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THE GREEK VEGETARIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Diane Kochilas,Vassilis Stenos,Constantine Pittas | 208 pages | 15 Jul 1999 | St Martin's Press | 9780312200763 | English | New York, - Wikipedia

Auteur: Diane Kochilas. Uitgever: St Martin's Press. Samenvatting Greek offers a dazzling array of greens, beans, and other -a vibrant, flavorful table that celebrates the seasons and regional specialties like none other. In this authoritative, exuberant cookbook, renowned culinary expert Diane Kochilas shares recipes for cold and warm mezes, salads, and , and one-pot dishes, baked and bean specialties, stuffed vegetables, soup, savory pies and basic , and dishes that feature eggs and greek . Heart-Healthy classic dishes, regional favorites, and inspired innovations, The Greek Vegetarian pays tribute to one of the world's most venerable and healthful that play a major component in the popular Mediterranean . Overige kenmerken Extra groot lettertype Nee Gewicht g Verpakking breedte mm Verpakking hoogte 19 mm Verpakking lengte mm. Toon meer Toon minder. Reviews Schrijf een review. Bindwijze: Paperback. Uiterlijk 30 oktober in huis Levertijd We doen er alles aan dit artikel op tijd te bezorgen. Verkoop door bol. In winkelwagen Op verlanglijstje. Gratis verzending door bol. Andere verkopers 1. Bekijk en vergelijk alle verkopers. Soon their idea of spread to Hindu thought and practice. In and , vegetarianism is still an important religious practice. The religious reasons for vegetarianism vary from sparing animals from to maintaining one's spiritual purity. In Christianity and Islam, vegetarianism has not been a mainstream practice although some, especially mystical, sects have practiced it. Monasticism in both East and West has often promoted vegetarianism. In European and North American culture, vegetarianism witnessed a revival beginning in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and especially during the nineteenth century in part as a protest against some aspects of the scientific and industrial revolutions. In contemporary culture, individuals have various reasons for pursuing vegetarianism. Although religious and spiritual arguments continue to be made, scientific research has also provided new justifications for vegetarianism. First, there is clear evidence that, contrary to early modern scientific theories that animals were like machines, animals in fact feel pain, anxiety, and other forms of stress. Thus it appears that breeding and killing animals for causes them suffering. Moreover, some nutritional research indicates that a vegetarian diet is healthier than a carnivorous one. Finally, is ecologically more expensive to produce for food than vegetables: On average, the input ratio of units of proteins and energy fed to to produce one unit of meat is ten to one. Technologically enhanced food production has raised other concerns. For instance, it is highly questionable whether animals live in sufficiently humane conditions on contemporary farms. Indeed, the movement to promote the humane treatment of animals in the s was extended from pets to other animals, and has had an influence on contemporary vegetarianism, as well as on the treatment of laboratory animals. Additionally, pesticides, hormones, and antibiotics involved in raising livestock have caused uneasiness. Similarly, the huge transport distances and the questions of global have encouraged people to think about what they eat, since food often is produced in Third World countries for wealthier nations. The most common rejoinders to such vegetarian arguments are as follows: The ills of meat production do not directly imply any moral obligation for vegetarianism; meat has been a traditional part of human diet for thousands of years, hence it is not clear whether a vegetarian diet really suits everyone; and it is possible to arrange farms so that animals do not suffer unnecessarily. Moreover, often vegetarians have been accused of fanaticism and moralism; one common view is that they are just unbalanced people. In fact, it has also been noted that Adolf Hitler was a vegetarian. The question of may also be related to vegetarianism. Just as racism involves one race oppressing another, it can be argued that involves one species oppressing another. Those who argue for the existence of animal rights commonly use their view to support vegetarianism. However, acceptance of the idea of animal rights immediately raises problems of the depth and extension of these nonhuman rights. Do animals have more than rights to life? Do all living creatures, including bacteria, have such rights? Usually only moral agents have rights, and duties as well; how does this apply to animals? Dombrowski, . The Philosophy of Vegetarianism. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press. Provides a historical perspective into the philosophical ideas behind vegetarianism. Singer, Peter. , 2nd edition. New York : Random House. A contemporary classic on the animal rights first edition was published in Has had an important role in both vegetarian and animal liberation movement. Spencer, Colin. Vegetarianism: A History, 2nd edition. A historical account of vegetarianism, both from practical and theoretical points of view. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. October 16, Retrieved October 16, from Encyclopedia. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. | The Greek Vegetarian Encyclopedia, Diane Kochilas | | Boeken

Almost all the Stoics were emphatically anti-vegetarian [53] with the prominent exception of Seneca [54]. They insisted on the absence of reason in brutes, leading them to conclude that there cannot be any ethical obligations or restraints in dealing with the world of irrational animals. In the Platonic Academy the scholarchs school heads Xenocrates and probably Polemon pleaded for vegetarianism. These included Apollonius of Tyana , Plotinus , and Porphyry. Among the Manicheans , a major religious movement founded in the third century AD, there was an elite group called Electi the chosen who were Lacto-Vegetarians for ethical reasons and abided by a commandment which strictly banned killing. Common Manicheans called Auditores Hearers obeyed looser rules of nonviolence. The of Chinese Buddhism and Taoism require that monks and nuns eat an egg free, free vegetarian diet. Since abbeys were usually self-sufficient, in practice, this meant they ate a vegan diet. Many religious orders also avoid hurting life by avoiding root vegetables. This is not just seen as an ascetic practice, but Chinese generally believes that animals have immortal , and that a diet of mostly is the healthiest for humans. In Chinese folk religions, as well as the aforementioned , people often eat vegan on the 1st and 15th of the month, as well as the eve of Chinese New Year. Some nonreligious people do this as well. This is similar to the Christian practice of lent and not eating meat on Friday. The percentage of people permanently being pure vegetarian is about the same as the modern English-speaking world, but this percentage has