International Journal of Geo-Information

Case Report Developing Web-Based and Mobile-Based GIS for Places of Worship Information to Support Halal Tourism: A Case Study in ,

Surya Afnarius * , Fajril Akbar and Fitri Yuliani

Department of Information System, Andalas University, Padang 25166, Indonesia; [email protected] (F.A.); [email protected] (F.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +62-896-1486-6918

 Received: 23 November 2019; Accepted: 13 January 2020; Published: 16 January 2020 

Abstract: Indonesia is an archipelago country in which the tourism sector plays a role as an economic locomotive. In 2016, Indonesia joined the World Halal Tourism Award (WHTA) and won 12 awards, three of which were won by . Bukittinggi is the principal city of tourism in West Sumatra. There are many halal hotels and restaurants and 190 mosques available in the city. Unfortunately, the information regarding the mosque locations is still inadequate. For this reason, this research was conducted in order to develop a web-based and mobile-based geographic information system (GIS) for places of worship information (GPWI) to make it easier for Muslim tourists to find mosques, and other tourism objects and facilities. This paper reports on the development of the GPWI. The development of the GPWI employed the waterfall method. The GPWI allowed tourists to find mosques based on specific criteria, whose output showed them the location, information, route, and local transportation available to get to the mosques as well as other tourism objects and facilities around the mosque. The GPWI was developed using Free Open Source Software (FOSS) PostgreSQL/PostGIS, PHP, JavaScript, and Basic4Android. The spatial-based database and programs that were used to develop this GPWI are the main contributions of this study. Based on the product evaluation, the GPWI successfully met the needs of Muslim tourists in finding mosques during their visits to Bukittinggi.

Keywords: FOSS; halal tourism; mosque; muslim tourists; places of worship; web-based and mobile-based GIS

1. Introduction Indonesia is an archipelago located in Southeast Asia, with a total population of 238.5 million. The majority of the Indonesian population is Muslim, making it the largest Muslim country in the world [1–3]. Indonesia is also among ten countries with the most robust economy in the world, and also has a high tourism industry potential [2]. The natural and cultural potentials have made the tourism sector an economic locomotive with the most significant multiplier effect for the country [4]. President Joko Widodo stated that the development of the tourism industry could encourage the advancement of small and medium enterprises and even the creative industries, which would lead to better employment [5]. Therefore, the Government has set a target of 30 million international tourist visits by 2024 [4]. Efforts have been carried out by the Ministry of Tourism of the Republic of Indonesia including promoting Indonesia as a halal tourism destination. Halal tourism upholds Islamic values in the form of sharia-compliant products and services [6–9]. The term halal tourism is also known as Islamic Tourism or Sharia Tourism [1,7]. This type of tourism is not exclusive tourism for Muslims as non-Muslim tourists can also enjoy these services [1]. There are some requirements for halal tourism including

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 52; doi:10.3390/ijgi9010052 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijgi ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 18 ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 52 2 of 18 Muslim tourists can also enjoy these services [1]. There are some requirements for halal tourism including the provision of prayer facilities and halal food [1,3,7,10], and both are included as the Need tothe Have provision facilities of prayer [11]. Other facilities categories and halal of foodhalal [ 1tourism,3,7,10], andneeds both include are included Good to as Have the Need and toNice Have to Have,facilities which [11]. can Other be seen categories in Figure of halal1. The tourism places of needs worship include should Good provide to Have enough and Nice water to for Have, ablution, which andcan bewomen’s seen in Figureand men’s1. The prayer places ofclothing, worship namely should providemukena enough and sarong. water for A ablution,place of andworship women’s for Muslimsand men’s called prayer the clothing, Mosque/Mushalla namely mukena is also and a significant sarong. A element place of in worship Islamic for tourism Muslims as calledwell as the a symbolMosque of/Mushalla Islam [12,13], is also whereas a significant [2,10] element state that in Islamic the availability tourism as of well mosques as a symbol is a critical of Islam factor [12,13 in], supportingwhereas [2, 10halal] state tourism. that the availability of mosques is a critical factor in supporting halal tourism.

FigureFigure 1. 1. TheThe needs needs categorization categorization of of halal halal tourism tourism [11]. [11].

