past processes are available.

Editorial Keywords dendrogeomorphology, erosion, root analysis, wood anatomy, Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Germany, Thueringen, Alps, Switzerland

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs190.ehtml Abstract number 190

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 170 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Spatio-temporal analysis of mass movements by means of dendrochronology (preliminary results)

Maria Cleofe Stefanini, Alessandro Che Iii [email protected] 1: University of Pisa, Department of Earth Sciences Pisa, Italy 2: Parma Parco Area del/e Scienze, Parma, Italy

The aim of this project is the reconstruction of mass movement dynamics using dendrochronology, in order to support the interpretation provided by our geomorphological survey. Several mass movements will be sampled in the Apennine chain (Italy) to investigate their temporal and spatial evolution. Preliminary results obtained from a landslide located in the Northern Apennines (Italy) are shown here. Cores were taken from fifty Turkey oaks ( Quercus cerris L.) and crossdated to determine the age of the trees on the slope. The beginning of abrupt growth changes longing more than 3 years is considered as an index of ground instability. Relationships between event years and ground movement are shown by drawing annual event-response maps. Looking at event-response maps we can argue that a downcutting event at the toe of the landslide triggered the sliding movement and destabilised the area. Afterwards, the movement started upslope and progressed both downslope and upslope in the following years. The distribution of the activity in the landslide was mainly a retrogressive type. Yearly event­ response maps confirm the geomorphological survey indicating the boundaries of each single area within the landslide: the crown, the main body and the toe.

The dendrochronological analysis allows the determination of the phases and the distribution of the activity. Further investigations will check if the spatial distribution of trees that show evidences of movements can support the determination of the type and style of landslides activity.

Editorial Keywords mass movement, dendrogeomorphology, spatio-temporal dynamics, abrupt growth changes, Quercus cerris, Apennine, Italy http://www.wsl .ch/forest/ dendro2001/abstracts/ abs193.ehtml Abstract number 193

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 171 Debris flow in the Central Italian Alps: an example of a dendrogeomorphological study to date recent events

Maurizio Santilli, Manuela Pelfini

[email protected] 1: University of Milan-Bicocca, Department of Environmental Sciences, Milan, Italy 2: University of Milan, Department of Earth Sciences, Milan, Italy

Debris flows occur quite frequently in the Italian Alps, and some of them are responsible of the building of big debris fans that characterize the valley heads. We report the results of a study realised in the upper Valtellina, named Valle della Casina fan (upper Valle del Gallo, Stelvio National Park). The Valle della Casina fan is crossed by a main channel from which some secondary channels originate. Their activity takes place only during heavy rain.

The debris flows were identified and dated by using dendrogeomorphology applied on mountain pines. The scars and the year of first appearance of compression wood were dated. The most ancient dated event took place in 1888 and buried a part of the surface of the downstream fan. The debris flows dated 1927-29 and 1936-41 follow the same path of the previous one, while the recent episodes, 1953, 1959, 1964, 1978, 1986, 1992, are mostly confined in the fan channels.

Exceptional flows, as in 1978, can open new ways when they exceed the capacity of the channels. The most recent events could be correlated with the pluviometric data of a nearby meteorological station.

Editorial Keywords debris flow, dendrogeomorphology, tree-ring dating, reaction wood, Valtellina, Valle della Casina fan, Stelvio National Park, Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs158.ehtml Abstract number 158

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 172 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Binnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Reconstruction of debris flow frequency by analysis of deposits on a forested cone

Michael Grichting, Delphine Conus, Thierry Falco, Igor Lievre, Gilles Maitre [email protected] Universite de Fribourg, lnstitut de Geographie, Fribourg, Switzerland

Debris flows are a major type of natural hazards occurring in the Swiss Alps. Regarding an increasing number of hazardous debris flow events over the last decade, this project aims on reconstructing the frequency of past, not documented events of the debris flow torrent Ritigraben (Valais, Switzerland).

Fieldwork started with detailed geomorphological mapping (1:1000) of the cone which allows an identification of the various forms of debris flow deposits. These forms are (i) levees representing the lateral boundary of an event, (ii) depressions representing formerly active channels, or (iii) lobes consisting of deposited front material of debris flows. Furthermore, the size of boulders was used to calculate the volume and the velocity of single events. This first step was necessary to get a general view of the system and to outline the path of past debris flows.

In a second step, trees covering these depositions were analysed (Picea abies (L.) Karst., Larix decidua Mill., Pinus cembra). Two categories of trees were used: Trees obviously influenced by these depositions (tilted, scared or buried) for a precise dating of single events by analysing e.g., occurrence of compression wood, degree and orientation of eccentricity as well as abrupt growth suppressions. Additionally the age of undisturbed trees covering depositions or inactive channels was determined to calculate a minimum age of these forms.

The results show that these methods allow a realistic evaluation of reoccurrence intervals over the last three to four centuries. The extended frequency of debris flow events of the Ritigraben torrent presented here enables a better interpretation of the assumed increase of events over the last two decades.

The dating results of single depositions presented on the detailed geomorphological map enable to estimate the magnitude of single debris flow events by determining their distribution over the cone. These data have to be seen as an important archi­ ve to further analyse the future development of this debris flow torrent. Additional work concentrates on the reconstruction of climatic thresholds related to the dated events.

Editorial Keywords dendrogeomorphology, debris flow, dendrochronological dating, Picea abies, Larix decidua, Pinus cembra, Ritigraben, Valaisian Alps, Switzerland http://WWW.wsl.ch/forestj dendro2001/abstracts/ abs 76.ehtml Abstract number 76

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Binnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 173 Dendroglaciologal evidence of Little Ice Age glacier fluctuations at the Gran Campo Nevado, southernmost Chile

Johannes Koch 1, Rolf Kilian 2

[email protected] 1: Universitat Freiburg, Geo/ogisches lnstitut, Freiburg, Germany 2: Universitat Trier, Lehrstuhl fur Geo/ogie, Germany

Dendroglaciological studies in the southernmost Andes at 53° S have led to the development of a tree-ring width chronology of Pi/gerodendron uviferum (D. Don.) Florin, which is negatively correlated with precipitation. Assessment of long-term growth trends within the chronology indicate significant intervals of reduced growth during the Little Ice Age, coinciding with glacial advances and moraine-building intervals. Formation of dendrochronologically dated moraines occurred synchronous­ ly with declines in tree-ring width. The congruence between these systems suggests a response to the same climate forcing mechanisms. These findings suggest that glacier fluctuations in this area of the southernmost Andes are mainly driven by changes in the precipitation regime. Also, the chronology reveals several periods of Neoglacial advances: a significant period that predates the mid-17th century; an advance that terminated in the late-19th century; and re-advances that terminated in the early- and middle-20th century.

Editorial Keywords dendroglaciology, climate reconstruction, Little Ice Age, ring width, long-term growth trends, Pilgerodendron uviferum, Chile, southernmost Andes

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs12.ehtml Abstract number 12

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 174 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Swiss Alps

Hanspeter Holzhauser [email protected] University of Zurich, Department of Geography, Zurich, Switzerland

This poster is a contribution to the knowledge of Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Swiss Alps and presents the findings of very recent own research on the Great Aletsch and Gomer Glaciers (Valaisian Alps), the Lower Grindelwald Glacier (Bernese Alps). The reconstruction of pre-industrial glacier fluctuations reveals the natural range of Holocene climate variability against which the present-day climatic situation can be judged.

The Gomer, Lower Grindelwald and Great Aletsch Glaciers belong to some of the most famous "ice-streams" in the Swiss Alps and have, therefore, been the subject of scientific and artistic interest for many centuries. The glaciers have, at maximum extensions, penetrated below the timberline and have even reached inhabited areas resulting in sometimes massive destruction. Losses of buildings, woods and pastures are the conditions governing the methods used for the reconstruction of glacier length fluctuation through time. The main methods are:

historical: the interpretation of pictorial and written historical records, glacio-archaeology: the search for anthropogenic traces that are directly related to changes in glacier size/length and scientific: the radiocarbon dating of fossil soils (palaeosols) and wood found in glacier forefields.

Numerous samples of palaeosols and fossil wood (tree trunks, roots and macro­ remains) found in the glacier forefield were radiocarbon-dated. Owing to the good condition of several fossil tree trunks (Picea abies, Pinus cembra and Acer pseudop/atanus}, dendrochronological analyses were also conducted.

The dendrochronological analysis of fossil trees has supplied much reliable evidence of glacier fluctuations through its proven exactness (a single-year resolution) which is impossible to obtain with the radiocarbon method alone. The results shed light on the history of the mentioned glaciers during the entire Holocene, especially in the last 3000 years.

Editorial Keywords dendroglaciology, dendrochronological dating, glacier length fluctuation, Holocene, radiocarbon dating, Picea abies, Pinus cembra, Acer pseudop/atanus, Gomer Glacier, Lower Grindelwald Glacier, Great Aletsch Glacier, Bernese Alps, Valaisian Alps, Switzerland http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs84.ehtml Abstract number 84

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 175 Bioindication of rock glacier generations in the Turtmanntal (Valais, Switzerland)

Isabelle Roer 1, Helger Gartner 1,2, Richard Dikau 1

[email protected] 1: University of Bonn,Department of Geography, Germany 2: University of Fribourg, lnstitut de Geographie, Pero/les, Fribourg, Switzerland

The main objective of the master's thesis presented in this poster is the reconstruction of past and present permafrost distribution and the impact of climate change in a palaeoenvironmental context in the Turtmanntal (Valais, Switzerland), a valley characterized by a high rock glacier density. This objective will be achieved through the combination of different approaches and methods in various spatial scales. One approach is the use of plants as indicators of perma­ frost distribution. There is a strong impact of climatic and topographic conditions on the vegetation. Beyond this, "biomonitoring" and "bioindication" enables getting information on presence or absence of permafrost and the influence of creeping permafrost. Permafrost acts on vegetation by selecting species and associations which are adapted to these conditions, e.g., to slope movement.

First a geomorphological map based on field data and remote sensing imagery is important to get the distribution of permafrost indicators. Features such as rock glaciers and protalus ramparts are geomorphic expressions of permafrost. The additional mapping of the front scarp (length, slope and aspect) and the structure of these features enables estimating the degree of activity (active, inactive, relict). The presented investigation will focus on a cascade of rock glaciers with different degrees of activity (rock glacier generations).

As a second step vegetation cover, the vegetation structure (herbs, shrubs and trees), and the phytosociological associations (Braun-Blanquet 1964) were mapped. These results served as a basis for the analysis of the indicator-values (Lauber and Wagner 1996) of all species to determine the geoecological coherencies, especially the plantjpermafrost relationship. This includes the interpretation of the local processes, here especially the identification of slope activity. Additional studies focussed on the age of some dwarf shrubs, found on inactive rock glaciers, and some trees, growing on an investigated relict rock glacier, by using dendrochronological methods. In this poster the presented studies will be summari­ zed in distribution maps, profiles and diagrams.

A wide range of corresponding investigations (mapping and modelling of permafrost distribution, geophysical studies, etc.) are established within this project; so the future work will be to evaluate the conformity of the presented results.

References Braun-Blanquet J. 1964. Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzuge der Vegetationskunde. Wien. Lauber K., Wagner G. 1996. Flora Helvetica. Bern.

Editorial Keywords dendroglaciology, permafrost, climate change, dwarf shrubs, Turtmanntal, Valaisian Alps, Switzerland

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/ abstracts/ abs90.ehtml Abstract number 90

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 176 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Dendrogeomorphological reconstruction of glacier variations in northern Patagonia during the past 1000 years

Mariano Masiokas 1, Ricardo Villalba 1, Dario Trombotto 2, Silvia Delgado 1, Brian Luckman 3, Alberto Ripalta 1, Jose Hernandez 2

[email protected] 1: Dep. of Dendrochronology and Environmental History, Mendoza, Argentina 2: Dep. of Glaciology and Geocryology, IANIGLA - CON/GET, Mendoza, Argentina 3: University of Western Ontario, Dep. of Geography, London, Ontario, Canada

An integration of instrumental, tree-ring, and glaciological records from eight study areas in the southern Andes is presently being conducted to document annual- to decadal-scale climatic variability during the past 1000 years across Patagonia (38-52°S). Here, we provide preliminary glacial histories for five glaciers in northern Patagonia: Lanfn (39.4°S}, Ventisquero Negro and Frfas in the Tronador area (41.1°S}, Esperanza Norte (42.2°S} and Torrecillas (42.4°S). Glacier fluctuations during the 20th century have been reconstructed based mainly on historical documents as well as aerial and terrestrial photographs. A combination of dendrogeomorphological, dendroclimatological and radiometric approaches has been used to establish the dates of formation for the older moraines. The five glaciers are characterized by the presence of well-defined trimlines or relatively fresh glacial deposits down the valleys, evidences of significant ice expansion during the last Neoglacial event. Glacial deposits associated with the maximum ice expansion during the past 1000 years are located down the valley at 1900, 500, 1700, 2100, and 1800 m from the Lanfn, Ventisquero Negro, Frfas, Esperanza Norte and Torrecillas current glacier fronts, respectively. In the five glaciers, complex systems of recessional moraines lie between the present positions of the glacier fronts and the outer moraines from the last Neoglacial event, evidence of minor glacial advances along the dominant trend of glacial retreat in the region. Ring count from trees growing on the moraines and radiometric ages from trunks in the deposits indicates that the outer moraines were formed between AD 1640 and 1700. Most data support similarities in glacial history between sites, however, different glacier sizes and basin topographical features introduce some differences in glacier responses to climate.

Editorial Keywords dendrogeomorphology, glacier length fluctuation, climate variability, dendroclimatology, Patagonia

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/ dendro2001/abstracts/ abs199.ehtml Abstract number 199

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors). 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 177 Tree rings as tools to reconstruct past avalanches

Marco Bezzi 1, Marco Ciolli 1, Maria Giulia Cantiani 1, Paolo Cherubini 2

[email protected] 1: University of Trento, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environment and Land-Use Engineering, Trento, Italy 2: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Snow avalanches are one of the main natural hazards for human activities and infrastructures in the Alpine region. Information about past avalanche frequency is a prerequisite for environmental management in the Alps. Such information is only scarcely provided by historical records, because their spatio-temporal resolution is limited. The aim of this poster is the reconstruction of past avalanche events using tree-ring characteristics.

We analysed tree rings of Larix decidua Mill. and A/nus viridis DC in Val di Pejo, Trentino (Italian Central Alps). Ring widths were measured, and all tree-ring anatomical features and anomalies were recorded using skeleton plots. All data were compared with historical data available from written records.

Avalanches are reflected in tree rings by indicators such as compression wood, scars and abrupt growth changes (both reductions and releases). Analysing the tree rings, we found evidence of six avalanches for the period 1970-2000. For this "calibration" period, all the avalanches documented in written records affected tree rings. For the period 1950-1970 we found some evidence of avalanche activity in tree rings, although no historical data were available. Before 1950, only few tree­ ring data and historical data are available. However, for 1901, tree rings show evidence of a well-known, recorded historical avalanche.

Tree rings are useful tools to reconstruct past avalanches frequency. The presence of scars, and of compression wood associated to abrupt growth reductions enables past avalanches to be reconstructed. At this site, avalanche frequency has recently dramatically increased, probably as a result of climate change.

Editorial Keywords snow avalanche, avalanche risk, ring width, skeleton plots, reaction wood, historical archives, Larix decidua, A/nus viridis, Alps, Trentino, Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs128.ehtml Abstract number 128

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 178 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Binnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Microscopic analysis of growth reactions caused by rock fall and snow avalanches

Markus Stoffel [email protected] Universite de Fribourg, lnstitut de Geographie, Fribourg, Switzerland

For many years, dendrogeomorphology has served as an important tool in dating geomorphic processes. Methods and procedures are well established and also commonly used. Research nowadays is focused on dating past events in areas where the type of process is well known by geomorphological evidence.

Besides the dating and delimiting of past events, almost no studies exist on detailed analyses of wood anatomical features caused by various processes. Even though the growth reactions of trees disturbed by geomorphic processes are known in general, data on process specific reactions on a microscopic scale are generally lacking, especially concerning dwarf shrubs. For this reason, the study aims at searching for such specific reactions in microscopic wood structure in order to allow a differentiation of avalanche and rock fall events.

The analysis generally consists of two parts: (i) detailed geomorphological mappings of the test areas, and (ii) whole tree and (dwarf) shrub analysis ranging from morphology to microscopic analysis of the cell structure in branches, stems and roots.

Preliminary results from different avalanche and rock fall areas - compared with samples of the reforestation test site Stillberg (Davos, Switzerland) - are presented and specific growth reactions on micro-scale discussed.

Ongoing work concentrates on the elaboration of a catalogue of specific features within the wood structure, allowing future studies to detect tree damages and to define past events without necessarily knowing the geomorphic process behind.

Editorial Keywords dendrogeomorphology, rock fall, snow avalanche, wood anatomy, dendrochronological dating, dwarf shrubs, Davos, Stillberg, Switzerland http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs14.ehtml Abstract number 14

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 179 Dendrogeomorphic investigations of snow avalanche tracks in the Canadian Rockies

Brian H. Luckman 1, Gordon W. Frazer 2 [email protected] 1: University of Western Ontario, Department of Geography, London, Ontario, Canada 2: University of Victoria, Department of Geography, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Dendrogeomorphology is an extremely useful tool in the recognition and assessment of the magnitude and frequency of snow avalanches in forested mountain areas lacking significant human records. Mapping snow avalanche tracks in forested terrain provides obvious evidence of past avalanche activity but important additional evidence can be derived from studies of the record of damage preserved by the tree-ring record from trees within the track. Abrasion and shear scars, multiple reaction wood series, suppression events, asymmetric growth patterns and crossdated outer ring ages for wood debris from trees killed by avalanches all provide evidence with which to date major avalanche events. Mapping of the position of damaged trees within and adjacent to avalanche tracks provides minimum estimates of the extent of the avalanches that created the damage and the dating of these events can be used to estimate minimum probabilities/frequencies for avalanches of a certain magnitude in a given track. Synchronicity of dated evidence of avalanches between tracks in the same region allows the identification of major avalanche winters from these records.

This poster will first outline a methodology for documenting the evidence of avalanche damage in each tree using objective criteria that can be quantified to compare damage within and between trees for different avalanche events. Each type of damage is scored on a scale from 1-4: e.g. reaction wood series can be classified based on their duration, amount of reaction wood within the ring or degree of encompassment. Although boundaries between these classes may be somewhat arbitrary, they can be consistently applied allowing replication of results between different investigators. Minimum criteria (e.g. strength of evidence, number of trees effected, position in the track) can be established to document the extent of avalanches in a given track in a particular year.

Examples of this approach will be presented from sites along the lcefields Parkway in Banff National Park, Alberta where avalanches run across the highway with minimum frequencies ranging between once every 4-10 years. Although the quality and detail of the record degrades as one goes back in time (evidence of earlier events is destroyed by later ones), records of 100-150 years can be obtained from individual tracks in the Rockies. These are sufficient to show changes in avalanche frequency on decadal timescales during the last 100 years and to identify relative degrees of hazard for different avalanche tracks.

Editorial Keywords dendrogeomorphology, snow avalanche, dendrochronological dating, reaction wood, Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs202.ehtm1 Abstract number 202

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 180 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Paleoflood records for the Red River basin, Canada derived from anatomical signatures in Quercus macrocarpa

Scott St. George, Erik Nielsen

[email protected] .mb.ca Geological Survey of Canada c/o Manitoba Geological Survey, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Instrumental flood records in western Canada are limited and cannot determine how the risk of flooding has been influenced by long-term climatic and geomorphic changes. Since prolonged inundation in spring and early summer causes Quercus spp. to develop shrunken earlywood vessels, oaks growing in riparian forests contain a annual record of high-magnitude flooding. We collected tree-ring samples from -400 Quercus macrocarpa (Michx.) along the Red and Assiniboine rivers (Manitoba), including specimens from living trees, historical buildings and alluvial deposits, and established a regional tree-ring record spanning AD 1460-1999. Anatomical tree-ring signatures (flood rings) provide evidence of high-magnitude spring floods in the Red River valley during 1997, 1979, 1950, 1852, 1826, 1761 and 1747 and upper basin floods in 1741, 1727, 1726 and 1538. Subfossil oak logs recovered from the alluvium of the Assiniboine River contain flood signatures in 1883, 1848, 1826, 1788, 1700 and 1597. Flooding in 1826 represents the most extreme event in the Winnipeg region between 1648 and 2000 and was also coincident with severe frost damage recorded by Q. stellata and Q. alba in the south-central United States, indicating that unusual spring weather extended throughout central North America. The absence of tree-ring evidence for Red River floods between AD 1648-1747, as well as drought inferred from limnological records upstream in North Dakota and Minnesota ca 250 yr BP, suggests the Red River basin may have recently experienced arid conditions that extended for nearly a century.

Editorial Keywords dendrohydrology, palaeoclimate, flooding, regional chronology, subfossil logs, Quercus macrocarpa, Red and Assiniboine rivers, Manitoba, Canada

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/ abstracts/ abs5 7 .ehtml Abstract number 57

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Binnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 181 Dendrochronological analysis of Scots pine and common alder in the vicinity of small water reservoir

Marcin Fortunski

[email protected] Forest Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland

This poster contains a dendrochronological analysis of Scots Pine and Common Alder - two tree species often occurring in the vicinity of small water reservoirs. The Kozienice Forest Promotion Complex situated in the central part of Poland (central part of the Vistula Basin) was selected as an investigation area. That forest complex was chosen because water deficit occurs in this area as a result of low precipitation. Mean multi-annual precipitation oscillates from 564 mm (for the Kozienice meteorological station) to 624 mm (for the Pionki precipitation measuring post) - if compared with mean precipitation for Poland being equal to 629 mm. A depression funnel arose consequently as a result of the uptake of ground water in the region of the towns of Pionki, Garbatka and Kozienice. The Kozienice Forest lies in the third zone of moderate needs for development of small water retention according to Kowalczak (1997).

Wood increment cores were taken at the dbh (1.3 m above the ground level) height from circa 20 trees from two zones:

Zone I: up to 10 meters from the shore of water reservoir, Zone II: 20-30 meters from the shore of water reservoir.

A preliminary study verified the method adopted. It showed a differentiation of annual wood increment in zones under analysis in both tree species under study after construction of the water reservoir. That differentiation was greater in Common Alder than in Scots Pine. In zone II we noted a clear reduction of radial increment in both species.

Editorial Keywords water stress, radial increment, Pinus sy/vestris, A/nus sp., Kozienice Forest, Poland

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs10.ehtml Abstract number 10

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 182 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Tree growth to reconstruct irrigation effects in time and space

Andreas Rigling 1, Harald Bruhlhart (formerly 1), Otto Ulrich Braker 1 [email protected] 1: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

The influence of irrigation on the tree growth of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) was investigated by comparing trees growing along an open water channel with trees growing under natural conditions. We focussed on the reaction of pines to sudden changes in their water availability due to the cessation of irrigation and on the subsequent adaptation of the trees to the new site conditions. The spatial effect of irrigation was reconstructed on an area of 40 by 80 m. The study area was located in an inner Alpine dry valley in Valais, Switzerland.

Irrigation has a balancing effect on radial growth, with irrigated trees showing lower mean sensitivities, lower standard deviations, lower EPS (expressed population signal) values and higher first order autocorrelation than trees of the dry control sites.

The cessation of irrigation in 1983 and the resulting sudden reduction in water availability provoked a drastic breakdown of radial growth, but the trees survived. Six years later, the trees seemed to have largely recovered but the adaptation process was not yet finished, as indicated by the failure of the growth rate to return to levels of the control trees.

We reconstructed the spatial effect of irrigation using a logistic regression model to describe the differences in tree growth between the irrigated and the control trees. Depending on the permeability of the soil the irrigation effect under the water channel varied between 5 to 25 m. Some pines standing 15 m above the channel could still profit from watering, meaning that their roots reached down to the water.

Editorial Keywords irrigation, spatial patterns, water availability, radial increment, Pinus sy/vestris, Valaisian Alps, Switzerland http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs51.ehtml Abstract number 51

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 183 A 280-year reconstruction of Baikal Lake water level from tree rings

Valery N. Magda 1, Anastasiya V. Zelenova 1, Serguei G. Andreev 2 [email protected] 1: V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2: Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Ulan-Ude, Russia

A regional tree-ring chronology of Scots pine (Pinus sy/vestris L.) from the forest­ steppe zone of Buriatiya (South Siberia) was used for the reconstruction of Baikal Lake water-level fluctuation for the period 1720-1999. A close relation between precipitations in warm periods, Selenga River annual flow and Baikal water level allows us to consider the level of this lake as a total humidity indicator of a large part of Southern Siberia. Tree-ring width strongly correlates with Baikal water level, thus permitting its reliable reconstruction from tree rings. Elimination of high frequencies (higher then five years) from the data series markedly improves the correlation coefficient. In this case regional chronology accounted for 73% of Baikal water level variability for period 1933-1993.

Reconstructed data were verified on independent period (1901-1932) of water level records. In addition they were tested using the Selenga River flow data for period 1936-1993. The reconstruction shows that 1978-1982 and 1735-1740 years are noted for the deepest minima of water level in the lake. These years were probably the driest for the last three centuries. Extremely high water levels for this period took place in the 1790s and 1930s. Provided an additional calibration by different independent data, this model can be successfully used for further climatic investigations and forecasts in of South Siberia.

Editorial Keywords dendrohydrology, lake water-level, dendrochronological dating, Pinus sylvestris, Buriatiya, Baikal Lake, Siberia, Russia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs81.ehtm1 Abstract number 81

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 184 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. A dendrohydrological method for reconstruction of river flow in the Swedish boreal zone

Karin Jonsson [email protected] Mid Sweden University, Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Hamosand, Sweden

Reconstruction of river flow is important for the understanding of natural long-term variations. It can also give information about anthropogenic impact, such as chan­ ges in land-use, stream cleaning, river regulations and an increased greenhouse effect.

A dendrohydrological method was used to reconstruct river flow in River Ammeran, Sweden. River Ammeran is not regulated and there are daily discharge data available from 1914. Pinus sy/vestris was found to be the most suitable species. Trees were sampled in a gradient from the streamside to a reference area not affected by flooding.

The reconstruction model was calculated by multiple linear regressions. The best results were obtained by comparing ring-width and latewood proportion between lower trees (directly affected by river flow) and reference trees (not affected by river flow). Tree-ring variables were used together with log10 mean discharge between 15 April and 15 July. The correlation coefficient (r) between observed and calculated records was 0,71 (p<0.001).

The regression model described above was used since water supply is not the principal limiting factor in this region. The reconstructed period (15 April-15 July) represents more than 50% of the yearly flow and all of the maximum flows between 1930-1999 occurred within this time-span. This study demonstrates a great poten­ tial for dendrohydrological reconstructions of river flow and flood frequencies in Swedish boreal rivers.

Editorial Keywords dendrohydrology, streamflow reconstruction, flooding, boreal forest, multiple regression analysis, latewood, ring width, Pinus sylvestris, River Ammeran, Sweden

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs119.ehtm1 Abstract number 119

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 185 Input processes and decomposition rates of large woody debris in a boreal forest stream

Niklas Dahlstrom, Karin Jonsson

[email protected] Mid Sweden University, Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Harnosand, Sweden

Large woody debris (LWD) is an important element of stream ecosystems. Human activities typically lower the amounts of LWD in streams, thus reducing its ecological benefits. Understanding of the input and decomposition processes of LWD is important knowledge for future management of riparian areas. Several of these processes are poorly understood due to the lack of long-term studies.

We used dendrochronological methods to study age structure, input processes and decomposition rates of LWD in a third-order boreal forest stream with a known forest history. Samples were collected, and several characteristics were noted, from every conifer LWD (>10 cm in diameter) in a 250 m long reach. The samples were taken in the most intact section of the LWD. The tree rings were measured and standardized using standard procedures. The series were crossdated with a chronology built from trees and stumps close to the stream. The age structure was compared to the known history of thinning, harvesting, forest fire and high discharge events.

The results imply that conifer LWD in streams is resistant to decomposition and that input processes are heavily variable through time.

Editorial Keywords dendrochronological dating, large woody debris, decomposition rate, boreal forest

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs120.ehtml Abstract number 120

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 186 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Dendrohydrology in Colorado, USA

Connie A. Woodhouse [email protected] World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Dendrochronology has many potential applications in resource management. The subfield of dendrohydrology, in particular, has been under-exploited with respect to water resource management.

In western North America, water resource planning is primarily based on 20th century instrumental records of climate and streamflow. Unfortunately, even the longest gage records capture only a limited portion of the range of natural hydrologic variability that is possible. Population growth and the uncertainties of global climate change are adding to the challenges of water resource management, especially in arid to semiarid regions. As water managers in Colorado, in the western-central U.S., begin to realize the value of a longer record of water supply variability, tree-ring reconstructions of hydroclimatic variables such as streamflow and snowpack are being considered for incorporation into water management plans. An example is given for how one set of streamflow reconstructions has been incorporated into a water resource plan for Boulder, Colorado. In addition, reconstructions of streamflow for watersheds in Colorado, both east and west of the Continental Divide, are analyzed in order to compare 20th century droughts with those of the past three centuries. Since major metropolitan areas east of the Divide obtain water supplies from both sides of the Divide with the expectation that droughts do not impact both watersheds in the same years, the coincidence of droughts east and west of the Divide is also examined.

Editorial Keywords dendrohydrology, streamflow reconstruction, drought, Continental Divide, Colorado, USA

http://www.wsl .ch/forest/ dendro2001/ abstracts/abs113.ehtml Abstract number 113

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 187 Tree-ring analysis for the assessment of the effects of coastal erosion on Pinus pinea growth

Sabrina Raddi 1, Paolo Cherubini 2, Otto U. Braker 2, F. Magnani 3

[email protected] 1: University of Rorence, DISTAF, Rrenze, Italy 2: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 3: IMGPF, CNR, Rrenze, Italy

Coastal erosion has been monitored along the Tuscany coast in Italy from the beginning of the 1940s. Large areas of the Tuscany coast have experienced severe erosion over the last 25 years, resulting in the disappearance of natural dunal vegetation and in an overall reduction in ecosystem biodiversity. Exposure of Pinus pinea plantations to salt water in the watertable and to aerosols rich in salt and anionic surfactants has resulted in localized decline. The present study is aimed to assess the effect of coastal erosion on the increments of 63-year-old Pinus pinea stands located at Gecina (Livomo, Italy). A pairwise comparison of radial increments was used to discern the influence of coastal erosion among a large number of site­ specific factors. Wood cores were sampled from trees near the coastal edge of the plantation and from trees 50 m inside. Close to the sea, current annual increments were reduced by 38% at the site subjected to erosion, but only 10% at the control site. The effect of the vicinity to the sea on pine growth did not differ consistently among the two sites until the mid-1970s. In subsequent years the severe erosion resulted in an abrupt tree-ring growth decline. For the eroded site, the impact of the vicinity to the sea then settled to a level well above the value for the control stand.