not really changed for a very long time. Many people eat vegan for a certain amount of time in order to make up for the belief that they have sinned. like seitan , skin , meat alternatives made from seaweeds, root vegetable starch, and tofu originate in and became popularized because so many people periodically abstain from meat. In China, one can find an eggless vegetarian substitute for items ranging from seafood to ham. In , the use of livestock and the consumption of some wild animals horse, , dogs, monkeys, birds was banned in by Emperor Tenmu , due to the influence of Buddhism. During the twelve hundred years from the Nara period to the Meiji Restoration in the latter half of the 19th century, Japanese people enjoyed vegetarian-style . They usually ate as a as well as beans and vegetables. It was only on special occasions or celebrations that fish was served. In of the Meiji restoration, [64] as part of the opening up of Japan to Western influence, Emperor Meiji lifted the ban on the consumption of red meat. The monks asserted that due to foreign influence, large numbers of Japanese had begun eating meat and that this was "destroying the of the Japanese people. In Greek-Orthodox Christianity , Cyprus, , Serbia and other Orthodox countries , adherents eat a diet completely free of animal products for periods except for honey as well as all types of oil and alcohol, during a strict fasting period. The leaders of the early Christians in the apostolic era James, Peter, and John were concerned that eating food sacrificed to idols might result in ritual pollution. The only food sacrificed to idols was meat. In late antiquity and in the Middle Ages many monks and hermits renounced meat- eating in the context of their . The concern of those monks and nuns was frugality, voluntary privation, and self-mortification. Medieval hermits, at least those portrayed in literature, may have been vegetarians for similar reasons, as suggested in a passage from Sir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur : 'Then departed Gawain and Ector as heavy sad as they might for their misadventure, and so rode till that they came to the rough mountain, and there they tied their horses and went on foot to the hermitage. And when they were come up, they saw a poor house, and beside the chapel a little courtelage, where Nacien the hermit gathered worts, as he which had tasted none other meat of a great while. John Passmore claimed that there was no surviving textual evidence for ethically motivated vegetarianism in either ancient and medieval Catholicism or in the Eastern Churches. There were instances of to animals, but no explicit objection to the act of slaughter per se. The most influential theologians, St Augustine and St Thomas Aquinas , emphasized that man owes no duties to animals. Francis of Assisi described animal beings with mystic language, contemporary sources do not claim that he practised or advocated vegetarianism. Many ancient intellectual dissidents , such as the Encratites , the , and the Eustathians who followed the fourth century monk Eustathius of Antioch , considered abstention from meat- eating an essential part of their asceticism. It was during the European Renaissance that vegetarianism reemerged in Europe as a philosophical concept based on an ethical motivation. Among the first celebrities who supported it were Leonardo da Vinci — [83] and Pierre Gassendi — We can judge the heart of a man by his treatment of animals. Very soon, it would disappear altogether. In the United States , there were small groups of Christian vegetarians in the 18th century. The best known of them was Ephrata Cloister in Pennsylvania, a religious community founded by Conrad Beissel in Vegetarianism was frequently associated with cultural reform movements, such as and anti- . It was propagated as an essential part of "the natural way of life. During the Age of Enlightenment and in the early nineteenth century, was the place where vegetarian ideas were more welcome than anywhere else Europe, and the English vegetarians were particularly enthusiastic about the practical implementation of their principles. He advocated vegetarianism as a form of temperance , and his organisation was one of the philosophical forerunners of the . A prominent advocate of an ethically motivated vegetarianism in the early 19th century was the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley — The first Vegetarian Society of the modern western world was established in England in Many of them believed in a simple life and "pure" food, humanitarian ideals and strict moral principles. The Cornishman newspaper reported in that a vegetarian restaurant had existed in for some years and one had just opened in Oxford Street , . Class played prominent roles in the Victorian vegetarian movement. There was somewhat of a disconnect when the upper-middle class attempted to reach out to the working and lower classes. Though the was growing substantially, many working class Britons had mostly vegetarian diets out of necessity rather than out of the desire to improve their health and morals. The working class did not have the luxury being able to choose what they would eat and they believed that a mixed diet was a valuable source of energy. Tied closely with other social reform movements, women were especially visible as the "mascot". When late-Victorians sought to promote their cause in journal, female angels or healthy English women were the images most commonly depicted. Hurlstone was active in Owenism, , and Italian nationalism as well. Though women were regularly overshadowed by men, noted the newspaper the Vegetarian Advocate , that women were more inclined to do work in support of vegetarianism and animal welfare than men, who tended to only speak on the matter. In a domestic setting, women promoted vegetarianism though cooking vegetarian dishes for public dinners and arranging entertainment that promoted the cause. Of the 26 vegetarian cookbooks published during the Victorian Age, 14 were written by women. The organization aimed to promote a 'purer and simpler' diet and they regularly reached out to the working class. The morality arguments behind vegetarianism in Victorian England drew idealists from various causes together. Specifically, many vegetarian women identified as feminists. In her feminist utopia , Herland , Charlotte Perkins Gilman imagined a vegetarian society. Margaret Fuller also advocated for vegetarianism in her work, Women of the Nineteenth Century , a co-founder of the British Union for Abolition of Vivisection , identified as a vegetarian and was a well-known activist for feminism. Many of her colleagues in the first-wave feminist movement also identified as vegetarians. In , authored the first American vegetarian cookbook. Ellen G. White , one of the founders of the Seventh-day Adventist Church , became an advocate of vegetarianism, and the Church has recommended a meatless diet ever since. of corn flakes fame , a Seventh-Day Adventist, promoted vegetarianism at his Battle Creek Sanitarium as part of his theory of "biologic living". American vegetarians such as , Susanna