HalalHalal tourism tourism is is a apotential potential resource resource for for the the glob globalal economy economy since since the thenumber number of Muslims of Muslims in the in worldthe world is quite is quite high. high. In 2010, In 2010, the the world’s world’s Muslim Muslim community-ranked community-ranked second second after after Christianity, Christianity, amountingamounting to to approximately approximately 1.6 1.6 billion billion people people [3,14] [3,14] and and is is estimated estimated that that in in 2050, 2050, the the Muslim Muslim populationpopulation will will reach reach 2.8 2.8 billion billion people people [14]. [14]. This This high high number number has has attracted attracted many many countries countries to to developdevelop halal halal tourism tourism including including countries countries with with minority minority Muslim Muslim populations populations such such as as South South Korea. Korea. Therefore,Therefore, Indonesia Indonesia needs needs to to improve improve its its level level of of competition by by promoting through e-marketing andand e-commerce e-commerce [15]. [15]. Countries Countries with with large large Muslim Muslim populations populations such such as as Saudi Saudi Arabia, Arabia, United United Arab Arab EmiratesEmirates (UAE), (UAE), Pakistan, Pakistan, Qatar, Qatar, Kuwait, Kuwait, and and Mala Malaysiaysia are are the the target target of of Indonesian Indonesian halal halal tourism tourism throughthrough digital digital marketing marketing [2]. [2]. In In addition addition to to th thee large large Muslim Muslim population, population, many many companies companies have have developeddeveloped halal halal products products and and services services with with a a market market value value reaching reaching up up to to USD$2 USD$2 trillion trillion [16], [16], which which alsoalso adds adds up up to to the the potential potential of of Indo Indonesia’snesia’s tourism tourism industry development. IndonesiaIndonesia participated inin the the 2016 2016 WHTA WHTA held held on on 24–25 24–25 October October in Abu in Abu Dhabi, Dhabi, UAE UAE [1]. The [1]. event The eventallowed allowed Indonesia Indonesia to make to make an introduction an introduction as a majoras a major halal halal tourist tourist destination destination in the in world.the world. At theAt theevent, event, Indonesia Indonesia won won 12 out12 out ofthe of the 16 awards16 awards contested. contested. According According to [to1], [1], “Indonesia “Indonesia has has become become the thecenter center for halalfor halal tourism”. tourism”. In fact, In fact, in 2019, in 2019, Indonesia Indonesia and Malaysia and Malaysia became became the world’s the world’s best halal best tourism halal tourismdestination destination based on based the Global on the MuslimGlobal Muslim Travel IndexTravel (GMTI) Index (GMTI) [17]. Three [17]. outThree of out the of 12 the awards 12 awards at the at2016 the WHTA 2016 WHTA obtained obtained by Indonesia by Indonesia were won were by West won Sumatra by West [1 ,Sumatra3,10]. However, [1,3,10]. West However, Sumatra West had Sumatranot yet developed had not yet an developed English halal an tourismEnglish halal website tourism to promote website its to tourism promote potentials its tourism and potentials the online andpromotion the online of halalpromotion tourism of washalal still tourism limited, was while still limited, it is essential while it to is promote essential it to through promote websites it through [2]. websitesThe authors [2]. inThe [15 ]authors suggested in that[15] Indonesiasuggested shouldthat Indonesia immediately should increase immediately its competitiveness increase its in competitivenessdigital marketing. in digital marketing. TheThe main main city city in in West West Sumatra set as the tourism destination is Bukittinggi. The The city city has has cold cold weather,weather, withwith aa total total population population of 128,783of 128,783 people peop [18le]. The[18]. city The has city many has tourist many attractions tourist attractions including includingcultural, historical, cultural, historical, and natural and attractions natural attractions [19]. Nasi Kapau,[19]. Nasi Ngarai Kapau, Sianok, Ngarai Jam Sianok, Gadang, Jam Goa Gadang, Japang, GoaBenteng Japang, de Cock,Benteng and de Museum Cock, and Bung Museum Hatta are Bung the mainHatta attractionsare the main that attractions entice tourists that entice to visit tourists the city toof visit Bukittinggi. the city Theof Bukittinggi. number of tourists The number visiting of Bukittinggi tourists visiting City in Bukittinggi 2018 reached City 4,055,168 in 2018 visits reached [20]. 4,055,168This number visits is still[20]. farThis lower number than theis still number far lo ofwer tourists than visitingthe number other of Indonesian tourists visiting tourism other cities. IndonesianFor example, tourism Bandung cities. was For attended example, by Bandung nearly 7.5 was million attended tourists by innearly 2018 7.5 [21 ].million Therefore, tourists to increasein 2018 [21].the number Therefore, of touristto increase visits, the Bukittinggi number of Citytourist has vi startedsits, Bukittinggi to eagerly City develop has started its halal to tourismeagerly develop sector. its halalThe tourism 5-time prayersector. in a day is a strict obligation for Muslims as regulated in Islamic law. For this reason,The information5-time prayer on in the a day availability is a strict ofobligation mosques for and Muslims prayer as facilities regulated are in necessary Islamic law. for For Muslim this reason,tourists information [2,22–24]. Currently, on the availability there are approximatelyof mosques and 190 prayer mosques facilities in Bukittinggi are necessary City for in itsMuslim three

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 52 3 of 18 ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 18 sub-districtstourists [2,22–24]. besides Currently, having many there halalare approximately hotels and restaurants 190 mosques [19 in]. Bukittinggi However, availableCity in its informationthree sub- aboutdistricts the mosquesbesides having was still many inadequate, halal hotels leading and rest touristsaurants to[19]. di ffiHowever,culties in available finding information the mosque. about At the verythe least, mosques tourists was shouldstill inadequate, be given leading information tourists about to difficulties the nearby in mosques. finding the Mosque mosque. information At the veryon Bukittinggileast, tourists City suchshould as anbe addressgiven information is only available about inthe the nearby Office ofmosques. the Department Mosque ofinformation Religion. Thereon areBukittinggi no available City mosque such as data an address in the formis only of availa paperble maps, in the brochures, Office of the or otherDepartment printed of materials Religion. in hotelsThere and are tourism no available information mosque centers.data in the Therefore, form of paper it is necessary maps, brochures, to develop or aother web-based printed informationmaterials systemin hotels that showsand tourism the nearby information mosques centers. in Bukittinggi. Therefore, In it addition, is necessary geographic to develop information a web-based system (GIS)information technology system in the that form shows of WebGIS the nearby is necessary. mosques The in need Bukittinggi. for WebGIS In addition, in developing geographic tourism informationinformation systems system is(GIS) stated technology by [25–27 in]. the The form authors of WebGIS in [25 ]is statenecessary. that GIS The is need “... anfor eWebGISffective in tool. Itsdeveloping ability to group tourism spatial information data based systems on is certain stated criteriaby [25–27]. is very The helpfulauthors in for [25] decision state that making GIS is in “... the an effective tool. Its ability to group spatial data based on certain criteria is very helpful for decision tourism sector”. GIS effectively explores the attractive features of tourist destinations [26]. According making in the tourism sector”. GIS effectively explores the attractive features of tourist destinations to [27], WebGIS “... can help tourists from far destinations to explore the country as a whole and plan [26]. According to [27], WebGIS “... can help tourists from far destinations to explore the country as their tour as per their interest by performing online GIS queries...”. By utilizing WebGIS, foreign a whole and plan their tour as per their interest by performing online GIS queries...”. By utilizing tourists would be capable of determining mosque locations in Bukittinggi City. In addition, GIS WebGIS, foreign tourists would be capable of determining mosque locations in Bukittinggi City. In supportedaddition, by GIS the supported Internet (WebGISby the Internet and Mobile (WebGIS GIS) and can Mobile disseminate GIS) can information disseminate in greaterinformation detail, in be accessedgreater anytime,detail, be andaccessed anywhere anytime, [19 and,28– 30anywhere]. This case [19,28–30]. study isThis concerned case study about is concerned the development about the of mosquedevelopment information of mosque systems information in the form systems of WebGIS in the form and mobileof WebGIS GIS. and mobile GIS. BasedBased on on those those problems, problems, the the GPWI GPWI waswas developed to to facilitate facilitate Muslim Muslim tourists tourists toto find find mosques mosques andand other other tourism tourism objects objects and and facilities facilities whenwhen visitingvisiting Bukittinggi City. City. The The GPWI GPWI was was programmed programmed usingusing PHP PHP and and JavaScript. JavaScript. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, thethe mobile version of of this this GPWI GPWI application application was was programmed programmed usingusing Basic4Android. Basic4Android. This This paper paper reports reports onon thethe development of of the the GPWI. GPWI.