Editorial Keywords

coastal forests, erosion, radial increment, salt stress, growth decline, Pinus pinea, Cecina, Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs153.ehtml Abstract number 153

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 188 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Trees of the sea : "Clam"-ring chronologies

Bernd R. Schone, David L. Dettman bernd .sch [email protected] University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA

Most people are intrigued by the tremendous age of trees and their suitability for environment and climate reconstructions. Aquatic mollusks, however, have not entered the limelight. Few know that mollusks hold the record for animal's longevity. For example, the bivalve Margaritifera spp. reaches 116 years and Arctica islandica (bivalve mollusk, North Atlantic) lives up to 230 years (!), long enough to build mollusk master chronologies. Even less is known about the high sensitivity and extremely high spatio-temporal resolution at which mollusks record their environment. Most bivalves add one growth ring per day throughout the year. Ring widths and geochemical properties are closely related to environmental conditions; shell chemistry is not re-mobilized. Mollusks occur in a very broad range of ecological settings: shelf and deep-sea, coastal areas, rivers, estuarine environments and lakes, near the poles, at the equator and all latitudes in between. The analysis and interpretation of "clam"-ring series (sclerochronology) has been modeled on tree-ring analysis and makes use of modified dendrochronological techniques. However, dendrochronology and sclerochronology ARE NOT separate fields of study! Integrated growth band studies using a broad range of accretionary skeletons will allow new questions to be asked, for example, land-sea interaction in coastal areas, correlation of sub-annual time-series (wood density profiles and mollusk chronologies with daily resolution), or filling out the missing seasons in the tree-ring record.

Editorial Keywords dendrochronological dating, coastal forests, mollusks, bivalves, growth rings, shell chemistry, Margaritifera spp., Arctica islandica http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs67.ehtml Abstract number 67

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 189 Spatio-temporal rhythms in landscape processes: application of dendrochronological methods

Andrei I. Beliakov [email protected] Moscow State University, Department of Geography, Chair of Physical Geography and Landscape Studies, Moscow, Russia

In modern landscape studies, one of the most important problems is the study of spatio-temporal synchronous (asynchronous) processes in landscapes. Dendrochronology is a method which evaluates the main indicator of variation: productivity. Therefore we propose to use it as the main tool for studying the secular rhythms of landscape geosystem functioning at low hierarchical level.

Nearly 300 increment cores and stem disks of Pinus sy/vestris, Picea abies and obovata were collected along the line of a 8 km landscape transect located in the middle-taiga zone (60°50' N, 43°15' E). Measurements consisted of three stages: cores and stem disks were scanned, the tree rings were digitised by a image editor, the width was calculated semi-automatically. The age-related trends were minimised by 5-year moving average smoothing. The correlation between tree-ring series in each geosystem was then calculated. Nearly 20% of the data were ignored because they could not be crossdated. Final series were combined by simple averaging to form a tree-ring chronology of each low-level geosystem.

Analysis of correlation between tree-ring chronologies of geosystems showed their synchronous reaction to external factors: average correlation coefficient is 0.83, maximum is 0.97 between two chronologies of neighboring forest geosystems on the local watershed. Two border zones of bogs (local ecotones) also react quite synchronous, but correlation between them and other geosystems varies between 0.3 and 0.8.

The identified rhythms are strictly correlated with annual weather conditions. Famous 11-year cycles of solar activity were found nearly in all chronologies, but their amplitude and phases differ in all geosystems.

Editorial Keywords landscape processes, ring width, geosystem, taiga, Pinus sy/vestris, Picea abies, Picea obovata, Arkhangelsk, Russia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs85.ehtml Abstract number 85

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 190 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Dendrochronological studies of natural reforestation and landscape development processes (Ramosch, Lower Engadine, Switzerland)

Bernd R. Schone 1 (previously 2), Fritz H. Schweingruber 2 [email protected] 1: University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA 2: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Since the end of World War II, especially between 1960 and 1980, the natural reforestation of the Swiss Alps accelerated, whereas a decline in forest stands and density characterized other regions in the world. The reforestation history of abandoned lands of the Inn Valley can be precisely reconstructed by dendrochronological methods.

We measured tree-ring width and determined the ontogenetic ages of more than 450 trees and shrubs at eight different south-exposed stands in an inner-Alpine dry­ valley near Ramosch, Lower Engadine, Switzerland. Comparison with actual species distribution patterns, air photographs and interviews with residents revealed the mechanisms and causes of the reforestation. Initially, pioneer copses (Juniperus sp.) grew adjacent to rocks. Protected by juniper shrubs, Scots pine (Pinus sy/vestris) established. Larch (Larix decidua) settled in open meadows. Grass and shrubs disappeared as pioneer tree stands expanded and provided new germination sites. The patches of forest merged with each other and formed extended forested areas. Today fast growing pine dominates over spruce (Picea abies) and larch on pioneer tree stands, but slow growing spruce dominates on stands reforested more than 80 years ago. Although browsing of wild and domesticated animals may have slowed the natural reforestation process, rates of reforestation continued to accelerate due to disruption of the grass cover by human and animal activity. Predominant causes are connected to socioeconomic changes, population shift to urban areas, abandonment of limited yield stands and changes in land management methods.

This study demonstrates the usefulness of dendrochronological techniques for describing landscaping processes and reconstructing terrestrial re-colonization patterns and causes.

Editorial Keywords reforestation, tree-ring width, species distribution, socioeconomic changes, Juniperus sp, Pinus sylvestris, Larix decidua, Picea abies, Ramosch, Lower Engadine, Switzerland http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs169.ehtml Abstract number 169

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 191 The Tunguska event in 1908: Evidence from tree-ring anatomy

Pavel P. Silkin 1, V.D. Nesvetailo 2, Evgenij A. Vaganov 1, Malcom K. Hughes 3

[email protected] 1: V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2: Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia 3: University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, USA

We analyzed tree-ring width, wood density, radial tracheid dimension and cell-wall thickness in wood samples collected from some of the few surviving larch (Larix sibirica), spruce (Picea obovata) and Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica) trees found close to the epicenter (about 4-5 km) of the Tunguska event (collision of a cosmic body with the Earth) that occurred on the last day of June, 1908 in the Siberian taiga. The 1908 annual rings from these trees were exactly dated against regional chronologies from outside the affected zone. A densitometer (DENDR0-2000) was used to obtain density profiles, and an image-analysis system (Carl-Zeiss Jena) was used for anatomical measurements.

Tree-ring width variation shows a depression of growth starting in the next season after the event and continuing during a 5-6 year period. The most remarkable traces of the event were found in the anatomical structure of the rings: 1) formation of "light" rings and a reduction of maximum density in 1908; 2) non-thickened tracheids in the transition and late wood zones; 3) deformed tracheids which are located on the 1908 annual ring outer boundary. Normal earlywood and latewood tracheids were formed in all annual rings after 1908.

The observed anomalies in wood anatomy suggest two main impacts of the Tunguska event on surviving trees - defoliation, and direct mechanical stress on active xylem tissue. These two effects may provide new information about some physical properties of the Tunguska explosion, in particular the strength of the shock wave produced by the postulated falling bolide, and the energy released by its supposed explosion.

Editorial Keywords wood anatomy, growth depression, wood density, light rings, Tunguska event, collision of cosmic body, Larix sibirica, Picea obovata, Pinus sibirica, Tunguska, Siberia, Russia

http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/ abstracts/ abs172.ehtml Abstract number 172

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 192 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Dendroecological analysis of vegetation dynamics in Mediterranean macchia

Sandro Strumia 1, Assunta Esposito 2, Gaetano Di Pasquale 3, Antonino de Natale 3, Stefano Mazzoleni 3 [email protected] 1: Seconda Universita di Napoli, Facolta di Scienze Ambientali, Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Caserta, Italy 2: Seconda Universita di Napoli, Facolta di Scienze MM.FF.NN., Dipartimento di Scienze de/la Vita, Caserta, Italy 3: Universita di Napoli Federico II, Facolta di Agraria, Dipartimento Ar. Bo. Pa. Ve., Portici, Italy

Mediterranean coastal landscape is dominated by a mosaic of different plant patches representing different dynamical stages according to time since last disturbance. In these communities the floristic composition, structure and demography are dependent on stand age; in a synchronic approach, the age of the communities, even if hard to assess in evergreen plants, could be used for a better understanding of dynamical processes. Moreover recruitment and seedling dynamics of deciduous tree species and the effect of disturbances such as grazing are still not clear.

In this research a dendroecological approach was used to investigate the structural and demographic characteristics of Mediterranean plant communities and to evaluate spatial and temporal pattern of deciduous tree seedlings.

In a coastal area of Cilento in Southern Italy, Mediterranean macchia dominated by evergreen species such as Cistus spp., Pistacia /entiscus and Myrtus communis, and patches of Quercus pubescens was sampled; floristic composition and relative cover values, position in a x-y coordinates grid reference, and architectural parameters of woody individuals were recorded. The largest stems (supposed to be the oldest in multistemmed individuals) were cut at ground level and growth rings counted under a dissection microscope. Both ramets and genets ages were assessed in deciduous tree seedlings.

Data are discussed in terms of relationships between age of stand and dead/live ratio, individual and stem density, species diversity, seeders/resprouters ratio. Concerning deciduous seedlings dynamics, seedling density, above/below ground age ratio, seedling biometric parameters are discussed with reference to presence of grazing.

Editorial Keywords vegetation dynamics, coastal forests, stand structure, dendroecology, spatial patterns, macchia, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis, Cistus sp., Quercus pubescens, Cilento, Italy

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs148.ehtml Abstract number 148

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. {editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 193 The application of dendroecological methods in urban areas - Examples from Berlin

Angela von Luhrte

[email protected] Stadt-Wa!d-Fluss - Buro fur Landschaftsp/anung und oko/ogische Gutachten, Berlin, Germany

At first sight densely populated cities like Berlin do not seem to be a good place for dendroecological work, but even in urban areas trees are growing under a wide range of ecological conditions. Nearly 30% of the city area of Berlin consists of forests, parks, gardens and waste land. Additionally there are some hundred thousands of street trees. Dependent on the intensity of land-use, a lot of planted and spontaneously established specimen of different tree species can be found within the city.

Due to the special urban site conditions modified by various anthropogenic factors, the topics of dendroecological investigations differ from such conducted in more natural landscapes. Besides the monitoring of forest increment, tree-ring analysis in cities is asked to show the effects of lowered groundwater level, leaking gas-pipes, air pollution and others. But even the simple assessment of age structure may help to detect historical phases of tree plantations or record the spontaneous colonization of inner city vacant land by trees.

Some examples from Berlin demonstrate that dendroecology can be a useful tool for urban ecologists, when taking into account the methodological limitations.

Editorial Keywords dendroecology, urban area, atmospheric pollution, Berlin, Germany

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/abs207.ehtml Abstract number 207

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 194 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Extended abstracts Analysis of tree-ring growth and cell structure on free-hand sections by confocal microscopy

Peter Kitin and Ryo Funada [email protected] Hokkaido University, Graduate School ofAgriculture, Laboratory of Wood Biology, Sapporo, Japan

Introduction (Worbes 1995, Fujii et al. 1999). In this work, the application of confocal microscopy provided quick The periodicity of wood formation can be revealed by and easy way for investigation of the structure of anatomical studies of cambium on samples obtained cambial and xylem cells. The high z-resolution of the throughout the year. In addition, environmental confocal microscope allowed for detailed study of conditions affect not only the intensity of cambial cell wall structures, such as pits and perforation divisions but also the structure of the derivative cells plates in thick histological sections. Cell-wall (Fritts et al. 1999). Therefore, methods for quick and structures were analysed in their three-dimensions easy anatomical analyses of the structure of cambial and progressive stages of development of bordered and xylem cells may have much application in the pits and perforation partitions were clearly revealed. dendrochronological research.

References Material and Methods Fritts HC, Shashkin A, Downes GM. In: Wimmer R and Three hardwood species (Kalopanax pictus, Qeurcus Vetter RE, eds. 1999. Tree-ring analysis: Biological, mongolica, Cercidiphyllum japonicum) growing on the Methodological and Environmental aspects. CABI campus of Hokkaido University were used for the Publishing, Oxon, UK. 3-32. experiments. Samples, including cambium and Fujii T, Salang AT, Fujiwara T. In: Wimmer R and Vetter RE, adjacent phloem and xylem, were taken from the eds. 1999. Tree-ring analysis: Biological, stem at breast height in monthly intervals during Methodological and Environmental aspects. CABI winter, spring and summer. They were fixed in a Publishing, Oxon, UK. 169-183. mixture of 50% ethanol, acetic acid, and Kitin P, Funada R, Sano Y, Beeckman H, Ohtani J. 1999. formaldehyde (18: 1: 1, v/v; FAA). Hand-cut Annals of Botany 84: 621-632. transverse and longitudinal sections were prepared Kitin P, Funada R, Sano Y, Ohtani J. 2000. Annals of with a razor blade. The sections were stained with Botany 86: 1109-1117. safranin, cleared and mounted in glycerol and Worbes M. 1995. IAWA Journal 16: 337-351. observed by confocal microscopy (Kitin et al. 2000). Additionally, semi-thin sections were cut and observed by conventional light microscopy after Editorial Keywords fixation in glutaraldehyde and embedding in epoxy (Kitin et al. 1999). radial increment, cell structure, cell-wall material, cambial activity, methodological approach, Kalopanax pictus, Quercus mongolica, Cercidiphyl/um Japonicum, Hokkaido, Results and Discussion Japan

The cambial and xylem cells were clearly visible on http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext139. pdf thick hand-cut sections by confocal microscopy. The Extended abstract number 139 occurrence of division plates in cambial cells and Session 1: Wood Structure and Function formation of secondary wall sculptures of developing xylem cells were observed. Various stages of activity of cambium, such as dormancy, reactivation and active division were determined. Methods of embedding of cambial tissue in resin and semi-thin histological sections have been usually applied for detailed studies of the cambial activity

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 197 Image analysis of ring anatomy: Interpretation of intra-ring microvariations in wood density

Valerie Decoux 1, 2, Emmanuel Defays 2, Charles De Canniere 2 [email protected] 1: Research Fellow (FNRS), Belgium 2: Centre Luxembourgeois of the University of Brussels (ULB), Saint-Hubert, Belgium

Global Aim of the Project 1. binarisation of the image of the ring, 2. skeletonization (objects detection), The global aim of this study is to contribute to an 3. selection of the valid objects, i.e. the tracheids anatomical interpretation of the density only as rays, canals, pits and intercellular microvariations of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga spaces have to be excluded and menziesil) wood by comparison between intra-ring 4. measurement of the anatomical characteristics X-ray density profiles and the evolution of some of tracheids (cell-wall width, height and surface anatomical characteristics such as cell-wall of cells and lumens, etc.). proportion and width, cell sizes, etc. Nowadays, no quantitative anatomical explanation for density variations is available. A same variation of wood Experimental Material density may be explained by different modifications of wood substance distribution, i.e. anatomical Douglas fir was chosen for this study as it has been variations. A translation of wood density variations in one of the most important reforestation species in anatomical terms would allow us to better Europe and North America during the last ten years understand how wood material is set up and built. It given its high productivity and the quality of its wood. also could be an interesting additional information in A 35-year-old tree from the forest of Amance, near explaining wood mechanical behaviour. Nancy (north-eastern France) was cut in slices. One slice was kept from every two growth units and one orientation (one radius) isolated. The rings of those Methodology radii were micro-sliced. Intra-ring density variations were measured by Data are collected by image analysis, a method that X-ray microdensitometry on 2 mm thick wood sticks. produced important developments in quantitative wood anatomy as it allows automated measurements on a large number of elements. Ring Packing Density images are acquired from 12 µm thick coloured sections using Analysis™. The packing density - i.e. the cell-wall density A first software was developed using Labview™ measured optically - was calculated using wood for the automatic reconstitution of entire rings. This density assessed by X-ray and the cell-wall ratio procedure is based on the recognition of a common hypothesising that, in conifers, the cell-wall ratio in cell between successive images. transverse section is equal to the cell-wall ratio in A second software (Labview™) measures the volume. The packing density value appears to changes of cell-wall ratio along the ring. This cell-wall increase slightly along the rings and, as already ratio is calculated on each line of pixels (tangential mentioned in the literature, to be far weaker than the direction). value of 1.46 g/cc which may be considered as the A third software (WoodAnalyst™), which was dry cell-wall density value. There are no recognised developed by the "Centre Luxembourgeois" (ULB) explanations of this difference between the optically and the Numerical and Logical Systems Department assessed cell-wall density value and 1.46 g/cc and (ULB), measures the changes of anatomical only suppositions are made. In our anatomical characteristics along the ring. Two programming approach of the density microvariations, the packing environments (Labview™ and Matlab™) were density value may not be ignored. We will study the compared and the more efficient one (in terms of variability of the packing density value in order to reliable cell detection) was chosen. The process is verify the parallelism between wood microdensity and based on the following steps: cell-wall proportion.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 198 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Anatomical Characteristics

From early- to latewood, the total increase in wood density is primarily due to anatomical modifications (increase in cell-wall width and decrease in tracheid size) and secondarily to chemical changes (slight increase in cell-wall density). The anatomical variables essentially determine the density variations and two of them, the tracheids surface and the cell-wall width, exclusively. Those two variables may vary simultaneously or one before the other as the dynamics of the phenomenon apparition may vary. If a variation pattern appears, a biological and a mechanical signification of the pattern can be searched. Indeed as cell differentiation reflects cambial activity, the physiological stimuli responsible for the variations of the two variables may not be the same. From a mechanical point of view, if a density variation affects more one or another cellular parameter the incidence on the wood behaviour will also be different.

Future Programme

In our attempt to give an anatomical interpretation of the wood density microvariations, the variability of the packing density value and of the anatomical characteristics (the tracheid surface and cell wall width mainly) are being studied in a tree (Douglas fir) in relation with the height and the cambial age. We just finished the acquisition of the ring images and are busy with the anatomical measurements. After this first tree, rays from two other Douglas fir trees will be studied.

Editorial Keywords wood density, cell-wall thickness, cell-wall material, wood structure, image analysis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Amance, Lorraine, France http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext210.pdf Extended abstract number 210

Session 1: Wood Structure and Function

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 199 Why is there so much air in sapwood?

Barbara L. Gartner 1, John A. Moore 2, and Barry A. Gardiner 3 [email protected] 1: Oregon State University, Dept. of Forest Products, Corvallis, USA 2: Oregon State University, Dept. of Forest Resources, Corva/!is, USA 3: Forestry Commission, Northern Research Station, Ros/in, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom

Introduction Does this air affect mechanical stability?

The sapwood of a tree can contain a substantial We used two approaches to look at the effects of the amount of air. We have found no functional air in stems on bio-mechanics: mechanical equations explanations in the literature for this air. We (Beer and Johnston 1985), and a model that uses hypothesize that the air is present to function in stem diameter and mass density as a function of mechanical support by increasing the stem diameter height to calculate the surface stress and deflection without biomass investment and/or to decrease the assuming the tree is a tapered cantilevered beam water mass that must be held up. Alternatively, the with constant modulus of elasticity (Wood 1995). In air may be present to serve physiological purposes, the model, we compared the native case, the case of such as to control respiration or water movement in a stem without air (so its diameter becomes smaller space and time, or it may serve no function at all. and its density, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture increase because we maintain the same biomass in the stem), and the case of a stem with How much air is there in sapwood? native geometry and material properties, but with the air spaces filled with water (increasing the mass). We calculated the proportion of sample volume that We used the actual mass and diameter distributions is cell wall (C), water (W), and air (A) from two of six 34-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii published sources that list a wide variety of species: Mirb. Franco) trees. the commercial woods of temperate North America The air in stems decreased the surface stress, as (Forest Products Laboratory 1999), and tropical shown by both the equations and the model. woods of the Caribbean (Longwood 1962). We However, in the second case, when the stem was recognize that our input data provide crude made to have a smaller diameter but maintain the estimates because one knows little about the same biomass, the modulus of rupture increased as sources sampled. However, taking all results a result of the increased density. It increased so together should provide a good overview of the range much that the smaller-diameter airless stem could of values in these populations. actually withstand more deflection and stress before The proportion of sample volume that is cell wall it would fail. In other words, the air did not improve material (C) is the wood density divided by the wood the mechanical function of the stem. density of pure cell wall material (1.53 g/cm3, The water mass displaced by air had a negligible Kellogg and Wangaard 1969, Siau 1984). The effect on the mechanical function of the stem proportion of the sample volume that is water (W) is because, surprisingly, it was not a very large the mass of the water in the sample divided by the proportion of the tree's total mass. That is, the stem mass of the sample's volume if it were entirely had almost the same surface stress if it had the water. The proportion of the sample volume that is native mass, or if it had a greater mass due to extra air space is 1 -C -W (Maclean 1958). water filling the air spaces in the bole. Wood had 17.7-50.1% air by volume (Table 1), depending on the population sampled. That is, from 18 to 50% of the wood's volume in the standing tree Conclusions is air. Simple calculations show that the air must be in cell lumens because there is not enough volume Contrary to our expectation, this research showed in the interstitial spaces of the cell wall and the that the air in stems has no substantial effect on the parenchyma cells, combined, to account for this lateral force the tree can withstand (such as caused large volume of air. by wind) before breakage. Additionally, the added mass of the water potentially displaced by the air would have only a small effect on the tree's

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 200 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. mechanics. Thus, this research suggests that air Literature cited within the xylem is not an adaptation for mechanical support, in contrast to hollow stems and wide pith Beer FP, and Johnston ER 1985. Mechanics of Materials. (e.g., Spatz et al. 1990, Wainwright et al. 1982, p. McGraw Hill, New York. 740 pp. 267) that give high second moments of area and Forest Products Laboratory 1999. Wood handbook: wood thus stability to the structures with low biomass as an engineering material, Reprinted from Forest investment. Products Laboratory General Technical Report FPL-GTR- Among other functions, the air may be an 113, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, essential part of the system for regulating where Forest Products Society. 457 pp. water is directed at different times of day and parts Kellogg RM, Wangaard FF 1969. Variation in the cell-wall of a plant by acting as a substance that can block density of wood. Wood and Fiber Science 1: 180-204. vessels and tracheids (in the form of embolisms). Longwood RR 1962. Present and potential commercial Alternatively, the air, which is essential for aerobic timbers of the Caribbean with special reference to the respiration, may be used by the plant to regulate West Indies, the Guianas and British Honduras. metabolism and/or control fungal activity within the Agriculture Handbook No. 207, US Department of plant. Lastly, a real possibility is that the air is not Agriculture Forest Service. 167 pp. there as a result of some adaptive purpose, but that Maclean JD 1958. Effect of moisture changes on the it simply results as a product of the structure and shrinking, swelling, specific gravity, air or void space, physiology of woody plants. To gain more insight on weight and similar properties of wood. Madison, USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory. 46 pp. the function of air in secondary xylem, we could start by comparing air contents for species from windy vs. Siau JF 1984. Transport processes in wood. Springer­ more sheltered environments. However, perhaps Verlag, Berlin. 245 pp. larger advances will be made when we can image the Spatz HC, Speck T, Vogellehnern D 1990. Contributions to air pockets in the field at the sub-cellular spatial the biomechanics of plants. II. Stability against local scale to learn their location, their size, their buckling in hollow plant stems. Botanica Acta 103: 123-130. interconnectedness, and how dynamic they are. Wainwright SA, Biggs WD, Currey JD, Gosline JM 1982. Mechanical Design in Organisms. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press. 423 pp. Acknowledgements Wood CJ 1995. Understanding wind forces on trees. In This research was supported by USDA CSREES 96- Coutts, M P and Grace J (Eds.) Wind and Trees. 35103-3832 and 97-35103-5052 and a special Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp 133-164. USDA grant to Oregon State University for wood utilization research.

Table 1: Volumetric proportions of wood, water, and air for commercial timber of the temperate zone and the Caribbean region.

Temperate hardwoods Temperate Tropical hardwoods (Forest Products softwoods Laboratory 1999) (Longwood 1962) (%) sap heart sap heart sap/heart mixed Cell wall material 32.6 ± 0.9 32.6 ± 0.9 26.1 ± 0.7 26.1 ± 0.7 40.0 ± 1.5 Water 41.5 ± 1.5 40.9 ± 1.9 56.5 ± 2.8 23.9 ± 2.1 41.7 ± 1.6 Air 25.6 ± 1.5 26.3 ± 2.2 17.7 ± 2.7 50.1 ± 2.2 18.3 ± 2.2 (n) 31-34 32-34 26-28 28 52

Editorial Keywords sapwood, cell-wall material, water, air, bio-mechanics, Pseudotsuga menziesii, North America

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext18.pdf Extended abstract number 18

Session 1: Wood Structure and Function

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 201 Cell-wall masses of conifer tree rings

Pavel P. Silkin [email protected] V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

Introduction densitometer provides averaged and peak values of density for early and latewood zones of ring. The Application of data on profile of density tree-ring, cell program developed for the processing of stepwise size and cell wall thickness allows us to receive such density measurements determines density values at structural characteristics of tree rings as mass and 3-4 µm interval along the radial row and provides density of cell wall. The study of these necessary spatial resolution and real profile of the characteristics is important for research of carbon density in tree-ring. Radial and tangential cell sizes dynamics assimilation in forest ecosystems. This and cell wall thickness were measured for five rows paper contains results of the comparative analysis of of each annual ring by Image Analysis System KS distribution of cell-wall mass and cell-wall density in 300 (Karl Zeiss, Germany). tree rings of larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from middle taiga of Central . . . Siberia (Podkamennaya Tunguska river). Larch 10 ? Material and Methods 8 If the form of tracheid on cross-section is considered 6 as a rectangle then mass and density of tracheid I wall can be calculated according to: 1 .4 1 n @ P;=-· LPij (1) z n j=I

(2) M M Pw. =--' = ' ' Sw 2·W ·(D +T-2·W) J I J l (3) .Pine where ;O i cell number in the real row ~ specific mass of i-th cell 5 Di radial size of i-th cell T average tangental size for the radial row Pi average density of the ring, measured along radial size i-th cell n quantity of measurement point of current density Pii at 3-4 µm step PWi density of the tracheid wall for i-th cell SWj cross-sectional area of the tracheid wall for i-th cell W; tracheid wall thickness for i-th cell .

The densitometer DENDR0-2003 (Walesch Electronic, Switzerland) was used to measure tree­ ring density. The output data of this device can not Fig. 1: Relation between cell wall mass (MASS) and radial be used directly in mass calculations because the cell size (D) and cell-wall thickness (W).

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 202 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Results Acknowledgements

Analysis of the results obtained with the use of This paper was supported by grant 00-15-97980. equations (1)-(3) and presented in figures 1-3 shows: Mass accumulated in walls of larch cells is up to Editorial Keywords two times higher than that of pine (fig. 1, fig. 3). The relationship between cell wall mass and geometric wood anatomy, wood density, cell-wall thickness, taiga, characteristics of cells is stronger in larch tree rings Larix sibirica, Pinus sy/vestris, Central Siberia, Russia than in pine (fig. 1). Density of cell walls in pine and larch is approximately equal for the same values of a http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ ext27. pdf Extended abstract number 27 cell-wall thickness (fig. 2). There is a negative trend of density of cell wall both for larch and pine cells in Session 1: Wood Structure and Function the range of cell wall thickness from O to 3 µm. (fig. 2).

3,0 r------~------,

2,5 Larch ~ "§, 2,0

=i 1,5 8 ! 1,0 ·;;; C: ~ 0.5

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 w,mkm

3,0 r------~------,

2.5 Pine

~ g 2,0 C, ~ 1,5 15 ?i' 1 ,0 C: Q.) 0 0,5

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 W,mkm Fig. 2. Relation between density of cell wall and cell-wall thickness (W).

