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University of Malaya PERUNTUKAN DAN PEMAKAIAN KETERANGAN DALAM KES-KES KEHARTAAN DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS DARI SUDUT KETERANGAN ISLAM Malaya HIDAYAT BIN MUHAMMADof UniversityAKADEMI PENGAJIAN ISLAM UNIVERSITI MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2016 PERUNTUKAN DAN PEMAKAIAN KETERANGAN DALAM KES-KES KEHARTAAN DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS DARI SUDUT KETERANGAN ISLAM HIDAYAT BIN MUHAMMAD Malaya of TESIS DISERAHKAN SEBAGAI MEMENUHI KEPERLUAN BAGI IJAZAH DOKTOR FALSAFAH University AKADEMI PENGAJIAN ISLAM UNIVERSITI MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2016 ABSTRACT Allah SWT the Judge of Judges is Most Judicious. As guidance to mankind in safeguarding all their wordly matters and dealing, Allah has sent down His Divine Law (Shariah) through His Prophets and Messengers. All existing laws, even though drafted by human being but with the intention to benefit mankind, are considered as Syariat of Allah. In order to conduct hearings for disputes within Muslim families in Indonesia, due to lack of legislation for self-evidence, Islamic Court (Peradilan Agama) which has jurisdiction over such matter had to applied evidence laws of Civil Court inherited from the colonials. Over than 150 years, Indonesian Civil Code (KUHP), HIR and RBG have been applied as a source of primary laws in Indonesian Court until now (writing this Thesis ) there is no initiative yet to improve it especially on law of evidence. It’s because making of human been, no guaranteed to tellMalaya that there are not mistakes in all those laws. In order to identify these laws, Researcher has to identify and study on how compatible are they with the meaning of Islamicof evidence. This is important, in order to identify any shortcoming that may exist whether There is a shortage in it both in terms of legislation or its impact in solving the case for the betterment of such laws. However, this study only involving Muslim properties including cases of Inheritance, Wills, Gift and Endowments.According to Ibn al-Qayyim, Whatever of evidence that may disclose the justice is received. Therefore, interpretation on the law of evidence by judge strongly influence how far of evidence which was not mentioned in the legislation could be Universityused by judges. This is because, in the property cases, evidence that used as listed by law is more less than criminal cases. In order to achieve this objective, few methodologies can be used such as scurutinising and analyzing of existing laws, go on to ensure that they are compatible with the books written by Islamic Scholars (Ulama). After going through such analysis, Researcher concludes that even if the laws are not v contradicting with the Shariah law, there is still a need for a more thorough study so as to ensure its relevance to date, there is still so much more to be done . Malaya of University vi ABSTRAK Allah SWT adalah Hakim Yang Maha Adil. Sebagai panduan kepada manusia dalam mentadbir urusan mereka di dunia ini, Allah telah menurunkan syariah-Nya melalui Nabi dan Rasul-Nya. Apapun undang-undang yang ada, sekalipun