StudyStudy Area Area BukittinggiBukittinggi City City is is a a case case study study area. area. TheThe city has been been equipped equipped with with a avariety variety of oftourist tourist facilities facilities suchsuch as as hotels, hotels, restaurants, restaurants, souvenir souvenir stores,stores, andand smallsmall craft industries. industries. The The city city played played a significant a significant rolerole in in winning winning the the WHTA WHTA 2016 2016 World’sWorld’s BestBest HalalHalal Destination and and World’s World’s Best Best Halal Halal Culinary Culinary DestinationDestination for for West West Sumatra. Sumatra. TheThe citycity consistsconsists of three districts districts and and 24 24 villages villages and and is islocated located in ina a strategicstrategic area. area. There There are are several several otherother touristtourist citiescities within a a 40 40 km km radius radius of of Bukittinggi. Bukittinggi. These These are are Batusangkar,Batusangkar, Payakumbuh, Payakumbuh, Padang Padang Panjang,Panjang, andand Maninjau.Maninjau. These These cities cities possess possess special special attractions attractions suchsuch as Pagaruyungas Pagaruyung Palace, Palace, Minangkabau’s Minangkabau’s historical historical heritage, heritage Minangkabau, Minangkabau Village, Village, Songket Songket Pandai Sikek,Pandai Batang Sikek, Harau, Batang Kelok Harau, 44, and Kelok Puncak 44, Lawang.and Puncak This Lawang. strategic This location strategic highlights location Bukittinggi highlights City asBukittinggi the main tourist City as city the in Westmain Sumatra.tourist city The in mapWest of Sumatra. the city ofThe Bukittinggi map of the is city presented of Bukittinggi in Figure is2 . presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Map of Bukittinggi City. Figure 2. Map of Bukittinggi City.

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 52 4 of 18 ISPRSISPRS Int.Int. J.J. Geo-Inf.Geo-Inf. 20202020,, 99,, xx FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW 4 4 of of 18 18 2. Materials and Methods 2.2. MaterialsMaterials andand MethodsMethods The GPWI was developed using the waterfall software development model. This development TheThe GPWIGPWI waswas developeddeveloped usingusing thethe waterfallwaterfall sosoftwareftware developmentdevelopment model.model. ThisThis developmentdevelopment model consists of analysis, design, coding, and test stages, as exhibited in Figure3. In the waterfall modelmodel consistsconsists ofof analysis,analysis, design,design, coding,coding, andand testtest stages,stages, asas exhibitedexhibited inin FigureFigure 3.3. InIn thethe waterfallwaterfall model, each stage is carried out until completion before proceeding to the next stage. Each stage model,model, eacheach stagestage isis carriedcarried outout untiluntil completioncompletion bebeforefore proceedingproceeding toto thethe nextnext stage.stage. EachEach stagestage undergoes the documentation process. undergoesundergoes thethe documentationdocumentation process.process.

Figure 3. The waterfall method [31]. Figure 3. TheThe waterfall waterfall method method [31]. [31]. The first step conducted in this research was the literature review to understand the concept of The first first step conducted in this research was th thee literature review to understand the concept of halal tourism and the needs of Muslim tourists. Based on the literature review, the outputs of the halal tourism and the needs of Muslim tourists. Ba Basedsed on on the the literature literature review, review, the the outputs of the analysis stage are in the form of user needs fulfillment through system utilization, which is illustrated analysis stage are in the the form form of of user user needs needs fulfillm fulfillmentent through through system system utilization, utilization, which which is is illustrated illustrated in the form of use case diagrams. The use case diagram exhibits how a user may utilize the system. inin the the form of of use case diagrams. The The use use case case di diagramagram exhibits exhibits how how a a user user may may utilize utilize the the system. system. This stage conducted a collection of halal tourism data (attribute and spatial data) in Bukittinggi City. This stage conducted conducted a a collection collection of of halal halal tourism tourism da datata (attribute (attribute and and spatial spatial data) data) in in Bukittinggi Bukittinggi City. City. Research data were collected from the direct survey to the locations based on the global positioning Research data were collected from the direct survey to the locations based on the global positioning system (GPS). The data obtained included mosques, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotels, souvenirs, system (GPS). (GPS). The The data data obtained obtained included included mosques, mosques, tourist tourist attractions, attractions, restau restaurants,rants, hotels, hotels, souvenirs, souvenirs, small industries, and public transport routes. The coordinate points (longitude, latitude) obtained small industries, and public transporttransport routes. The coordinate points (longitude, latitude) obtained from the GPS were used as the value of the Geom column with the data type of geometry: ST_Point fromfrom the GPS were used as the value of the Geom column with the data type of geometry: ST_Point in PostGIS. In addition to the tourist objects and facilities coordinates, several attributes regarding inin PostGIS. In In addition to the tourist objects and facilities coordinates, several attributes regarding tourist objects and facilities were collected, for example, mosque attribute data such as name, address, touristtourist objects objects and and facilities facilities were were collected, collected, for for exam example,ple, mosque mosque attribute attribute data data such such as as name, name, address, address, capacity, land area, parking area, building area, priest, worshipers, and facilities. Mosque data and capacity, land area, parking area, building area, priest, worshipers, and facilities. Mosque data and worship_place tables are exhibited in Tables 1 and 2. Public transport routes in the form of rented worship_place tables tables are are exhibited in in Tables 11 andand2 .2. Public Public transport transport routes routes in in the the form form of of rented rented vehicle data (number, name, and route information) were obtained from the Bukittinggi vehicle datadata (number, (number, name, name, and routeand information)route inform wereation) obtained were fromobtained the Bukittinggi from the Transportation Bukittinggi Transportation Office. The public transport route is a permanent road route taken by the public rental TransportationOffice. The public Office. transport The public route transport is a permanent route is a road permanent route taken road route by the taken public by rentalthe public vehicle rental as vehicle as determined by the Mayor. Based on data, tracing public transportation routes are done vehicledetermined as determined by the Mayor. by the Based Mayor. on data,Based tracing on data public, tracing transportation public transportation routes are doneroutes using are done GPS. using GPS. The obtained coordinates were taken as the value of the Geom column with the data type usingThe obtained GPS. The coordinates obtained coordinates were taken aswere the taken value as of the value Geom of column the Geom with column the data with type the of geometry:data type of geometry: ST_Linestring in PostGIS. Figure 4 exhibits the public transportation route in Bukittinggi ofST_Linestring geometry: ST_Linestring in PostGIS. Figure in PostGIS.4 exhibits Figure the 4 public exhibits transportation the public transportation route in Bukittinggi route in City.Bukittinggi City.City.