7 1993 6

(".) < 5 E .:::(.) 4 ~ E 3 (/) Cl) ro 2 ~ 1

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Cell number in the tree-ring Fig. 3: Example of distribution of cell-wall mass in larch and pine tree rings formed in the same year.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 203 Mechanism leading to intra-ring radial cracks in young spruce trees

Michael Grabner, Burgi Gierlinger and Rupert Wimmer [email protected] Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien, Institute of Botany, Vienna, Austria

Introduction Results

Intra-ring radial cracks in the wood of living trees Radial cracks were most frequently found in the have been linked to strong tangential shrinkage 1991 ring, on both sites (72%, resp. 7 4% of all initiated by frost, severe drought, wind or lightning trees, Figure 1). The subsequent year 1992 was (Knuchel 1947). Nordlinger (1878) was first in characterized by almost zero cracks. The fact that suggesting drought as the major cause and Cherubini both sites behaved similarly suggests that environ­ (1997) has suggested water imbalances in early mental factors must have played a significant role. spring as a likely cause of intra-ring radial cracks The longitudinal tracheids surrounding the radial observed in old-grown spruce. This study suggests a cracks were filled with resin, which indicates that mechanism leading to radial cracks by comparing living ray parenchyma tissue was present at the time tree-ring anatomy and weekly precipitation data. of crack initiation. No traumatic tissues were found in the 1991 rings, which suggests that crack initiation did not occur in the same year. In the Material and Methods subsequent 1992 ring, two concentric intra-annual density bands were seen, followed by a dented tree­ Two 19-year-old clonal spruce (Picea abies (L.) ring boundary with the tip of the bump in one radial Karst.) trials from Hermanstorp (56°45', 15°02'; line with the crack (Figure 2, 3). The first density 180 m a.s.l.) and Knutstorp (55°58', 13°18'; 75 m band was accompanied by abundant resin duct a.s.l.), located in southern Sweden, were sampled formations. A climate data analysis revealed that the for this study. Both trials were located on high­ year after the "crack-year" was extremely dry in May­ productive sites formerly used as agricultural land. June, August and October, intermitted by rainfall From 288 spruce trees 3cm thick disks were taken events (Figure 4). from the first internode, approximately 80 cm above ground. Disks were sanded, crossdated, and the number of trees showing radial cracks determined for each year. The anatomy of the crack-rings were observed microscopically and relevant climate data analysed

80 ..------,

~ 70 1111 Hermans torp 0 ~ 60 OKnutstorp ~ ~ 50

I::"' f;"' 20 0 #. 10

Fig. 2: Radial cracks in a 19-year-old spruce tree. Disk Fig. 1: Percentage of trees showing radial cracks on the two showing the frequent radial cracks in the 1991 tree ring. sites; 1986-1997; number of trees: Hermanstorp = 116, Knutstorp = 172.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 204 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. convexity 60 r··--······················································································--···············-··················································································· 1992 so -··- mean 1978 - 1998 second density band first density band 40 and resin ducts I=30 ·ro~ ~ 20

10 radial crack

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

resin'-r'd uc ts ','crack ....m1t1at1on

Fig. 3: Radial cracks in a 19-year-old spruce tree. Close-up first density ba~ s~nd density band of a radial crack in the 1991 ring and the subsequent 1992 Fig. 4: Weekly precipitation of the year 1992 compared with ring showing two density bands, and a convexity of the ring the long-term average. Drought periods are seen in May­ boundary. June, August and September-October. These periods can be linked to the formation of density bands, resin ducts and intra-ring radial cracks. Discussion

The cracks in 1991 have been most likely initiated Acknowledgements after completion of the second concentric intra­ annual density band in 1992. Based on conclusions This research received funds from the EU project from observed tree-ring anatomy and weekly weather "Genetic Improvement of wood quality-increasing data the following scenario of crack initiation is selection efficiency for different end uses", FAIR proposed: The severe drought period in early summer CT98-3953. 1992 (mid May - end of June) slowed down cambium activity resulting in the first visible density band. This density band was also accompanied by resin ducts References as a typical stress response (Wimmer and Grabner 1997). Rainfall in July led to a re-hydration of the Cherubini P., Schweingruber F.H., Forster T. 1997. Morpho­ cambium and a resumption of radial growth. The wet logy and ecological significance of intra-annual radial cracks in living conifers. Trees 11: 216-222. period was soon followed by another drought event and the cambium responded with a slowdown, visible Knuchel H. 1947. Holzfehler. Werner Classen, Zurich. as the second density band. This second dehydration Kubler H. 1959. Die Ursache der Wachstumsspannungen resulted in high tangential shrinkage of the und die Spannungen quer zur Faserrichtung. Holz Roh­ outermost lignified ring (1991) with the tensile strain Werkst. 17: 1-9. finally reaching the fracture limit. As a consequence, Nordlinger H. 1878. Trockenrisse (falsche Frostrisse) an internal mechanical failure occurred. The developing der Fichte. Auch ein Grund zur Rothfaule. Cbl. ges. radial crack has then concentrated mechanical Forstw. 4: 281-284. stresses and forced the cambium to respond with Wimmer R., Grabner M. 1997. Effects of climate on vertical locally accelerated cell division rates, visible as a resin duct density and radial growth of Norway spruce dented ring boundary. (Picea abies (L) Karst.). Trees 11: 271-276. In summary, we have strong evidence that extreme weather fluctuation, i.e. dry-wet cycles, may have resulted in high internal mechanical tension Editorial Keywords strains due to tangential shrinkage that have exceeded fracture limits of wood. During the 1992 radial cracks, drought stress, precipitation, wood anatomy, growth period the 1991 ring was the one most Picea abies, Hermanstorp, Knutstorp, Sweden recently completed. Because of present growth stresses (Kubler 1959) the 1991 ring also carried http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext219.pdf Extended abstract number 219 the highest load of tangential and vertical tension forces during the 1992 growing season. It is Session 1: Wood Structure and Function therefore plausible that additional shrinkage due to dehydration led to internal material failure, observed as intra-annual radial cracks.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 205 Variations in wood anatomy of some Maloideae species in relation to climate

Vera E. Benkova [email protected] V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Laboratory of Dendrochronology, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

Introduction Under such different climate conditions secondary xylem could but respond differently to environmental Xylem adaptation to various growth conditions has influence. been studied in different ways. One of the Up to 10 samples of each species were taken at approaches is to study ecological variations within a each site. Measurement error was 6-8%. The single species to analyze the phenotypic responses difference between the values of corresponding of wood formation and differentiation to anatomical characters was tested statistically using environmental factors (Baas 1986). Often species "t-test" at 95% confidence level. have ecological preferences of a quite narrow range; so, the number of species with truly wide ecological range is quite limited. Among them, we have taken Results into account three widely distributed species: Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt., Ma/us The comparison of samples from permafrost and baccata (L.) Borkh. and Sorbus sibirica Hedi., forest-steppe conditions showed that: belonging to Maloideae Weber (Rosaceae Juz.). The northern woods of all three species are These species are indigenous in subarctic zone, "more ring-porous"; they have a higher northern and middle taiga, forest-steppe and dry percentage of solitary vessels (1.3, 2.1 and 2.4 natural steppe. times accordingly), shorter vessel elements (1.6, 2.1 and 1.5 times) with thinner walls (1.2, 1.3 and 1.3 times). At the same time, the amount of Material and Methods rays per unit square and ray height do not change reliably. Four sites were sampled: Certain anatomical features of M. baccata and Adycha river, 65°48' N., 137°15' E.; subarctic S. sibirica vary similarly: in the northern woods zone, northern boundary of boreal forests (open the mean value of pore square is 4.5 and 1.9 woodland), permafrost. Mean January and July times smaller, vessel frequency is 2.4 and 1.5 temperatures: -48.9°C and +15.3°C; mean year times higher, fibers are 2.1 and 1.2 times temperature amplitude: 64°C; mean year shorter and the fiber walls are 1.4 and 1.3 times precipitation: 142 mm; vegetation period: thinner than those from southern woods. As to 80 days ( S. sibirica). C. melanocarpus, these characters do not vary 62°N., 129°30' E.; boreal forest, extra-severe this way (Fig. 1): vessel frequency and pore continental climate, permafrost. Mean January square are 1.2 and 1.4 times lower than those and July temperatures: -43.2°C and +18.8°C; observed in the forest-steppe but fiber length mean year temperature amplitude: 62°C; mean and fiber wall thickness remained the same. year precipitation: 192 mm; vegetation period: 110 days ( C. melanocarpus and M. baccata). 56° N., 92° 45' E.; forest-steppe in Central Discussion Siberia. Mean January and July temperatures: -17 .4°C and +18°C; mean year precipitation: In all the species studied considerable variation 496 mm; vegetation period: 147 days (S. concerns the water conductive system. In M. baccata sibirica, C. me!anocarpus, M. pa/!asiana). and S. sibirica water conductive elements follow the 54°35' N., 92°12' E.; dry steppe in Southern general ecological trends, but in C. me!anocarpus Siberia. Mean January and July temperatures: they do not. Different tendencies in variation of -17.4°C and +18°C; mean year precipitation: these elements were suggested to be due to the fact 266 mm; vegetation period: 156 days that the species belong to different ecotypes: ( C. melanocarpus). M. baccata and S. sibirica are mesophytes but

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 206 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. C. melanocarpus is xerophyte. To base this http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/ext1.pdf suggestion, C. melanocarpus growing in dry southern Extended abstract number 1 steppe (site 4) was included into analysis. As one can see from Fig. 1, in order to survive in permafrost Session 1: Wood Structure and Function conditions xylem of xerophyte C. me/anocarpus tends to decrease efficiency of water transport, as vessel diameter is closely correlated positively with volume of water conveyed and inversely correlated with "safety" of conductive system (Carlquist 1975). As this takes place, water balance in this northern dry site (2) is promoted by decreasing of vessels amount. The northern woods of mesophytes M. pa//asiana and S. sibirica tend to increase safety of water-conductive system rather then efficiency of water transport; sufficient conductive efficiency should be provided by higher vessel frequency.

731.1

A 8 C

I dry steppe, site 4 forest steppe, site 3 I permafrost, site 2

2 2 Fig. 1. Pore frequency, 1/mm , (A), pore square, µm (8) and fibre length, µm (C) in Cotoneaster me/anocarpus.

References

Baas P. 1986. Ecological patterns in xylem anatomy. In: T.J. Givnish (ed.) On the economy of plant form and function: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 327-349. Carlquist S. 1975. Ecological strategies of xylem evolution. Univ. California Press, Berkeley.

Editorial Keywords dendroclimatology, wood anatomy, vessel frequency, fibre wall thickness, pore square, permafrost, forest-steppe, water conductive system, Cotoneaster melanocarpus, Ma/us pa!lasiana, Sorbus sibirica, Siberia, Russia

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M .. Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 207 Dendrochronological analysis of the library ( Sala Vaccarini) and sacristy of the San Nicolo I' Arena Monastery, Catania, Italy

Mauro Bernabei 1, R. Castorina 2, Angela Lo Monaco 1 [email protected] 1: DISAFRI Universita degli Studi de/la Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy 2: Universita degli Studi di Catania, Italy

Introduction Results of the Dendrochronological Study

The dendrochronological analysis of wooden Some of the balcony boards of the Library are made structures in the Library and the Sacristy of the of spruce. A dendrochronological analysis has Benedictine Monastery San Nicolo l'Arena of Catania revealed that boards were obtained from trees that (Italy) was carried out. The study was required lived between the end of the 19th and the beginning because the historical information on the Library is of the 20th century. The 53-year chronology resulting very poor. The only information is that it was from this analysis could be dated between 1858 and designed in the 18th century by the architect Giovan 1910. Bark was not found in any of the samples, Battista Vaccarini and that it was inaugurated in and therefore 1910 must be considered a terminus 1773. post quem. These results suggest that these boards Research carried out in the Catania State were probably inserted during the restoration which Archives (Benedictine's "Vacchette" and "Registries started in 1934. of Cash") has provided no information on the Library, however many historical data were recovered regarding wood purchases for the Sacristy. As the Library and the Sacristy were built in the same period, the two structures were analysed "' simultaneously, with the idea that we would obtain much more information on the Library.

Wood Analytical Results

The external parts of both the Library's and Sacristy's shelving are in walnut, a wood which is Library. Silver fir known to have optimal aesthetic qualities and good characteristics with regards to the dimensional The silver fir dendrochronological analysis stability, machinability and finishing. The internal produced unexpected results. The wood taken from parts and the paving are made of fir. The wood the boards of the Sacristy provided data for the shows clear signs of usage due to light and trampling construction of a chronology of 80 rings that could (especially in the balcony of the Library), and the be dated between 1544 and 1623. The chronology batten floor of the Sacristy due to the lack of of 97 rings constructed for the Library has been durability of fir. dated between 1659 and 1755. Termite attack is also clearly visible. Already in The Sacristy, which was built around 1750 1927, Federico de Roberto wrote in the "Giornale together with the Library, was therefore built with dell'lsola" how much the termites were destroying silver fir from trees felled in the previous century. the wooden structures and books. The presence of The wood may have come from the dismantling of wood powder in the Library and in the Sacristy the old Monastery structures and re-used in the suggests that termite destruction is still occurring in construction of the new abbey. Another hypothesis is spite of the disinfestations made during the that the wood may have been bought some time restoration in 1934. around the middle of the 17th century for the construction of the old Monastery but it was not used because the work was interrupted by the 1669 eruption and the 1693 earthquake. It was therefore

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M .. Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 208 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. only used in the following century, during the Datation represents another confirmation that construction the "new Monastery". Vaccarini was either the manager of the Library building in its initial period only, or never at all.

700 Giovan Battista Vaccarini was the Monastery architect between January 1738 and January 1743. From the results we obtained it appears that silver fir and walnut timber have been obtained from trees felled after 1755, when the work of Vaccarini had been interrupted for a long time.

Editorial Keywords

dendroarchaeology, dendrochronological dating, historical Sacristy. Silver fir archives, historical building, Abies alba, Jug/ans sp., San Nicolo l'Arena Monastery, Catania, Italy The silver fir that the Benedictines acquired http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext225.pdf around 1750 for the Sacristy does not seem to have Extended abstract number 225 been used for the construction of this structure. It is possible that the wood was subsequently utilised for Session 2: Archaeology the Library, for which wood purchases do not appear in the archives.

San Nicolo l'Arcna, Noce

.,. ..,. § ~ ~ ~

ossati media I

Monastery. Walnut

Discussion

Dendrochronological examination has allowed to date the walnut chronology in the period of 1714 to 1756, although this remains a terminus post quem. Walnut taken from the Sacristy only produced a single chronology of 27 rings that seems to synchronise well with the curves of the Library, indicating therefore that the walnut of the Library and the Sacristy are of the same period. Unfortunately the few rings of the walnut curve taken from the Sacristy does not allow us to draw many conclusions. Since we know that the walnut from the Sacristy was acquired from Melilli between 1764 and 1766 and that the last ring of the curve of the Library would correspond to 1756, we can however say that the wood of the Library may have been acquired from Melilli in those years.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 209 Xylological aspects of charcoals from the archaeological city of Ferento (Xllth century, Viterbo, Italy)

Mauro Bernabei, Manuela Romagnoli [email protected] Tuscia University, Faculty ofAgriculture, Department of Forest Science, Viterbo, Italy

Introduction Results

Some wooden fragments in a more or less The species identified from the roof are: chestnut carbonized state have been discovered during ( Castanea sativa Mill.), broom ( Spart/um Junceum L.), archaeological excavation carried out at Ferento cherry tree (Prunus avium L.), one tree of Rosaceae (Maetzke et al. in press). The excavation is directed family (Prunus sp.), deciduous oaks ( Quercus sp.). by Prof. Gabriella Maetzke of the Antique World The identified species from the furnace are: Science Department (Tuscia University). deciduous oaks ( Quercus sp.), service tree or wild Ferento is a city of Roman origin, 8 km far from service tree (Sorbus sp.), hornbeam (Carpinus Viterbo town, which was destroyed by the inhabitants betu/us L.), evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.), and of Viterbo in 1172. The charcoals were found in a European hophornbeam ( Ostrya carpinifo/ia Scop.). layer close to the dicuman near the ancient theatre The chestnut tree and the deciduous oaks were, and thermae. They are the roof remains of two rooms and still are, traditionally used in frameworks in the probably related to the metallurgic activity of the iron Viterbo area, because of their high mechanical manufacture and are the fuel used for the furnace resistance and durability. firing. The roof collapse must be referred to the last It is more difficult to explain the use of Rosaceae life phase of the village (Xllth century) and it is species and Spart/um Junceum, which do not have connected to the escape from the site after the final structural quality. The utilization of the Rosaceae in encounter with Viterbo population. the roof was probably due to a contingent availability whilst broom could have been used for the roof covering. The charcoals of the furnace are of various Material and Methods types of woods, all considered good fuel. In particular the presence of shrubby species and The material, divided according to the layers of evergreen oaks must be pointed out, because this recovery, is constituted exclusively of fragments of occurrence might be ascribed to forests destined to charcoals. The furnace samples show a bright such supplying. aspect, clean fractures and bluish reflection; these In many of the observed samples there are are sign of an almost complete process of structural wood modifications due to the high carbonization. The roof samples show a black-brown temperatures. The alterations consist in collapses of external colour and a more opaque and powdery cell walls, micro-slits, ungluing of the compound aspect on the fractures, which are evidence of middle lamella. Large cracks are visible in the oak uncomplete carbonization (toasted samples). multiseriate parenchymatic rays. In the furnace Attempts of identification have been carried out by material the single cellular elements are not singled optical microscopy without obtaining satisfactory out any more and the cell walls of the parenchymatic results. Afterwards we tried to include some samples rays are broken, which may mean that the material in stabilising resins, but also this did not give good endured compression strength. Some alterations are results. Therefore we used Scanning Electron due to typical rheological phenomena with Microscopy (SEM), applying a slightly different dislocation of cellular elements. methodology from the standard one. In fact the charcoal samples were dehydrated as usually (Critical Point Drying Method) but they were directly Discussion metalized. SEM produced good images, from which it was possible to identify the species. The small Among the identified species only evergreen oak number of rings and the limited size of the fragments ( Q. i/eXJ can be considered representative of the do not allow for dendrochronological analysis. Mediterranean zone. All the other species belong to more mesophylic conditions. Some species are

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 210 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. representative of nowaday's landscape around the Schweingruber F.H. 1990. Microscopic Wood Anatomy. 3rd archaeological excavations (deciduous oaks), while edition. Birmesdorf WSL. 226 pp. others, even if they are not present in that zone, are Susmel L., 1950. Caratteri e riconoscimento dei principali integrating part of the typical forest vegetation of carboni di legna. L'lt. Fore Mont., 4:1-3. Viterbo's area. The presence of broom could indicate an intensive land use with frequent tree cutting and Editorial Keywords grazing. The absence of beech (Fagus sy/vatica L.) is remarkable because this species now constitutes an dendroarchaeology, anthracology, charcoal, Scanning interesting relict forest in this area. This absence Electron Microscopy (SEM), species identification, Carpinus might indicate a low availability of the species since betulus, Castanea sativa, Ostrya carpinifolia, Prunus avium, the Xllth century. Quercus i!ex, Quercus sp., Sorbus sp., Spartium junceum, In the examined charcoals, wood microstructure Ferento, Viterbo, Italy remains fundamentally unchanged after the combustion (Susmel 1950, Schweingruber 1990), http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext205.pdf Extended abstract number 205 which made possible the species diagnosis. Some rheological phenomena are recognizable, Session 2: Archaeology particularly in the furnace samples, due to the high temperature combine with gas pressure. The breakages of cell walls in the parenchymatic rays can be considered the result of this physical stress (Giordano 1984). Further interesting xylological aspects are the cell walls between close cells, which are not more distinguishable in their elementary components. This can be considered the result of wood plastic behaviour. The xylological characteristics are modified differently depending on the species and the combustion dynamics (e.g. various types of wood collapses).

Conclusion

The samples found in the archaeological city of Ferento allow for a reconstruction of the XI Ith century vegetation in that area. Most of the diagnosed species are still present at Ferento. This means that the vegetation of the Xllth century was very similar to the present one. The strong human influence can be deduced, especially with respect to grazing, which still has very visible effects in the area. Wood utilization, as a general rule, responds to technological criteria, because the species found in the roof have a good structural behaviour whilst those in the furnace have a good heating power.

References

Giordano G., 1994. Tecnologia del Legno. Vol. 1-3. UTET Torino. Maetzke G., Calaria M.E., Fronti D., Gull P., Panichi F., Patilli T., Pregagnoli S., Romagnoli G., Scaia F., Varano M. (in press). Ferento (Viterbo), indagini archeologiche nell'area urbana (1994-2000). Archeologia Medievale.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 211 Chemical elements in tree-ring patterns as related to soil chemical status in the Southern Black Forest, Germany

Jurgen Schaeffer and Klaus v.Wilpert [email protected] Forest Research Station Baden-Wuerttemberg, Dept. Soil Science and Forest Nutrition, Freiburg, Germany

Aims and Hypotheses pollution of industrial origin. Calcium and Magnesium are mass nutrients, Molybdenum is an essential The wood of trees is an ideal archive for the change trace nutrient which displays reduced plant of the "chemical climate", which is influenced by availability in the course of increasing soil industrial air pollution and soil acidification. In the acidification. Southern Black Forest the soil pH dropped by about 1-2 pH values during the last 5-7 decades. This change of soil chemical properties is influenced by Preliminary Results regional differences in deposition intensity, bedrock characteristics and landscape morphology. This The current soil chemical status can be interpreted study aims to verify the dynamics of soil acidification as spotlight-like part of the process of anthropogenic and environmental pollution using dendrochemical soil acidification. If deposition intensity was high over methods. the whole period of industrial air pollution and the buffering capacity of the soil low, we currently find high soil acidification and extensive depletion of the Material and Methods exchangea-ble base cations. In the reverse case the intensity of soil acidification is lower. The contents and ratios of metals and other Thus the current variations in soil chemical status elements in tree-ring series of old spruce trees were among the strata of our study site can be considered used for modeling the dynamics of soil acidification as a "space-for-time sample" of the acidification at landscape level in the Southern Black Forest. At history within the investigation area. The 44 investigation sites chemical soil profiles were differentiation in the intensity of soil acidification determined and cross sections of 70-150-year-old between upper slopes and the base of slopes is very spruce trees were sampled at breast-hight. high and significant (Figure 1). The investigation sites were stratified in two bedrock classes (dark and light gneiss}, two depo­ Spruce, dark Gneiss-bedrock 0 sition classes (high and low) and two morphological .. . . classes (upper and lower slope). For each factor 10 \ I I ',.~. combination at least 10 replications were sampled, \ I " ... ' 20 . ' \. thus enabling statistical evaluation. On the cross I -I sections mixed wood samples were collected along 3 'E 30 I I I \ £ I l . radii. Each wood sample integrated over 10 years. .s::: 40 I I I \...... _ • t 0.. . '\ - Thus the time series of element contents are I \ available in 10-year intervals. ~ 50 I I I I I I The wood samples were digested in HN0 at high 60 I l . 3 l I pressure. The elements Mn, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, S, Ba, I I 70 I 'I I Pb, Mo were measured with an ICP ES device with a . ·- : • I \ horizontal plasma torch. The metals Mn, Al, and Fe so 0 10 20 30 40 4.0C 4.50 5.00 are indicators for distinct phases of soil acidification. Base-saturation[%] pHH20 Manganese gets mobilized between the silicate and Aluminum buffer range (pH 6.2-4.2) whereas I-· -Base ofslope--Midclle slope - - Upper slopel dissolution of Aluminum-hydroxide is the dominant buffering process below a pH of 5.0. Iron Fig. 1: Depth profiles of base saturation and soil pH mobilization starts at a threshold of pH 3. The (average ± s) elements S, Pb and the fixation of Ba by sulfate in the soil are used as indicators for environmental

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 212 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Lower, but hypothesis-conform differences were found between bedrock- and deposition strata as well as between monocultures of spruce and mixed broadleaved/coniferous stands. The dendrochemical study was restricted to pure spruce stands. Figure 1 shows that the upper slopes of sites on dark gneiss bedrocks reached the aluminum buffer range with pH values < 4.2 within the main rooting zone (0-40cm), whereas at the slope bases nearly no example was found with such low pH values. There most of the sites should be in or near the manganese mobilization phase. We expect that the dendrochemical analyses will show at the latter collective high manganese contents in the relatively young wood, whereas the cross sections of upper slopes and of areas with high deposition rates should display high manganese concentrations in the old wood, replaced in the younger wood by high aluminum contents. The sulfur content of the wood should be a good indicator for deposition intensity because in the bed-rocks of the region sulfur is only found as a trace component. The ability of sulfate to withdraw barium from the soil solution by forming the insoluble compound barium­ sulfate is the reason why barium can also be used as an indicator for early stages of air pollution. We expect a more pronounced differentiation between the strata of the dendrochemical material than between the soil chemical strata, because the dendrochemical analysis includes the temporal dynamics of the acidification process.

Implications for Further Research

In combination with soil chemical investigations, the results of dendrochemical analyses allow us to model the dynamics of soil acidification under the influence of acid and nitrogen atmospheric input. This is one of the most important preconditions for calibrating dynamic soil models such as the SAFE model, which are suitable tools for ecosystem prognosis.

Editorial Keywords

soil chemistry, elemental analysis, acid deposition, dendro­ chemical methods, dendroecology, Picea sp., Southern Black Forest, Germany

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext107.pdf Extended abstract number 107

Session 3: Air pollution and environmental chemistry

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 213 Emissions of power plants and growth of silver fir

Wolfram Elling [email protected] University ofApplied Sciences Weihenstephan, Department of Forestry, Freising, Germany

Introduction petrochemical establishments was built. Two big power plants (together 2000 MW capacity) used heavy oil with

Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is known to be more a sulfur content of about 2%. The emission of S02 sensitive to S02 than other tree species. Because began at the end of 1963 and reached its highest of its sensitivity it can be considered as an values 1976 (R. Elling 2000, Fig. 2b). In the 1980s the excellent bioindicator for S02 dominated air output diminished. In 1978, the Bavarian Forest pollution (Wentzel 1980). Damage and decline of Administration established plots about 27-30 km fir ("Tannensterben") has been controversially northeast from these power plants for monitoring fir discussed for 150 years. New evidences have decline (Kelheim/Randeckerirlach). At this time no tree been gathered in the recent past, which show that could be classified as healthy and the foresters were the Central European fir decline is promoted by a hardly hopeful that the silver fir will survive at all. In complex of causes, in which S02-imission plays a 1999 trees were selected there and sampled for tree­ crucial role (Elling 1993, Ellenberg 1996). ring analyses. In regions with high S07 pollution it is not possible to separate the influence of background level immissions from immissions of local emittents. But if in regions with previously low 3 E 2 levels of air pollution new power plants start g operation, impacts on fir can be recorded excellently by dendrochronological methods. Two I ·E"' examples are given below. 0.3 0.2

Material and Methods

Penzberg The power plant of Penzberg located at the northern border of the Bavarian Alps was operated between 1951 and 1971. Although it was small (only 39 MW capacity) a considerable quantity of

S02 was emitted (Fig. 1c) because of the high sulphur content of the local coal used there (4.5- 8%). The power plant was built at an altitude of 600 m a.s.l. with a stack height of 100 m (Elling et al. 1999). In a mixed stand of Norway spruce and silver fir (Bad Tolz/Blomberg), about 9 km eastward of the power plant and at an altitude of 1000 m a.s.l., cores were taken from 20 dominant trees of each species. For comparison also one stand about 30 km apart from the Penzberg power plant was investigated (Mittenwald/Hinterer Schartenkopf). 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 year lngolstadt Fig. 1: Tree-ring widths of silver fir at two different distances to In connection with a new oil pipeline near the Penzberg Power Station and SOrEmission of this power lngolstadt (Danube) a complex of refineries and station.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 214 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Results Discussion and Conclusions

Penzberg SOTdominated immissions caused by the burning of Tree-ring widths of the Norway spruce stand coal and heavy oil, respectively, result in clearly near the power plant of Penzberg show no detectable reductions of the cambial activity of silver fir. reaction. At fir however, a distinct growth This is expressed by strong growth depressions up to depression can be seen, beginning between 1953 the appearance of missing rings and dieback.

and 1956 and ending 1971 in the same year as The impact of S02 plays an important role in a the emissions of the Penzberg power plant complex of causes, leading to damage and decline of

stopped (Fig. 1b). Within the growth depression silver fir. lmmissions of S02 and heavy winter frost in missing rings were detected by crossdating in two 1956 worked in a synergistic way at Bad Tolz/Blomberg. of the firs. Fir reacted by small tree rings in 1956 and also 1957. At the stand about 30 km apart from the On the contrary, at the unpolluted stand Penzberg power plant no depression of growth can Mittenwald/Hinterer Schartenkopf radial growth of fir be recognized (Fig. 1a). This stand is located decreased only slightly in 1956 and cambial activity of within the Alps, behind some mountain ranges, all trees recovered in 1957.

has similar site conditions and the same altitude The impact of S02 also triggers attacks of parasitic (1000 m a.s.l.) as the affected stand. fungi on the roots of fir. Destruction of roots leads to an increased sensitivity to water stress. Healthy firs on the lngolstadt contrary are not drought sensitive (Elling 1993). Tree rings show an extensive depression of Because of the long-distance transport of air growth, beginning 1966 and lasting until the end pollution S02 can also affect silver fir far from emission of the 1980s, clearly following the development of sources (Elling 1993). This had to be considered in the the S02 emissions (R. Elling 2000, Fig. 2). Two of discussion around the Central European fir decline. the 10 surviving trees reacted by missing rings. Since the 1980s at all these firs signs of regeneration can be seen. References

Ellenberg H. 1996. Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen. 5. Aufl .. E. Ulmer, Stuttgart (pp. 376-378) Elling R. 2000. Reaktionen der Tanne auf Belastung durch Schwefeldioxid an einem Beispiel im Raum Kelheim. Facharbeit Camerloher-Gymnasium Freising, 31 pp. Elling W. 1993. lmmissionen im Ursachenkomplex von Tannenschadigung und Tannensterben. Alig. Forst-Z. 48:87-95 Elling W., Bretschneider M., Schwarzfischer Ch. 1999. Zuwachsdepression an Tannen durch Schwefel-Emissionen. Alig. Forst-Z. 54:896-898 Wentzel K.F. 1980. WeiBtanne = immissionsempfindlichste heimische Baumart. Alig. Forst-Z. 35:373-37 4

Editorial Keywords

bioindication, fir decline, power plant, ring width, growth 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000 year depression, S02 immissions, winter frost, Abies alba, 1111111 total emission 1963: start of operation Penzberg, lngolstadt, Bavarian Alps, Germany D interpolated emission http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/ext25.pdf Fig. 2: Tree-ring widths of silver fir near lngolstadt Extended abstract number 25

(Danube) and S02-Emissions of the petrol refineries of lngolstad between 1963 and 1999 (after R. Elling Session 3: Air pollution and environmental chemistry 2000).

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 215 Tree-ring width wavelet analysis of solar variability and climatic effects on a Chilean cypress during the last two and a half millennia

Daniel J.R. Nordemann 1, N.R. Rigozo 1, E. Echer 1, LE.A. Vieira 1 and A. Zanandrea 2 [email protected] 1: lnstituto Naciona! de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, Sao .Jose dos Campos, Brazil 2: IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Parafba - UNIVAP, Sao .Jose dos Campos, Brazil

Introduction Results

A case study of solar variability and climatic effects The original series shows a drastic decrease of the was performed on a Chilean cypress tree (ca. 565 growth rate at about 120 AD. The wavelet analysis AC-1991 AD) ring-width time series. The wavelet on the detrended series evidences a strong period of analysis was used to evidence the evolution of the 530 yr, sparse periodicities with variable amplitudes main periodicities embedded in this time series. for periods between 530 yr and 11 yr. The expected Results of comparisons with solar activity and periodicity at about 11 yr (of possible solar origin) climatic indicators are also presented. appears only sparsely. Periodicities between 2 to 5 yr clearly appear in the El-Nino domain only after the growth decrease at 120 AD. Material and Methods The direct comparison between the tree growth time series studied and known climatic indicator A study of solar variability and climatic effects was related to solar activity (14C) between 1000 AD and performed by wavelet analysis on the tree ring width 1900 AD evidenced the approximate record of the time series obtained from a 2556-yr old cypress tree main cold events of the second millennium (Wolf, (Rtzroya cupressoides) sampled in 1991 (Costa del Sporer, Maunder and Dalton), with the tendency of Osorno, Chile; Lat.: 40°S; Long.: 73°50'W; Alt.: global colder intervals favoring faster growth rate. 1000 m). Due to their importance for society and history, such An image of a polished section of this tree was possible cold or warm intervals are also being looked scanned by one of the authors (N.R. Rigozo) at the for in the growth series outside of the above Department of Botany, University of Chile at Santiago comparison interval. (with Dr Aravena's kind support). The tree ring width For the 1700-to-present interval for which the time series obtained from this image (Rigozo 1998, International Sunspot Number time series (SIDC, Rigozo and Nordemann 1999) was examined to 2001) is available as an indicator of solar activity, a study the record of some global climatic events and wavelet cross correlation between annual sunspot processed by wavelet analysis to detect the main numbers and tree ring widths was performed to study periodicities and their evolution associated to solar the evolution of their correlation coefficient (energy energy emission variability effects which may affect transmission) and relative phase difference (time tree growth. response). The phase results seems to evidence The wavelet transform is a powerful tool to very complex temporal changes in Space-Earth analyze non-stationary signals which permits the relations. identification of main periodicities in a time series and the evolution of their respective amplitude, frequency and phase. The wavelet transform of a Conclusions discrete data series is defined as the convolution between the data series and a scaled/translated The 2556-yr ring-width time series studied gave version of a chosen wavelet function. By varying the several interesting results on solar variability and wavelet time scale and interval, it is possible to climatic effects. Modern computational and construct a picture showing the amplitude variations mathematical tools are very useful for such studies, for every periodicity. In this work, the complex Morlet which should be performed on many more samples wavelet analysis was used because it is the most from other locations, especially in the Southern adequate to detect variations in the periodicities of hemisphere. geophysical signals along time scales. The Morlet wavelet is a sine wave modulated by a classical gaussian function.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 216 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. References

Rigozo N.R. 1998. Registros da atividade solar e de outros fen6menos geoffsicos em aneis de arvores. Thesis (Doctorate in Space Geophysics) - lnstituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE (Brazil). Rigozo, N.R. and Nordemann D.J.R 1999. Solar activity records in tree-rings. Revista Geoffsica - lnstituto Panamericano de Geograffa e Historia (Mexico), 50, 163-170. SIDC (Sunspot Index data Center). International Sunspot Number: yearly sunspot number. http://sidc.oma.be/index.php3. 2001.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank FAPESP for research support (Projects 97/14063-0, 98/04732-4, 98/16094-2, 99/03625-2 and 99/07221-3) and CNPq for research fellowship (Project 30 .0031/94. 7).