W. Dodds , M. Holbrook and Russell T. Trall were associated with the natural hygiene movement. In Russia, — was the most outstanding supporter of vegetarianism. In , the well-known politician, publicist and revolutionist — was a leading figure in the initial stage of the vegetarian movement. He was inspired by Rousseau 's treatise Emile: or, On Education. The International Vegetarian Union , a union of the national societies, was founded in In the Western world , the popularity of vegetarianism grew during the 20th century as a result of nutritional, ethical, and more recently, environmental and economic concerns. [] and were famous vegetarian activists. In , physician J. Buttner authored the vegetarian book, A Fleshless Diet which argued that meat is dangerous and unnecessary. Cranks opened in Carnaby Street, London, in , as the first successful vegetarian restaurant in the UK. Eventually there were five Cranks restaurants in London which closed in The Indian concept of nonviolence had a growing impact in the Western world. The model of Mahatma , a strong and uncompromising advocate of nonviolence toward animals, contributed to the popularization of vegetarianism in Western countries. But Schweitzer himself started to practise vegetarianism only shortly before his death. Singer-songwriter, Morrissey , discussed the idea of vegetarianism on his song and album Meat is Murder. His widespread fame and cult status contributed to the popularity of meat-free lifestyles. It promotes , ideals, culture, health, and longevity. At the time, the vegetarian and raw food movements were, in part, tied to feminism. It was viewed as a way to free women from the confines of the kitchen and allow them to pursue other activities and interests. In August , several members of the British Vegetarian Society asked that a section of its newsletter be devoted to non-dairy vegetarianism. When the request was turned down, , secretary of the Leicester branch, set up a new quarterly newsletter in November called it The Vegan News. He chose the word vegan himself, based on "the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian'" because it marked, in Mr Watson's words, "the beginning and end of vegetarian". Today, Indian vegetarians, who are primarily lacto-vegetarians , are estimated to make up more than 70 percent of the world's vegetarians. They make up 20—42 percent of the population in , while less than 30 percent are regular meat-eaters. Surveys in the U. In , PS in Queens became the first public school in New York to adopt an all-vegetarian menu. Meals still meet the required USDA protein standards. In , the Jain pilgrimage destination of Palitana City in Indian state of became the first city in the world to be legally vegetarian. It has outlawed, or made illegal, the buying and selling of meat, fish and eggs, and also related jobs or work, such as and penning 'food animals'. According to a survey, about 25 percent of evening meals consumed in the UK are meat and fish free. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Further information: History of and History of Buddhism. Vegetarianism in ancient India India is a strange country. See also: classical antiquity. Main article: . This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Unclear structure, some unreferenced research, hints of bias in tone Please help improve this section if you can. October Learn how and when to remove this template message. See also: European Renaissance and . Vegetarians and Isaac Jennings founded the natural hygiene movement. Deep Vegetarianism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Hinduism has the most profound connection with a vegetarian way of life and the strongest claim to fostering and supporting it. Kerry S. Walters and Lisa Portmess, Albany , p. Journal of the History of Ideas. Saxena The Vegetarian Imperative. Johns Hopkins University Press. The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Retrieved 11 December Archived from the original PDF on Archived from the original on Retrieved For these reasons, he abstained from meat and encouraged others to do likewise, perhaps making him one of the earliest campaigners for ethical vegetarianism. Thus, to Plato, abstention from flesh is warranted out of a desire for and an avoidance of indulgent, excessive living. Additionally, he argued in favor of a hierarchy of beings in which plants occupied the lowest rung of the ladder and humans the highest. In this hierarchy, Aristotle argued that women were lesser compared to men and some humans were natural slaves. As for animals, as in The Longest Struggle points out, Aristotle reasoned that there was no ethical obligation to animals because they were irrational. In short, Aristotle established many reasons used against giving proper justice to non-human and human animals alike. Aristotle was not the only philosopher to advance some of these views. According to Spencer, the founder of Stoicism, Zeno c. Similarly, Spencer said Zeno declared animals undeserving of justice due to their inability to reason, but, unlike Aristotle, he sustained himself on a diet of , honey, and water. Zeno demonstrated that people have embraced a vegetarian diet for many reasons and while they may not be out of concern for animals, the vegetarian diet itself was seen as providing a wholesome way of life. Epicurus agreed that the universe was for humans. Spencer said Epicurus differed from the above philosophers by arguing that souls cease to exist at death; thus, death was nothing to fear. Another core element to his philosophy was a belief in the goodness of pleasure and the evil of pain. He thought that desire caused pain, and human dependence on temporary pleasures deprived them of true pleasure. Because of this belief, Epicurus did not eat meat as it was a luxury that distracted people from a better life. However, he made no prohibition against eating flesh, which allowed the practice to continue among adopters of his creed. While he lack a stated prohibition, his personal example illustrated what he thought was the ideal way to live, and so, like Zeno, provided another historical support in favor of the vegetarian diet. Theophrastus argued that killing animals for food was wasteful and morally wrong. Hypothesizing as to the origin of flesh eating, he argued that war must have forced humans to eat meat by ruining the crops that they otherwise would have eaten. Unlike his teacher, Theophrastus proclaimed that animal sacrifices angered the gods and turned humanity towards atheism. Clearly, religious arguments have long been used as motivation to pursue a vegetarian diet. In his poem Metamorphoses , Ovid evoked the passionate pleas of Pythagoras for people to abandon and abstain from eating flesh. Influenced by Pythagoras and Epicurus, the Roman philosopher Seneca c. Spencer states that Seneca denounced the cruelty of the games used by Rome to distract the citizenry and challenged the decadence of his time. Another Greek philosopher who argued on behalf of animals was the biographer and philosopher Plutarch c. Influenced by Pythagorean philosophy, Plutarch adopted a vegetarian