FigureFigure 4. 4. BukittinggiBukittinggi publicpublic transport transport route. route.

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 52 5 of 18

Table 1. Mosque data collected.

Park Worship_Place Land Building Last id Address Capacity Area est Jamaah Imam Teenager Fasilitas lng lat _Name Size Size Renovation Size Masjid Al Quran, Bathroom, Jl. Gurun Panjang, M0001 Darussalam 145 510 78 377 1964 2001 50 2 15 Mukena, Park Area, Paud, 100.37715 0.30489614 Pakan Kurai − Gurun Panjang Place of Wudhu, Sarong Masjid Jamik Jl. Moh. Yamin, Tarok Shoe Storage Area, M0002 725 3800 220 1561 1961 2017 150 1 15 100.385677 0.32127068 Aur Kuning Dipo, Guguk Panjang Bathroom, Place of Wudhu − Bathroom, Body Treatment Jalan Veteran No. 229, Masjid Equip, Mimbar, Mukena, M0003 Luak Anyir, Kubu 185 1300 450 420 - - 150 1 15 100.365611 0.28706166 Baburrahmah Park Area, Place of Wudhu, − Gulai Bancah Shoe Racks/Sandals Masjid Al Jl. Abdul Manan, Body Treatment Equip, M0004 165 1950 300 1271 - - 150 1 15 100.379666 0.28968646 Furqan Campago Ipuh Place of Wudhu − Masjid Jl. Sukarno Hatta, M0005 575 2750 126 1270 - 2017 150 1 15 Park Area, Place of Wudhu 100.38149 0.2975884 Mukhlisin Garegeh − Al Quran, Bathroom, Body Treatment Equip, Cap, Masjid Jamik Jl. Sudirman, Birugo, M0006 800 2430 537 816 1956 - 100 2 40 Mukena, Park Area, Place 100.376731 0.31833827 Birugo Aur Birugo Tigo Baleh − of Wudhu, Sarong, Warehouse Al Quran, Bathroom, Body Jl. Ipuh Mandiangin, M0007 Masjid Syukra 275 1015 232 603 - - 150 1 15 Treatment Equip, Mukena, 100.374731 0.29725673 Campago Ipuh − Park Area, Place of Wudhu ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 52 6 of 18

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 18 Table 2. Worship_place table structure.

Field NameTable Data 2. Worship_place Type table structure. Description id Varchar (5) Primary Key Fieldname Name Data Varchar Type (25) Description addressid Varchar Varchar (5) (50) Primary Key land_sizename Varchar Integer (25) The land area of worship park_area_sizeaddress Varchar Integer (50) Parking area building_sizeland_size Integer Integer The Building land area area of ofworship worship place park_area_sizecapacity Integer Integer CongregationalParking area capacity est Integer Year of building building_size Integer Building area of worship place last_renovation Integer The last renovation year jamaahcapacity Integer Integer Congregational Number of active capacity worshipers imamest Integer Integer Year Numberof building of priests last_renovationteenager Integer Integer The The last number renovation of mosque year youth id_categoryjamaah Integer Integer Number of active Foreign worshipers Key geomimam Integer Geometry The Number coordinates of priests of places of worship teenager Integer The number of mosque youth After the analysisid_category phase of the waterfallInteger model was completed, Foreign Key the design of the system was geom Geometry The coordinates of places of worship determined including the user interface, database, and process. At this stage, the user interface was designedAfter according the analysis to system phase of function. the waterfall The usermode interfacel was completed, design for the the design WebGIS of the application system was was madedetermined using Balsamiqincluding Mockup.the user interface, On the otherdatabase, hand, an thed process. mobile At GIS this application stage, the user interface was used wasdesigned Basic4Android. according to Figure system5 exhibits function. the The output user in ofterface the userdesign interface for the WebGIS design. application Database designwas made was madeusing by Balsamiq considering Mockup. user On needs, the theother specific hand, informationthe mobile GIS needed application by Muslim user touristsinterface inused searching was forBasic4Android. places of worship. Figure The 5 exhibits database the designoutput outputof the user is an interface entity-relationship design. Database diagram design (ERD). was made The ERDby wasconsidering depicted user using needs, SQL Powerthe specific Architect. information The interactionneeded by Muslim process touris betweents in thesearching user and for GPWIplaces wasof designedworship. in The the database form of design scenarios. output Tableis an entity-r3 exhibitselationship the scenario diagram of (ERD). searching The ERD for was places depicted of worship using SQL Power Architect. The interaction process between the user and GPWI was designed in the form of around the user’s position. scenarios. Table 3 exhibits the scenario of searching for places of worship around the user’s position.

FigureFigure 5. The 5. The design design of theof the display display of of the the searchsearch for pl placesaces of of worship worship around around the theuser’s user’s position. position.

TableTable 3. The 3. The scenario scenario of of searching searching for for placesplaces of worship worship around around the the user’s user’s position. position.