Editorial Keywords ring width, wavelet analysis, solar energy emission, Araucaria angustifo!ia, Brazil http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext8.pdf Extended abstract number 8

Session 4: Climatology

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 217 Dendrochonological evidence of long-term variations in solar activity and climate

O.M. Raspopov 1, V.A. Dergachev , 0.1. Shumilov, T. Kolstrom 4, M. Lindholm 4, J. Merilainen 4, 6. Eggertsson 5, S.S. Vasiliev 2, A.V. Kuzmin 6, I.Yu Kirtsidely 1, E.A. Kasatkina 1, 3 [email protected] 1: SPbF IZMIRAN, St.-Petersburg, Russia 2: /offe Physico-Technical Institute, St.-Petersburg, Russia 3: Polar Geophysical Institute, Apatity, Russia 4: University ofJoensuu, Joensuu, An/and 5: Lund University, Sweden 6: Polar Botanic Garden-Institute, Kirovsk, Russia

Introduction that amplitudes of primary spectral components are The relationship between tree-ring width and modulated by a 2,400-year periodicity (Fig. 2). To variations m solar activity has been reliably separate the well-known -90- and 22-23-year perio­ established in numerous studies on trees growing in dicities of solar activity, we made a spectral analysis critical climatic conditions,. Dendrochonological and of the 350-year ring-width data from the Northern other paleoclimatic data indicate that the most timberline on the Kola Peninsula (Rg. 3). It showed pronounced effect of variations in solar activity on many spectral components, including -90- and -23- climate is observed for solar processes with periodi­ year periodicities. cities of 20 years and more. The aim of this work U) :z was to demonstrate the existence of long-term 0 variations in solar activity and climate by using tree­ ~ 0.4 a:: ring data. ;; 0.3 :z 0 0.2 Data and Methods ....~ 0.1 ffi 0.0 {.) We carried out the spectral analysis of the content of :z 0 radiocarbon for the last 8,000 years measured in {.) .$,> -0.2 rings of trees of known age (Stuiver and Becker

2400y bandpass filtering for periods of 210 and 2,400 years n Discussion The bi-spectral analysis allows one to reveal not only primary periodicities, but also the interrelationship between separate harmonics. In our case, bi-spectral analysis has shown that periods of 940, 570, 360, 230, and 190 years result from generation of combinatory frequencies by interaction of the 2,400- year oscillation with other primary periodicities. The 1,200-year spectral component is the second harmo­ FREQUENCY (cycto/yoal") Fig. 1: Normalised power spectral density of Li14C concen­ nic of the main 2,400-year periodicity of solar activi­ tration variations during the Holocene. Dotted lines are ty. The existence of harmonics and combinatory fre­ confidence levels. The numbers near peaks are the quencies, besides the primary periodicities related to periodicities in the years. the solar activity, in the radiocarbon spectrum suggests that the effect of solar activity and Some harmonics are interrelated. Bi-spectral ana­ variability on terrestrial environment and climate has lysis showed that periodicities of 2,400, 720, 420, a non-linear nature (Rg. 2). Modulation of the 210- and 210 years are primary. The 2400-year cycle has year oscillation amplitude by 2,400-year periodicities a solar origin and determines a corresponding varia­ is the physical visual manifestation of interaction tion in climate. By using bandpass filtering, we found between 210- and 2,400-year periodicities.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 218 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Patagonia (about 50,000 years ago). Approximately u;- !:: z 400-450-year periodicity is demonstrated by :, Vo w Pine Sy/vestrls (Kola Peninsula) T"' 88 yr variation in the number of logs lifted from lake sediments near a high-latitude timberline in Central 5w 2vo e:. 45 Sweden (the number of logs varies with changes in ~ z the lake level). About 700-year periodicity was also w"' C observed in parameters of lake sediments (magnetic ...J ....c2 susceptibility). The 2300-2400-year climate 0 w c.. periodicity is typical of the Holocene period. a:: w"' is: 0 c.. Conclusions _1 FREGUENCY 0.00 0.05 0 CYCLES/YEAR Various methods of spectral analysis of concen­ PERIOD YEARS 20 10 14 u;- v1-vo tration of C in tree rings for the last 8,000 !::: z ::, 35 Patagonia tree-ring series years and variations in tree-ring width (AR) on the w 2Vo [Roig·etal. 2000) 2: 48 Northern and Southern timberline for the last Vo\. V1· 5w 88 23,6 several hundred years allowed us to reveal long­ !!:. ~- j::: .J, term climatic variations corresponding to long­ u.> z w term oscillations in solar activity: 2,400, 720, C ...J 420, 210, 90, and 22-23 years . ~ ... In addition, spectra of 14C and AR contain wu en"- a:: combinatory frequencies or harmonics of w ~ periodicies with larger amplitudes, i.e., 2400 "- years for 14C and 90 years for AR. This points to 0,1 0,2 FREGUENCY CYCLES/YEAR the non-linear effect of solar activity on the Figure 3. Power spectral density of the tree-ring width system: solar radiation (plus indirect influence of variations on the Northern timberline in Kola peninsula (A), cosmic rays) - atmosphere - ocean - continent. and on the Southern timberline in Patagonia (C). The Spectra of tree-ring width for the Northern and confidence level (0,95) is shown in Figures (A) and (C). Southern timberline clearly demonstrate the exis­ [Figure 38 (Finnish Lapland) was left out in this version.] tence of a 30-35-year climatic periodicity (Bruckner cycle), which manifests itself in many The non-linear nature of the effect of solar activity terrestrial archives. Our results show that the on climatic parameters is clearly demonstrated by Bruckner cycle can be interpreted as resulting the results of spectral analysis of variations in tree from the non-linear effect of solar activity on ring widths at the Northern timberline on the Kola terrestrial environment. peninsula (Fig. 3A). Spectral 18- and 33-year There is a vast amount of evidence in terrestrial components are combinatory frequencies of primary archives of long-term climatic changes corres­ 90- and 23-year periodicities of solar activity. ponding to Jong-term periodicities of solar Spectra of variations in ring width (AR) on the Kola activity. peninsula are very similar to that for Scandinavia (Fig. 38) and for the Southern timberline in Patagonia References (Roig et al. 2000) (Fig. 3C). Only the spectrum of AR Lamb H.H. 1972. Climate: Present, Past and Future. for Patagonia exhibits a pronounced extreme at 45- London, Methuen, 612 pp. 48 years, which is a second harmonic of the primary Roig F.A. et al. 2000. A 1,229-year tree-ring record from 90-year periodicity. A periodicity of 30-35 years in lake Pleistocene in Southern Chili. Book of Abstracts. climatic processes clearly manifests itself in other Intern. Conf. on Dendrochronology for the 3rd millenium, paleoclimatic data as well (Lamb 1972) and is known 2-7 April 2000, Mendoza, Argentina. as the Bruckner cycle. Our data allow us to interpret Stuiver M. and Becker B. 1993. High precision decadal cali­ a climatic Bruckner cycle as resulting from the non­ bration of the radiocarbon time scale AD 1950-6000 linear effect of solar activity on terrestrial BC. Radiocarbon 35: 35-65. environment. Editorial Keywords Modern methods of analysis of data from terrestrial archives, including dendrochronological, ring width, 14C concentration, solar activity, dendrochrono­ logical dating, spectral analysis, Holocene, Kola peninsula allow us to extract the palaeoclimatic information related to solar activity. The -90-year variations in http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext33.pdf the tree-ring width of the Northern timber line (Kola Extended abstract number 33 Peninsula) and the Southern timber line (Patagonia) were demonstrated above. The 200-year periodicity Session 4: Climatology was observed in variations of tree-ring data from

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 219 Tree-ring stable carbon isotopes of Siberian larch as indicators of changing atmospheric CO 2 and humidity

Victor I. Voronin 1, Gerhard Hans Schleser 2, Gerhard Helle 2 [email protected] 1: Siberian Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry ofplants SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russia 2: Research Center .Juelich, Isotope Geochemistry and Paleoclimate Research, .Juelich, Germany

Introduction During this period the 13C-content increased drastically. Stable carbon isotopes (13C/12C) in tree rings are The tree-ring o13C decline documents the changes important proxies for the study of natural and anthro­ in atmospheric CO 2 induced by fossil fuel burning pogeneous processes. The photosynthetic uptake of and deforestation since -1850 AD. According to the

CO2 via stomates of the leaves leads to a steadily increasing CO 2 concentration of the atmos­ 13 13 fractionation of the carbon isotopes of atmospheric phere, releasing C depleted CO 2, the tree-ring o C CO 2 and thus the cPC-value of plant organic matter values of the last 150 years cannot be compared is strongly depleted in 13C. The isotopic fractionation with the previous, pre-industrial data unless is predominantly controlled by two factors: corrected accordingly. The corrections applied are

(1) the diffusion of CO 2 through the stomates and based on measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concen­ 13 the transport to the chloroplasts; and tration and its o C02 derived from ice cores and (2) the discrimination of 13C by the enzyme direct measurements. (Rubisco). Since the aperture of stomates is controlled by environmental factors, the discrimination of the -20,5 J I I carbon isotopes should reflect the environmental -.13C/1~-13Ctl2:CCOO'eded -21,0 I ! conditions in the vicinity of a tree. -21,5

J ·22.0 =~ -22,5 Material and Methods -23,0

·23,5 We sampled cores of five Siberian larch trees from a -24,0 site 40 km to the west of Irkutsk. The sampled trees -24,5+--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-l were 200-320 years of age. Stable carbon isotope 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 ratios of whole wood material were analysed with an Time (Years AO) isotope ratio mass-spectrometer (IRMS, Micromass Fig. 1: The 8 13C chronology derived from Irkutsk larch trees OPTIMA) at the Research Center Juelich (ICG-4), from 1680 to 1998. For the last 200 years corrections Germany. All isotope data are reported in the have been applied to eliminate the effects of declining o 13 notation, with the abundance ratio of a plant sample, atmospheric 8 C0 2 and increasing {£02 on tree-ring 13 12 carbon isotope ratios. Rp = ( C02/ C02)p, related to a reference, Rref = 13 12 13 ( C0 / C0 )ret given in %0: o Cp (Rp - Rret)/Rret .x 13 2 2 = A correction of the changing o C0 source value 103 2 is commonly accepted, whereas the question to what

extent changing {£02 influences plant isotopic discrimination is under discussion. In our case, we Results adopted a moderate {£02 correction of 0.073%o/10ppm, an effect derived from greenhouse The results show that the o13C-values of wood for the experiments with oak trees. last three hundred years (1680-1998 AD) vary considerably within a range of -20.4 to -24.0 °loo (Fig. 1). Discussion and Conclusions Since the beginning of the last century, cPC­ values have decreased continuously until the mid- After correction, a distinct, almost cyclic increase in 1980s. This long-term shift was superimposed by a 13C over the last 250 years can be observed, which counteracting process during the last two decades. probably reflects the rising dryness in the sampling

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 220 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. region. Linear regression with precipitation data of the Irkutsk weather station revealed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.44) between tree-ring o13C and precipitation amount. Spectral analysis has revealed most significant cycles of the stable carbon isotope ratios. Cycles of 20 and 5-6 years are well expressed and close to solar activity cycles. This is in accordance with cycles of changing humidity conditions of 10-13 and 5-6 years (Drozdov and Grigorjeva 1971). Thus, stable carbon isotope variations in wood reflect changing humidity conditions in the Irkutsk region.

References

Drozdov O.A., Grigorjeva A.S. 1971. Long-term cyclic fluctuations of atmospheric precipitation in the USSR. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 158 pp (in Russian).

Editorial Keywords

carbon isotopes, atmospheric CO2, precipitation, Larix sibirica, Siberia, Russia

http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext82.pdf Extended abstract number 82

Session 4: Climatology

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 221 Preliminary reconstructions from 1750-1991 for May-August maximum and minimum temperatures and the diurnal temperature range for interior British Columbia

Rob J.S. Wilson and Brian H. Luckman [email protected] University of Western Ontario, Department of Geography, London, Ontario, Canada

Introduction Materials and Methods

In general, there has been a world-wide decrease in Figure 1 shows the locations of the 12 ring-width the diurnal temperature range (DTR) since the 1950s (RW) and 7 maximum density chronologies (MXD) (Dai et al. 1999). This recent decrease in DTR, which Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) from is observed in both the Yukon and the southern southern British Columbia used in the current study. Canadian Cordillera (Skinner and Gullet 1993), has The chronologies were sampled at or near upper been shown to be related to an increase in night-time tree-line for the sole purpose of developing a minimum temperature that exceeds the increase in temperature reconstruction for the region. The age daytime maximum temperatures (Easterling et al. related trend in the RW data was detrended by taking 1997). In most regions of the northern hemisphere, ratios from fitted negative exponential functions or the DTR decrease over recent decades coincides regression lines of negative or zero slope. The MXD with an increase in total cloud cover and cloud cover data were detrended using residuals from negative or is often cited as the likely cause for the observed zero slope regression functions. DTR decrease (Dai et al. 1999). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to The objective of the present study is to assess reduce the 19 chronologies to three orthogonal the possibility of reconstructing both maximum and modes of variation with an eigenvalue > 1.0. The minimum temperatures for the southern British PCA was undertaken over the period 1750-1991. Columbia (BC) region. If such reconstructions are The use of this period required a relaxation of the possible, then it will be possible to assess the 0.85 EPS signal strength criterion, and only uniqueness of recent changes in DTR in a longer chronologies with 5 or more radii were used in the term context. analysis. This period was selected to ensure that the longest possible reconstruction was developed from these data. Figure 2 presents the eigenvector scores.

/) r------,-3 ·I 2 a,Revelstoke ~avilionMt. ,w ...t:~/ 0 Cornwall Hills KamloO""~ -1 [j ffi ,-- # Park Mt.If' [j -2 Ill l( -3 Mt.Chuwells \~ Meadow Mt. ~ 3---!----~------r-~ a, Vernon ~I [j . If 8 2 K lKas/o "' ~ 1! 0 .f-; [jBig White ;, Kokanee [j ): Cranbrook ! -J-Wrffi.!..rti\fir1il:tf#JAM ~ -1 Zurn Peak Ill \ Summer/and l\ '\1. EB -~ -2 EB ~ \\ "' -3-+------'------+- 4 Princeton Old Glory '\:, Creston 3 Ill Mt.Baldy Ill ffi -- ·~Kootenayi>ass - -· 2 .. ~'" ·- 1 ); 0 Harts Pass f--:---.---;:.-rridl::::Jl'll\l---1----Wrfl---'-4~-lf\rl-- l 111 -1 ...... ,~-~--~-~--~--~--+--2 0 50 100 EB Meteorological station 1760 1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000 ,. I II RWdata km.. Calendar Year [j MXD and RW data Rg. 1: Location map of Engelmann spruce tree-ring sites Fig. 2: Eigenvector scores. PC1 is dominated solely by the and climate stations. MXD data, while PC2 and PC3 are derived from RW data. Note that only two RW chronologies load upon PC3.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 222 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Simple correlation analysis was performed temporal stability of the models was assessed and between the three PC scores and monthly values of all statistics were passed at the 95% confidence regional representative series for maximum and limit. The reconstructions are presented in Figure 4. minimum temperatures. These regional temperature data were developed from 8 stations regularly 26 spaced through southern BC (Fig 1). The recons­ 25 24 tructions of maximum and minimum temperatures 23 and the DTR were developed using multiple linear 22 21 regression. The three PC scores were lagged at t, t+1 and t-1 to ensure the modelling of the affect of E 10 ~ :, 9 previous years climate upon growth. A stringent ~ 8 stepwise procedure was used (F-to-enter = 0.01; F-to­ "'0. E 7 remove = 0.05) to ensure that multicollinearity in the I-"' final model was minimised. 15 14

13 Results 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Calendar Years The PC-climate correlation results are presented in Figure 3. PC1 shows highest correlations with March Fig. 4: May-August reconstruction of maximum and to August maximum temperatures (not July) and PC2 minimum temperatures and the DTR. correlates most strongly with June/July maximum temperatures. PC1 and PC2 correlate similarly with minimum temperatures for the same months, but Discussion and Conclusion more weakly. PC3 correlates negatively with February­ August minimum temperatures (not April) of the As trends of temperature vary between nighttime and current year and negatively with previous years June­ daytime in the 20th century, the preliminary September minimum temperatures. There is only a reconstructions presented in this study will be weak relationship between PC3 and February/March invaluable to benchmark recent climate change in maximum temperatures. southern BC in a longer term context. Although the recent decrease in the DTR since the 1950s is well ====------;::;--, 0.70 Qpc1 maximum o.so documented, our work shows that the DTR was in II pc1 minimum . 0 30 0.10 fact lower during the early 19th century. Future work 1----...... --.-,------'-~.-...... -..--...... _--1 -0.10 in the southern Canadian Cordillera will aim to -0.30 '------0.so produce similar reconstructions from neighbouring M>.Yp JUN:, JIJt.p ... ucp Se:Pp OCTP NOVp oe:::, JA.N FEB MAR APR lll\Y JUN JUL AUC SI;? regions (e.g. the Rocky Mountains) using comparable ""o=p=c2=m=ax=;m=um=,------, 0.70 o.so data sets to verify the results presented in this II pc2 minimum , 0 30 study. 0.10 1------....-..--____ ...... _...,.,___-'-'-t -0.10 -0.30 '------~-0.50 References ====------,------0.70 a pc3 maximum o.so Dai A., Trenberth K.E. and Karl T.R. 1999. Journal of a pc3 minimum . 0 30 Climate 12:2451-2473. 0.10 1--...... ,__. ______..,.,.....,,....,..._...... -...... _,,,,.---.,,---; .0.10 Easterling D.R. and Co-authors. 1997. Science 277: 364- -0.30 '------0.so 367. ------Skinner W.R. and Gullett D.W. 1993. Climatological Bulletin 27(2): 63-77. Fig. 3: Significant (95%) correlations between the PC scores and monthly values of maximum and minimum temperatures. Analysis period: 1895-1991. Editorial Keywords dendroclimatology, climate reconstruction, temperature, May-August seasons of maximum and minimum diurnal temperature range, Picea engelmannii, British temperatures and the DTR were reconstructed Columbia, Canada explaining 64%, 39% and 40% respectively of the http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext184.pdf climate variance. The models have no multicollinea­ Extended abstract number 184 rity problems and there is no significant auto­ correlation in their residual series. Using a standard Session 4: Climatology split period calibration and verification approach, the

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 223 Dendroclimatological spring rainfall reconstruction within an inner Alpine dry valley

Walter Oberhuber and Werner Kofler [email protected] University ofInnsbruck, Institute of Botany, Innsbruck, Austria

Introduction Spring rainfall was used to calibrate the ring-width chronology. The calibration was based on bivariate Although precipitation does not play a major role in linear regression. The simplest regression model, controlling tree growth in the Alps, at some extreme which involved the prediction of climate in year t sites in inner Alpine dry valleys precipitation at the through a transfer function involving tree growth from start of the growing season has been found to year tonly (residual ring-width chronology), accounted become significantly limiting to tree growth (Lingg for the highest amount of spring precipitation 1986; Kienast et al. 1987; Oberhuber et al. 1998). variance over a 87-yr fitting period. The ?- actj of the Therefore, the aim of this study was to reconstruct full model is 0.30 (p<0.001), i.e. 30% of the spring spring precipitation within the inner Alpine dry valley rainfall variability during the period of verification is of the upper Inn in Tyrol (Austria), which stretches captured. Although the percentage of explained about 100 km west of Innsbruck to Pfunds at the variance might be regarded as rather low, the Swiss borderline, and to evaluate rainfall examination of the observed and predicted spring heterogeneity, both along the dry valley and at the rainfall from this model indicated that the calibration northern side of the Alps. equation simulated both high-frequency and low­ frequency variability very well. During several decades from 1780s to 1850s Study Site and Methods spring rainfall anomalies have been reconstructed, which show precipitation deficiencies ~20% Several Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) chronologies compared to the long-term mean from 1911-1997, were developed according to standard dendrochrono­ which is 195 ±41 mm. Rainfall deficiencies logical techniques at drought prone sites along the determined in 1788, 1806, 1819, 1832, 1834, dry valley of the upper Inn, having a relatively 1865 and 1885 are documented by historical continental climate with mean annual rainfall during records except for the two earliest years, where 1911-1995 ranging from 663 mm (Nauders) to documentation might be incomplete. On the other 902 mm (Innsbruck) and spring being the driest hand, devastating floods, wet and/or cold springs season in more than 30% of years. The are recorded at the northern side of the Alps in reconstructed spring rainfall was compared with local 1780, 1782, 1821, 1853 and 1910 (Fliri 1998), documentary climate records (Fliri 1998) and an which correspond to reconstructed rainfall anomalies independent spring rainfall reconstruction from the in these years. northern side of the Swiss Alps, which is based on The time series of reconstructed spring rainfall historical weather indices (Pfister 1993). back to A.D. 1724 was compared with an independent reconstruction of spring rainfall, which is valid for the northern side of the Swiss Alps Results and Discussion (Pfister 1993) and is primarily based on an extensive evaluation of historical weather and phenological Results of response function and correlation records. Although the correlation coefficient between analyses show that precipitation during spring (April­ the two reconstructions is small (r=0.195; n=266), a June) is the dominant growth-limiting climate factor high agreement in low-frequency climate variability at selected sites and climatic variables account for during most part of the spring rainfall reconstruction 49 to 56% of the annual variance in ring width. (1732-1981) is seen (Fig. 1). Synchronisation statistics (Gleichlaufigkeit, t-value) between all chronologies are significant at p<0.001, which indicates that the reconstruction can be regarded as being valid for the entire dry section of the upper Inn valley analysed in this study.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 224 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 3 Editorial Keywords

2 ~ dendroclimatology, climate reconstruction, precipitation, C -~ Pinus sy/vestris, Inn valley, Tyroler Alps, Austria "'C .:: http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/ abstracts/ ext17 6. pdf fr 0 "Cl Extended abstract number 176 a, N ~ .. -1 Session 4: Climatology "Cl ..C iii -2 dry

-3-t-r-r--,--,-,--,--r-,--,--r-,--,--,-,-..,.-,-,-..,.....,--,-..,....,.-,-.,....,.-,-.,..--! 1720 1760 1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000 Year Fig. 1: Comparison of reconstructed spring rainfall for the inner Alpine dry valley of the upper Inn (thick line) with historical weather indices from Switzerland (thin line, Pfister 1993) during the period A.D. 1732-1981. Both curves represent z-transformed 13-yr weighted running means. Periods with corresponding multi-decadal trend of spring precipitation last from approximately 1755 to 1862 and 1919 to 1981.

Conclusion

Results of this study encourage us to extend the existing chronologies further back in time and to collect additional stands at drought prone sites within inner Alpine dry valleys to be able to analyse more rigorously the temporal and spatial patterns of rainfall variance.

References

Fliri F. 1998. Naturchronik von Tirol. Beitrage zur Klimato­ graphie von Tirol. Innsbruck: Universitatsverlag Wagner, 370 pp Kienast F., Schweingruber F.H., Braeker O.U., Schaer E. 1987. Tree-ring studies on conifers along ecological gradients and the potential of single-year analyses. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:683-696 Lingg W. 1986. Dendrookologische Studien an Nadel­ baumen im alpinen Trockental Wallis (Schweiz). Mitteilungen Eidgenossische Anstalt Forstliches Versuchswesen 62:331-466 Oberhuber W., Stumbock M., Kofler W. 1998. Climate-tree­ growth relationships of Scots pine stands (Pinus sylvestris L.) exposed to soil dryness. Trees 13:19-27 Pfister C. 1993. Historical weather indices from Switzerland. IGBP Pages/World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology, Data Contribution Series # 93-027. NOAA/NGDC, Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 225 Changing relationship between spruce and fir over the last 500 years: Implications for climatic reconstruction in the lower Bavarian Forest, Germany

Rob J.S. Wilson [email protected] University of Western Ontario, Department of Geography, London, Ontario, Canada

Introduction Methods Two 500-year-old chronologies of Norway spruce Standard chronologies for each individual site (living (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Silver fir (Abies alba Mill) and historical) for both species were developed. The have been developed using living and historical age related trend was removed by subtracting a fixed material from the Lower Bavarian Forest region in 150-year cubic smoothing spline function through the southern Germany (Wilson 2000a; see Figure 1). As raw data. The variance of the resultant residuals was conifers, sampled below ca. 700 m a.s.l. in this stabilised using an adaptive power transform region, show a reasonable positive signal with approach (Cook and Peters 1997). For each site, the spring/summer precipitation (Dittmar and Elling detrended series were averaged together using a 1999), these living/historical composite chrono­ biweight robust mean and chronology variance was logies were developed with the sole aim of further stabilised using techniques described by attempting a dendroclimatic reconstruction of Osborn et al. (1997). For each species, the final precipitation for the region. standard site chronologies were averaged together to Using a combined master chronology of both the develop a composite living/historical series spruce and fir data, a preliminary reconstruction of (Figure 2). March-August precipitation (explaining 39% of the climatic variance) has been developed for the region (Wilson 2000b). The species data were combined to improve the signal strength quality in the final predictor chronology, but due to forest decline effects, the fir data were truncated after 1960. This study, however, quantifies that the growth/climate relationship in the fir data is not time stable and that in the future they should not be included in the predictor data for dendroclimatic reconstruction ~------·-.. ·--····-·----·---- 0.25 purposes. 1SCXl 1sso 1ro:J 16S'.l 1100 11so 1aoo 1eso 1soo 1950 2!XlO Calendar Year

Fig. 2: Composite spruce and fir chronologies. Note the post 1960s decline and recovery in the fir data.

The temporal stability of the signals in both the spruce and fir data were quantified using three approaches: 1. Assessment of their common signal using moving 30 year correlation windows. 2. The absolute year to year difference was calculated between the two species series. The chronologies were first normalised over their whole period and a difference series (spruce - fir) calculated. A moving 30-year standard Fig. 1: Location of the region where living/historical deviation window was used to assess the samples were taken. strength of year to year variance through time. 3. A moving 30-year window (lagged by 5 years) regression technique was used to assess the temporal stability of each species as a potential

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 226 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. predictor variable. For each regression model, (not shown) show statistically time stable regression the species chronologies were lagged at t, t+1 models throughout the 20th century. and t-1 and were regressed against March­ August precipitation. The change in model r2 and Discussion and Conclusion predictor regression coefficients was assessed. During the 20th century, the relationship between fir and spring/summer precipitation is not time stable. Results This is due, in part, to forest decline effects after Figure 3 (A) shows that the co-variation between the 1960 in the fir data. However, it is apparent that spruce and fir chronologies varies over time. The 20th over the last 500 years, the relationship between fir century divergence in common signal due to forest and spruce has also varied. Fir growth explains a decline in fir is clearly seen. However, there are reasonable amount of the precipitation variance other periods where the common signal appears (>30%) in the early 20th century. This also coincides weak (1570-1630, 1680-1725, 1775-1825, with the high correlations between spruce and fir for 1850-1900). this period. It is hypothesised that for those periods Figure 3 (B) presents a 30-year running standard where the between species correlation is high, the fir deviation calculated from the difference series. The data also express a similar growth-climate periods of high year to year variance compare with relationship to spruce. Therefore, during the periods those periods where co-variation is low between the 1570-1630, 1680-1725, 1775-1825 and 1850- series. 1900, as the between species correlation is low, the climate signal in the fir data is weak or non-existent, and therefore should not be included in a dendroclimatic reconstruction of spring/summer :: ~ f<,.;,~---· precipitation in the region. g 02 V ~ i O r--,c~==.,...----, References fl " Cook E.R. and Peters K. 1997. Calculating unbiased tree­ ring indices for the study of climate and environmental 0.8 change. The Holocene 7(3): 361-370. ------~0.4 1500 1550 1&X) 1650 1700 17&) 1800 1850 100) 1950 20CX> Dittmar C. and Elling W. 1999. Jahrringbreite von Fichte Calendar Year und Buche in Abhangigkeit von Witterung and Hohen­ Fig. 3: A: 30-year running correlations between the spruce lage. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 118: 251- and fir chronologies. (95% sig. = 0.36). 8: 30-year running 270. standard deviation calculated from difference plot. Osborn T.J., Briffa K.B. and Jones P.D. 1997. Adjusting variance for sample size in tree-ring chronologies and Figure 4 presents the regression coefficients other regional mean timeseries. Dendrochronologia 15: through time for the fir data from the moving window 89-99. regression analysis. Wilson R.J.S. 2000a. Dendro-Historische Datierung in Regensburg und Umgebung. Erarbeiteter Forschung­ bericht fur die Regensburger Denkmalpflege, ~200~~~~'-=---'~~,..e!:::it--..,..----,;----l Deutschland. 15 pp. ~ 100+--,i""------,...-="<;:;:::::r-~--r-->s:-----1 8 o~------~~~~~~~~-l Wilson R.J.S. 2000b. A Preliminary Reconstruction of I .100+------;---J'...._=,,s:;-----",<-----1 March-August Precipitation for the last 500-years in the ii .200+------1-~------; e=t--.~------1 Lower Bavarian Forest Region, Germany. (Poster ..:o+---"D-"'--'"="'------t presentation at the International Conference on Dendro­ chronology for the Third Millennium, 2-7 April, 2000 .soo+------'1900 ""' '"" Calendar Year'"" '"" '"" Mendoza, Argentina). Fig. 4: Regression coefficients for each independent variable in the Fir variable regression. Editorial Keywords The non-stable relationship between the lagged dendroclimatology, climate reconstruction, precipitation, variables and March-August precipitation is quite Abies alba, Picea abies, Bavarian Alps, Germany dramatic. A reasonable relationship is seen prior to 1920, but after this period, the coefficients converge http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext185.pdf towards zero, implying no relationship with March­ Extended abstract number 185 August precipitation. This change in the regression coefficients is significant at the 95% confidence Session 4: Climatology limit. Equivalent results with the lagged spruce data

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 227 Comparative analysis of growth responses to climatic changes in several conifer species in the Middle Taiga region (Central Siberia)

Alexander V. Kirdyanov [email protected] V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Akadengorodok, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

Introduction Various tree-ring structure characteristics of the same trees correlate with different climatic variables. The study of terrestrial ecosystem changes along the Thus, tree-ring width of spruce is mainly affected by Siberian transect is an important part of the PEP-II June temperature, minimum earlywood density is project (Pole-Equator-Pole transect) within the influenced by June-July temperature and for framework of the International Geosphere-Biosphere maximum latewood density May-June temperature Programme (IGBP). Most of the previous and August precipitation are important. dendrochronological investigations in Central Siberia The same tree-ring parameter obtained for various were carried out at high latitudes (Vaganov et al. species from the same site are connected with 1996; Briffa et al. 1998). Here we present the different climatic variables. For example, maximum results of conifer tree-ring growth analysis at the latewood density of larch is influenced by June middle taiga region of Central Siberia. The main goal temperature and winter precipitation (negative of the study was to compare tree-ring structure influence), maximum latewood density of spruce by response on climatic changes in various conifers. May-June temperature and August precipitation (negative influence), and maximum latewood density of pine by winter precipitation (negative influence). Material and Methods The same result is also obvious from correlation's between temperature of pentads and tree-ring width Larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb), spruce (Picea obovata chronologies obtained for larch, spruce and pine Ledeb) and pine (Pinus sylvestrys L.) tree-ring width from the same site (Figure 1): time series of various and density chronologies obtained according to species correlate with temperature of different Schweingruber (1988) and Vaganov et al. (1996) for summer periods. The results presented on figure 17 sites at 61°33'N - 62°21'N and 90°25'E - indicate that tree-rings start growth, first, in larch, 97°29'E longitudinal belt were studied. Comparative then (10 days later) in pine and, finally, (two weeks analysis of local tree-ring chronologies showed high after spruce) in pine. correlation (p<0,001) of the same species tree-ring structure variability at various local conditions. Thus, pine a dendroclimatic analysis was carried out for both spruce local and regional tree ring chronologies to find out the main particularities and similarities of tree-ring south-east exposition growth response at different local conditions. In south-east exposition .i:: ~ addition to monthly data pentad temperatures were south-west exposition .!!! used in the analysis. terrace north exposition > ID > > a, ..,. >a, ..,.> > > N N

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 228 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 25-30) than those on north-exposed slope (June, 4) (Figure 1).

Conclusions

The results obtained clearly show that in addition to summer temperature, precipitation (especially, in winter) is also important for tree-ring growth in the middle taiga region of Central Siberia. The use of parameters obtained from tree rings of conifers growing at different environmental conditions helps to understand how environmental factors influence tree-ring growth and provides the possibility to reconstruct various climatic variables (for example, summer temperature and winter precipitation).

Acknowledgement

The study was supported in part by INTAS (grant YSF 00-136) and RFFI (grant 01-05-06263).