digubal oleh manusia yang tujuananya untuk kebajikan, itu adalah Syariat Allah. Untuk mendengar pertikain keluarga orang Islam di Indonesia, disebabkan belum mempunyai undang-undang keterangan sendiri, Pengadilan Agama sebagai yang berbidangkuasa atas itu telahpun menggunapakai undang-undang keterangan bagi Mahkamah Sivil hasil peninggalan penjajah. Lebih 150 tahun, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, HIR dan RBg, telah digunapakai sebagai sumber Undang-Undang di Peradilan di Indonesia, sampailah sekarang, belum ada inisiatif dari berbagai pihak untuk membuat satu tindakan perbaikan terhadapnya khasnya berkenaan undang-undangMalaya keterangan.Untuk mengenalpasti undang-undang ini, Penyelidik cuba membahas kesesuaiannya dengan hukum keterangan Islam. Ini penting, untukof mengetahui apakah wujud kekurangan di dalamnya baik dari segi perundangan mahupun kesannya dalam menyelesaikan kes, yang perlu diperbaiki untuk kesempurnaannya. Kajian ini bagaimanapun hanya melibatkan kes-kes kehartaan orang Islam yang meliputi kes Pusaka, Wasiat, Hibah dan Wakaf. Apapun Keterangan yang dapat menzahirkan keadilan menurut Ibn Qayyim al- Jawziyyah adalah diterima. Oleh itu penafsiran Keterangan yang dibuat oleh Hakim sangat mempengaruhi sejauhmana keterangan yang tidak disebutkan dalam PerundanganUniversity dapat digunakan oleh Hakim. Ini kerana dalam kes-kes kehartaan, Keterangan yang digunakan sebagaimana disenaraikan oleh Undang-undang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan kes-kes jenayah. Untuk mencapai matlamat ini, beberapa metodologi digunapakai seperti pembacaan terhadap undang-undang yang sedia ada serta menyepadankannya dengan kitab-kitab yang dikarang oleh para Ulama. Setelah melalui pembacaan yang telah dibuat oleh Penyelidik, sekalipun undang-undang ini iii secara amnya tidak berlawanan dengan hukum syarak tetapi untuk pengkemaskinian terhadap undang-undang ini masih banyak ruang kosong yang perlu diiisi. Malaya of University iv ISI KANDUNGAN ABSTRAK iii ABSTRACT v PENGHARGAAN vii ISI KANDUNGAN viii PANDUAN TRASLITERASI xviii SENARAI STATUT xx SENARAI KES xxiv SENARAI KEPENDEKAN xxviii SENARAI RESPONDEN xxix BAB 1: PENDAHULUAN Malaya 1.1. Pengenalan 1 1.2. Latar Belakang of 3 1.3. Permasalahan Kajian 6 1.4. Objektif Kajian 8 1.5. Batasan Kajian 8 1.6. Kepentingan Kajian 8 1.7. Metodologi Kajian 9 1University.7.1. Metod Pengumpulan Data 9 1.7.1.1. Penyelidikan Perpustakaan 9 1.7.1.2. Penyelidikan Lapangan 10 1.7.1.3. Metod pemerhatian 13 1.7.2. Metod Analisis Data 14 1.7.2.1. Metod induktif 14 1.7.2.2. Metod deduktif 15 viii 1.7.2.3. Metod perbandingan 15 a. Statut-statut 16 b. Kitab-kitab fiqah 17 c. Kes-kes 17 1.7.2.4. Prosedur kajian 18 a. Fasa pertama 18 b. Fasa kedua 19 c. Fasa ketiga 23 1.8. Kajian-kajian Lepas 33 BAB 2: KETERANGAN DARI SUDUT HUKUM ISLAM 2.1. Pengenalan 51 2.1.1. Peradilan atau al-Qada’ Malaya 52 2.1.2. Falsafah dan Kepentingan Keterangan 53 2.2. Konsep Keterangan Islam of 57 2.2.1. Mazhab Hanafiy 58 2.2.2. Mazhab Malikiy 59 2.2.3. Mazhab Shafi‘iy 59 2.2.4. Mazhab Hanbaliy 60 2.2.5. Mazhab Zahiriy 61 2.2.6. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah 61 2.3University. Alat-alat pembuktian dalam Islam 65 2.3.1. Sepakat 66 2.3.1.1. Shahadah 67 a. Menggunakan perkataan ikhbar 67 a.a. Mazhab Hanafiy 68 a.b. Mazhab Malikiy 69 ix a.c. Mazhab Shafi‘iy 70 a.d.Mahab Hanbaliy 71 b. Menggunakan perkataan al-Qawl 71 c. Menggunakan perkataan selain ikhbar dan al-Qawl 72 2.3.1.2. Pengakuan 72 2.3.1.3. Sumpah 75 a. Mazhab Hanafiy 75 b. Mazhab Malikiy 76 c. Mazhab Shafi‘iy 76 d. Mazhab Hanbaliy 77 e. Pembahagian sumpah 77 e.a. al-Yamin bi Shakli ‘am (sumpah umum)Malaya 78 e.b. al-Yamin al-Qadaiyyah (sumpah bertujuan untuk perbicaraan) 78 2.3.1.4. Enggan bersumpah (al-Nuqul)of 79 a. Takrif 79 b. Pendapat ulama tentang al-Nukul 81 b.a. Pendapat pertama 81 b.b. Pendapat kedua 82 b.c. Pendapat ketiga 83 b.d. Pendapat mazhab al-Zahiriy 83 University2.3.1.4. Tulisan 84 a. Pengenalan 85 b. Jenis-jenis tulisan 87 b.a. Surat rasmi 87 b.b. Surat biasa (al-Khatt al-Mujarrad) 87 2.3.1.5. al-Qasamah 87 x a. Takrif al-Qasamah 88 a.a. Mazhab Hanafiy 88 a.b. Mazhab Malikiy 89 a.c. Mazhab Shafi‘iy 89 a.d. Mazhab Hanbaliy 89 2.3.2. Tidak sepakat 90 2.3.2.1. Pengetahuan hakim 91 a. Takrif 91 b. Pandangan Ulama terhadap pengetahuan hakim 93 b.a. Sepakat 93 b.b. Tidak sepakat 93 2.3.2.2. al-Qarinah Malaya 95 a. Syarat Qarinah 97 b. Pandangan ulama terhadap al-Qarofinah 98 b.a. Menggunapakai al-Qarinah 98 b.b. Menolak al-Qarinah 99 2.3.2.3. al-Farasah 99 a. Pengenalan 100 b. Dalil Pensyariatan 102 c. Pandangan ulama terhadap ilmu firasat 104 University2.3.2.4. Pendapat pakar 105 a. Pengenalan 106 b. Pandangan ulama 107 b.a. Menerima 107 b.b. Menolak 108 2.3.2.5. Undian (al-Qar‘ah) 108 xi a. Pensyariatan al-Qar‘ah 109 b. Pandangan ulama terhadap al-Qar‘ah 110 2.3.2.6. Keterangan Li‘an 111 a. Takrif li‘an 111 a.a. Mazhab Hanafiy 112 a.b. Mazhab Malikiy 112 a.c. Mazhab Shafi‘iy 112 a.d. Mazhab Hanbaliy 113 b. Penggunaan Li‘an menurut ulama 113 2.4. Ilmu-ilmu yang menyokong kehakiman dan keterangan 114 2.4.1. Sumber hukum yang disepakati 115 2.4.2. Sumber hukum yang tidak disepakati Malaya 118 2.5. Kaedah-kaedah fiqah 119 2.6. Kesimpulan of 122 BAB 3 : PERUNTUKAN DAN PEMAKAIAN KETERANGAN DI INDONESIA 3.1. Pengenalan 123 3.2. Peruntukan keterangan di Mahkamah Indonesia 124 3.2.1. Keterangan dalam kes-kes mal 128 3.2.1.1. Terhad untuk Peradilan Agama 128 a. Terhad dalam kes tertentu 129 Universitya.a. Sumpah Li‘an 130 3.2.1.2. Terhad di Mahkamah Awam dan Peradilan Agama 131 a. Termaktub dalam undang-undang 132 a.a. Suratan 134 a.b. Kesaksian 143 a.c. Persangkaan (anggapan-anggapan) 151 xii a.d. Pengakuan 158 a.e. Sumpah 164 b. Tidak tertulis dalam undang-undang 168 b.a. Pengetahuan hakim 168 b.b. Keterangan pakar 172 b.c. Pemeriksaan setempat (survey) 175 3.2.2. Keterangan dalam kes jenayah dan kes membabitkan statut 179 3.2.2.1. Mahkamah awam (PengadilanNegeri) 179 3.2.2.2. Keterangan di Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara 182 3.2.2.3. Mahkamah Tentera 183 3.2.2.4. Mahkamah Konstitusi 183 3.3. Kesimpulan Malaya 186 BAB 4: BIDANG KUASA DAN KES-KES KEHARTAAN DI PERADILAN AGAMA 4.1. Pengenalan of 187 4.2. Sejarah Peradilan Agama 187 4.2.1. Perkembangan Peradilan Agama Selepas Tahun 1989 189 4.2.2.
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