Use Case Search for Places of Worship around the User’s Position Use Case Search for Places of Worship around the User’s Position Participating User ParticipatingActor Actor User 1. The user selects the nearby button$$$$2.1. The The user system selects displays the nearby the seek button bar input form$$$$3. The user selects Flow of Event the radius by sliding the seek bar2. Theleft or system right$$$$4. displays The the system seek displays bar input the form position and place of worship Flow of Event 3. The user selects the radiusinformation by sliding the seek bar left or right 4. The system displays the position and place of worship information Entry Condition The user has opened the application Exit Condition The user gets the position as well as information on all places of worship around the user’s position ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 52 7 of 18

The following process is the coding or implementation stage. The database design in the form of ERD was implemented into the PostgreSQL/PostGIS database. The PostgreSQL database was chosen as it is a popular database used in a variety of geospatial applications [32,33]. PostGIS is a spatial database extension for PostgreSQL [34–36]. PostGIS has a better performance compared to Oracle spatial [37]. According to [32], PostGIS performs better than MongoDB for select object operations in the neighborhood of another object similar to spatio-temporal data queries [38]. According to Santos et al. in [39] for operations commonly found in mobile spatial applications, PostGIS performance is better than MongoDB and Neo4J. Therefore, this study used PostgreSQL/PostGIS as its spatial database. After the database for GPWI was created, attraction and tourist facilities data were entered into the database. Furthermore, the process created in the previous stage was programmed using PHP, JavaScript, and Basic4Android. PostGIS was utilized in spatial data programming. The last stage of the waterfall model is testing. GPWI testing was done using a black-box test. Black-box testing is an assessment by determining the output of the system, whether it is in accordance with what is expected. If it is suitable, then the system is declared correct and vice versa. If it is not appropriate, a system improvement is performed. The test is carried out in the case of study sites, namely in several tourist destinations and public places in Bukittinggi City. The GPWI output was compared with the data in PostgreSQL/PostGIS.

3. Results

3.1. Needs Analysis and Design Many researchers have insisted that the availability of mosques and facilities for prayer at tourist attractions or around places visited by tourists is something essential in the context of halal tourism [1–3,7,10,22], especially for Friday prayer. On Friday, every male Muslim is required to perform Friday prayer at a mosque. The authors in [23,24] stated that the availability of mosques is also needed in public places. The study by [24] revealed that tourists liked to walk around the city, and [25] suggested the distance between tourist attractions, tourism objects, and facilities should be of concern. In addition, tourists need information on tourist attractions as well as information about mosques. The authors in [40,41] stated the need for the mosque to carry out various activities and [1,23] emphasized the ease of finding mosques and access to mosques. Meanwhile, [22,42,43] alluded to the need for public transportation to reach the mosque. Other aspects should also be of interest in developing halal tourism as follows:

1. Tourists who come in groups using a tour bus need a mosque with extensive parking facilities. Individual tourists need information about the route to the mosque and public transport route to reach it [1,22,23]. The importance of information regarding public transportation for tourism has been expressed by [22,42,43]. 2. After prayer, tourists will continue their tour where they can go to halal restaurants or visit other attractions. Hence, they also need information about tourism objects and other tourism facilities around the mosque.

Regarding the results of the needs analysis, GPWI functions are explained as follows.

1. Users can search for mosques based on some criteria including distance, name, and available facilities. The GPWI should display information as follows:

a. Map of the mosque. b. Detailed information about the mosque: name, address, land area, building area, parking capacity, number of priests, number of prayer attendees, number of adolescents, categories, pictures, and administrator identity. c. Public transport route. d. Map route. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 18

d. Map route. e. Object map and tourist attractions around the mosque: hotels, restaurants, small industries, and souvenir stores. Users should also be given detailed information regarding the route to reach the destinations. 2. Users should also be given information related to the activities done in the mosques including based on the name of the event and the time the event is held. The information to be displayed includes: a. Map of the event location. b. Detailed information: name of the event, name of the mosque, leader, data, and time of the event. Figure 6 shows the use case of GPWI. Number 1 is the primary function of the system, while the ISPRSfunction Int. J. of Geo-Inf. system2020 number, 9, 52 2 is an additional function. Function number 2 needs to be developed further8 if of 18 the mosque is the tourist attraction [40,41]. One database was designed for use by GPWI. The database must be able to fulfill the needs of Muslim touristse. in Objectthe form map of andeasier tourist access attractions to mosques around based theon certain mosque: criteria hotels, in restaurants,the form of maps small and industries, text informationand including souvenir location stores. maps Users and should mosque also information, be given road detailed route information maps to the regardingmosque (the the road route from one locationto reach to thethe destinations.location of the mosque formed by Google), public transport routes to the mosque as well as maps of tourist objects and other tourism facilities around the mosques. The search results for the 2.mosqueUsers include should spatial also beand given attribute information data. Concerning related to halal the activitiestourism, data done relate in thed mosquesto mosques including is necessary based to supporton the namethe 5-time of the daily event prayer and theobligation. time the The event data is held.include The name, information address, toparking be displayed area, location, includes: building area, and capacity. In addition, Muslim tourists need information about mosque facilities and activitiesa. heldMap in ofthe the mosques event location.including public transport routes to the mosque. In the context of database design,b. mosqueDetailed data, information:mosque facilities, name activities, of the event,and public name transport of the route mosque, data leader,cannot be data, stored and in time one of table becausethe one event. mosque can have several facilities, and one facility can also be available in some mosques; likewise, the relationship of the mosque to the activities of the mosque and public transport routes. Their relationshipFigure6 isshows in the the form use of case N:M of since GPWI. three Number connecting 1 is tables the primary were needed, function namely of the detail_transport system, while to the functionconnect the of systemmosque numberwith public 2 istransportation, an additional detail_facility function. Function to connect number the mosque 2 needs with the to befacility, developed and detail_event to connect the mosque to the event. Based on these rules, an entity-relationship diagram (ERD) further if the mosque is the tourist attraction [40,41]. was designed for the GPWI, as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 6. The use case of the GPWI.

One database was designed for use by GPWI. The database must be able to fulfill the needs of Muslim tourists in the form of easier access to mosques based on certain criteria in the form of maps and text information including location maps and mosque information, road route maps to the mosque (the road from one location to the location of the mosque formed by Google), public transport routes to the mosque as well as maps of tourist objects and other tourism facilities around the mosques. The search results for the mosque include spatial and attribute data. Concerning halal tourism, data related to mosques is necessary to support the 5-time daily prayer obligation. The data include name, address, parking area, location, building area, and capacity. In addition, Muslim tourists need information about mosque facilities and activities held in the mosques including public transport routes to the mosque. In the context of database design, mosque data, mosque facilities, activities, and public transport route data cannot be stored in one table because one mosque can have several facilities, and one facility can also be available in some mosques; likewise, the relationship of the mosque to the activities of the mosque and public transport routes. Their relationship is in the form of N:M since three connecting tables were needed, namely detail_transport to connect the mosque with public transportation, detail_facility to connect the mosque with the facility, and detail_event to connect the ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 52 9 of 18 mosqueISPRS Int. to J. theGeo-Inf. event. 2020, 9 Based, x FOR onPEER these REVIEW rules, an entity-relationship diagram (ERD) was designed9 forof 18 the GPWI, as shown in Figure7. Figure 6. The use case of the GPWI.