diet and wrote several essays in favor of vegetarianism as well as arguing that animals were rational and deserving of consideration. For these reasons, Plutarch is truly noteworthy as one of the earliest advocates of animal issues. He taught that all animals feel pain and pleasure, not just humans. According to Jon Gregerson, author of Vegetarianism: A History , Plotinus believed in order for humans to unite with the Supreme , humans had to treat all animals with compassion. Seeking to practice what he preached, Plotinus avoided medicine made from animals. He allowed for the wearing of wool and the use of animals for farm labor, but he mandated humane treatment. Continuing the work of Plotinus was the great Phoenician author and philosopher Porphyry c. He argued with observational and historical evidence in defense of vegetarianism and the rationality of animals. According to Spencer, in On the Impropriety of Killing Living Beings for Food , Porphyry argued meat eating encouraged violence, demonstrated the ability of animals to reason, and argued that justice should be extended to them. Like Plutarch, Porphyry ranks as one of the greatest voices for early Western vegetarianism. Vegetarianism and animal rights have a long history in Western civilization stretching to antiquity that is unknown or forgotten by many people today. What this hidden history teaches is that many Greeks and Romans survived without eating animal flesh or using animal products. Likewise, it teaches that arguments for and against animal rights are as ancient as Greek philosophy. It demonstrates that many of the same reasons for not eating flesh today are the same as those in the past whether out of spirituality, health, peace, or justice. The Hidden History of Greco-Roman Vegetarianism | Saving Earth | Encyclopedia Britannica

A contemporary classic on the animal rights first edition was published in Has had an important role in both vegetarian and animal liberation movement. Spencer, Colin. Vegetarianism: A History, 2nd edition. A historical account of vegetarianism, both from practical and theoretical points of view. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. October 16, Retrieved October 16, from Encyclopedia. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia. Science Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps Vegetarianism. Vegetarianism gale. Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics. Learn more about citation styles Citation styles Encyclopedia. More From encyclopedia. Laws protecting animal rights proscribe certain forms of brutal and merc… Vivisection , Vivisection pronounced vih-vih-SEK-shun literally means the dissection or cutting of a living animal. Animals played an important role in Egyptian . Most of the Egyptian gods could at times be depicted either as an anima… Animalia , The kingdom Animalia, or Metazoa, includes all animals. Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms, which are heterotrophic, meaning they obtain… Cryptozoology , Term coined by zoologist Bernard Heuvelmans to characterize the study of "hidden animals. About this article Vegetarianism Updated About encyclopedia. The Animal Rights Debate. The History of Human-Animal Interaction. Animal Research: II. Philosophical Issues. Animal Experimentation. Animal Welfare and Rights: I. Ethical Perspectives on the Treatment and Status of Animals. Vegard, Lars. Vega, Suzanne —. The best known of them was Ephrata Cloister in Pennsylvania, a religious community founded by Conrad Beissel in Vegetarianism was frequently associated with cultural reform movements, such as temperance and anti- vivisection. It was propagated as an essential part of "the natural way of life. During the Age of Enlightenment and in the early nineteenth century, England was the place where vegetarian ideas were more welcome than anywhere else Europe, and the English vegetarians were particularly enthusiastic about the practical implementation of their principles. He advocated vegetarianism as a form of temperance , and his organisation was one of the philosophical forerunners of the Vegetarian Society. A prominent advocate of an ethically motivated vegetarianism in the early 19th century was the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley — The first Vegetarian Society of the modern western world was established in England in Many of them believed in a simple life and "pure" food, humanitarian ideals and strict moral principles. The Cornishman newspaper reported in March that a vegetarian restaurant had existed in Manchester for some years and one had just opened in Oxford Street , London. Class played prominent roles in the Victorian vegetarian movement. There was somewhat of a disconnect when the upper-middle class attempted to reach out to the working and lower classes. Though the meat industry was growing substantially, many working class Britons had mostly vegetarian diets out of necessity rather than out of the desire to improve their health and morals. The working class did not have the luxury being able to choose what they would eat and they believed that a mixed diet was a valuable source of energy. Tied closely with other social reform movements, women were especially visible as the "mascot". When late-Victorians sought to promote their cause in journal, female angels or healthy English women were the images most commonly depicted. Hurlstone was active in Owenism, animal welfare, and Italian nationalism as well. Though women were regularly overshadowed by men, noted the newspaper the Vegetarian Advocate , that women were more inclined to do work in support of vegetarianism and animal welfare than men, who tended to only speak on the matter. In a domestic setting, women promoted vegetarianism though cooking vegetarian dishes for public dinners and arranging entertainment that promoted the cause. Of the 26 vegetarian cookbooks published during the Victorian Age, 14 were written by women. The organization aimed to promote a 'purer and simpler' diet and they regularly reached out to the working class. The morality arguments behind vegetarianism in Victorian England drew idealists from various causes together. Specifically, many vegetarian women identified as feminists. In her feminist utopia , Herland , Charlotte Perkins Gilman imagined a vegetarian society. Margaret Fuller also advocated for vegetarianism in her work, Women of the Nineteenth Century Frances Power Cobbe , a co-founder of the British Union for Abolition of Vivisection , identified as a vegetarian and was a well-known activist for feminism. Many of her colleagues in the first-wave feminist movement also identified as vegetarians. In , Asenath Nicholson authored the first American vegetarian cookbook. Ellen G. White , one of the founders of the Seventh-day Adventist Church , became an advocate of vegetarianism, and the Church has recommended a meatless diet ever since. John Harvey Kellogg of corn flakes fame , a Seventh-Day Adventist, promoted vegetarianism at his Battle Creek Sanitarium as part of his theory of "biologic living". American vegetarians such as Isaac Jennings , Susanna W. Dodds , M. Holbrook