References

Briffa K.R., Schweingruber F.H, Jones P.D., Osborn T.J., Shiyatov S.G., Vaganov E.A. 1998. Reduced sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high northern latitudes. Nature 391: 678-682. Schweingruber F.H. 1988. Tree ring: Basics and appli­ cations of dendrochronology. Reidel. Publ., Dordrecht Vaganov E.A., Shiyatov S.G., Mazepa V.S. 1996. Dendroclimatic investigation in Ural-Siberian Subarctic. Nauka, Novosibirsk (in Russian).

Editorial Keywords ring width, climate change, taiga, pentad temperatures, earlywood density, latewood density, tree-ring structure, precipitation, Larix sibirica, Picea obovata, Pinus sy/vestris, Central Siberia, Russia http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext24.pdf Extended abstract number 24

Session 4: Climatology

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 229 Climatic response of larch trees growing at upper timber line and above flood-plain terrace of the lower stream lndigirka river

Olga V. Sidorova [email protected] V.N. Sukachev Institute ofForest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

Introduction was carried out in the standard software package DPL (CHRONOL, ARSTAN) (Briffa et al. 1995). As the The most perspective areas are revealed for first 100 years in all age curves differed much, the dendrochronological studies, where air summer corresponding indices were excluded in the averaging temperature is the basic limiting growth factor of procedure for the generalised chronology indices. wooden plants (Vaganov et al. 1996, 1997). One of Thus, age change influences were removed to the such areas is in the north-east of Yakutia. Here a maximum from the long-term radial growth massif with the oldest living larch trees was found fluctuations caused by climatic factors. and trunks of dead trees of more than a thousand years age enables one essentially to prolong tree­ ring chronology for some centuries (Vaganov et al. Results and Discussion 1999, Hughes et al. 1999). For the construction of long chronologies in the chosen area it is necessary By averaging standardised individual tree-ring series, to unite the collected material of wooden plants of regional tree-ring chronologies were obtained: one for different locations. It was of interest to consider the the upper timber line, years 259 AD to 1998 AD and larch trees reaction to climatic factors (first of all one for the above flood-plain terrace, 1359 AD to thermal) at the upper timber line and from above 1995 AD. For a common calendar period 1600 to flood-plain terrace. It was important to reveal such 1998, the basic statistical characteristics were features as age changes of larch radial growth from calculated, which show good similarity for both two locations, with the purpose of the adequate use chronologies of the upper timber line and above of a standardisation method for individual growth, to flood-plain terrace (correlation coefficient R=0.84; reveal long-term changes of climatic factors (the use p < 0.001). To reveal the leading climatic factor of of so-called RCS-standardisation) (Briffa et al. 1995, radial tree growth variability at the two locations in Naurzbaev and Vaganov 2000). the transect, correlation coefficients between ring width indices and both monthly and five-day temperature averages were analysed. The Material and Method temperature signal synchronises changes in tree growth in different ecological sites (upper timber line The studies have been carried out in tundra and and above flood-plain terrace). Wooden plants reveal forest tundra zones of the middle lndigirka lowland similar climatic responses where the most significant (70°0'-70°40'N and 147°-148 E). For all sampled factor is June temperature, with no dependence on dendrochronological material (discs and cores from the site location. Correlation between ring-width living old trees as well as from trees dead long ago, indices and mean monthly temperatures for June and (Larix kajanderi Mayr) the tree-ring width was July proved it. measured on an automatic device (Shiyatov 1986, Holmes 1983, Rinn 1996). For samples from the upper timber line and above the flood-plain terrace Conclusions the curves of the common growth periods were calculated (Briffa et al. 1995). Comparative analysis By this comparative analysis of radial tree growth on showed differences in age variability of radial growth upper timber-line and above flood-plain terrace, for larch trees from two locations in a transect in the essential differences in climatic response were not first 100 growth years. The average curves were revealed. It follows that: approximated with corresponding non-linear age with the construction of a super-long ring width functions. Each sample from the upper timber line chronology in the given conditions, it is possible and above flood-plain terrace was standardised by to combine results of radial tree growth the averaged curve, the procedure of standardisation

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 230 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. measurements without any dependence from Bierhelderweg 20, D-69126, Heidelberg, Germany, 263 growing conditions; pp. temperature of the first half of the growing Shiyatov S.G. 1986. Dendrochronology of upper timber line season is determining long- and short-term on Ural. Moscow. Nauka, Siberian publishing firm Ras, changes of radial tree growth and 136 pp. the chronology is a reliable quantitative indicator Vaganov E.A., Naurzbaev M.M., Eger I.V. 1999. Age limit in of early summer temperature changes for the larch trees in Siberia. Lesovedenie, V. 6: 65-75. last 2.500 years. Vaganov E.A., Panuyshkina J.P., Naurzbaev M.M. 1997. Reconstruction of air summer temperature in East part It was determined that the average lndigirka lower of Taymir for last 840 years. Ecology, V. 6: 403-407. stream chronology had similar long-term variations Vaganov E.A., Shiyatov S.G., Mazepa V. S. 1996. as the general chronology for the sub-arctic region of Dendroclimatic study in Ural-Siberian Subarctic. the Northern Hemisphere, where common cool and Novosibirsk. Nauka, Siberian publishing firm Ras, 246 warm periods are well distinguished. pp.

2 Editorial Keywords

0 ., dendroclimatology, dendroecology, upper timber-line, .2 floodplain forests, temperature, ring width, climate reconstruction, Larix kajanderi, Yakutia, lndigirka river, Russia

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/ext29.pdf Extended abstract number 29

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Session 4: Climatology Years (A.D.) Fig. 1: Long-term changes of radial tree growth and temperature in the northern hemisphere (1) and lndigirka (2).

Acknowledgements

The work was supported by RFFI 00-15-97980 (support of scientific schools) and the integration program SB RAS (no 7 4).

References

Briffa K.R., Jones P.D., Shiyatov S.G., Schweingruber F.H., Cook E.R. 1995. Unusual twentieth-century warmth in a 1000-year temperature record from Siberia. Nature 376: 156-159. Holmes R.L. 1983. Tree Ring Bull., 44, pp. 69-75. Hughes M.K., Vaganov E.A., Shiyatov S., Touchan R., Funkhouser G. 1999. Twentieth-century summer warmth in northern Yakutia in a 600-year context. The Holocene 9,5: 603-608. Naurzbaev M.M., Vaganov E.A. 2000. Variation of summer and annual temperature in the East of Taymir and Putoran (Siberia) over the last two millennia inferred from tree-rings. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 105, V.6: 7317-7327. Rinn F. 1996. TSAP V 3.6 Reference manual: computer program for tree-ring analysis and presentation.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 231 Dendroclimatic comparison of invasive Pinus strobus and native Pinus sy/vestris along two ecological and geographical gradients in the Czech Republic

Tomas Tichy and Marcela Macova [email protected], [email protected] Academy of Science, Institute of Botany, Czech Republic

Introduction 1) the Elbe Sandstone Mountains in the North of Alien white pine (Pinus strobus) was introduced from the Czech Republic, with massive invasion of North America to the plantations in the Czech white pine; Republic at the end of the 18th century, with 2) the Elbe River Lowland in the centre, with intensive planting beginning in the 20th century. At regeneration of white pine increasing in recent present white pine reproduces naturally and years; suppresses the native vegetation in some regions of 3) the Jindrichuv Hradec region in the South, with the country, especially in sandstone rock areas by almost no spontaneous regeneration of white forming dense monocultural stands and a thick layer pine. of needle litter. Pinus strobus - Rim Pinus sylvcstris - Rim One of the studies presented compares the •• • -N responses to temperature and precipitation of native Pinus strobus - Bottom Pinus sylvestris - Bottom Scots pine and invasive white pine in the Elbe River • Pinus sytvestris stand Sandstone Mountains (National Park), a region •• • Pinus strobus stand heavily affected by spontaneous regeneration of Kamenice Creek Pinus strobus. On a transect across a river valley we Scale 1 : 3000 selected sites with contrasting environmental 50m variables including differences in direct solar Fig. 1: Position of Pinus sy/vestris and P. strobus study stands on radiation, soil depth and water availability. the profile of the Kamenice Creek valley. The second study focused on dendroclimatology in three regions of the Czech Republic differing in their abiotic characteristics and a degree of Pinus strobus regeneration in the plantations and spreading into the forests of other species. Material and Methods In the transect across the valley, standard dendroclimatological methods were used including a response function model and the partial correlation of monthly average temperatures and monthly Fig.2: Three study areas in the Czech Republic. precipitation with tree-ring widths. A transect was chosen across a narrow valley in the plateau of the Results and Discussion Elbe Sandstone at altitudes between 200-250 m The response function analysis of the trees from the a.s.l. Three sites were included in the transect: a transect (Fig. 3) showed that both species were shaded position near the bottom of the valley on positively sensitive to June-July precipitation in all the relatively deep soil with high water availability, and chosen habitats, although Scots pine was less two positions on the rim of the valley, with southern sensitive near the bottom of the valley. Both species and northern exposition, with almost no soil and were also found to be positively sensitive to higher higher potential direct solar radiation (Rg. 1). February-March temperatures, due to the possibility In a second study for response function analysis, of late frost damage. Scots pine reacted strongly in moving response function analysis and pointer year all habitats while white pine reacted weakly high analysis were used for the comparison of three above the bottom of the valley on the edges of the regions with old plantations of Pinus strobus and sandstone plateau, but strongly near the bottom of native or planted Pin us sylvestris forests (Fig. 2): the valley, where there is a risk of inversion frosts. The two species differed in their reaction to temperatures in the September of the preceding tree-

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 232 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. ring growth season. The most striking finding is that The pointer year analysis showed a strong white pine reacted negatively to high temperatures common response of both species in all study areas while Scots pine showed no reaction. This could be to the extremely dry summer of 1976. Other pointer due to the negative influence of high temperatures years were different for each area and species. on bud development, which takes place in white pine later than in Scots pine. The temperature reaction in Temperature Precipitation white pine is weak near the bottom of the valley, where direct solar radiation in September is reduced by shading from the valley rim. ~~~~1~~~,h~1 0 50 50 MJJASONOJFMAMJJAS MJJASONOJFMAMJJAS · )Temperature I o. Precipitation 025 0.25 Pinus sy/vestris - Elbe River Sandstone Mts. o.oo u 01D1u1 ,0,0 0 ,n,0,o 'u'n'u' 'O o.oo 4,-,;,-.,u.c,u,,.,._....,,_...... ,..,._._..._~

-0.25 1 . -0.25 .0.50 .0.50 .,______, MJJAS0N0JFMAMJJAS MJJASONDJFMAMJJAS tJO-'_qt'_... Pinus strobus- Rim, r2=0.60, 1930-1995 i~~l~~f•_· _•~~1 MJ JASONOJFMAMJJAS MJJASONOJFMAMJJAS 0.50 Precipitation 0.25 Pinus strobus - Elbe River Sandstone Mts.

.0.25 .0.25

.0.50 ~------~ MJJASONOJFMAMJJAS MJJASONDJFMAMJJAS Pinus strobus- Bottom, r2=0.67, 1930-1995 MJ JASONOJ FMAMJ J AS MJJASONDJFMAMJJAS 0.50 ~------Precipitation 025 Pinus sy/vestris - Elbe River Lowland

.0.25 .0.25 .0.50-'------i~~~I ~.---tr-rutnJi-~~-:---,I MJ JASONOJFMAMJJAS M J JASON OJ FM AM J JAS

Pinus sy/vestris- Rim, r2=0.64, 1945-1995 MJ JASONOJ FMAMJ J AS MJJASONOJFMAMJJAS o.50~------~ Precipitation Pinus strobus - Elbe River Lowland

.0.25 .0.25

.0.50 .0.50.i..------M J JAS0NOJFMAMJJAS MJJASONOJFMAMJ JAS -0.50-~~~1~~1· -0.50~------~ Pinus sy/vestris- Bottom, r2=0.64, 1945-1995 MJJASONOJFMAMJJAS MJJASONDJFMAMJJAS Pinus sy/vestris- Jindrichuv Hradec Fig. 3: Response functions (correlation coefficients) between ring width and mean monthly temperature and monthly sums of precipitation in Pinus strobus and Pinus sylvestris across an ecological gradient (rim vs. bottom) of the Kamenice Creek valley (Elbe River Sandstone Mts.). Total correlation coeficients (r2) and ~t~1~~~~,e~1 .0.50- · .0.50.1..------' periods for which the respose functions were computed are MJ JASONDJFMAMJJAS MJJASONOJFMAMJJAS indicated. Significant values (p<0.05) are in bold. Pinus strobus- Jindrichuv Hradec Fig. 4: Correlation coefficients (bars) and response function The stability of the response function over time coefficients (lines) of the indices of the tree-ring width was also studied by moving the response function chronologies of Scots pine and white pine on mean monthly tem­ interval in five-year periods. The response function perature and monthly sums of precipitation for the period 1924- for temperature and precipitation in all the studied 96. Shaded bars and dots indicate significant values (p<0.05). habitats was found to be stable for both species, Editorial Keywords except for an unpredictable reaction to temperature in Scots pine. dendroclimatology, alien species, invasion, response func­ The basic features of response of both species tion, pointer years, temperature, precipitation, frost rings, described above occurred at all the plots in three Pinus sy/vestris, Pinus strobus, Elbe River Sandstone Mountains, Elbe River, Jindrichuv Hradec, Bohemia, Czech study areas on the geographical gradient (Fig. 4). Republic There were differences in the intensities of the reaction and several uncommon further reactions, http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext93.pdf the most important being the positive influence of Extended abstract number 93 high precipitation in previous summer on both species in the Jindrichuv Hradec region. Session 4: Climatology

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 233 A multifactorial approach of sensitivity - complacency

Christian Wuthrich Christian. Wuethrich@ie-bpv. uni I.ch University of Lausanne, Institute of Ecology Institute, Plant Biology. Lausanne, Switzerland

Introduction cells and tissue types from the cambium to the periderm. This part was made with fluorescence The influence of the environment on the structure of microscopy and image analysis. the cambial zone and its derivatives has been studied on 97 adult European beeches (Fagus Results and Discussion sy/vatica L.) from 7 xeric and 7 mesic sites in western Switzerland. Hundreds of meteorological, The top of table 1 presents the differences between phyto-sociological, phenological, dendrological and the dry and mesic sites. The bottom of the same histological descriptors were studied with multi­ table shows the significance of the links between the variate analysis according to a duality diagram environment and different groups of morpho­ 'Environment x Morpho-physiology'. It was possible physiological descriptors. An important fact is that to compare the responses of the xeric trees with that these relations are generally more significant for the of the mesic ones and to relate them to the dendro­ mesic sites than for the xeric ones. chronological notion of 'sensitivity/complacency' of These observations could be related to the well­ the trees. known dendrochronological fact that stressed or 'sensitive' trees respond very well to the climate Material and Methods (Fig. 1).

A group of environmental descriptors was JO calculated for each tree on the basis of a phyto­ X sociological quadrate of 200 square meters around each tree. The Landolt Ecological Indexes were calculated and used in combination with the exposition, the slope, the type of soil and its limitation indexes. A second group of morpho-physiological descriptors1 was determined for the same trees. This group was compound of:

A precise timing and quantification of the 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 phenological events made from 1995 to 2000 at Fig. 1: Dendrology curves of the xeric (X) sites. Each curve the top, the middle and the bottom of the crown. corresponds to the mean of 6 to 8 trees. These trees could Morphometrical descriptors such as the height of be characterised as 'sensitive'. the trees and of the crowns, the perimeter and JO slope of the trunks, the area of the vertical M projection of the crowns and the Roloff indexes. Xylem descriptors, such as dendrochronological curves, pointer years and other coefficients. Porosity of the xylem rings, area of the vessels, size and numbers of starch granules measured by image analysis on histological sections. Phloem descriptors such as proteins, tannins, callose and starch, forms and sizes of different

o-l---.;...;;;c1850 1860 1870 ...... 1880------.--.... 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200J 1 All these factors were analysed with the ADE-4 multi­ Fig. 2: Dendrology curves of mesic (M) sites. The curves of variate analysis and graphical display software package both figs are expressed in millimetres. The trees of these (Thioulouse J., Chessel D. and S. Doledec. University of stations are complacent. Lyon. France. http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/ADE-4/ADE-4.html).

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 234 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. If we go further, we see that the inter-annual powerful method of investigation in dendroecological variations of growth are bigger compared to the inter­ research. site variations (differences between the curves) in the xeric sites (Fig. 1) than in the mesic sites (Fig. 2). The same can be said for the intra-site variations (not shown). In conclusion, another difference between sensitive and complacent trees is that the former respond more to climatic variation than to site variation. This is true for all the factors related to growth but not for the tannins and to a lesser extent for the starch (table 1). Even if they are less significant than their relatives of the mesic sites, the groups starch and tannins are, with the xylem group, the most significant of the xeric sites. These factors are most related with the environmental descriptors in the xeric sites. This suggests that the stressed trees allocate more energy to defence (tannins) and to Fig. 3: Co-inertia analysis. Projection of the morpo­ reserve (starch) than the mesic ones. This view is physiological factors related to environmental factors. Axis confirmed by the co-inertia analysis of the 1 represents temperature (right = cool and 2 water environmental descriptors with all the groups of availability (top = wet). G-, 0-, and R- represents growth or morpho-physiological factors. On the projection of the size, defence and reserve factors. (.n .. , .s .. , .t.., number, latter factors (Fig. 3) we can see that the groups of area and size of the starch granules; .rm., medullar rays; starch (.R-., as reserve on Fig. 3) and tannins (.D-., tc, sieve cell; p, parenchyma cell; ZC, cambium; PC, conducting phloem; X, xylem; IF, fusiform initial, Por, defences) are responsible with the growth and size porosity; Seier, sclereids; Scou, crown area; Perim, trunk descriptors (.G-.) for the greatest proportion of the perimeter; .. N., North, .. S., South; 160Nc, wound healing co-inertia. This is not the case in the corresponding size at day 160. DenCv51, dendrological curve variation graph for the mesic sites, where the growth or size coefficient from 1951 to 1997; Tl/0.4/51, number of factors are responsible for the main part of the pointer years from 1951 to 1997 with more than 40% variation (not shown). growth reduction).

Conclusion Editorial Keywords By its interdisciplinary and multivariate aspects, this sensitivity, complacency, xeric and mesic sites, multivariate contribution tries to give a complementary view of statistics, dendroecology, Fagus sy/vatica, Switzerland the widely accepted, but not really discussed, notion of the 'sensitivity/complacency'. The combination of http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext140.pdf Extended abstract number 140 histology, microscopy, image analysis and multivariate statistical analysis has shown to be a Session 5: Forest ecology and management

Table 1: Results of some statistical tests. Each Monte Carlo test was done with 10'000 random permutations (Significant results in bold face).

Analvsls Differences between Xerlc and Mesic Monte Carlo test (x ~ observation) Between analysis Starch (18 descriptors) 0.0001 Between analysis Callose (18 descriptors) 0.0035 Between analysis Tannins (19 descriptors) 0.0213 Between analysis Proteins (20 descriptors) 0.0101 Between analysis Phloem (27 descriptors) 0 Between analysis Xylem 129 descriotors) 0 Analvsls Links between environment and trees Mesic Xerlc Co-inertia Environment * Morpho-physiology (129 descriptors) 0 0.0081 Co-inertia Environment * Starch 0.0048 0.0786 Co-inertia Environment * Callose 0.0996 0.4892 Co-inertia Environment * Tannins 0.3264 0.0381 Co-inertia Environment * Proteins 0.8402 0.3870 Co-inertia Environment * Phloem 0 0.2347 Co-inertia Environment* Xvlem 0 0.0018

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf. Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 235 The use of paleoecology for fire history reconstruction and long-term effect of fire on ecosystem dynamics

Isabelle Larocque [email protected] PAGES-/PO, Bern, Switzerland

Introduction recent past but the method has been criticized since the interpretation of succession is based on two PAGES is the international Geosphere-Biosphere different sites. A collaboration between recent Programme (IGBP) core project charged with studies of fire ecology by dendrochronology and fire providing a quantitative understanding of the Earth's on a longer time scale by anthracology and past climate and environment. Within PAGES, a well­ palynology would lead to a better understanding of defined and ongoing goal for dendrochronology is to how fire modifies the vegetation on shorter and reconstruct climate change on a recent to longer longer time scales, at one or many locations. temporal scale. However, climate reconstruction Paleoecology can give the longer term succession of should not be the only focus of dendrochronology one location that is lacking in chronosequence within PAGES. Additional aspects of the Earth's studies, while chronosequence would provide recent environment can be studied by linking changes that are often impossible to determine in dendrochronology with other paleo-disciplines, an recent sediments. The large fluctuations observed in important contribution would be to fire ecology. Long­ fire frequency during the Holocene limit the use of a term trends can give insights on natural factors that single fire cycle to characterize natural fire regimes. should be mimicked for a better management of Some types of forests could be influenced by shorter forests. Swetnam and Betancourt (1990) have patterns while other types can be modified by longer shown that before extensive management, wildland term recurrence of fires. Larocque et al. (2000) fires were linked to the Southern Oscillation (SO) showed that on islands of Lake Duparquet, Abitibi, (Fig. 1). Climate was the driving factor, and a Canada, succession following fire is dependent on synchrony between fire-free years and low phase of the community present before fire and the fire the SO and severe fire with the high phase of the SO occurrence of the sites. Different fires did not always was observed. Since 1960, the area burned lead to the same fire succession (Fig. 2), maybe due increased and became less variable, possibly due to to various fire intensities. an increased number of person-caused fires or because fire suppression resulted in unusual fuel accumulation.

100 A ..------A-re_o_b-ur-ne-d---....- ...-. S-0-1 -----,- 3

Q ~ o""" f:: 4Mrf~~'f1~1~~~~i ) C 0 E 102 -3 -a: Yeor1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

C Fig. 1: Time series of annual area burned (logarithm) in Arizona and New Mexico and mean December through Fig. 2: Ordination of islands (K09, K07, Q07, Q08) with February SOI, 1905 to 1985 (Swetnam and Betancourt, more than one fire (I to IV). Pm=Picea mariana, Pr=Pinus Science 249: 1017-1020) resinosa, Ps= Pinus strobus, Ab=Abies balsamea, Pb=Pinus banksiana, Be=Betula sp. (Larocque et al. 2000. Extending the records back in time and linking Can.J.For.Res. 30: 179-190) The community after and other aspects of paleoecology can also provide before each fire varies from one fire to the other, due to insights about ecological effects of fires and fire different times between fires. This indicates that fire regimes. Fire ecology and succession following fires frequency on a longer time period should be considered for have been well studied by chronosequence in the forest management.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 236 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Most of the fire research in paleo falls short of a To date, dendrochronology has had little impact quantitative reconstruction in terms of the intensity within PAGES on the study of past ecosystems, and spatial extent of past fires, but recent studies especially in Europe and Asia. Lack of commitment include research designed to improve the basis for from forest ecologists, and lack of collaboration from interpretation, linking ecologists to paleoecologists. paleoecologists with ecologists and forest managers Magnetic signature could be used to get create this gap between disciplines, which would information on fire intensity and location of the highly benefit from linkages of data on different time recorded fires (Fig. 3). Paleo-research should and spatial scales. To contribute to the PAGES ultimately be able to provide bases for distinguishing community and extend our knowledge of past forest between fire regimes of differing frequency and ecosystems, human impact and climate change on intensity. This in turn will contribute to a better longer time scales, please consult the PAGES web understanding of the role of fire in fire-stressed/fire­ site: www.pages-igbp.org and contact the Science dependent ecosystems, of the impact on and Officer responsible for the ecological processes at: ecological consequences of human modulation of fire [email protected] regimes and of the likely long-term responses of present day ecosystems to different types of fire management.

Pollen Charcoal ·x tt FD xAP.M xFD'llixARM xARM/Sl'!M Calluna Mono!ete spores Pteridium influx mm/cm/yr ,~-m'k;;f' % % 0 ., 0 • 8 25 "' 10 " 0 " "''

=t======Jit=====lll-=== +====H===:::t====l=====::::i:==J:::;?;::=::::t::~:::=::==t1 .:------·H----1------~-=·~...~+-1--F;__-~~=-~;:__-jj~

Fig. 3: Pollen and spore analysis, charcoal counts and magnetic measurements. The charcoal peak H is reflected in the magnetic measurements by a sudden, brief softening of the reverse field (BF) ratios. The fire spikes from D upwards show high values of the finest grains associated to fires of 500-600°C. The minerals have originated within the catchment of the lake.

References http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/ext61.pdf Extended abstract number 61 Larocque I., Bergeron Y., Campbell I.D., Bradshaw R.H.W. 2000. Vegetation changes through time on islands of Session 5: Forest ecology and management Lac Duparquet, Abitibi, Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 179-190 Swetnam T.W., Betancourt J.L. 1990. Fire-southern oscillation relations in the southwestern United Stated. Science 249: 1017-1020.

Editorial Keywords

PAGES, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), fire ecology, palaeoecology, anthracology, interdisciplinarity

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 237 Competition dynamics of important woody plants of the hardwood floodplain forest along the middle reaches of the Elbe river, Germany

Stephan Bonn, Andreas Roloff [email protected] Technische Universitat Dresden, Institute ofForest Botany and Forest Zoology, Tharandt, Germany

Introduction Using microdendrometers and girth measuring tapes, the increment course of the trees can be Floodplain forests are distinguished by the highest shown to depend on precipitation, soil moisture and species abundance and structural diversity among tree species. the formations of Central European forest The diameter of the sample trees is subject to ecosystems (Seibert 1987), and by special daily fluctuations. After accounting for the increment competition dynamics caused by their particular site component from these deviations, data of swelling and environmental conditions. In general, the water and shrinkage of the bark and the wood are obtained regime of such sites is characterised by extremes of (Zweifel et al. 2000). These processes point to the periodic flooding and drought with changing fact that the tree has access to the water stored in frequency and duration, which requires a high the stem and in the bark parenchyma. Both the adaptability of the plant communities growing here xylem sap flow and the diameter deviations appear (Crawford 1982, 1989, Spath 1988, Pezeshki 1993, to be governed by pronounced daily courses; they Kozlowski and Pallardy 1997, Worbes 1997). are, however, opposite regarding their fluctuations. Reductions in diameter and the accompanying decreasing sap flow rates may serve as an indicator Sites, Material of water stress (Telewski and Lynch 1991). Elm and ash reveal a dependence of water The investigations took place at two sites of the Elbe consumption on the soil moisture in topsoil (0- river floodplain forest in Germany. In the plot 20cm), while oak does not restrict its water "Saalberghau", located in a nature reserve near consumption even with respect to an increasing Dessau, increment cores were taken from 31 oak desiccation of topsoil. Digging for roots will help to and 13 ash trees. In addition, permanent-girth find whether the oaks have developed a deeper root measuring tapes were attached to these trees. The system, thus being still able to utilise water reserves values were read weekly. Six oaks were equipped being no longer available for ash and elm. with sap-flow sensors and microdendrometers. Data Pronounced inter-annual ring-width fluctuations at were recorded at 10-minute intervals. A stand the site Waldersee denote the sensitivity of stocking in the forest range section Waldersee of the increment in oak, ash and elm. This points to the forest district Dessau was chosen as a control plot. great fluctuations regarding the environmental Sap flow and girth fluctuations were measured on conditions relevant to increment. Strong variations in two oaks, two ashes and two field elms (measuring the water regime of the hardwood floodplain are intervals correspond to those of nature reserve referred to as a possible cause (Batzli et al. 1997). A Saalberghau). Tree-ring analyses were conducted and comparison of the average ring widths from 1901 to permanent-girth measuring tapes were fixed to 1950 with those from 1951 to 1999 reveals that the 23 oaks, 34 ashes, 6 elms and 12 lime-trees. oaks have obtained a distinct competitive advantage (Bonn 2000). They increased their mean increment from 1. 7 to 1.9 mm, whereas the ashes underwent a Results decline from 2.2 to 1. 7 mm and the elms from 1.9 to 1.3mm. The 1999 measurements show that drought stress Apparent indicator years often occur may arise under floodplain forests conditions. The synchronously in oak and ash. The two tree species values of soil moisture (TOR-probe in topsoil, time appear to respond similarly to certain environmental domain reflectometry) indicate a continuous drying influences. The elms partly show differing out of the topsoil, which merely was interrupted by incremental reactions. When comparing the mean few precipitation events. annual increment of the elms with the total of precipitation over the months May and June, a high

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 238 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 'Gleichlaufigkeit' between the two curves is obvious Seibert P. 1987. Der Eichen-Ulmen-Auwald (Querco­ (Fig. 1). Hence, the course of increment is strongly Ulmetum lssl. 24) in SGddeutschland. Seine regional, influenced by spring and early summer precipitation standortlich und syndynamisch bedingte Gliederung und and possibly little by flooding. In oak, there is no Stellung zu den Kontaktgesellschaften. Natur und clear connection between increment and Landschaft 62, 347-352. precipitation. Spath V. 1988. Zur Hochwassertoleranz von Auenwaldbaumen. Natur und Landschaft 63, 312-315. Telewski F.W. and Lynch A.M. 1991. Measuring growth and Conclusions development of stems. In: Lassoie, J.P. & Hickley, T.M. (eds.): Techniques and approaches in forest tree An influence of drought stress (in the vegetation ecophysiology. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press 503- period) to the yearly increment in tree species of the 555. floodplain forest is visible. Worbes M. 1997. The forest ecosystem of the floodplains. Decreasing precipitation during the growing In: Junk, W.J. (ed.): The central Amazon floodplain. season (global climate change prognosis) may cause Berlin: Springer. Ecological Studies; 126, 223-265. the competition relationships of the floodplain Zweifel R., Item H., Hasler R. 2000. Stem radius changes stands to change. If topsoil moisture declines in the and their relation to stored water in stems of young long term, the increment of ash and elm will respond Norway spruce trees. Trees 15, 50- 57. stronger than that of oak.

Editorial Keywords 2,50 200 180 dendrohydrology, Floodplain forests, sap-flow, permanent­ E 2,00 160 - girth measuring, microdendrometers, drought stress, .s 140 ~ C: 120 ';; precipitation, swelling, shrinkage, radial increment, Q) E 100 ~ Quercus sp., Fraxinus sp., Ulmus sp., Elbe river, Germany, ~ 1,00 80 ·a. 60 ·o Dessau .!:" ~ 0,50 40 C. 20 http://WWW.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/ abstracts/ ext39. pdf 0,00 0 Extended abstract number 39 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

Session 5: Forest ecology and management !--radial increment elm (Ulmus laevis) ······precipitation 5-6 I

Fig. 1: Radial increment of elm (mean increment from 6 trees) and precipitation (May-June), 'Gleichlaufigkeit' = 63%.