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Figure 6. The use case of the GPWI.

FigureFigure 7. 7.The The entity-relationship entity-relationship diagram diagram of of the the GPWI. GPWI.

3.2. Implementation 3.2. Implementation TheThe functionality functionality ofof thetheFigure GPWIGPWI 7. Thewas entity-relationship implemented implemented as diagram asa aGIS GIS applicationof applicationthe GPWI. to support to support halal halal tourism tourism in inBukittinggi, Bukittinggi, providing providing convenience convenience for forMuslim Muslim touris touriststs to find to findmosques. mosques. The web The user web interface user interface was was3.2.designed designed Implementation using using the Balsamiq the Balsamiq Mockup Mockup application, application, while the mobile while theuser mobile interface user design interface was created design using was createdthe designerThe using functionality feature the designer in of Basic4Android. the feature GPWI was in The Basic4Android. implemented GPWI was asbuilt Thea GIS using GPWI application PHP, was JavaScript, builtto support using and halal PHP,Basic4Android. tourism JavaScript, in FOSS PostgreSQL/PostGIS was used to store the data related to halal tourism in Bukittinggi City. Google andBukittinggi, Basic4Android. providing FOSS convenience PostgreSQL for Muslim/PostGIS touris wasts used to find to storemosques. the dataThe web related user to interface halal tourism was designedMaps was using also usedthe Balsamiq to display Mockup the map application, of halal tourist while attractions the mobile in user the interfacecity. Some design SQLs was were created also created using inusing Bukittinggi several City.PostGIS Google spatial Maps functions was also includin usedg to ST_X, display ST_Y, the mapST_Centroid, of halal touristST_GeomFromText, attractions in thethe city. designer Some feature SQLs werein Basic4Android. also created usingThe GPWI several was PostGIS built using spatial PHP, functions JavaScript, including and Basic4Android. ST_X, ST_Y, FOSSST_Distance_Sphere, PostgreSQL/PostGIS and ST_Contains. was used to store the data related to halal tourism in Bukittinggi City. Google ST_Centroid, ST_GeomFromText, ST_Distance_Sphere, and ST_Contains. MapsThe was ERD also of used the GPWIto display is explained the map inof Figurehalal tourist 7, where attractions it was implemented in the city. Some into the SQLs PostgreSQL/PostGIS were also created The ERD of the GPWI is explained in Figure7, where it was implemented into the usingdatabase several by making PostGIS it an integratedspatial functions database. includin In the database,g ST_X, tablesST_Y, that ST_Centroid, support spatial ST_GeomFromText, data and tourism PostgreSQLST_Distance_Sphere,attributes were/PostGIS created. and database Furthermore, ST_Contains. by making tourism it data an were integrated inputted database. into the tables. In the To database, simplify data tables entry, that supportseveralThe spatialprograms ERD of data the were GPWI and created tourism is explained concer attributesning in Figure relations were 7, wh between created.ere it was the Furthermore, implemented tables. Figure into tourism 8 shows the PostgreSQL/PostGIS datathe entry were of inputted the Al intodatabaseAbrar the tables.Mosque by making To data simplify itincluding an integrated data the entry, spatial database. several data In and programs the attr database,ibutes. were Spatialtables created that data concerningsupport from the spatial mosque relations data were and between tourismentered the tables.attributesinto the Figure mosque were8 shows created. table the through Furthermore, entry online of the tourism Aldigitizing. Abrar data MosqueThis were online inputted data digitizing including into th prograe thetables. spatialm wasTo simplify datadeveloped and data attributes. for entry, this application. Figure 9 shows the inclusion of the data regarding mosque facilities. Spatialseveral data programs from were the mosque created concer werening entered relations into between the mosque the tables. table Fi throughgure 8 shows online the digitizing.entry of the ThisAl onlineAbrar digitizing Mosque data program including was the developed spatial data for and this attr application.ibutes. Spatial Figure data9 shows from the the mosque inclusion were of entered the data regardinginto the mosque mosque table facilities. through online digitizing. This online digitizing program was developed for this application. Figure 9 shows the inclusion of the data regarding mosque facilities.

Figure 8. The online digitizing program of the GPWI.

Figure 8. The online digitizing program of the GPWI. Figure 8. The online digitizing program of the GPWI.