and Russell T. Trall were associated with the natural hygiene movement. In Russia, Leo Tolstoy — was the most outstanding supporter of vegetarianism. In Germany, the well-known politician, publicist and revolutionist Gustav Struve — was a leading figure in the initial stage of the vegetarian movement. He was inspired by Rousseau 's treatise Emile: or, On Education. The International Vegetarian Union , a union of the national societies, was founded in In the Western world , the popularity of vegetarianism grew during the 20th century as a result of nutritional, ethical, and more recently, environmental and economic concerns. Henry Stephens Salt [] and George Bernard Shaw were famous vegetarian activists. In , physician J. Buttner authored the vegetarian book, A Fleshless Diet which argued that meat is dangerous and unnecessary. Cranks opened in Carnaby Street, London, in , as the first successful vegetarian restaurant in the UK. Eventually there were five Cranks restaurants in London which closed in The Indian concept of nonviolence had a growing impact in the Western world. The model of , a strong and uncompromising advocate of nonviolence toward animals, contributed to the popularization of vegetarianism in Western countries. But Schweitzer himself started to practise vegetarianism only shortly before his death. Singer-songwriter, Morrissey , discussed the idea of vegetarianism on his song and album Meat is Murder. His widespread fame and cult status contributed to the popularity of meat-free lifestyles. It promotes ethics, ideals, culture, health, and longevity. At the time, the vegetarian and raw food movements were, in part, tied to feminism. It was viewed as a way to free women from the confines of the kitchen and allow them to pursue other activities and interests. In August , several members of the British Vegetarian Society asked that a section of its newsletter be devoted to non-dairy vegetarianism. When the request was turned down, Donald Watson , secretary of the Leicester branch, set up a new quarterly newsletter in November called it The Vegan News. He chose the word vegan himself, based on "the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian'" because it marked, in Mr Watson's words, "the beginning and end of vegetarian". Today, Indian vegetarians, who are primarily lacto-vegetarians , are estimated to make up more than 70 percent of the world's vegetarians. They make up 20—42 percent of the population in India, while less than 30 percent are regular meat-eaters. Surveys in the U. In , PS in Queens became the first public school in New York to adopt an all-vegetarian menu. Meals still meet the required USDA protein standards. In , the Jain pilgrimage destination of Palitana City in Indian state of Gujarat became the first city in the world to be legally vegetarian. It has outlawed, or made illegal, the buying and selling of meat, fish and eggs, and also related jobs or work, such as fishing and penning 'food animals'. According to a survey, about 25 percent of evening meals consumed in the UK are meat and fish free. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Further information: and History of Buddhism. Vegetarianism in ancient India India is a strange country. See also: classical antiquity. Main article: Jewish vegetarianism. This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Unclear structure, some unreferenced research, hints of bias in tone Please help improve this section if you can. October Learn how and when to remove this template message. See also: European Renaissance and Christian vegetarianism. Vegetarians Sylvester Graham and Isaac Jennings founded the natural hygiene movement. Deep Vegetarianism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Hinduism has the most profound connection with a vegetarian way of life and the strongest claim to fostering and supporting it. Kerry S. Walters and Lisa Portmess, Albany , p. Journal of the History of Ideas. Saxena The Vegetarian Imperative. Johns Hopkins University Press. The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Retrieved 11 December Archived from the original PDF on Theravadins in general eat meat. In the Theravada canon, Buddha did not make any comment discouraging them from eating meat except specific types, such as human, elephant meat , horse, dog, snake, lion, tiger, leopard, bear, and hyena flesh [] but he specifically refused to institute vegetarianism in his monastic code when a suggestion had been made. In several texts of Buddhism , Buddha instructs his followers to avoid meat. Various groups within Christianity have practiced specific dietary restrictions for various reasons. The early sect known as the Ebionites are considered to have practiced vegetarianism. Surviving fragments from their Gospel indicate their belief that — as Christ is the and eating the Passover lamb is no longer required — a vegetarian diet may or should be observed. However, orthodox Christianity does not accept their teaching as authentic. Indeed, their specific injunction to strict vegetarianism was cited as one of the Ebionites' "errors". At a much later time, the Bible Christian Church founded by Reverend in followed a vegetarian diet. They have also sponsored and participated in many scientific studies exploring the impact of dietary decisions upon health outcomes. Additionally, some monastic orders follow a pescatarian diet, and members of the Orthodox Church follow a vegan diet during fasts. The association grew in prominence during the 19th century, coupled with growing Quaker concerns in connection with alcohol consumption, anti- vivisection and social purity. The association between the Quaker tradition and vegetarianism, however, becomes most significant with the founding of the Friends' Vegetarian Society in "to spread a kindlier way of living amongst the Society of Friends. Canon Law also obliges Catholics to abstain from meat, other than fish, on the Fridays of the year outside of Lent excluding certain holy days unless, with the permission of the local conference of bishops, another penitential act is substituted. The restrictions on eating meat on these days is solely as an act of penance and not because of a religious objection to eating meat. Since the formation of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the s when the church began, wholeness and health have been an emphasis of the Adventist church, and has been known as the "health message" belief of the church. Obedience to these laws means abstinence from pork, shellfish, and other animals proscribed as " unclean ". The church discourages its members from consuming alcoholic beverages , tobacco or illegal drugs compare Christianity and alcohol. In addition, some Adventists avoid coffee , tea , cola , and other beverages containing caffeine. The pioneers of the Adventist Church had much to do with the common acceptance of into the Western diet, and the "modern commercial concept of food" originated among Adventists. His development of breakfast cereals as a health food led to the founding of Kellogg's by his brother William. In both and , the