Literature

Batzli J.M. and Dawson J.O. 1997. Physiological and morphological responses of red alder and sitka alder to flooding. Physiologia Plantarum 99, 653-663. Bonn S. 2000. Konkurrenzdynamik in Buchen/Eichen­ Mischbestanden und zu erwartende Modifikationen durch Klimaanderungen. Allg. Forst- und Jagdzeitung 171/5-6, 81-88. Crawford R.M.M. 1982. Physiological responses to flooding. In: Lange, 0.L. (ed.): Encyclopedia of plant physiology, new series 128. Berlin, Heidelb., NY: Springer, 453-477. Crawford R.M.M. 1989. Studies in plant survival. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publ. Kozlowski T.T. and Pallardy S.G. 1997. Growth control in woody plants. San Diego: Academic Press. Pezeshki S.R. 1993. Differences in patterns of photosynthetic responses to hypoxia in flood tolerant and flood sensitive tree species. Photosynthetica 28, 423-430.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 239 Long-term climate change and vegetation dynamics in bogs

Rutile Pukiene and Theodoras Bitvinskas ruti le _puki ene@fc. vdu. It Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas Botanical Gardens, Dendroclimachronology lab, Kaunas, Lithuania

Introduction in the raised bog vegetation history became evident (see Figure 1). Humanity has been facing global climate change in the last decades and needs to estimate the 45 ,-~------perspective of this phenomenon and its impact on 40 !----+------.11111------j 35 !-----1------our environment. Dendrochronology is one of the ~ WI----+------­ fields that can help in understanding climate change ~~!---+------~ 11 20 !---+----­ processes by reconstructing various aspects of ~ 15 10 climate history. Dendrochronological studies also 5 document vegetation dynamics and causal factors, = a a a a = ~ ~ = = thus enabling to decide the possible reaction of ,-BCIAD vegetation to changing conditions. This paper Fig. 1: Sample depth variation in cross-dated and radio­ illustrates how climatic fluctuations have influenced carbon-dated pine timbers from a raised bog indicating long-term forest dynamics in Lithuanian bogs over separate afforestation phases. the last two millennia. Such kind of knowledge is essential for assessing forthcoming environmental Investigation of the present day raised bog changes and making environmental decisions. vegetation in Lithuania (Baleviciene 1991) indicate that woodland type plant communities usually spread over dryer areas with lower water table. Open-land Material and Methods type communities occupy wetter areas. Obtained relationships of bog pine radial growth with climatic In this study the growth dynamics of Pinus sy/vestris parameters (Pukiene 1998) suggest that higher rates L. palaeo-woodlands have been investigated in a of annual radial increment (wider rings) indicate the raised bog in western Lithuania. Subfossil pine years with higher temperatures from early spring timbers collected from oligotrophic peat deposits through vegetative season and/or lower (more than 300 specimens from depths ranging precipitation. between 0.0 and 2.8 m) were dendrochronologically Reconstructed pinewood growth dynamics in the analysed using standard dendrochronological bog indicated favourable ecological conditions for technique. Thirty specimens were radiocarbon dated. pine growth (warmer and/or dryer climate, decrease Based on the established growth dynamics of the in bog water table) around the BC/AD turn, in the bog palaeo-pinewoods a qualitative reconstruction of 2nd - 3rd centuries AD, in the 7th - 8th centuries, the changes in past ecological conditions has been around the 11th century and from the end of the performed and compared to past climate evaluations 18th century. Unfavourable conditions (upraised bog known from other sources. water table, colder and/or humid climate) were detected at the beginning of the Subatlantic period until the 1st century BC, in the first half of the 4th Results century AD, in the 5th-6th centuries, in the 9th century, in the middle of the 12th century, in the About half of the growth series of the subfossil pine 16th-18th centuries. trees were cross-dated and used to build a long-term The changes in reconstructed ecological chronology. Mostly short-lived trees were rejected. conditions based on the bog pinewood growth Five clusters of cross-dated timbers were formed. dynamics agree to a large extent with aspects of 14 The clusters were C-dated. It was established that past European climate evaluated by other pine woodland had not covered the study area for researchers (e.g. Lamb 1972, 1977, 1995; Zumbuhl the whole two-millennia period since the bog turned and Holzhauser 1988; Briffa et al. 1992). This to oligotrophic phase. Separate afforestation phases agreement indicates that ecological conditions and

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker o.u. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 240 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. growth dynamics of Pinus sy/vestris stands in the Editorial Keywords bog reflect larger (European) scale climatic fluctuations. Especially this could be said about the climate change, vegetation dynamics, radial increment, well-documented climatic periods of the "Medieval bog, subfossil logs, Pinus sy/vestris, Lithuania Warm Epoch" (circa AD 1000), when the bog was densely afforested with pine and the "Little Ice Age" http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext47.pdf Extended abstract number 4 7 (approximately 16th-18th centuries), during which open-land type plant communities dominated in the Session 5: Forest ecology and management investigated area for about three centuries.

Discussion and Needs for Further Research

Our results suggest that the present climate warming may cause the spread of forest vegetation over raised bogs. In order to corroborate this assumption the current movements of tree line in undisturbed bogs should be studied. Investigations in another Lithuanian bog by J. Karpavicius have also revealed a dense forest phase around 1000 AD and a more than 500-year gap between that and the present-day forest phases. This indicates the afforestation during the "Medieval Warm Epoch" and extinction of stand during the "Little Ice Age" could be a larger scale phenomena. In order to confirm this and more deeply understand global ecological processes it would be worth to investigate if the same phases of forest or open land bog vegetation took place more or less synchronously in other regions or even continents.

References

Baleviciene J. 1991. Syntaxonomo-phytogeographic structure of the Lithuanian vegetation. Vilnius, Institute of Botany, 217 pp. (in Russian) Briffa K.R., Jones P.O., Bartholin T., Eckstein D., Schweingruber F.H., Karlen W., Zetterberg P., Eronen M. 1992. Fennoscandian summers from AD 500: temperature changes on short and long timescales. Climate Dynamics 7: 111-119. Lamb, H.H. 1972. Climate: Present, Past and Future. Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Climate Now. Methuen, London, 613pp. Lamb H.H. 1977. Climate: Present, Past and Future. Vol. 2: Climatic History and the Future. Methuen, London, 837pp. Lamb H.H. 1995. Climate, History and the Modern World. 2nd edition. London - New York, Routledge, 433 pp. Pukiene R. 1998. The climatic signal in radial growth variations of Pinus sylvestris L. trees growing in raised bog habitat. Proc. of the Int. Conf. "Dendrochronology and Environmental Trends". Kaunas: 106 -112. Zumbuhl H., Holzhauser H.P. 1988. Alpengletscher in der Kleinen Eiszeit. Die Alpen 64: 129-322.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors}, 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 241 Relation between annual growth of conifer species, bushes and mosses in the northern taiga region

Anastasiya A. Knorre [email protected] V.N. Sukachev Institute of forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

Introduction Results and Discussion

Layer structure analysis applied to the study of forest The relations among weight, diameter and length are ecosystems is one of the most promising tools for described by straight lines in log-coordinates (Fig. 1). the reconstruction of annual increment dynamics This allows us to estimate mass variation by (Schweingruber 1988). This method is widely used changes in linear characteristics. for tree species of the main canopy. However, a number of scientists have recently paid attention to Coefficient of correlation : r = ,95 the possibility of using data on bush species in 5,8 dendrochronological and dendroclimatological 5,4 ~ ...... ,...... _,...... ~ ...... ""'""'"'"''".;-,< t 5,0 research (Shiyatov and Hantemirov 2000). In the I 4,6 0 presented work we have compared various types of g> 4,2 b----=::.::--9-~···.. .; ...... - 3,B ~:..--=:::-~------'-...,____ .....w plants within the same stand in order to follow the 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2.9 3,0 3,1 tendencies in their annual growth changes. logofdi:unetcr

Coefficient of correlation : r = ,89 Material and Methods 5,8 :C 5,4 . The samples were collected in 1999-2000 in the ! ::: ... stands near the Khantayka-river mouth (67°50' - ; 4,2 , ...... --··""''.'" - 3,8 1...o=:::;;.._..,;._-"'::..._---'-----~-~---...u 68°20' N and 86°30' - 87°50· E) in Northern Taiga 4,5 4,6 4,7 4,8 4,9 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 region. Tree species are Siberian larch (Larix sibirica logoflcnght Ledeb.), Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) and Fig. 1: Relation between diameter - weight (A) and length - common birch (Betula pendu/a Ehrh.). Bush plants weight (B) for shrubby alder (Duschekia fruticosa). are represented by shrubby alder (Duschekia truticosa (Rupr.) Pouzar), ground birch (Betu/a nana The analysis of correlation shows that there is a Ls.I.) and some other species of willow genera (Salix close connection between the master chronologies spp.). The moss cover consists of green moss for all the species (Rg. 2). species. However, Hylocomium sp/endens (Hedw.) is the only species that can be used in the analysis. At first we tried to determine the growth pattern 1,6 3,6 1,2 3.2 for Duschekia truticosa. Twenty samples of medium 0,8 diameter stems were collected. The samples of 2., branch whorls were dried. Diameter and weight of j 0,0 2,0 ] every 50-cm segment along the stems were -o.• 1,6 measured. An allometric equation of weight, -0,8 1,2 -1.2 0,8 diameter and length was used. -1,6 Rve woody species were used for dendrochronolo­ 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 ,ooo 1900 gical analysis. Standard methods of cross-dating and Y=, standardisation were applied to build annual Fig. 2: Radial growth dynamics for larch (A), Siberian spruce increment chronologies (Fritts 1976). (B), common birch (C), willow (D) and shrubby alder (E).

Coefficient of correlation (R) between larch and spruce is 0.53 (p<0.05). Comparison of the conifer species and the birch revealed a closer relation between birch and spruce (R=0.41) than between

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 242 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. birch and larch (R=0.24). The highest correlation http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext30.pdf coefficient between conifer and bush species was Extended abstract number 30 obtained for the larch: with Duschekia Fr. - 0.67, with Salix spp. - 0.39. The correlation of birch Editorial improvements: O.U. Braker and M. Kaennel annual increment with alder and willow is not Dobbertin statistically significant. Coefficient of sensitivity was Session 5: Forest ecology and management calculated for quantitative characteristics of increment change. This coefficient is the highest for larch (0.43) and for willow (0.48).

Conclusions

1. There is a close relationship between weight and length characteristics for bushes, and this relation is adequately described by the allometric equation. 2. It is possible to estimate annual weight increment from ring-width variations in bushes. 3. There is a significant correlation between annual increment of bushes and annual increment of tree forest species. 4. It is possible to compare moss growth dynamics with growth of other components of the same ecosystem.

References

Fritts H.C. 1976. Tree-rings and climate. London; New York; San Francisco, Acad. Press, 567 pp. Cook E.R. and Kairiukstis L.A. (eds.) 1990. Methods of dendrochronology. Applications in the Environmental Sciences. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 339 pp. Schweingruber F.H. 1988. Tree rings: Basics and applications of dendrochronology. Dordrecht: Reidel, 276 pp. Shiyatov S.G. and Hantemirov R.M. 2000. Dendrochrono­ logical cross-dating of the bush wood samples from archeological settlement Jarte VI at the Yamal penin­ sula. Drevnosti Yamala. Volume I. Ekaterinburg - Salehard, pp. 112-120.

Acknowledgements

The work was supported by CRDF project (RB1- 2021) and Young scientists program of RAS (grant number 263)

Editorial Keywords ring width, stem length, weight, allometric equation, mass variation, Larix sibirica, Duschekia fruticosa, Picea obovata, Khantayka River, northern Taiga, Russia

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 243 The role of high-frequency tree-ring growth synchronisation of forest stands in biological diversity and stability of forest ecosystems

Alexey Buzikin, Irene Dashkovskaya, Vladislav Soukhovolsky [email protected] V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

Introduction L(i) a - b*ln i, where There are two basic theoretical approaches to the • i - rank of a definite growth type in a given problem of connecting ecosystem diversity and stand, stability. According to MacArthur (1955), with • P(i) shares of trees of rank number "i", increase of the ecosystem diversity its stability • a, b - stand specific constants. grows. May (1973) on the contrary found with bigger species number and more intensive species connection less stable ecosystems. Objectives and Methods Is there any correlation between parameters of biodiversity and stand stability? It is necessary to In the present work, characteristic tree reaction of specify the conception of biological diversity. Usually different vital strategy types on external weather a community is characterised by species diversity, factors were investigated. The research was carried number of species, or with indexes such as entropy, out on 35- and 55-year old pure even-aged pine as Simpson's diversity index, and more. However, it stands (Pinus silvestris) in Eastern Siberia. is possible to understand diversity of forest plants as Diameters and heights of all trees in 6 permanent types of a vital strategy: how individuals in sample plots were measured and competition ecosystems react on external influences. position of the trees was mapped. Cores were taken The stability of boreal coniferous forests can be at 1,2 m height from all model trees by an increment connected with these different vital strategy types. borer. The following climatic influences were We suppose that the stability of developing forest analysed: stands can be supported through various reaction • the precipitation sum for the hydrothermal types on external influence (feed backs) and various year (YSPR); growth strategies of the existing trees. We used • the precipitation sum for May - July (SPR); radial increment as parameter for the tree's reaction • the sum of monthly average temperatures for to external influences. May - July (ST). As was shown earlier, the competitive and co­ To estimate the degree of growth synchronisation operative effects of trees interaction in forest stand for a tree set in a stand, a special synchronisation can be described by a so-called allometric equation: index s was offered. Index s is defined with the H = ADb, follow procedure: " H - heights and Matrix X was built for the investigated tree pool. • D - diameters of trees (Soukhovolsky et X == I lx(i ,j)I I, al. 1998). were However for a number of trees in the stand, •X(i,j) - high frequency component of significant rejections from the allometric connection radial increment of tree i in the year j. of tree height and diameter are observed. Our Based on matrix X, matrix D == lld(i,j)II was built: analysis shows that it is possible to allocate five 1, if x(i,j) > 0 strategy types of tree growth: d(i,j) = (1) " The edging type, -1, if x(i,j) < O • the leader, Index of synchronisation • the commensal, s(j) == 1/n * L'.d(i, j) (2) • the shadow and If for all trees of a given group the • the optimum type. synchronisation index s == 1, a place of phase Ratio of tree shares with different strategy types synchronisation has been found: for all trees of the can vary in forest stands, however in all cases the same year there is either a local minimum or equation is carried out: maximum of radial increment observed. If for all

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 244 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. years s = 0, it is possible to speak about the Acknowledgements absence of any phase synchronisation of yearly radial tree group increment. The work is supported by grant RFBR 01-04-48176

Results and Discussion Editorial Keywords

The average high-frequency indexes of radial growth growth synchronisation, biodiversity, stand stability, boreal synchronisation for the period 1978 to 1998 were forest, Pinus sy/vestris, Siberia, Russia calculated for all strategy types. It is shown that for all tree groups in the years with highly synchronous http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext146.pdf radial increment, there are years with low Extended abstract number 146 synchronisation. Thus in the least, degree a radial Session 5: Forest ecology and management increment was synchronised for groups of trees with edging, shadow and commensal type strategy. For trees from groups of the leaders, and especially for trees from the optimum group, a high degree of radial increment synchronisation is observed. In all tree groups certain years (1980, 1982, 1986, 1988) are practically synchronous. At the years 1979 and 1983 a-synchronous radial increment was observed for practically all tree groups. A similar effect can be connected to the synchronising influence of weather factors. The high level of climatic connection, such as monthly temperature averages and precipitation sum of May to July, is characteristic enough for trees from the commensals and optimum group. The trees of other strategy types, to a lesser degree synchronous, react to external climatic influences. The decrease of the sum of monthly average temperatures of May - July results in increase of tree synchronisation of commensal and optimum groups. The analysis carried out has shown, that annual radial increment is synchronised at various degrees for trees with various growth type strategies. Most numerous, trees in "optimum type" group of strategy react rather synchronously to decreasing summer temperatures. The trees from other groups differ from optimum group trees with the reactions to external climatic influences. Thus, the feed-back characteristics of reactions to external influences differ from each other tree group with strategy types. The effect can have adaptive meaning and promotes probability increase of tree survival in pure stand at sharp climatic changes.

References

MacArthur R. H. 1955. Fluctuation of animal population and a measure of community stability. Ecology, v.36, N 3. May R.M. 1973. Stability and complexity in model eco­ systems. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 515 pp. Soukhovolsky V.G., Buzykin A.I., Khlebopros R.G. 1998. Model! of Tree and Stand Phytomass Distribution. Russian Forest Sciences, v.32, N 1, P. 29-35.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 245 Differences in tree-ring parameters of Scots pine provenances in response to annual weather conditions at a central Siberian location

Yuliya V. Sawa 1, Fritz H. Schweingruber 2, Evgenij A. Vaganov 1 I nstitute@forest. akadem .ru 1: Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute ofForests, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Introduction Results and Discussion

Matyas and Yeatman (1992) proposed that one We found that the radial growth chronologies are effective way to reveal the ability of trees to adapt more sensitive to local weather influence than genetically and to measure the response of a tree density chronologies. There is a significant negative species to climatic change would be the analysis of correlation (p < 0,05) between the sensitivity provenance trials. coefficient and the latitude of seed origin for all The goal of this study is to evaluate the response latewood parameters (for maximum density and for to annual weather conditions of Scots pine (Pinus latewood percentage R= -0,68, for latewood density sylvestris L.) through testing 16 provenances in the R= -0,65 and for latewood width R= -0,65) (Fig. 1). southern taiga, Central Siberia using densitometric This is because trees at higher latitudes have measurements of tree rings. adapted to maximally exploit the earliest available heat sum (Vaganov et al. 1999); the conditions of the second half of the growing season therefore have Material and Methods less effect on radial growth.

We studied Scots pine trees from a provenance trial A) R=-0,65 which was established in the Krasnoyarsk region (Boguchany), Central Siberia (58° 23'N, 97° 26'E) j~o.40~ (Shutyaev and Giertych 1998). 405 increment cores ~-§: 0,32 O O"O from 16 pine provenances were collected from the ugo,24::-: Boguchany test site. The area is classified as £s:~.2:2 0,16'---~--~--~-~--~-~ southern taiga and sub-taiga, zone of pine and larch ~ .!!! 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 C: forests. The seed sources are distributed across a ~ Latitude of seed sources wide climatical range, between approximately 50°- B) R= -0,74 700N and 31°-129°E. Cores were analysed densito­ 0 metrically (Schweingruber 1988). Tree-ring width, - earlywood width, latewood width (radial growth ·-0•010~C: 0 chronologies), minimum and maximum densities, 15~£~ i 0,08 flJ 8 E 006 o o Oo density of early- and latewood (density chronologies) ~~' 0 '5 ,!;; 0,04 o and percentage latewood were measured and crossdated. The standardisation method allows to ~ ~ 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 exclude an age trend in developed tree-ring ~ Latitude of seed sources chronologies. Then we calculated the indices for each provenances (Cook et al. 1990). To ascertain Fig. 1. Sensitivity coefficients of tree-ring characteristics in to what extent the growth of population was relation to the geographical location of seed origin. influenced by weather conditions the coefficient of sensitivity was calculated (Schweingruber 1988). To Tree-ring parameters for all provenances are estimate the similarities in interannual variability highly correlated with Boguchany provenance (with between the local (Boguchany) and the other R values mostly between 0,7-0,9). The synchronicity provenances the coefficient of synchronicity, coefficients for tree-ring characteristics of all the coefficient of correlation (Schweingruber 1988) and provenances with those of the local provenance are Euclidean distances between the local (Boguchany) no less than O, 7. The correlation and synchronicity provenance and others were calculated. coefficients of dendrochronological characteristics were used to compare the tree-ring characteristics of

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 246 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Boguchany with the other provenances. The lowest Shutyaev A.M., Giertych M. 1998. Height growth variation in Euclidean distance (dt: =0,06) connects Boguchany a comprehensive Eurasian provenance experiment of to Revda provenance (southern taiga). The highest (Pinus sy/vestris L.). Silvae Genetica 46(6): 332-349. Euclidean distance (dE =0.15) separates Boguchany Vaganov E.A., Hughes M.K., Kirdyanov A.V., Schweingruber from its most remote northern provenance, Pechenga F.H., Silkin P.P. 1999. Influence of snowfall and melt (forest-tundra). The values of the correlation and timing on tree growth in subarctic Eurasia. Nature 400: synchronicity coefficients and the values of the 149-151. normalised Euclidean distance show that the larger part (85%) of the variability in tree-ring characteristics is due to current local weather Editorial Keywords conditions even in the northern provenances. Significant differences in tree-ring sensitivity were provenance trial, ring width, earlywood density, latewood detected among the provenances. These differences density, genetic control, Euclidean distances, Pinus prove the existence of genetic control if trees moved sy/vestris, Pechenga, Boguchany, Revda, Central Siberia, to new environment, although the evaluation of Russia Euclidean distances between the provenances show that the genetic control is not high. Nevertheless http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext32.pdf densitometrical parameters and their dynamic Extended abstract number 32 characteristics such as sensitivity to weather Session 5: Forest ecology and management conditions might be used for evaluation of genetic differences between the provenances, all the more as they summarize the influences of a climatic conditions for a long period of time. In the context of global and regional climatic changes the obtained results show that the northern provenances are more conservative for utilizing only the energy resources of the first half of the growing season effectively. One could say that the displacement of the northern border of Pinus sy/vestris natural habitat will not be so rapid especially if the other competitive species (for example, larch) turn out to be more adaptive to use heat effectively.

Acknowledgements

The authors express gratitude to Dr. V. Winchester, Prof. C. Matyas and Dr. N. Kuzmina for helpful discussions. The research was conducted with financial support from the Russian Fund of Fundamental Research. Grant 99 -04 - 48678.

References

Cook E.R., Briffa K.R., Shiyatov S.G., Mazepa V.S. 1990. Tree-ring standardization and growth-trend estimation. In: E.R.Cook, L.A. Kairiukstis (eds), Methods of Dendrochronology. Application in the Environmental Sciences. Dordrecht, Kluwer Acad. Publ. pp. 104-123. Matyas C., Yeatman C.W. 1992. Effect of geographical transfer on growth and survival of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) populations. Silvae Genetica 43(6): 370-376. Schweingruber F.H. 1988. Tree Rings: Basics and Applications of Dendrochronology. Reidel, Dordrecht, 276 pp.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 247 Increase in radial DBH increment of silver fir stands in Poland and its differentiation

Jerzy Zawada [email protected] Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Management in Mountain Regions, Krakow, Poland

Introduction ring increment per year from 15 chosen trees from the period 1971-80 and the average increment from The health condition of Silver fir generally changed the decade 1951-60. It is in principle the previous for the worse about 1960. The change for the worse form of the increment factor. The second factor is was noticeable in tree-ring increment. The increment the quotient of the average increment per year from before 1960 was on the whole regular, but then a 15 chosen trees from the period after 1990, and the rapid, sometimes even sudden downfall followed. average increment from the decade 1971-80. From ten to twenty years ago Silver fir trees in The assessment made on the basis of these two Poland and other European countries have been factors is as follows: recovering (Kontic et al. 1986, Schmid-Haas 1989, I. The value of the first factor is smaller than Zawada 1994, 2001 and other authors). This poster 0.7 and the second is much smaller than presents the methods and results from 1.0; increase of decline. measurements made by the author in the last II. The value of the first factor is smaller than decades. 0.7 and the value of the second amounts to about 1.0; stabilization of decline. Ill. The value of the first factor is smaller than Material and Methods 0. 7 and the value of the second is higher than 1.0; recovery. Numerical measure of the health status of the IV. The value of the first factor amounts to stands was a quotient of the average increment (per about 0.7 or is higher and the value of the year) in the period from 1971 to the moment of the second is similar - Silver fir with more or measurements and the average increment in the less normal vitality. decade 1951-60. The increment of the decade 1951-60 was accepted as an increment for comparison. The result of the division was named as Results the increment factor. The first measurements were performed in the The results of the first assessment (Zawada 1984) early 1980s in Southern Poland. The basis for in short are the following: designating the value of increment factors were in Poland there are no fully healthy silver fir measurements of the radial increment diameter at stands breast height of 15 silver firs (Abies alba) belonging stands with an increment factor near 0.7 for to social class II after Kraft. The increment factors silver fir can be found only occasionally, were estimated as the average of 15 measurements mainly in the eastern part of the natural of increment cores and calculations. According to the range of silver fir yield tables of Schwappach, it was accepted that in for the most part, increment factors of silver the normal developed stands the increment factor fir oscillated in the range 0.3-0.7, with an ought to be of about 0. 7 as a minimum. average value of 0.5 for all cases. A similar investigation was repeated in the period The decade 1971-80 was a period of worst 1995-2000, mostly in 2000. The research was growth depression for silver fir stands. The results of conducted in 52 silver fir stands in Southern Poland, the second assessment (Zawada 2001) showed that mostly in mountain areas. It was found that ring among the mentioned 52 stands there were as increment proceeds slightly differently than before. follows (Table 1): This was the reason for the modification of the according to item I O stand assessment of the present vitality of silver fir. according to item II 8 stands The modification concerns an expression of two according to item Ill 35 stands factors. The first factor is the quotient of the average according to item IV 9 stands.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 248 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Table 1. Assessment of vitality of Silver fir stands in three Editorial Keywords chosen decades presented in a schematic way. health status, sylviculture, vitality assessment, average Stand Vitality Decades: Number periodic increment, Abies alba, Southern Poland Type of ------=sc::;ta::.:n..:..:d::.::s:.- http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/ext41.pdf 1951- 1971- 1991- Extended abstract number 41 1960 1980 2000 Increment: Session 5: Forest ecology and management I. Decline normal ..fl...... _further 0 Increase decline decline II. Decline normal ...... similar 8 Stabilization decline Ill. Recovery normal ..fl...... improve- 35 decline ment IV. Normal normal normal normal 9 Vitali

Conclusion

The recovery of the vitality of silver fir in the mountain area (and maybe over the entire natural range of silver fir) actually became widespread. The events of the weak increment of Silver fir are mostly due to improper sylvicultural practices, single-fir tree mixture in the mixed stands. In most cases beech and spruce grow faster than fir trees in these stands.

References

Kontic R., Niederer M., Nippe! C. A., Winkler-Seifert A. 1986. Jahrringanalysen an Waldbaumen zur Darstellung und Interpretation von Waldschaden (Wallis, Schweiz). Eidgenossische Anstalt fur das forstliche Versuchwesen, Berichte Nr. 283, Birmensdorf. 46 pp. Schmid-Haas P. 1989. Der Nachweis der Ursache des Tannensterbens an einem Beispiel. Forstw. Cbl. 108: 244-254. Zawada J. 1984. Przyrostowa charakterystyka stanu zdrowotnego jodlyaw Polsce (Growth characterization of health condition of fir forest in Poland). Materials from the Second National Symposium "Biological Reactions of Trees to Industrial Pollution" Poznan. Zawada J. 1994. Analiza przyrostowa jodlyaz trzech drzewostan6w Nadlesnictwa Jelerenia. (An Analysis of the Growth of Common Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) in three tree stands of the Jelerenia Forest District). Materials from the Third National Symposium "Biological Reactions of Trees to Industrial Pollution". Poznan. Zawada J. 2001. Przyrostowe objawy rewitalizacji jodlyaw lasach Karpat i Sudet6w oraz wynikajace z nich konsekwencje hodowlane (The Increment Appearances in the Revitalization of Silver Fir in the Forests of Carpathian and Sudeten Mts. and its Sylvicultural Consequences. Publication "Prace IBL" (in print) Warszawa.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 249 The limiting factors at the upper and lower forest limits in the mountain-woodland steppe of Northwest Mongolia

Joachim Block and Uwe Treter [email protected] University ofErlangen-NDrnberg, Institute of Geography, Erlangen, Germany

Introduction determined from the continuous data-logger records, it was possible to extrapolate the temperature and The mountains that surround the Uvs Nuur basin in precipitation data of the meteorological stations for north-west Mongolia are characterised by larch the lower and upper forest limit. Soil temperatures woodland within the altitudinal range of the were recorded at 5-30 cm depths at several sites mountain-woodland steppe. This woodland area between the lower and upper forest limit for the constitutes the most southerly extension of the Light duration of one year. Siberian Taiga. Within the zonal semiarid steppe climate, these larch forests are exclusively found on north-facing slopes, while the remaining areas are Results occupied by mountain steppe vegetation. This distribution is mainly due to differences in exposure The tree-ring curves of sites at the upper forest limit to solar radiation. On north-facing slopes, the are significantly and positively correlated with reduced radiation input results in thermal, hygric and temperature and precipitation, although the edaphic site conditions that favour forest growth. In correlation between tree-ring width and temperature areas sloping towards the Uvs Nuur basin, the is more significant than that between tree-ring width forests are limited to the zone between 1700 m and precipitation. It could thus be deduced that the (lower limit) and 2400 m (upper limit) a.s.l. upper forest limit is mainly controlled by low air temperatures. Mid-June to mid-August soil temperatures at 10 cm depth, however, are 1-2 °K Material and Methods higher at the upper forest limit than at the lower forest limit. Evidence for late frosts exists in the form Observations focused on six main study areas of frost rings that occur synchronously throughout comprising a total of 25 sites in the Turgen­ the study area. Such frost rings are predominantly Charchiraa and Chan Chuchei mountains that frame present within the first 20 years of an individual the Uvs Nuur Basin in Northwest of Mongolia. A total tree's life. Late frosts are also evident in soil of 1200 samples (stem cores and cross-sections) temperature records. were collected. To record tree-ring width, age At the lower forest limit summer precipitation and structure, and growing behaviour, and to assess the tree-ring width are positively correlated, while tree­ role of climatic influences, dendrochronological and ring width and summer temperature show a negative dendroecological methods were used as described correlation. Low precipitation, in combination with comprehensively by Fritts (1976) and Schweingruber high summer temperatures, causes narrow tree (1983). Tree-ring curves were determined for each rings. False rings are formed due to the frequently stand on the basis of 30 selected tree cores or occurring dry periods and provide additional evidence cross-sections. Monthly air temperature and for the lack of precipitation. At present, the lower precipitation data for correlation with tree-ring curves forest limit is situated on the steep slopes (up to are available from the meteorological stations of 35°) that grade into gently sloping pediments leading Ulaangom at 939 m a.s.l. and Baruunturuum at to the Uvs Nuur. These pediments receive more 1232 m a.s.l., with records beginning in 1952 and radiation and the site conditions are thus generally 1961, respectively. Their distance from the study not suitable for forest growth. sites is 20-40 km. In addition, temperature and precipitation were recorded at eight data-logger locations in June to September 1997-1999 along a transect that extended from the basin to the watershed (Kruger et al. 2001). By using regression equations

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 250 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Conclusion

Precipitation or more generally climatic and soil moisture conditions constitute a key factor for the existence and dynamics of the larch forests in the mountain forest steppe of Northwest Mongolia. At the upper forest limit findings suggest that average air and soil temperatures play a less important role as limiting factors than extreme events such as late frosts. The latter prevent a further expansion of larch to higher altitudes. Only the young trees are susceptible to lethal frost damage. Trees that have survived these late frosts presently form the stands at the upper tree limit. It is conceivable that, given favourable climatic conditions (in particular rising temperatures), the absence of late frosts for long periods could lead to a shift of the tree line to higher elevations. The lower forest limit is mainly controlled by low precipitation. Given the present moisture conditions, a continued expansion downwards onto the gently sloping pediments, and thus into a drier and more drought prone environment, can not be expected.

References

Fritts H. C. 1976. Tree Rings and Climate. London, New York, San Francisco, Academic Press. 567 pp. Sommer M. and Treter U. 1999. Die Larchenwalder der Gebirgswaldsteppe in den Randgebirgen des Uvs Nuur­ Beckens, Mongolei. Die Erde 130: 173-188. Schweingruber F.H. 1983. Der Jahrring. Standort, Methodik, Zeit und Klima in der Dendrochronologie. Bern und Stuttgart. 234pp. Treter U. 2000. Recent extension of the larch forest in the mountain forest steppe in Northwest Mongolia. Marburger Geographische Schriften 135: 156-170. Treter U. 2000. Stand structure and growth patterns of the larch forests of Western Mongolia - a dendrochrono­ logical approach. Geowiss. Abh., Reihe A, 205: 60-66, Berlin. Kruger w. et al. 2001. Wo Wasser Weiden wachsen laBt. Potsdam.