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FigureFigure 9. 9.The The data data entryentry program for for mosque mosque facility facility data. data. As all data were successfully entered, this GPWI was ready for testing. GPWI testing was carried out As all data were successfully entered, this GPWI was ready for testing. GPWI testing was carried in several tourist destinations and public places such as Jam Gadang, Ngarai Sianok, Benteng de Cock, Pasar out in several tourist destinationsFigure 9. The and data public entry program places suchfor mosque as Jam facility Gadang, data. Ngarai Sianok, Benteng Atas, Pasar Aur Kuning, and Museum Bung Hatta. The test results in various places indicate that GPWI is de Cock, Pasar Atas, Pasar Aur Kuning, and Museum Bung Hatta. The test results in various places in accordanceAs all data with were the successfully needs of Muslim entered, tourists. this GPWI The testers was ready found for the testing. application GPWI easy testing to understand was carried and out indicate that GPWI is in accordance with the needs of Muslim tourists. The testers found the application inwere several comfortable tourist destinations using it. The and following public placesare the such result ass ofJam the Gadang, GPWI testing Ngarai conducted Sianok, Benteng in the Museum de Cock, Bung Pasar easyAtas,Hatta. to Pasar understandFigures Aur 10–17Kuning, and show wereand the Museum comfortable main outputs Bung usingHatta. of the it.The we The btest version. following results Figure in various are 10 the is places resultsa map indicate ofoutput the GPWIthatof mosques GPWI testing is conductedinaround accordance 1500 in m thewith from Museum the the needs position Bungof Muslim of Hatta.the tester. tourists. Figures Figure The 10 11testers– is17 an show found SQL command the the mainapplication created outputs easy to ofproduce to the understand web Figure version. 10.and FigurewereFigure comfortable 10 12 is shows a map theusing output output it. The ofof following the mosques road mapare around the from result the 1500s poof m sitionthe from GPWI of the testing tester position conducted to a ofcertain the in tester.mosque the Museum Figure (Al Abrar Bung 11 is anHatta.Mosque). SQL Figures command Figure 10–17 13 created shows show the the to output producemain ofoutputs the Figure public of 10the transport. Figureweb version. route12 shows map Figure th theat 10 passes output is a mapby of the theoutput selected road of mapmosque.mosques from thearoundFigure position 141500 shows ofm thefrom the tester mapthe position output to a certain of of a therestaurant mosque tester. Figure within (Al Abrar 11a search is an Mosque). SQLdistance command of Figure 300 mcreated 13 from shows the to produceAl the Abrar output FigureMosque. of 10. the Figure 15 shows the output of the road map from the Al Abrar mosque to the selected restaurant (Resto L publicFigure transport 12 shows routethe output map of that the passes road map by thefrom selected the position mosque. of the Figure tester 14to showsa certain the mosque map output (Al Abrar of a Amor). Figure 16 shows the map output of mosques that held activities on 25-7-2017. Figure 17 shows the restaurantMosque). Figure within 13 a searchshows the distance output of of 300 the mpublic from transport the Al Abrar route Mosque.map that passes Figure by15 theshows selected the outputmosque. of output of the Al Ikhwan Mosque activities held on 25-7-2017. theFigure road 14 map shows from the themap Al output Abrar of mosquea restaurant to thewithin selected a search restaurant distance of (Resto 300 m L from Amor). the Al Figure Abrar 16Mosque. shows theFigure map 15 output shows ofthe mosques output of thatthe road held map activities from the on Al 25-7-2017. Abrar mosque Figure to 17the shows selected the restaurant output of(Resto the AlL Amor). Figure 16 shows the map output of mosques that held activities on 25-7-2017. Figure 17 shows the Ikhwan Mosque activities held on 25-7-2017. output of the Al Ikhwan Mosque activities held on 25-7-2017.

Figure 10. Search results for mosques within 1500 m from the tester.

FigureFigure 10. 10.Search Search results results forfor mosquesmosques within within 1500 1500 m m from from the the tester. tester.

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Figure 11. SQL and mosques within 1500 m from the tester. FigureFigure 11. 11.SQL SQL andand mosquesmosques within 1500 1500 m m from from the the tester. tester. Figure 11. SQL and mosques within 1500 m from the tester.

Figure 12. Route map and the tester’s position to reach the selected mosque, Al Abrar Mosque. Figure 12. Route map and the tester’s position to reach the selected mosque, Al Abrar Mosque. FigureFigure 12. 12.Route Route map map and and the the tester’stester’s positionposition to reach reach the the selected selected mosque, mosque, Al Al Abrar Abrar Mosque. Mosque.

Figure 13. Public transport route around Al Abrar Mosque. Figure 13. Public transport route around Al Abrar Mosque. FigureFigure 13. 13.Public Public transporttransport route around around Al Al Abrar Abrar Mosque. Mosque.

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Figure 14. Search results for restaurants within 300 m from Al Abrar Mosque. FigureFigure 14. 14.Search Search resultsresults forfor restaurantsrestaurants within 300 300 m m from from Al Al Abrar Abrar Mosque. Mosque. Figure 14. Search results for restaurants within 300 m from Al Abrar Mosque.

Figure 15. Routes from Al Abrar Mosque to the selected restaurant. Figure 15. Routes from Al Abrar Mosque to the selected restaurant. FigureFigure 15. 15.Routes Routes fromfrom AlAl Abrar Mosque to to the the selected selected restaurant. restaurant.

Figure 16. List of mosques that held events on 25-7-2017. Figure 16. List of mosques that held events on 25-7-2017. FigureFigure 16. 16.List List ofof mosquesmosques that he heldld events events on on 25-7-2017. 25-7-2017.

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FigureFigure 17. 17.The The eventevent heldheld by Al Ikhw Ikhwanan Mosque Mosque on on 25-7-2017. 25-7-2017.

The mobile version of GPWI was also tested, where the results showed that the application had been The mobile versionFigure of GPWI 17. The was event also held tested, by Al Ikhw wherean Mosque the results on 25-7-2017. showed that the application successfullyhad been successfully developed. The developed. tester’s position The tester’s was also position set in the was Museum also set Bung in theHatta. Museum Figures Bung18–21 Hatta.are the main outputs of the mobile version that are suitable for the needs of Muslim tourists by using the halal FiguresThe 18mobile–21 are version the main of GPWI outputs was also of the tested, mobile where version the results that are showed suitable that for the the application needs of had Muslim been tourism data of Bukittinggi City. Figure 18 shows the map output of the mosque search results by name, successfullytourists by usingdeveloped. the halal The tester’s tourism position data of was Bukittinggi also set in City. the Museum Figure 18 Bung shows Hatta. the Figures map output 18–21 are of the the namely Abrar. Figure 19 shows the output of the road map from the position of the tester to the Al-Abrar mainmosque outputs search of the results mobile by name,version namely that are Abrar. suitable Figure for the 19 needs shows of theMuslim output tourists of the by road using map the fromhalal Mosque. Figure 20 shows the output map of the restaurant search results around the Al Abrar Mosque. tourismthe position data of Bukittinggi the tester to City. the Al-AbrarFigure 18 Mosque.shows the Figure map output 20 shows of the the mosque output search map of results the restaurant by name, Figure 21 shows the road from the Al Abrar mosque to a restaurant chosen by the tester, the Resto L Amor. namelysearch resultsAbrar. Figure around 19 the shows Al Abrar the output Mosque. of the Figure road 21 map shows from the the road position from of the the Al tester Abrar to mosquethe Al-Abrar to a Mosque. Figure 20 shows the output map of the restaurant search results around the Al Abrar Mosque. restaurant chosen by the tester, the Resto L Amor. Figure 21 shows the road from the Al Abrar mosque to a restaurant chosen by the tester, the Resto L Amor.

Figure 18. Search results for mosques by name.

FigureFigure 18. 18. SearchSearch results for mosques mosques by by name. name.