church-owned Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company is a leading manufacturer of health and vegetarian-related products, most prominently Weet-Bix. Research funded by the U. National Institutes of Health has shown that the average Adventist in California lives 4 to 10 years longer than the average Californian. The research , as cited by the cover story of the November issue of National Geographic , asserts that Adventists live longer because they do not smoke or drink alcohol, have a day of rest every week, and maintain a healthy, low-fat vegetarian diet that is rich in nuts and beans. He cites the Adventist emphasis on health, diet, and Sabbath-keeping as primary factors for Adventist longevity. Though there is no strict rule on what to consume and what not to, paths of Hinduism hold vegetarianism as an ideal. Some reasons are: the principle of nonviolence ahimsa applied to animals; [] the intention to offer only "pure" vegetarian food to a and then to receive it back as prasad ; and the conviction that a is beneficial for a healthy body and mind and that non-vegetarian food is not recommended for a better mind and for spiritual development. However, the food habits of vary according to their community, location, custom and varying traditions. Historically and currently, those Hindus who eat meat prescribe meat, [] Hindus believe that the cow is a holy animal whose processing for meat is forbidden. Some followers of Islam, or , chose to be vegetarian for health, ethical, or personal reasons. However, the choice to become vegetarian for non-medical reasons can sometimes be controversial due to conflicting fatwas and differing interpretations of the Quran. Though some more traditional Muslims may keep quiet about their vegetarian diet, the number of vegetarian Muslims is increasing. Vegetarianism has been practiced by some influential Muslims including the Iraqi theologian, female mystic and poet Rabia of Basra , who died in the year , the Sufi mystic and poet Rumi [] and the Sri Lankan Sufi master Bawa Muhaiyaddeen , who established The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship of North America in Philadelphia. The former Indian president Dr. Abdul Kalam was also famously a vegetarian. Many non-vegetarian Muslims will select vegetarian or seafood options when dining in non- restaurants. However, this is a matter of not having the right kind of meat rather than preferring not to eat meat on the whole. Followers of Jainism believe that all living organisms, including microorganisms, are living and have a soul, and have one or more senses out of five senses. They go to great lengths to minimise any harm to any living organism. Most Jains are lacto-vegetarians, but more devout Jains do not eat root vegetables, because they believe that root vegetables contain many more microorganisms as compared to other vegetables, and that, by eating them, violence against these microorganisms is inevitable. They therefore prefer eating beans and , whose cultivation involves killing fewer microorganisms. No products obtained from already-dead animals are allowed because of potential violence against decomposing microorganisms. Some Jains do not consume plant parts that grow underground such as roots and bulbs, because the plants themselves and tiny animals may be killed when the plants are pulled up. While classical Jewish law neither requires nor prohibits the consumption of meat, Jewish vegetarians often cite Jewish principles regarding animal welfare , environmental ethics , moral character, and health as reasons for adopting a vegetarian or vegan diet. may advocate vegetarianism or primarily because of concerns about animal welfare, especially in light of the traditional prohibition on causing unnecessary "pain to living creatures" tza'ar ba'alei hayyim. The book of Daniel starts in its first chapter with the benefits of vegetarianism. Due to its size, its late time of origin and its revealing content, the book is of particular importance for the time of the following exile, which lasts now for years and technically still goes on until the Temple in Jerusalem is rebuilt. Vegetarianism can be seen as a safeguard around the dietary laws or the beautification of them. Jewish vegetarianism and veganism have become especially popular among Israeli . In , was described as "the most vegan country on Earth", as five percent of its population eschewed all animal products. Within the Afro-Caribbean community, a minority are and follow the dietary regulations with varying degrees of strictness. The most orthodox eat only " " or natural foods, in which the matching of herbs or with vegetables is the result of long tradition originating from the African ancestry and cultural heritage of Rastafari. Ital cooking in its strictest form prohibits the use of salt, meat especially pork , preservatives, colorings, flavorings and anything artificial. The tenets of do not advocate a particular stance on either vegetarianism or the consumption of meat, [] [] [] [] but leave the decision of diet to the individual. This is understood to have been for the political reason of maintaining independence from the then-new Muslim hegemony, as Muslims largely adhere to the ritualistic halal diet. Nanak said that over-consumption of food , Greed involves a drain on the Earth's resources and thus on life. Who can define what is meat and what is not meat? Who knows where the sin lies, being a vegetarian or a non-vegetarian? Environmental vegetarianism is based on the concern that the production of meat and animal products for mass consumption, especially through factory farming , is environmentally unsustainable. According to a initiative, the livestock industry is one of the largest contributors to environmental degradation worldwide, and modern practices of raising animals for food contribute on a "massive scale" to air and water pollution, land degradation , climate change, and loss of biodiversity. The initiative concluded that "the livestock sector emerges as one of the top two or three most significant contributors to the most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global. In addition, animal agriculture is a large source of greenhouse gases. Livestock sources including enteric fermentation and manure account for about 3. Meat produced in a laboratory called in vitro meat may be more environmentally sustainable than regularly produced meat. In May , , , was reported to be "the first [city] in the world to go vegetarian at least once a week" for environmental reasons, when local authorities decided to implement a "weekly meatless day". Civil servants would eat vegetarian meals one day per week, in recognition of the United Nations' report. Posters were put up by local authorities to encourage the population to take part on vegetarian days, and "veggie street maps" were printed to highlight vegetarian restaurants. In September , schools in Ghent are due to have a weekly veggiedag "vegetarian day" too. Public opinion and acceptance of meat-free food is expected to be more successful if its descriptive words focus less on the health aspects and more on the flavor. Some groups, such