Editorial Keywords

dendroclimatology, temperature, precipitation, late frost, frost rings, water stress, lower and upper forest limits, ring width, Larix sp., Uvs Nuur basin, Mongolia

http://www.wsl.ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts/ ext35.pdf Extended abstract number 35

Session 5: Forest ecology and management

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 251 A 347 4-year alpine tree-ring record from the Dachstein, Austria

Michael Grabner 1, Rupert Wimmer 1, Wolfgang Gindi 2, and Kurt Nicolussi 2 [email protected] 1: Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien, Institute of Botany, Vienna, Austria 2: Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Vienna, Austria 3: University of Innsbruck, Institute of High Mountain Research, Alpine Agriculture and Forestry, Innsbruck, Austria

Introduction robust 800-year long standard chronologies (Gindi et al. 1998). Regional multimillennial chronologies are important Local contacts (F. Mandi, pers. communication) sources for the study of environmental fluctuations has led us to the small alpine lake "Schwarzer See" and trends, as e.g. demonstrated in Finland with (47N35, 13E50, 1450 m a.s.l.). This small crater Pinus sylvestris (Zetterberg et al. 1996). Such lake was surrounded by steep rocky slopes and chronologies have been scarcely available from the cliffs. Dead and broken trees have dropped off and alpine region due to difficulties and low availability of slid downwards into the lake, where they have been samples other than from standing trees. This poster preserved. During a two-week campaign in summer presents the successful establishment of a 1999 a team of professional divers recruited through multimillennial tree-ring chronology from the the Austrian military and dendrochronologists Dachstein area by means of intensive sampling in a recovered trees from underwater to cut off disks, and high-elevation alpine lake. returned the trees back into the water after sampling. In total, 211 trees were successfully recovered and sampled. The collection of samples represents the actual mixture of tree species growing Material and Methods currently in the area. Overall, 66% of the samples were Norway spruce (Picea abies), 21% larch (Larix The Dachstein group is a triassic limestone decidua) and 13% Stone pine (Pinus cembra). In formation of the northern rim of the Alps, with strong addition to the underwater sampling, cores were karst topology, high elevations (highest peak 2995 m taken from live trees around the lake. All samples a.s.1.) and plateau characteristics. Intensive coring of were dried, properly sanded and measured using living and dead trees on the Dachstein plateau, linear measuring table, connected to a PC about 1700 m a.s.l., close to the treeline, revealed (Lintab/TSAP). 3

="C 2 ·;: I 0) s: ·;:: "C Q)

>

Picea

0 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000

Fig. 1: Spruce and larch chronology from the Dachstein (Austria), both covering 347 4 years of tree growth.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 252 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Results Editorial Keywords

The average number of rings of the sampled long time series, water-logged wood, subfossil logs, alpine underwater trees was 189 for spruce, 277 for larch lake, Picea abies, Larix decidua, Pinus cembra, Dachstein, and 226 for stone pine. The oldest spruce disk had Alps, Austria 475 rings, the maximum age of larch was 718 years. Samples were crossdated with standard methods http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext196.pdf Extended abstract number 196 resulting in a 1500-year absolute spruce chronology and a 1200-year larch chronology. The crossdating Session 5: Forest ecology and management also gave a number of floating chronologies, each of them gaping several centuries. Due to poor crossdating stone pine was not included at this stage of the project. The absolute as well as the floating chronologies were then compared and cross­ correlated with regional standard larch and stone pine chronologies from Tyrol and the Swiss Alps (e.g. Nicolussi and Lumassegger 1998) which resulted in a 347 4-year long spruce/larch chronology (Fig. 1). This composite chronology is solely built with samples from the Dachstein region.

Conclusion

Intensive sampling of standing trees on the Dachstein plateau and of trees preserved underwater in an alpine lake has led to several long chronologies, which were eventually combined to a continuous 347 4-year tree-ring record through crossdating with standard curves from Tyrol and Switzerland. The next step will be to further improve and extend this chronology by sampling additional alpine lakes and sites in the Dachstein region. Since all the trees are well defined in terms of their growing site a high potential for long-term climate reconstructions is anticipated.

References

Gindi W., Strumia G., Grabner M., Wimmer R. 1998. Dendroklimatologische Rekonstruktion der Sommer­ temperatur am ostlichen Dachsteinplateau wahrend der letzten 800 Jahre. Mitt. ANISA 19: 24-28. Nicolussi K., Lumassegger G. 1998. Tree-ring growth of Pinus cembra at the timberline in the central Eastern Alps: preliminary results. /nstitut fur Hochgebirgs­ forschung - Jahresbericht 1997: 48-53. Zetterberg P., Eronen M., Lindholm M. 1996. Construction of a 7500-year tree-ring record for Scots pine (Pinus sy/vestris L.) in northern Fennoscandia and its application to growth variation and palaeoclimatic studies. In Spiecker H., Mielikainen K., Kohl M., and Skovsgaard J.P., eds., Growth Trends in European Forests. European Forest Institute Research Report 5: 7-18.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 253 Radial growth as a tool to differentiate Scots pine ( Pinus sy/vestris ) from provenance trials in the Krasnoyarsk forest steppe

Valentina V. Tarasova, A.V. Benkov, LI. Milyutin, Alex V. Shashkin, Vera Benkova, Fritz H. Schweingruber 1 [email protected] V.N. Sukachov Institute ofForest SB RAS (IF SB RAS), Krasnoyarsk, Russia 1: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Introduction trees (having larger final diameters). The former trees are replaced from community. Provenance trials consist in considering a variety of 1 a natural populations in order to study artificial 0,8 plantations of various provenances. In this paper, we ... 2 • • • - - - 41-80 mm have used radial growth rate as a tool to differentiate ~ 0,6 the trees. Ill -- 81-120 mm 0,4 ~ -- 121-160 mm .:!: ~ 0,2 --- 161-200 mm 0:: Material and Methods 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 A 33-year-old provenance trial of Scots pines planted Years by our colleagues of the Lab. of selection, IF SB RAS growing in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe was used in b this study. The samples (two cores or a disc per tree) ~ 0,8 were collected in 1997: 42 samples belong to Sayan $ 0-40 mm ..E 0,6 provenance and 50 samples to Olkhon provenance. -- 41-80 mm '5"' These two seed sources are very different. They are J 0,4 - 81-120 mm situated in the same climate zone, however, in a;"' - 121-160 mm Olkhon the annual and summer precipitation are o:: 0,2 much lower - they are the lowest in Siberia. Dating and measurement of tree-ring widths were made by 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 LINTAB-V3,0 using software TSAP-V3,5. The annual Years diameters from 1965 to 1997 were calculated for each tree from the tree-ring widths. The trees were divided into diameter groups: 0-40mm, 41-80 mm, Fig. 1: Dynamics of radial growth of Scots pine in Sayan (a) 81-120 mm, 121-160mm, 161-200mm. The and Olkhon (b) provenance trials for diameter groups. annual diameters were normalized relative to the final diameter (i.e. 1997) for each tree. Values of the The change of the distribution with time (or tree relative diameters were averaged for each group. To age) indicates that transitions from one group to estimate every provenance heterogeneity the tree another take place (Fig. 2). Both provenances being distributions over relative diameters for the period 6-11 years old are characterized by the right­ from 1970 to 1997 were obtained with 5-year step. asymmetrical distribution. It may be the result of intensive growth and weak influence of intra­ population competition in this period. From 1975 to 1995 we observed a gradual displacement of Results and Discussion distribution maximum to the left. The proporation of trees with small diameters has gradually increased. For both provenances, the trees of each singled-out To 1997 in the Sayan provenance the trees with an group differ in terms of the dynamics of radial average diameter of 41-60 mm prevail. At the same growth. The curves for smaller diameters are bulgier time, in the Olkhon provenance much thinner trees (Fig. 1). The groups of trees with minimal diameter with average diameter of 21-40 mm prevail. had a greater relative diameter in their younger age than the trees belonging to the other groups. The growth rate of the slow-growing trees decreases much earlier and steeper than that of fast-growing

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 254 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 0,7 0,6 a ~ --1m 0,4 - - - - 1975 0,3 -m- 1980 0,2 -+-- 1985 0, 1 --.k-- 1990 ---- 1995 0·..1-~~~~-----~ - 1997 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 Relative diameter

0,7 b 0,6

0,5 1970 0,4 1975 1980 0,3 -----+-- 1985 0,2 1990 0,1 --..- 1995 1997 0 +---IIIF---.----.--~----.-----, -- 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 Relative diameter

Fig. 2: Distribution of Scots pine trees by relative diameters in Sayan (a) and Olkhon (b) provenance trials for diameter groups 0-40mm, 41-80 mm, 81-120 mm, 121-160mm, 161-200mm from 1970 to 1997.

Conclusion

Differentiation of trees on growth dynamics begins from 11-year age. The trees with smaller diameters gradually slow down their growth rate as they are suppressed. To the age of 33 years in Sayan provenance the trees with an average diameter of 41-60 mm prevail, but in the Olkhon provenance much thinner trees with average diameters of 21- 40 mm prevail.

Editorial Keywords provenance trial, radial growth, stand structure, forest­ steppe, Pinus sy/vestris, Krasnoyarsk, Russia http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext79.pdf Extended abstract number 79

Session 5: Forest ecology and management

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 255 Wood mass and density - a still unused dendro-resource for the carbon cycle discussion

Otto U. Braker [email protected] Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Introduction Results

Within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol - as a The produced long-term trends for Spruce (Picea step to cope with the threat of global warming - the abies) shown as residuals or indices indicate an actual discussion is focused on the role of forests increase in radial growth as well as in basal area within the carbon cycling and on the fact that increment since 1900 for Switzerland. The same European forests may act as carbon sinks (Cannell trend, though less pronounced, is observed for Scan­ 1996). In this context, recent changes in forest dinavia, with a plateau after 1960. The calculated growth and site conditions reported for many wooden mass is mainly dominated by earlywood pro­ European forests have become an important issue. duction, therefore the trends follow these of radial The causes of increased growth are of high interest growth. In the last century, average wood density since some causal processes may decrease long­ show practically no corresponding trend (Fig. 1). term sustainability of forests and forestry. Spiecker Expanded studies for the period since 1700 for et al. (1996) have shown a European-wide increase the analysed sub-alpine and boreal chronologies in above-ground volume during the last decades. accentuate the observed growth and mass increase Most results documenting the effects of increased in the 18th and 19th century, while the average growth lack the discussion of parallel wood- or density was slightly higher in the period before 1820 biomass increase and changes in wood density is than today. The significance of these shifts have to unknown. be discussed in relation to changes in land use, forest structure, tree competition, and artefacts due to the methodology of standardisation (Fig. 2): Data Material

We used WSL density data from sub-alpine sites in References Switzerland and boreal forests in Scandinavia, collected originally by Schweingruber and Cannell M.G.R., 1996. Forests as carbon sinks mitigating collaborators for climate reconstruction, and those the greenhouse effect. Commonwealth Forestry Review collected by Lenz and collaborators for decline 75(1): 92-99. studies at lowland sites (1987). This data base Spiecker H., Mielikainen K., Kohl M., Skovsgaard J.P. proved to be a valuable tool to estimate density (Eds.), 1996. Growth trends in European forests. trends in the last century. We improved it with Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Barcelona, density data from the Bartholin Swedish Tornetraesk Budapest, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris Santa chronology, thus expanding the interpretation period Clara, Singapore, Tokjo, 372 pp. to the last three centuries. Lenz 0., Nogler P., Braker O.U. 1987. L'evolution du temps Based on the measurements of the early WSL et le deperissement du Sapin blanc dans la region de x-ray densitometry, the calculation and procedures to Berne. EAFV Bericht 303, 44 pp. gain information on wooden mass and average densities resulted only in rough estimates. For the long-term trend analysis of these density and mass parameters, some additional standardising procedures were applied, which have further to be discussed (e.g. how to handle confounding of ageing and environmental shifts).

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 256 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Spruce: Residuals and indices, ageing standardised

CH-AL

I Rg. 1: Annual residuals (for I I standardised densities) and I I indices (for standardised widths) of n:scand. parameters "wood mass" and n:cH-AL -::-r=··-=···=·::::====:!:::: ...-:-. =:::-:::::.c-:... :c- ..cc ..-:-. trcc. =,--:--:-:, "average wood density" for Spruce ~!~l-...- ... -.. ----.. nfCH-PL chronologies in the period 1900 to 1989.

Spruce: Residuals and indices, ageing standardised

I I I -j mass; I I I I I I -: av. dens. I I I : Scand. tlOO.O I I I 1000.0 I J· wo.o I I I I ""t!00.o I I I r I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CH-ML ,,ooor I I I I I I I ,,I ::~ : !:P:::J:>$ ~ I .,., I ~I Ii I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CH-AL ,,ooor I I ! I I I i~! l I I. I ,.I' I I =~ I I I I I I I I I I I Rg. 2: Smoothed residuals and I I I I I I indices (low-pass filter) of I n :5cand. I parameters "wood mass" and JOO.O: I I nFH-AL I "average wood density" for Spruce =o npH-PL -i100.0: "I chronologies in the period 1700 to 0.0 mo ""' '"" ""' """ ""' """ 1989.

Editorial Keywords carbon sequestration, dendroecology, wood density, Picea abies, Sweden, Switzerland http://www.wsl.ch/forestjdendro2001/abstracts/ext248.pdf Extended abstract number 248

Session 5: Forest ecology and management

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 257 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Picea abies as indicator for geomorphodynamic activity in St. Antonien ( Switzerland)

Astrid R6pke A. [email protected] Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Faculty ofEarth Sciences and Geography, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Introduction Results and Discussion

In many parts of the Alps the present dynamics of The transition from pastures to reforestation in the vegetation and landscape are influenced by changes Valley of St. Ant6nien caused higher geomorpho­ of both anthropogenic and natural origin. In the dynamic activity at the site "rib". Valley of St. Ant6nien (Switzerland) extensification of The spruce trees document this as follows: Due land use has occurred for the last thirty years. The to extreme environmental conditions (snow, frost, abandonment of pastures has led to reforestation competition with grass, unstable ground) the trees especially at the timberline. These areas have also produced narrow rings during the initial phase been ascribed a higher geomorphodynamic activity. (1966-1981). Therefore reactions cannot be This investigation aims to reconstruct the differentiated. Subsequently the trees started to geomorphodynamic activity by analysing cross react to snow and soil movement. sections of stems and roots of spruce trees of the Event years for the sites are 1982, 1984, 1988, reforestation. 1992 and 1999, but both the amount and the type The research areas are situated on a SE-exposed of reaction differ at the sites (Fig. 1). slope close to the timberline at approximately 30 300 1800 m above sea level. The soils have been E "'C developed in the unstable heterogeneous Flysch. .Q 25 250 :;;" 0 > (ll 8 Two adjacent sites were chosen: First a rib with silty I!! 0 20 200 ! alpine soils of thirty to forty cm and second a rather !;; c:, 0 15 150 stable site as reference with thin soil cover of less E (ll than 10 cm. 10 100 Silty alpine soils are known to be unstable if no 50 longer grazed. Indicators for a higher geomorpho­ dynamic activity are "blaiken" (forms of erosion of several square meters mostly without vegetation) (Schauer 1975, Dommermuth 1995). 11111 reactions of the spruce trees ("rib" site) CJ reactions of the spruce trees (reference site) - Max. snow cover Material and Methods Fig. 1: Maximum snow cover in St. Antonien compared to the reactions of the spruce trees. Polished cross sections of stems and roots of 12 spruce trees from the site "rib" and 12 from the The trees at the two sites have different reference site were examined. The reactions were environmental stress. While the trees at the recorded by means of skeleton plots (Schweingruber reference site merely react to snow slide and thrust et al. 1990). Event years were dated by compression with compression wood in their tree rings, the trees wood, changes of maximum growth direction, of the site "rib" are stressed by snow and soil injuries, extreme small or wide tree rings and movement. They are tilted, uprooted and buried. In adventitious roots. No dating errors due to partially the tree rings this is indicated by injuries, changes of absent and missing tree rings occurred. During the the maximum growth direction, extremely small and initial phase of growth with extremely narrow tree wide tree rings and adventitious roots. Adventitious rings, reactions could not be divided. roots also record the most obvious movements of the soil. Uprooted or overturned trees at this site additionally can lead to the development of new blaiken.

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 258 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Conclusions

Extreme winters with snow cover of approximately 2 m and strong ablation increases erosion, and here the development of blaiken. This only applies to the "rib" site because its silty alpine soil tends to be unstable during ablation when the soil is saturated (Laatsch and Grottenthaler 1973). The comparison of the two sites shows that the impact of nivation on trees is connected to the thickness and grain size of the soil.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to the WSL (Birmensdorf, Switzerland), especially to Prof. Dr. Fritz Schweingruber for technical support, to SLF (Davos, Switzerland) for the snow data, to Prof. Dr. Norbert Stein (Frankfurt a. M. Germany) for discussions and to DAAD (Germany) for financial support.

References

Dommermuth C. 1995. Beschleunigte Massenabtragung im Jennergebiet. Ursachen und Auswirkungen beschleunigter Abtragungsvorgange im Kulturlandschaftsbereich der Alpen am Beispiel des Jennergebietes im Nationalpark Berchtesgaden. Forschungsber. Nationalpark Berchtes­ gaden 32: 147 pp. Laatsch W. and Grottenthaler W. 1973. Labilitat und Sanierung der Hange in der Alpenregion des Landkreises Miesbach. Mit einer Karte der Hanglabilitatsformen und - stufen im Malsstab 1:25'000. Bayrisches Staatsministerium f. Ernahr., Landw. u. Forsten [Hrsg.], Munchen, 57 pp. Schauer T. 1975. Die Blaikenbildung in den Alpen. Schriftenreihe Bayer.L.Amt f. Wasserwirtschaft (Munchen) 1, 30 pp. Schweingruber H.F., Eckstein D., Serre-Sachet F., Braker O.U. 1990. Identification, presentation and interpretation of event years in dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia 8: 9-38.

Editorial Keywords dendrogeomorphology, extensification, reforestation, blaiken, flysch, skeleton plots, Picea abies, St. Antonien Valley, Switzerland, Alps http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/ext54.pdf Extended abstract number 54

Session 6: Landscape ecology and management

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 259 Dendrochronological dating of charcoal kilns: a new method for dating historical land use at the upper timberline

Christa E. Backmeroff 1 and Gaetano Di Pasquale 2 christabackmeroff@hotmai I.com 1: University of Wales, School ofAgricultural and Forest Sciences, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK 2: University of Naples, Department ofArboriculture, Botany and Plant Pathology, Italy

Introduction piece dated wrongly. Hence, stricter criteria were applied than those normally used for wooden Until a few years ago, research methods on the eco­ samples. Visually, the ring pattern of the cross-dated logical development and the land-use history of sample had to be virtually identical, with all minima woodlands consisted of archive searches, pollen and maxima present, to that of previously dated analysis, 14C-dating and dendrochronology, to which samples. The dating of samples which, in compa­ recently has been added anthracology, the study of rison with all other samples of the same time-period, charcoal from kilns (Bonhote and Vernet 1988). did not fulfil these criteria, was rejected. The chrono­ Charcoal kilns for metallurgical purposes have existed logy was constructed by the usual method of cross­ since time immemorial. In anthracology, for each dating each sample with all the others, thus creating charcoal fragment (minimum size 1-2mm) the genus, progressively overlapping graphs which finally form and usually the species, can be identified (Castelletti one curve. 1988), and the piece is dated by the 14C-method. As there was little or no selective felling of tree species for charcoal-burning (Ludemann 1994), and local Results wood was used, charcoal kilns reflect the local tree species composition and distribution at the time of Of 399 surviving charcoal pieces examined dendro­ felling. They indicate successional processes in time chronologically, 268 were datable. Of these, 190 and dynamic processes at the timberline, e.g. for­ samples containing between 31 and 149 rings were merly higher tree limits and species changes. dated. 81% of the datable charcoal pieces were larch This study proposes the fusion of two disciplines - (Larix decidua), 18% were either larch or spruce dendrochronology and anthracology - thereby creating (Picea abies) and 1% remained unidentified. a new dating method, dendroanthracology (= the Two-thirds of charcoal fragments containing 31 to dendrochronological dating of fragments from 50 rings, and over 90% of samples with more than charcoal kilns). 60 rings, were successfully dated. This is in contrast with Kuniholm's (1996) suggested cross-dating minimum of 50 rings. Being close to their limit of Material and Methods distribution, timberline larches are very sensitive to climatic variation, and the marked minima and In 1994, three upper timberline charcoal kilns maxima in their ring pattern allow successful cross­ (2100m-2135m a.s.l.) in the Central Italian Alps dating even for samples with relatively few annual (Comasine, Val di Sole, Trentino) were excavated to rings. collect samples suitable for dendrochronological An independent charcoal master curve was cons­ analysis. Species analysis was carried out at the tructed from 160 samples (Rg. 1). As the chronology Mediterranean Institute of Ecology and did not cross-date with Comasine's tree curve Palaeoecology (CNRS, University of Aix-Marseille Ill, (Backmeroff 2001), its absolute dating (969-1460) France). was based on Bebber's (1990) larch chronology, For dendrochronological dating (at the Institute of after corrections by Holzhauser (pers. comm.). The Silviculture, University of Florence, Italy), Aniol's ring pattern for the period 993-1460 was verified by (1987) measuring and analysis system (CATRAS) Holzhauser's larch chronology based on sub-fossil was used, which requires a minimum of 31 annual larch trunks from the G!etschervorfeld of the Gomer rings for statistical analysis. Containing fewer rings and Aletsch glaciers in the Swiss Wallis (pers. than tree samples, the resultant shorter overlap in comm.). the ring sequence of two cross-dated charcoal pieces increased the risk that a casual similarity in the ring pattern might be mistaken for a true match and the

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 260 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. Discussion Conclusions

As the Comasine charcoal chronology has been Charcoal fragments from upper timberline kilns in the validated for the period 993-1460, the new method Central Italian Alps (Comasine, Val di Sole, Trentino) of using small charcoal pieces (average 1.78cm were dated dendrochronologically, and a charcoal ± 0.65cm) from upper alpine timberline kilns for master chronology was constructed and validated for dendrochronological dating and chronology-building the period 993-1460, thereby confirming must also be valid. dendroanthracology as a valid dating method. Dendroanthracology has important applications in Dendroanthracology has precise advantages over determining past human influence on the landscape: 14C-dating making it an important complementary it can date charcoal kilns which previously had been dating method. First, dendroanthracology allows dated only by the 14C-method, relate woodland greater accuracy, i.e. to the exact year of the last history and describe and precisely date historical preserved ring. Secondly, handling the samples will land-use. Considering the long history of charcoal not "adulterate" them in any way; kilns for metallurgical purposes in the mountains of dendrochronological dating is not affected. Thirdly, Europe, the value of these "archives" as potential dendroanthracology is less time-consuming and sources of dendrochronological information, has cheaper than 14C-dating. Finally, dendro­ probably been underestimated up to now. anthracological curves can extend existing dendro­ chronological master chronologies backwards (or forwards) in time, assuming there is a sufficient References overlap. Aniol R.W. 1987. A new device for computer-assisted There are, however, limitations to dendroanthra­ measurement of tree-ring widths. Dendrochronologia 5: cology. In CATRAS, a minimum of 31 annual rings is 135-141. required to cross-date dendrochronological curves. Backmeroff C. E. 2001. Historical land-use and upper Secondly, it is likely that only charcoal pieces from timberline dynamics determined by a thousand-year sensitive tree species at the limit of their distribution larch chronology made up of charcoal fragments from can be used for dendroanthracology. It is the kilns and ancient trees. This volume, pp. 262-263. combination of narrow ring widths (enough rings in a Bebber A.E. 1990. Una dendrocronologia del larice (Larix 1-2cm charcoal piece to allow dating) and a decidua) delle Alpi orientali italiane. Dendrochronologia characteristic ring pattern with pronounced minima 8: 119-139. and maxima (caused by climatic extremes) which Bonh6te J. and Vernet J.L. 1988. La memoire des charbon­ permits dendrochronological dating. Finally, charcoal nieres. Rev. For. Fr. 40 (3): 197-212. pieces can only be dated if a dated master chrono­ Castelletti L. 1988. Archaeology and Forest History. In: logy exists for the species and covers at least part of Human Influence on Forest Ecosystem Development in the time-period concerned; otherwise a floating Europe, Workshop Proceedings, ESF FERN-CNR chronology is produced which, however, can be (F. Salbitano ed.), 3-11. Pitagora, Bologna. attributed to an approximate time-period if a few Kuniholm P.I. 1996. How to Collect Archaeological Wood charcoal samples are radiocarbon-dated. and Charcoal for Dendrochronological Analysis. The Malcolm and Carolyn Wiener Laboratory for Aegean and Near Eastern Dendrochronology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, ~~§§~dm~1; ... New York. (www.arts.cornell.edu/dendro/howto.html; 5 -~~~~~==-_::_==: March 1996). ·----· ·---===-- -~ nochChtonology Ludemann T. 1994. Vegetations- und Landschaftswandel --­ -- ~~ ~~ ~~ ----: -i im Schwarzwald unter anthropogenem Einflu13. Ber. d Reinh.-Tiixen-Ges. 6: 7-39.

!ISO 1000 1050 1100 1100 1:00 1250 Fig. 1 Oendroc:hronok>glcal dating ofeharcod pieces fromthreecharcom kilns at 2,100mto2.135m Editorial Keywords &ftltude In V&I Comas!ne {Val di Sole, Trentino, Centnll lt&ll&n Alps)

anthracology, dendrochronological dating, charcoal, kilns, Fig. 1: Dendrochronological dating of charcoal pieces from timberline, land use, Larix decidua, Picea abies, Val di three charcoal kilns in Val Comasine, Val di Sole, Trentino, Sole, Central Italian Alps, Italy Central Italian Alps.

http://WWW .wsl .ch/forest/dendro2001/abstracts / ext229 .pdf Extended abstract number 229

Session 6: Landscape ecology and management

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 261 Historical land-use and upper timberline dynamics determined by a thousand-year larch chronology made up of charcoal fragments from kilns and ancient trees

Christa E. Backmeroff [email protected] University of Wales, School ofAgricultural and Forest Sciences, Bangor, UK

Introduction Local communal and parish archives, dating back to the 13th century, were consulted with a view to Recently, dendrochronology and anthracology (= the determining ancient land use in time and space. study of charcoals) were combined to create a new dating method, dendroanthracology (= the dendro­ Results chronological dating of charcoal pieces from kilns) (Backmeroff 2001a). A dendrochronological master curve was constructed In this study, the resultant thousand-year larch from 160 larch charcoal fragments, dating from 969- master chronology, composed of the ring sequences 1460, and from 82 ancient larch trees, dating from of charcoal fragments and ancient larches from the 1454-1995 (Fig. 1). Due to the insufficient overlap same site, was used to determine the historical land­ (only seven years) of the charcoal and the tree part uses and woodland history which have shaped of the chronology, the floating charcoal curve was today's upper timberline woodland in a valley of the dated against Bebber's (1990) curve, with Central Italian Alps. Ancient documents from local corrections by Holzhauser who also validated the archives were used to support the resultant master chronology for 993-1995 (pers. dendrochronological and dendroanthracological comm.). evidence. 22 charcoal samples had their last preserved ring in the decade 1450-1460; indeed, not a single Material and Methods piece was dated after 1460, but there is a notable drop in the number of charcoal samples around In 1991, 1994 and 1995, in a 9ha timberline 1180 (Fig. 1). woodland (in Val Comasine, Val di Sole, Trentino, The oldest trees in the ancient larch stand (12%) Central Italian Alps; 2100-2250 m a.s.l.), a relict had been recruited in the late 14th and two thirds in population of 130 large (50-140 cm dbh), and the 15th century. Interestingly, remnants of an presumably ancient, larches (Larix decidua) was ancient larch generation from the late 14th/early stem-cored (live trees) or had cross-sections cut from 15th centuries were also found in the three upper the stump (dead trees) for dendrochronological timberline study sites, but most trees there were analysis. In 1994, some 500 charcoal pieces were young, having been recruited from the 1850s to the excavated from three kilns on the same site for present day. At 2200m to 2300m a.s.l., 60% to 90% species determination and dendrochronological of the trees had become established in the 20th dating (Backmeroff 2001a). century. Contemporaneously, at three upper Val di Sole Archives document the presence of iron mines timberline sites, a total of 75 plots (3. 75ha) was set near Val Comasine from at least the 12th century; up, evenly distributed at each site along five the local iron industry reached its heyday during the transects situated at 1900 m, 2000 m, 2100 m, 15th century. There are many references to the rela­ 2200 m and 2300 m a.s.l. For 2279 trees in these ted need for charcoal and the destructive work of the plots were recorded: exact location, species and charcoal-makers which in the 1430s to 70s led to girth at breast height; and 20% of the trees, the ban of charcoal production in several upper Val di stratified by site, altitude, species and diameter, Sole villages. were stem-cored. For dendrochronological analysis (at the Institute Discussion of Silviculture, University of Florence, Italy), Aniol's (1983; 1987) measuring and analysis system The fact that no charcoal piece dated later than (CATRAS) was used. 1460, (dendroanthracological evidence), combined with the known depletion and, in some cases,

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M .• Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. 262 Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. complete destruction of upper Val di Sole woodlands rent altitudes, determining the dynamics of the upper in the early to mid-15th century (archives), would timberline over the last 500 years. It has, indicate that the Val Comasine woods were clear­ furthermore, defined the climatic conditions in the felled for charcoal-making in the 1460s. The late Central Italian Alps during the last millennium, 14th/early 15th century advance regeneration comparing dendrochronological and dendroanthraco­ spared by the charcoal-makers, and the seedlings logical evidence with evidence from local archives established soon afterwards, have formed today's and from published sources. relict larch stand. Charcoal was made from at least the 12th References century (archives); indeed, the notable dip in the number of charcoal fragments around 1180 (Fig. 1), Aniol R.W. 1983. Tree-ring Analysis Using CATRAS. as well as the lack of samples bridging this time­ Dendrochronologia 1: 45-53. period (Backmeroff 2001a, Fig. 1) may point to Aniol R.W. 1987. A new device for computer-assisted another episode of charcoal-making in Val Comasine measurement of tree-ring widths. Dendrochronologia 5: in the 1180s. However, more charcoal pieces from 135-141. the other Val Comasine kilns will have to be dated in Backmeroff C. E. 2001a. Dendrochronological dating of order to exclude sampling bias. charcoal kilns: a new method for dating historical land In the other upper Val di Sole timberline use at the upper timberline. This volume, pp. 260-261. woodlands, no tree was found to have been recruited Backmeroff C. E. 2001b. Dendroecology, history and before 1400 (dendrochronological evidence), dynamics of mixed woodlands at the upper timberline of indicating that, as in Val Comasine, the older trees the Central Italian Alps. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, had been cut by the charcoal-makers. Few trees University of Wales, Bangor. dated from about 1600 to the early 1800s, due to Bebber A.E. 1990. Una dendrocronologia del larice (Larix high grazing pressure as a result of increasing decidua) delle Alpi orientali italiane. Dendrochronologia population numbers (archives) and adverse climatic 8: 119-139. conditions in the Little Ice Age (1580-1850; dendrochronological evidence; Backmeroff 2001b). Today's predominantly young timberline woodland predominantly consists of larch re-colonisation, which started in the second half of the 19th and continued throughout the 20th century. Decreased grazing pressure, caused by the decline in agriculture in the 20th century (archives), coinciding with a UO 1000 1UO 1100 11SO 12H 1:SO 1»0 1UO 'WOO 100 1SOO 1$50 1'00 USO 17CO 1UO 1100 11$0 UOO USO 2000 period of climatic warming which started in the Y•u 1850s and is continuing to the present day Fig. 1: Replication values (calculated from five-year (dendrochronological evidence; Backmeroff 2001b), intervals) for a 1000-year larch master chronology of favoured the large-scale re-colonisation of charcoal pieces (dated 969-1460) from three charcoal kilns and of larch trees (dated 1454-1995) from an upper abandoned pastures. Today, the trees' ages timberline at 2100 - 2230 m a.s.l. at Val Comasine (Val di decrease with increasing altitude, indicating that the Sole, Trentino, Italy). re-colonisation of the upper timberline is still under­ way and that, if present land-use and climatic conditions continue, timberline levels are likely to Editorial Keywords continue to rise. anthracology, dendrochronological dating, timberline, land use, charcoal, kilns, iron mines, long time series, Larix Conclusions decidua, Central Italian Alps, Val di Sole, Italy