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FigureFigure 19. 19.Routes Routes fromfrom thethe tester’stester’s position position to to reach reach Al-Abrar Al-Abrar Mosque. Mosque.

FigureFigure 20. 20.Search Search resultsresults for restaurants around around Al Al Abrar Abrar Mosque. Mosque.

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FigureFigure 21. 21.Routes Routes fromfrom AlAl Abrar Mosq Mosqueue to to L L Amor Amor Restaurant. Restaurant.

4.4. Discussion Discussion TheThe GPWI GPWI was was successfully developed developed by by using using free software such asas PHP,PHP, JavaScript,JavaScript, andand PostgreSQL/PostGIS.PostgreSQL/PostGIS. This This case case study study gives gives a contribution a contribution in the in form the of form a database of a database and programs and programs based on spatialbased onoperations spatialoperations to support tothe support halal tourism the halal in tourismBukittinggi, in Bukittinggi, mainly to provide mainly toconvenience provide convenience for Muslim touristsfor Muslim in finding tourists mosques. in finding In addition, mosques. this In addition,case study this also case contributes study also to contributesthe practical to use the of practical GIS. Spatial- use basedof GIS. programs Spatial-based created programs can be modifi createded to can build be modifiedother halal to tourism build other GIS applications. halal tourism The GIS location applications. search programThe location and mosque search programinformation and by mosque name or information within a certain by name distance or withinfrom the a position certain distanceof Muslim from tourists the canposition be modified of Muslim into touristsa location can search be modified programinto and ato locationurist information. search program Likewise, and other tourist tourism information. facilities suchLikewise, as culinary other facilities, tourism souvenirs, facilities such spas,as money culinary changers, facilities, and souvenirs,hotels. It could spas, be money done by changers, swapping and the tablehotels. name It could and search be done criteria. by swapping Other programs the table made name for and GPWI search cancriteria. be used Otherto create programs halal tourism made GIS for applicationGPWI can befeatures. used toPrograms create halal created tourism can be GIS modified application for other features. applications Programs suchcreated as rural canGIS beapplications. modified Thefor otherGIS features applications for villages such asthat rural can GISbe supported applications. are (1) The house GIS featuressearch based for villages on identification that can be (ID) supported number, (2)are population (1) house searchinformation based with on identification a specific ID (ID) number, number, and (2)(3) population route from informationthe village head’s with a office specific to IDthe resident’snumber, andhouse (3) with route a fromspecific the ID village number, head’s etc. o ffiInce addition, to the resident’s the use of house free software with a specific in developing ID number, GIS applications has become a policy of the Indonesian government. The spatial-based programs made for etc. In addition, the use of free software in developing GIS applications has become a policy of the GPWI can be used as models for the development of other GIS applications. Indonesian government. The spatial-based programs made for GPWI can be used as models for the How can this GPWI be used by Muslim tourists? The GPWI can be used by Muslim tourists in making development of other GIS applications. travel plans or help them during their stay in Bukittinggi. If Muslim tourists are still in their home countries, How can this GPWI be used by Muslim tourists? The GPWI can be used by Muslim tourists in it is necessary to determine in advance the initial position for simulation in Bukittinggi City. GPWI has preparedmaking travelthe first plans positioning or help them feature during for Muslim their stay touris in Bukittinggi.ts. If Muslim If tourists Muslim are tourists already are in still the in city their of Bukittinggi,home countries, the GPWI it is necessary will automatically to determine detect in the advance tourists’ the position. initial position Next, the for GPWI simulation can show in Bukittinggithe location ofCity. mosques GPWI around has prepared Muslim tourists, the first both positioning around tourist feature attractions for Muslim and in tourists. public places If Muslim as well tourists as also help are Muslimalready tourists in the city find of the Bukittinggi, site of the the mosque GPWI base willd automatically on the name detectof the themosque. tourists’ These position. two aspects Next, theare presentedGPWI can in show Figures the location10 and 18. of mosquesFor easy aroundaccess to Muslim the mosque tourists, and both the around public touristtransportation attractions services and available,in public GPWI places also as well shows as alsothe way help to Muslim the mosque tourists from find the thetourist site position of the mosque and the based public on transport the name route of thatthe mosque.passes by Thesethe mosque, two aspects as shown are presentedin Figures 12, in Figures 13 and 19.10 andIf Muslim 18. For tourists easy access want to to go the to mosque a restaurant and forthe lunch public after transportation prayer, the application services available, also displays GPWI the also necessary shows the information, way to the as mosque shown in from Figures the tourist 14, 15, position and the public transport route that passes by the mosque, as shown in Figures 12, 13 and 19. If Muslim tourists want to go to a restaurant for lunch after prayer, the application also displays the ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 52 16 of 18 necessary information, as shown in Figures14, 15, 20 and 21. Thus, the GPWI fulfills the needs of Muslim tourists, and the GPWI has been equipped with functions that support those needs.

5. Conclusions A web- and mobile-based GPWI in Bukittinggi was successfully developed in this research. A database and programs based on spatial operations were created to fulfill the needs of Muslim tourists. The development of the GPWI employed the waterfall method. The literature review was the first step undertaken to understand the requirements for halal tourism and the need of Muslim tourists for mosques. The needs of Muslim tourists were configured with a use case diagram. The data collected in this research included data related to mosques, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotels, souvenirs, small industries, and public transport routes, which were obtained from direct observation using GPS. Next, the design of the GPWI was determined and implemented. PHP, JavaScript, and Basic4Android were used to develop this application. FOSS PostgreSQL/PostGIS was used as the database, and Google Maps was used as the base map. The GPWI was then tested using black-box testing in the final stage. The test results show that the GPWI met the needs of Muslim tourists, especially in providing easier access for Muslim tourists to find mosques. Future research is suggested in order to develop a GIS for halal food and a GIS for destinations in Bukittinggi, Indonesia.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Surya Afnarius; Funding acquisition, Surya Afnarius and Fajril Akbar; Software development and testing, Fitri Yuliani and Surya Afnarius; Data, Fitri Yuliani; Writing—original draft, Surya Afnarius and Fitri Yuliani; Writing—review and editing, Surya Afnarius and Fitri Yuliani. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by the Directorate of Research and Community Service, Directorate General of Strengthening Research and Development, Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education under Research Contract No. 163/SP2H/LT/DRPM/2019 in the fiscal year 2019. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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