as PETA , promote vegetarianism as a way to offset poor treatment and working conditions of workers in the contemporary meat industry. Similar to environmental vegetarianism is the concept of economic vegetarianism. An economic vegetarian is someone who practices vegetarianism from either the philosophical viewpoint concerning issues such as public health and curbing world starvation, the belief that the consumption of meat is economically unsound, part of a conscious strategy or just out of necessity. According to the Worldwatch Institute , "Massive reductions in meat consumption in industrial nations will ease their health care burden while improving public health; declining livestock herds will take pressure off rangelands and grainlands, allowing the agricultural resource base to rejuvenate. As populations grow, lowering meat consumption worldwide will allow more efficient use of declining per capita land and water resources, while at the same time making grain more affordable to the world's chronically hungry. Prejudice researcher Gordon Hodson observes that vegetarians and vegans frequently face discrimination where eating meat is held as a cultural norm. Compared to , vegetarians were more open to new experiences but were also more neurotic and depressed. A market research study conducted by the Yankelovich research organisation concluded that "of the Multiple causes may explain this, including gendered differences in values, attitudes towards , gender roles and socialisation and differences in health concerns. Women are more likely than men to be vegetarian for prosocial and values-based reasons. They are also more likely to adhere to their vegetarian diets than men. At least one study indicates that vegetarian women are more likely to have female babies. A study of 6, pregnant women in "found that while the national average in Britain is boys born to every girls, for vegetarian mothers the ratio was just 85 boys to girls". From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the diet for human beings. For plant-only diets in animals, see Herbivore. For types of vegetarian food, see Vegetarian . For other uses, see Vegetarian disambiguation. Practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat. Main article: . Vegetarianism in ancient India India is a strange country. On average, vegetarians consume a lower proportion of calories from fat particularly saturated fatty acids , fewer overall calories, more fiber, potassium, and vitamin C, than do non-vegetarians. Vegetarians generally have a lower body mass index. These characteristics and other lifestyle factors associated with a vegetarian diet may contribute to the positive health outcomes that have been identified among vegetarians. Main articles: Vegetarian and . Further information: Vitamin D. Main article: Choline. Main article: . The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. April Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Bioethics. Main article: Animal rights. Main article: Vegetarianism and religion. Main article: . Main article: Christian vegetarianism. Main article: Diet in Hinduism. Illustrative of vegetarian Hindu meals. See also: and . Main article: Jain vegetarianism. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Main article: Jewish vegetarianism. Main article: . Main article: Environmental vegetarianism. Further information: Food vs. Main article: . Adolf Hitler and vegetarianism Carnivore Cookbook: Cultured meat Economic vegetarianism Environmental impact of meat production Environmental vegetarianism Food and drink prohibitions History of vegetarianism List of vegetarian festivals List of vegetarian restaurants List of vegetarians Meat-free day Meat tax Nutritionism Ovo-lacto vegetarianism Plant-based diet Semi-vegetarianism Single-cell protein Veganism Vegetarianism and religion Hindu vegetarianism Buddhist vegetarianism Christian vegetarianism Jain vegetarianism Jewish vegetarianism Vegetarian cuisine Vegetarian Diet Pyramid Vegetarian Society Vegetarianism by country Vegetarianism and Romanticism. Vegetarian Society. Archived from the original on March 18, Retrieved March 18, A vegetarian does not eat foods that consist of, or have been produced with the aid of products consisting of or created from, any part of the body of a living or dead animal. North American Vegetarian Society. Surprisingly, some people who consider themselves vegetarian continue to consume products that contain remains of slaughtered animals such as made from ground-up skin and bones, found in Jell-O , supplement capsules, and photographic film and made from the lining of calves' stomachs, used to coagulate hard . Some of these people may be unaware that these hidden animal ingredients even exist. Others know about them but feel that they are just minor components of a product, and that their presence is therefore not important. Dairy is a good example, as many vegetarians who consume it rationalize their behavior by pointing out that cows are not killed in order to provide humans with this particular by-product. June 4, Retrieved April 30, January 8, British Journal of Nutrition. Meat preference as a function of the sexual motivation system". Food Quality and Preference. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. September Vegetarian Resource Group. Many vegetarians don't consider that some of the they are eating could actually contain unfamiliar animal ingredients. That's right cheese, a common staple in many vegetarian diets, is often made with rennet or rennin, which is used to coagulate the . Archived from the original on November 4, Why are some cheeses labeled as 'vegetarian cheese'? Why wouldn't cheese be vegetarian? What is rennet? VEGAN noun. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. The origins of the term "vegetarian". University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver. A History of Vegetarianism , London , p. The OED writes that the word came into general use after the formation of the Vegetarian Society at Ramsgate in , though it offers two examples of usage from and "If I had had to be my own cook, I should inevitably become a vegetarian. Kemble, Jrnl. Residence on Georgian Plantation "To tell a healthy vegetarian that his diet is very uncongenial with the wants of his . The original manuscript has not been located. International Vegetarian Union. Also in they began printing and publishing their own pamphlets, which now seem to be lost, but we have the relevant extracts, with the earliest known use of 'vegetarian', from their first journal which began in December [. IVU World Vegfest. March 8, Archived from the original on April 16, The term ' Vegetarian' was first used around by the community closely associated with Alcott House School, near London, and they used it to refer exclusively to foods derived from plants—plus all the ethical values associated today with Veganism. The occasion is the inaugural meeting of The Vegetarian Society. Saxena The Vegetarian Imperative. Johns Hopkins University Press. Oxford [u. Fourth Estate Classic House. People of India: . Vegetarianism: A Guide for the Perplexed.