A thousand-year dendrochronological curve made up http://www.wsl.ch/forest;dendro2001/abstracts/ext230.pdf of ring sequences from charcoal pieces and ancient Extended abstract number 230 larch trees, combined with the monitoring of timberline trees and archive research has allowed Session 6: Landscape ecology and management the reconstruction of historical land-uses in Val di Sole from the 12th century onwards, determining charcoal-burning as the cause for the origins of a relict larch woodland dating from the late 14th/early 15th centuries. The thousand-year larch chronology has also been used to date timberline trees, and hence the re-colonisation of the timberline at diffe-

In: Kaennel Dobbertin M., Braker O.U. (editors), 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos, 22-26 September 2001, Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 263 Index Authors

Aalto Tarmo 26 Chelli Alessandro 193 Abrams Marc D. 175 Chernavskaya Margarita 66 Agafonov Leonid I. 181 Chernykh N.B. 66 Albrecht Heiner 233 Cherubini Paolo 4, 128, 153, 194, 200, 201, 215 Alfaro Rene I. 143 Ciolli Marco 128, 201 Andreev Serguei G. 81 Comunello Giovanni 201 Andrews S. 3 Conner W. Steven 133 Angelstam Per 171 Conus Delphine 76 Anhuf Dieter 43 Cook Edward R. 42 Arzuffi Luca 157 Coppin Pol 11 Backmeroff Christa 229, 230 Cremaschi Mauro 157 Bahyl Vladimir 244 Cufar Katarina 23 Bal mat Jeff 98 Cutini Andrea 44 Banks John C.G. 48, 118 Dahlstr.0'm Niklas 120 Baptista Viviam Correia 232 Dal Cin Ruggero 160 Bauch Josef 162 Dallaire Sophie 228 Baumann Ernst 223 Dashkovskaya Irene 145, 146 Bebi Peter 17 De Canniere Charles 210 Bednarz Zdzislaw 123 de Natale Antonio 148 Beeckmann Hans 11, 186 Decoux Valerie 210 Belanger Louis 228 Defays Emmanuel 210 Beliakov Andrei I. 85 Delgado Silvia 188, 199 Benkov A.V. 79 Denneler Bernhard 56 Benkova Vera 1, 79 Dergachev V.A. 33 Bernabei Mauro 205, 225 Dery Stephane 228 Bertani Alcide 88 Dettman David L. 67 Bezzi Marco 128 Devall Margaret 117 Bhat Kanthila Mahabala 28 Di Mauro Vincenzo 157 Bhattacharyya Amalava 236 Di Pasquale Gaetano 148, 229 Bigler Christof 2, 5 Draz Vizcarno Elvira 114, 115, 226 Billamboz Andre 159 Dikau Richard 90 Bitvinskas Theodoras 47 Dittmar Christoph 7 Block Joachim 35 Dobbertin Matthias 194 Bonisegna Jose A. 189 Doyle Thomas W. 98, 99, 100 Bonn Stefan 39 Drapela Karel 9 Borgaonkar Hemant P. 34, 236 Drobyshev Igor 171 Bortoluzzi Benedetta 209 Dunisch Oliver 162 Botosso Paulo Cesar 232 Dursk J. 244 Bracke Guido 19 Dussart Esteban G. 127 Braker Otto Ulrich 51, 153, 200, 215, 223, 248 Dutilleul Pierre 142 Brang Peter 194 Echer E. 8 Brauning Achim 191 Eggertsson 6!afur 33, 91 Bruhlhart Harald 51 Ellgaard Erik G. t 117 Buckley Brendan M. 42 Elling Wolfram 25 Bugmann Harald 2, 5 Engle James B. 133 Burns James M. 133 Erkan Nesat 132 Buzikin Alex 145, 146 Eronen Matti 110 Galva-Vasquez German 70 Esper Jan 163 Camarero Jesus Julio 101 Esposito Assunta 148 Cantani Maria Giulia 128 Estelrich Hector D. 127 Carrer Marco 160, 161 Evdokimov V.N. 203 Castorina R. 225 Fahu Chen 187 Cedro Anna 13 Falco Thierry 76 Cetina V. 70 Fantucci Rosanna 63 Chaudhary Vandana 236 February Edmund C. 37

267 Feklistov Pavel A. 203 Jardon Yves 142 Fenbiao Ni 134 Jonsson Karin 119, 120 Ferreira Ligia 232 Jonsson Thorbergur Hjalti 91 Fontana Giovanni 194 Kalela-Brundin Maarit 155 Fenti Patrick 217 Karlsson Kristian 53, 164 Forster Theo 56 Kasatkina Elena 33, 137 Fortunski Marcin 10 Kelly Peter E. 42 Foster David R. 111 Kilian Rolf 12, 102 Frazer Gordon W. 202 Kirdyanov Alexander 24 Fritts Harold C. 62 Kirtsidely I.Yu. 33 Funada Ryo 83, 138, 139 Kistemaya Margarita 52 Funkhouser Gary 116, 134 Kitin Peter 138, 139 Gagin Mary 37 Kittel T. 5 Garcra Gonzalez Ignacio 114, 115, 226 Knapp Paul A. 192 Garcfa Rodrfguez Lorena 115 Knorre Anastasiya A. 30 Gardiner Barry A. 18 Kobayashi Osamu 135 Gartner Barbara 18, 200 Koch Johannes 12, 102 Gartner Helger 90, 190 Koedam Nico 186 Ghosh Sucharita 129 Kofler Werner 176 Gierlinger Burgi 219 Kelstrom T. 33 Giesemann Annette 19 Kooistra Laura 213 Gopalan Giribalan 133 Koprivica Milo 55 Gorlanova Ljudmila A. 144, 173 Korner Christian 238 Grabner Michael 196,219 Kozlov Valery 52 Gregg M. Garfin-Woll 235 Kozubov Gennadiy 52 Grichting Michael 76 Krause Cornelia 6, 95 Griggs Carol 130, 131 Kromer Bernd 23 Grissino-Mayer Henri D. 192 Kulakowski Dominik 17 Grudd Hakan 125, 155 Kumar Satish D. 117 Gucci Riccardo 215 Kuniholm Peter Ian 130, 131 Gunnarson Bjorn 155 Kuzmin A.V. 33 Guntenspergen Glenn R. 99 Laanelaid Alar 121 Gurskaya Marina 151 Lamlon Sabah 218 Gutierrez Emilia 101 Larocque Isabelle 61 Haas Jean Nicolas 233 Larson Douglas W. 42 Haneca Kristof 11 Latimer Shane D. 117 Hanraets Elsemieke 64, 213 Lavadinovic Vera 55 Hantemirov Rashit M. 144, 173 Le-Quesne Carlos 189 Harrison Stephan 16 Leavitt Steven W. 235 Heinrich Inge 48 Leuschner Hannes Hubert 87 Helle Gerhard 43, 82, 163 Levanic Tom 23 Heller Iris 129 Lievre Igor 76 Hemming Debbie 62 Umin Ma 235 Hernandez Jose 199 Linderholm Hans 155, 243 Heyerdahl Emily 89 Lindholm Markus 33, 110, 243 Hofmann Frieder 19 Lo Monaco Angela 225 Holzhauser Hanspeter 84 Luckman Brian H. 184,199,202 Huerta-Arcos L. 70 Macova Marcela 93 Hughes Malcom K. 116,132,133,134,172,195,235 Magda Valery 81 Hurni Jean-Pierre 231 Magnani F. 153 lanna Roberta 160 Ma1tre Gilles 76 Innes John 194, 200 Mandre Malle 86 lsajev Vasilije 55 Manetti Maria Chiara 44 lvanova Galina 141 Mapelli Sergio 88 lwatate-Suzuki Tomoko 138 Martinelli Nicoletta 105, 106 Jacoby Gordon 137 Martfnez Cortizas Antonio 114, 226 Jalkanen Risto 26 Masiokas Mariano 199 Jansma Esther 64, 213 Mazzoleni Stefano 148

268 McKay Steven J. 89 Raspopov Oleg M. 33, 137 Medina Andrea A. 127 Rebetez Martine 4 Merilainen J. 33 Rigling Andreas 51 Meyer Fabian 183, 238 Rigling Daniel 194 Milyutin L.I. 79 Rigozo N.R. 8 Miranda J. 70 Ripalta Alberto 199 Moiseev Pavel 69 Roer Isabelle 90 Monge Susana 188 Roig Fidel 188, 189 Mont6ia Valdinez R. 162 Roloff Andreas 39 Moore John A. 18 Romagnoli Manuela 205 Morales Mariano 189 R6pke Astrid 54 Morici Ernesto A. 127 Rupa Kumar Kolli 34, 236 Morin Hubert 95, 142, 178, 179 Sano Yuzou 138 Motta Renzo 103, 160, 170 Santilli Maurizio 157, 158 Motzkin Glenn 111 Sass-Klaassen Ute 64, 213 Munro Martin 133, 195 Saurer Matthias 4, 220 Naumer Esther 166 Savidge Rod 218 Naurzbaev Muchtar M. 116 Sawa Yuliya V. 32 Nesvetailo V.D. 172 Schaeffer Jurgen 107 Neuwirth Burkhard 122 Schiessling Peter 242 Newton Maryanne 130, 131 Schimel D. 5 Newton Peter 49 Schleser Gerhard Hans 43, 82, 163 Nicolussi Kurt 196, 242 Schmatz Dirk 129 Nielsen Erik 57 Schmelter Andrea 221 Niklasson Mats 104, 171 Schoch Werner H. 215 Nikolaev Anatoliy 177 Schone Bernd R. 67, 169 Nola Paola 103,160,170 Sch6ngart Jochen 167, 168 Nordemann Daniel J.R. 8 Schowengerdt Robert 133 Nuber Thomas 0. 181 Schweingruber Fritz H. 2, 32, 56, 79, 87,169,220 Nutto Leif 15 Seifert Th. 244 Oberhuber Walter 176 Severskiy Igor V. 16 Orce! Christian 231 Shand Angus 143 Orlandi Marco 156 Shashkin Alex B. 62, 79 Orwig David A. 111 Shiyatov Stepan G. 116, 144, 150, 173, 220 Palnikova Elena Nikolaevna 136 Shumilov Oleg I. 33, 109, 137 Pant Govind Ballabh 34, 236 Sidorova Olga V. 29 Panyushkina Irina 195 Siegwolf Rolf 220 Parent Sylvain 179 Siemers Ulrike 19 Park Young-In 178 Sikder Amar B. 34 Pam Henn 86 Silkin Pavel P. 27,172 ParsaPajouh Davoud 21, 126 Simon Jaroslav 9 Passmore David G. 16 Solberg Bard 243 Paulsen Jens 238 Solis C. 70 Pavan Manuela 156 Soukhovolsky Wladislav 145, 146 Pelfini Manuela 156, 157, 158 Soule Peter T. 192 Pham Van Tinh 244 Spathelf Peter 15 Pignatelli Olivia 105 St. George Scott 57 Piussi Pietro 103 Stahle David W. 188 Poage Nathan Jeremy 3 Stefanini Maria Cleofe 193 Pourtahmasi Kambiz 21 Stoffel Markus 14 Prigov E. V. 203 Struev Andrey G. 137 Pukiene Rutile 47 Strumia Sandro 148 Pushin Andrei V. 66 Strunk Horst 181 Qiufang Cai 235 Surkov Alexandr Yu. 50 Raddi Sabrina 153 Suzuki Toshihiro 138 Rae Alaric 16 Sviderskaia Irina 136 Raev Ivan 74 Tack Jurgen 186 Ram Somaru 34 Tappeiner J.C. 3

269 Tarasova Valentina 79 Villalba Ricardo 198, 199 Tchekhlov Oleg 150 Vitas Adomas 182 Tegel Wilhelm 75,159 von Luhrte Angela 207 Tercier Jean 231 von Wilpert Klaus 107 Thien Leonard B. 117 Vorobeichik E.L. 50 Thomas Charles E. 117 Voronin Victor 82 Tichy Tomas 93 Watzlawick L.F. 15 Timonen Mauri 110 Wazny Tomasz 45 Tognetti Roberto 200 Welscher Christian 163 Tomazello Filho Mario 232 Wilson Robert J. 42, 184, 185 Topham John 211 Wimmer Rupert 196, 219 Touchan Ramzi 116,132 Winchester Vanessa 16 Treter Uwe 35 Winiger Matthias 163 Treydte Kerstin 163 Woodhouse Connie 5,112,113 Trombotto Dario 199 Worbes Martin 43, 166, 167, 168 Trouet Valerie 11 Wosniok Werner 19 Trubina Marina 50 Wuthrich Christian 140 Urbinati Carlo 160, 161 Xiaohua Gou 187 Utsumi Yasuhiro 138 Xuemei Shao 187 Vaganov Evgenij A. 32, 116, 172, 195, 220 Yajun Wang 187 van Daalen Sjoerd 213 Yasue Koh 83, 135 van Rijn Pauline 213 Yu Liu 235 Vasiliev S.S. 33 Zanandrea A. 8 Veblen Thomas T. 17 Zawada Jerzy 41 Veluscek Anton 23 Zbonak A. 244 Verheyden Anouk 186 Zelenova Anastasiya V. 81 Vernimmen Tamara 64 Zerboni Andrea 157 Vieira LE.A. 8 Zhang Qi-Bin 143 Vigfusson Baldur J6n 91 Zhisheng An 235 Vilimek Vitek 63

270 Geographical index

Abisko valley 125 Eastern Alps 242 Alberta 202 Eastern and southern Africa 11 Alps 54, 87, 128, 190, 196, 211 Eastern Australia 48 Amance 210 Eastern Baltic Sea 45 Amazonian floodplains 167 Eastern Himalaya 236 American Southwest 134 Eastern USA 175 Ampezzo Dolomites 209 Elbe River 39, 93 Aosta Valley 156, 170 Elbe River Sandstone Mountains 93 Apennines 44, 193 Elburz Mountains 21 Archangelsk 203 Estonia 86, 121 Argentina 127, 189, 221 Eurasia 220 Arkhangelsk 85 Europe 45, 137 Australia 118 Fennoscandia 110, 243 Austria 176, 196, 209 Ferento 205 Ayanis 131 Finland 26, 53, 164 Baikal Lake 81 France 75, 210 Banff National Park 202 Galician Mountains 114 Bavarian Alps 25, 185 Gazi 186 Bayou Trepagnier 117 Germany 7, 19, 25, 39, 107, 185, 190, 207 Berlin 207 Gomer Glacier 84 Bernese Alps 84 Gran Campo Nevado 102 Bodmeren 2 Great Aletsch Glacier 84 Boguchany 32 Great Lakes Basin 42 Bohemia 93 Grindelwald 183 Bolshaya Almatinka valley 16 Gulf Islands National Seashore 98 Boulder 112 Gulf of Mexico 98 Brazil 8, 15, 43, 162, 168, 232 Harjavalta 53 British Columbia 143, 184 Heimaey Island 91 Bruce Peninsula 42 Hermanstorp 219 Bulgaria 74 Hohe Tauem 242 Buriatiya 81 Hokkaido 83, 135, 139 Canada 42, 49, 57, 95, 142, 143, 178, 179, 184, 202, Holland 45 228 Iceland 91 Caspian Forests 126 India 28, 34, 236 Catania 225 lndigirka River 29 Cecina 153 lndigurka 116 Central Amazon 162, 168 lngolstadt 25 Central America 43 Inn valley 176 Central Africa 43 Inner Mongolia 235 Central Europe 122 frafoss 91 Central Italian Alps 229, 230 Iran 21,126 Central Pyrenees 101 Italian Alps 160, 161 Central Sahara 157 Italy 7, 44, 88, 103, 105, 106, 130, 148, 153, 156, 158, Central Siberia 24, 27, 32, 141 160,161,170,193,200,201,205,209,211,215,225, Ceske Stredorf Mountains 63 229,230 Chernobyl 52 Japan 83,135,138,139 Chile 12, 102, 189 Jindrichuv Hradec 93 China 187, 235 Jordan 132 Cilento 148 Jura mountains 4 Colorado 17, 112, 113 Kaamanen 26 Costa Rica 166 Karakorum 163 Czech Republic 7, 9, 63, 93 Kazakhstan 16 Dachstein 196 Kenya 186 Davos 2,14,223 Khantayka River 30 Dessau 39 Kiruna 125

271 Plant species

Abies alba 4, 23, 25, 41, 44, 75, 160, 185, 225 Juniperus sp 169, 191, 236 Abies balsamea 95,178,179,228 Juniperus turkestanica 163 Abies chensiensis 235 Kalopanax pictus 139 Abies lasiocarpa 17, 143 Khaya ivorensis 43 Abies religiosa 70 Larix cajanderi 177, 195 Abies sibirica 50 Larix decidua 76, 87, 103, 128, 156, 161, 169, 190, 196, Abies sp. 191, 236 229,230 Acer pseudoplatanus 63, 84 Larix kajanderi 29 Acer rubrum 111 Larix laricina 99 Acer sp. 23 Larix sibirica 24, 27, 30, 69, 82, 144, 151, 172 Alnus glutinosa 52 Larix sp. 35, 150, 191, 220, 236 Alnus sp. 10, 23 Macrolobium akaceifolium 43 Alnus viridis 128 Malus pallasiana 1 Araucaria angustifolia 8, 15 Margaritifera spp. 67 Arbutus unedo 200 Myrtus communis 148 Arctica islandica 67 Nectandra megapotamica 15 Armillaria sp. 194 Neodiprion sertifer 53 Austrocedrus chilensis 189 Nothofagus pumilio 221 Betula alba 115 Ocotea pulchella 15 Betula papyrifera 228 Phillyrea latifolia 215 Betula pendula 52 Picea abies 2, 54, 74, 76, 84, 85, 86, 103, 164, 169, Betula pubescens 183 170,182,183,185,190,196,203,209,219,223,229, Betula sp. 111 238,248 Bupalus piniarius 136 Picea engelmannii 17, 184 Carpinus betulus 130,205 Picea engelmannii Parry x P. glauca Moench 143 Castanea sativa 205,217 Picea excelsa 52 Cederala toona 236 Picea glauca 95, 99, 228 Cedrela odorata 43,162 Picea glehnii 135 Cedrus deodara 236 Picea mariana 49, 95 Cedrus libani 132 Picea obovata 24, 30, 50, 85, 144, 151, 172 Cercidiphyllum japonicum 139 Picea schrenkiana 16 Choristoneura biennis 143 Picea sp. 107, 150, 191, 211, 220, 236 Choristoneura fumiferana 49, 142, 178 Pilgerodendron uviferum 12, 102 Cistus sp. 148 Pinus brutia 132 Cliffortia dichotoma 43 Pinus cembra 76, 84, 87, 103, 161, 196, 242 Cotoneaster melanocarpus 1 Pinus clausa 98 Cupressus dupreziana 157 Pinus elliottii 98 Duschekia fruticosa 30 Pinus mugo 194 Fagara hyemalis 15 Pinus nigra 131, 132 Fagara rhoifolia 15 Pinus palustris 98, 100 Fagetum submontanum 55 Pinus pinea 153 Fagus orientalis 126 Pinus ponderosa 89 Fagus sylvatica 7, 23, 63, 123, 140 Pinus rigida 111 Fraxinus excelsior 233 Pinus sibirica 172, 181 Fraxinus mandshurica 83, 138 Pinus sp. 70, 220, 236 Fraxinus ornus 200 Pinus strobus 93, 175 Fraxinus sp. 23, 39 Pinus sylvestris 10, 24, 26, 27, 32, 47, 51, 52, 53, 79, Heterobasidion annosum 194 81,85,86,93,110,119, 121,131,13~ 145,146,155, Juglans regia 88 169,171,176,190,203,243,177 Juglans sp. 225 Pinus uncinata 101 Juniperus excelsa 132, 163 Pistacia lentiscus 148, 215 Juniperus occidentalis 192 Populus trichocarpa 91 Juniperus phoenicia 132 Prosopis caldenia 127 Juniperus polycarpos 21 Prunus avium 205 Juniperus sibirica 144, 173 Pseudotsuga menziesii 3, 13, 18, 55, 210

274 Pterocarpus angolensis 188 Quercus cerris 193, 200 Quercus ilex 200 Quercus macrocarpa 57 Quercus mongolica 139 Quercus pubescens 148, 200 Quercus robur 63, 114, 115, 226 Quercus rubra 111 Quercus sp. 23, 39, 75, 87, 105, 106, 130, 205, 213 Rhizophora mucronata 186 Sabina przewalskii 187 Sorbus sibirica 1 Sorbus sp. 205 Spartium junceum 205 Strix occidentalis 3 Swietenia macrophylla 162 Swietenia sp. 43 Taxodium distichum 117 Taxus sp. 236 Tectona grandis 28, 34,236 Thuja occidentalis 42 Toona ciliata 48 Tsuga sp. 236 Ulmus sp. 39 Widdringtonia cedarbergensis 37 Widdringtonia nodiflora 37 Widdringtonia schwarzii 37 Wollemia nobilis 118

275 Keywords

14C concentration 33 Continental Divide 113 abrupt growth changes 170, 193 cost 115 accuracy 115 debris flow 16, 76, 158 acid deposition 70, 107 decomposition rate 120 aerial photograph 17 defoliation 49, 95, 143, 164 air 18 dendroarchaeology 23, 45, 64, 75, 105, 106, 130, 131, alien species 93 159,205,211,213,225,230,231 alkalisation 86 dendrochemistry 107 allometric equation 30 dendrochronological dating 14, 16, 33, 63, 64, 67, 75, alpine lake 196 76, 81, 84,104,106,120,127,131,143,166,170, altitude factor 55, 209 202,215,225,229,231 altitudinal gradient 101, 126 dendrochronological potential 6, 28, 48, 37 annual increment 52, 118, 189 dendrochronology workstation 133 anthracology 205, 229, 230 dendroclimatological network 122, 132 anthracology 61 dendrogeomorphology 14, 16, 54, 63, 76, 158, 181, 190, archeological lake sites 231 193, 199, 202 atmospheric CO 2 82, 238 dendroglaciology 12, 84, 90, 6, 39, 57, 81, 113, 119 atmospheric pollution 19, 50, 53, 70, 86, 207 dendrometer 102, 162, 232 autecology 175 disturbance history 17, 98,100,101,103,104,111,179 autoregressive moving average models 49 diurnal temperature range 184 avalanche risk 128, 201 drought 42, 113, 114, 134 average periodic increment 41 drought stress 39, 53, 219 bark samples 19 dwarf shrubs 14, 90, 111 biodiversity 146 Early Bronze age 130 bioindication 25 earlywood 24, 32, 34, 83, 91, 114, 138, 171, 182, 217, biological dosimetry 52 218,236 biomechanics 18 earlywood density 24, 32, 236 biomonitoring 19 earlywood width 114 bivalves 67 ecosystem model 5 blaiken 54 ecotypes 167 bog 23, 4 7, 159 El Nifio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 11 bootstrap simulation 2 elemental analysis 107,117,218 boreal forest 95, 119, 120, 141, 146, 178, 220 erosion 153, 190 buildings 130, 225 Euclidean distances 32 cambial activity 62, 139, 200 evapotranspiration 15 cambial dormancy 167 extensification 54 carbon content 218 false rings 28, 34, 48, 133, 173, 215 carbon isotopes 43, 82, 220 fibre wall thickness 1 carbon sequestration 218, 248 fir decline 25 cell structure 139 fire chronology 104, 127, 141, 171 cell-wall material 18, 139, 210 fire ecology 17, 61 cell-wall thickness 27, 62, 195, 210 fire scars 89, 98 charcoal 131, 205, 229, 230 floating tree-ring chronology 23, 75, 211 Chernobyl power station disaster 52 flooding 16, 57, 119, 167, 168 chlorine 91 floodplain forests 29, 39 cliff ecology 42 Flysch 54 climate anomaly 235 forest decline 53 climate change 24, 47, 69, 90,150,159 forest ecology 64, 118, 159, 179, 213, 228, 231 climate reconstruction 4, 11, 12, 16, 29, 37, 42, 66, 110, forest health 53, 99, 194 135, 144, 150, 151, 155, 157, 163, 164, 176, 177, 184, forest management 159, 231 185, 187, 192, 195, 220, 235, 242 forest openings 223 climate variability 5, 137, 191, 198, 199, 243 forest productivity 99, 178 coarse woody debris 50 forested bog 99 coastal forests 67, 98, 100, 148, 153, 213 forest-steppe 1, 79 collision of cosmic body 172 forest-tundra ecosystems 150

276 frost rings 35, 87, 93, 151, 173 lowland rain forests 166 frost-induced shrinkage 88 macchia 148, 215 fungal root pathogen 194 Mantel correlogram 142 genetic control 32 mass movement 63, 193 geosystem 85 mass variation 30 GIS ::1..7, 122,129,191,201 meridional index (MSAAP) 198 glacier length fluctuation 84, 199 microdendrometers 39, 244 graphi1:e fruit atomic absorption spectroscopy 156 Middle Age 45, 106 growth anomalies 63, 66 miombo woodlands 11, 188 growth decline 153 mire 213 growth depression 25, 172, 194 missing rings 179 growth periodicity 232 mollusks 67 growth rates 111, 168 monsoon 28,34,163,236 growth release 15, 223 mortality 89, 194 growth response 145, 221 multi-layered and unevenaged stands 44 growth rings 11, 21, 67, 117, 156 multiple regression analysis 49, 119 health status 41 multivariate statistics 140 heavy rnetals 19, 50, 70, 86, 117, 156 N-deposition 145, 238 height increment 26, 55 needle retention 26 historical archives 104, 123, 128, 225 needle trace method 26 Holocene 33, 42, 84, 157, 242 Neolithic Times 159, 233 hurricane 98, 100 nitrogen fertilizer 145 image analysis 9, 133, 186, 188, 210 old-growth trees 3 immission fingerprinting 19 oxygen isotopes 4, 43, 220 increment 162, 168 Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 134, 192 increment cores 56 PAGES 61, 112 insect outbreak 17, 53, 95,136, 142,143,178, 179 PAH 19 integrated forest management 9 palaeoclimate 57, 64, 102, 112, 157, 159 interdisciplinarity 61 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) 42 International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) periodic basal area increments (PAIBA) 3 61, 112 permafrost 1, 90, 181 international network 220 permanent-girth measuring tapes 39 International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB) 5, 112 phenology 167 Internet 129 physiological processes 43, 62, 233 invasion 93 pile dwellings 23, 105, 130 ionizing radiation 52 pinning method 162 iron mines 230 PIXE analysis 70 irrigation 51 pointer years 93, 122, 170, 182, 183 isotopes 4, 5, 19, 43, 82, 163, 220 pollarding 233 kilns 229,230 pore square 1 krummholz growth belt 221 power plant 25 lake water-level 81 precipitation 4, 13, 24, 26, 28, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 53, 74, lake-shore 159 82,83,86,93,98,102,121,123,132,134,15~161, land use 229 162,164,176,177,185,187,188,192,192,209,219, landscape processes 85 235,236,243 large woody debris 120 principal component analysis 189 late frost 35, 123 provenance trial 32, 55, 79 latewood 24, 32, 34, 83, 114, 119, 138, 171, 173, 182, radial cracks 219 218 radial increment 10, 13, 15, 26, 39, 47, 51, 53, 74, 79, latitude factor 55 86,95,101,136,139,153,164,203,223 light rings 172, 195 radiocarbon dating 84, 166 lignin 86,156 reaction wood 128, 158, 202 Little Ice Age 12, 155 recreation forests 203 logistic regression model 2 reforestation 54, 169 long time series 42, 196, 230 regional chronology 57, 110, 114, 116 longitude factor 55 regional network 34, 116 long-term growth trends 12, 192 response function 93, 160, 161, 170, 209 lower and upper forest limits 35 response function analysis 11, 121, 177, 182, 192

277 rhythmic pattern 43 timber trade 45 ring shake 217 timberline 21, 29, 150, 161, 163, 229, 230, 242 ring width 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 21, 24, 25, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, trace elements 70, 125 85,102,119,121,123,126,128,135,144,145,161, trackway 130 163,169,177,187,188,194,235,236,238,242 tree age 168 rock fall 14 tree mortality 2 root analysis 6, 95, 190 tree ring database 129 salt stress 91, 98, 153 tree-ring dating 105,133, 158 sampling 56, 89 tree-ring measuring 115, 133 sap flow 39 TreeRing model 62 sapwood 18 tree-ring series 122, 134, 137, 160, 198, 226 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 205 tree-ring structure 24 sensitivity, complacency 140 trend surface analysis 142, 142 sex 189 tropical tree species 11, 15, 28, 34, 43, 48, 162, 166, shell chemistry 67 167, 168, 186, 188, 232, 236 shrinkage 39 Tunguska event 172 skeleton plots 54, 128 upper tree line 101, 150, 183 snow 164, 14,16,128,201,202 urban area 70, 203, 207 socioeconomic changes 169 vascular plants 189 soil chemistry 86, 107 vegetation dynamics 47, 69, 148 soil water availability 226 vessel frequency 1, 83, 186 solar activity 33 vessels 138, 188, 217 solar cycle 109, 137 violins 211 solar energy emission 8 vitality assessment 41 Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) 134 volume increment 49 spatial patterns 51, 122, 142, 143, 148, 191 wastewater filtering 99 spatio-temporal dynamics 142, 150, 193 water 18 species distribution 169 water availability 37, 51 species identification 205 water balance 7, 15 spectral analysis 33, 137, 192, 198 water conductive system 1 spruce beetle 17 water migration 88 spruce budworm 49, 95, 178, 179, 228 water stress 10, 35, 37, 226 stand density 3 water transport 138 stand history 170 water-logged wood 75, 130, 196 stand stability 146 wavelet analysis 8 stand structure 44, 79, 111, 148, 150, 201, 228 weight 30 standardization 49 wiggle-matching 106, 130 stem analysis 9, 15, 49, 168 wildlife 228 stem diameter growth 167 winter frost 25 stem growth model 9 wood anatomy 1, 14, 27, 48, 52, 87, 138, 162, 172, 178, stem length 30 179,188,19~195,20~219,233,244 storm 238 wood decay 50 Stradivari 211 wood density 27, 50,122,125,126,135,168,172,210, streamflow reconstruction 113, 119 238,248 subfossil logs 47, 57, 75, 196, 242 wood structure 186, 200, 210, 232, 244 succession 168, 175 woodland caribou 228 sulphur dioxide 25. 50 World Data Center (WDC) 112 sunshine 123 xylotrophic fungi 50 swelling 39 zonal index (ZSAAP) 198 sylviculture 3, 41, 44 taiga 24, 27, 85, 141, 203 teleconnection 106, 131, 132, 170 temperature 4, 13, 24, 26, 29, 35, 42, 53, 69, 74, 83, 93, 11~116,121,123,135,137,144,151,155,161,163, 177,183,184,187,195,209,235,236,242,243 temperature anomalies 109, 116, 173 thaw subsidence 181 thermokarst 181

278