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Bezorgopties We bieden verschillende opties aan voor het bezorgen of ophalen van je bestelling. Welke opties voor jouw bestelling beschikbaar zijn, zie je bij het afronden van de bestelling. Taal: Engels. Schrijf een review. Auteur: Diane Kochilas. Uitgever: St Martin's Press. Samenvatting Greek cooking offers a dazzling array of greens, beans, and other vegetables-a vibrant, flavorful table that celebrates the seasons and regional specialties like none other. In this authoritative, exuberant cookbook, renowned culinary expert Diane Kochilas shares recipes for cold and warm mezes, salads, pasta and grains, stews and one-pot dishes, baked vegetable and bean specialties, stuffed vegetables, soup, savory pies and basic breads, and dishes that feature eggs and greek yogurt. Heart-Healthy classic dishes, regional favorites, and inspired innovations, The Greek Vegetarian pays tribute to one of the world's most venerable and healthful cuisines that play a major component in the popular . Overige kenmerken Extra groot lettertype Nee Gewicht g Verpakking breedte mm Verpakking hoogte 19 mm Verpakking lengte mm. Toon meer Toon minder. Reviews Schrijf een review. Bindwijze: Paperback. Uiterlijk 30 oktober in huis Levertijd We doen er alles aan om dit artikel op tijd te bezorgen. Verkoop door bol. Additionally, he argued in favor of a hierarchy of beings in which plants occupied the lowest rung of the ladder and humans the highest. In this hierarchy, Aristotle argued that women were lesser compared to men and some humans were natural slaves. As for animals, as Norm Phelps in The Longest Struggle points out, Aristotle reasoned that there was no ethical obligation to animals because they were irrational. In short, Aristotle established many reasons used against giving proper justice to non-human and human animals alike. Aristotle was not the only philosopher to advance some of these views. According to Spencer, the founder of Stoicism, Zeno c. Similarly, Spencer said Zeno declared animals undeserving of justice due to their inability to reason, but, unlike Aristotle, he sustained himself on a diet of bread, honey, and water. Zeno demonstrated that people have embraced a vegetarian diet for many reasons and while they may not be out of concern for animals, the vegetarian diet itself was seen as providing a wholesome way of life. Epicurus agreed that the universe was for humans. Spencer said Epicurus differed from the above philosophers by arguing that souls cease to exist at death; thus, death was nothing to fear. Another core element to his philosophy was a belief in the goodness of pleasure and the evil of pain. He thought that desire caused pain, and human dependence on temporary pleasures deprived them of true pleasure. Because of this belief, Epicurus did not eat meat as it was a luxury that distracted people from a better life. However, he made no prohibition against eating flesh, which allowed the practice to continue among adopters of his creed. While he lack a stated prohibition, his personal example illustrated what he thought was the ideal way to live, and so, like Zeno, provided another historical support in favor of the vegetarian diet. Theophrastus argued that killing animals for food was wasteful and morally wrong. Hypothesizing as to the origin of flesh eating, he argued that war must have forced humans to eat meat by ruining the crops that they otherwise would have eaten. Unlike his teacher, Theophrastus proclaimed that animal sacrifices angered the gods and turned humanity towards atheism. Clearly, religious arguments have long been used as motivation to pursue a vegetarian diet. In his poem Metamorphoses , Ovid evoked the passionate pleas of Pythagoras for people to abandon animal sacrifice and abstain from eating flesh. Influenced by Pythagoras and Epicurus, the Roman philosopher Seneca c. Spencer states that Seneca denounced the cruelty of the games used by Rome to distract the citizenry and challenged the decadence of his time. Another Greek philosopher who argued on behalf of animals was the biographer and philosopher Plutarch c. Influenced by Pythagorean philosophy, Plutarch adopted a vegetarian diet and wrote several essays in favor of vegetarianism as well as arguing that animals were rational and deserving of consideration. For these reasons, Plutarch is truly noteworthy as one of the earliest advocates of animal issues. He taught that all animals feel pain and pleasure, not just humans. According to Jon Gregerson, author of Vegetarianism: A History , Plotinus believed in order for humans to unite with the Supreme Reality, humans had to treat all animals with compassion. Seeking to practice what he preached, Plotinus avoided medicine made from animals. He allowed for the wearing of wool and the use of animals for farm labor, but he mandated humane treatment. Continuing the work of Plotinus was the great Phoenician author and philosopher Porphyry c. He argued with observational and historical evidence in defense of vegetarianism and the rationality of animals. According to Spencer, in On the Impropriety of Killing Living Beings for Food , Porphyry argued meat eating encouraged violence, demonstrated the ability of animals to reason, and argued that justice should be extended to them. Like Plutarch, Porphyry ranks as one of the greatest voices for early Western vegetarianism. Vegetarianism and animal rights have a long history in Western civilization stretching to antiquity that is unknown or forgotten by many people today. What this hidden history teaches is that many Greeks and Romans survived without eating animal flesh or using animal products. Likewise, it teaches that arguments for and against animal rights are as ancient as Greek philosophy. It demonstrates that many of the same reasons for not eating flesh today are the same as those in the past whether out of spirituality, health, peace, or justice. Furthermore, the modern is built upon this past. Finally, this information presents important voices that should be considered in the debate on vegetarianism and animal rights. https://files8.webydo.com/9590490/UploadedFiles/0730E115-A15F-EE4F-FF1A-D50B7DADAC67.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4643984/normal_601f7598b903c.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9592175/UploadedFiles/91A798CF-4E74-0679-5B27-CC796F545B23.pdf https://uploads.strikinglycdn.com/files/454fecd1-ea8c-4742-92f8-e96045c180e5/axel-hutte-fruhwerk-early-works-night-and-day-610.pdf