Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 200-201, May 2017

The product design preferences based on Kansei engineering: Car products in Malaysia H. Sihombing1,*, A. Syafika1, S. Sulaiman2, M.R. Salleh1, M.Y. Yaakob1

1) Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Product design; Kansei engineering

ABSTRACT– This study discussed the customer and transfer the analyzed data to the design domain. An preferences towards the product design profiles based advantage of Kansei Engineering is the connection an on Kansei Engineering. The purpose of this study is to assortment of product properties to product emotions find out what the emotional preferences (Kansei) [4]. towards the car design profile using developed questionnaires of Kansei words (Stylish, Comfortable, 2. METHODOLOGY Safe, Sporty, and Luxury) and 6 car product design This study started with the data collection related (City, Sedan, and MPV) launched in Malaysia for years to cars product launched in Malaysia market for years 2014 – 2016. Based on the finding of the survey 2014-2016, while 30 words as human emotional distributed to171 respondents in Melaka, the most expression (articulated in words) about the products are customer preferences against the car design are explored and collected from the database (dictionaries, 'Comfortable', 'Luxury' and 'Stylish'. The 'Comfortable' etc.) includes the meaning (Merriam-Webster, Oxford, is as the most customer preferences towards the MPV Longman dictionaries). The survey conducted is using and City car, while 'Luxury' towards Sedan car. The questionnaires with 5 Kansei words towards each type most significant correlation found between car product of 6 car design (City, Sedan, and MPV) includes Front, towards customers were on 'Side' and 'Rear' view of the Side, and Rear views. car, while on 'Front'' view is none. The significant correlation to the side view of MPV is influenced by gender, while occupation to the City, and age to Sedan. Literature Review - Market Survey & Observation [Product (CAR) vs. Human Expression] 1. INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, to develop a new product that very Kansei Database CAR in Malaysia (30 Words) each 20 Design relevant and match to the customer needs and the taste (of City, Sedan, MPV) is a critical issue in the product development [1]. This is due to the customer more selective in their choices [2]. They expect the pleasure through fulfilling of their Sorting based on the Highest Chosen by Customer emotions and psychological needs [3]. Thus, the new test for designer and manufacturer is on how to have the capacity that comprehend to what customer like and 5 KANSEI 6 CAR PRODUCT DESIGN what will manufacture produces more pleasurable WORDS product [4]. Consequently, to satisfy this fulfillment should be through an application of emotional method is STYLISH 6 CITY CAR as progressively concerned to subjective assessment procedure in the product design group [5]. This reason REAR SIDE FRONT COMFORTABLE refers to a key variable in choosing whether or not to buy a subjective emotional reaction [6]. Towards this 6 SEDAN CAR SAFE perspective, Kansei is most related to part of REAR SIDE FRONT affectability, sensibility, feeling, and emotion [7-10]. LUXURY The purpose of Kansei Engineering is to develop a 6 MPV CAR product that people want to have deeply in their mind SPORT and it can be applied to the design of a wide range of REAR SIDE FRONT product. The main challenge for effective design is to grasp the customer’s effective needs accurately and Kansei Word vs. CAR Product Design Preferences subsequently to design products that match the needs [11]. By using Kansei Engineering, customer’s Figure 1 Flow of study. requirement can be analyzed using a statistical method

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Sihombing et al., 2017

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The survey results showed that the product design The authors would like to thank CRIM-UTeM and preferences based on Kansei Words as in Table 1. RMC-UPM. This study is supported by Research Grant RACE/F3/TK6/FKP/F00301. Table 1 Car product type and view versus Kansei words. Kansei REFERENCES Car Type Brand View Words Preferences [1] L.J. Gitman, and C.D. McDaniel. The Future of Preferences Business: The Essentials, Mason, Ohio: Thomson Toyota Alphard Front Comfortable South-Western, 2005. MPV Toyota Alphard Side Comfortable [2] V. N. Huynh, H. Yan, and Y. Nakamori, “A Target- Toyota Alphard Rear Comfortable Based Decision Making Approach to Consumer- Oriented Evaluation Model for Japanese BMW F80 Front Luxury Traditional Crafts,” IEEE Transactions on Sedan BMW F80 Side Stylish Engineering Management, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 575- Audi S6 Rear Luxury 588, 2010. Toyota Etios Front Comfortable [3] S. Barone, A. Lombardo, and P. Tarantino, “A Liva Weighted Logistic Regression for Conjoint City Peugeot-108 Side Comfortable Analysis and Kansei Engineering,” Quality and Reliability Engineering International, vol.23, no.6, Toyota Aygo Rear Stylish pp. 689-706, 2007. [4] R. Roy, M. Goatman, and K. Khangura, “User- Based on demographic result, this study also found as Centric Design and Kansei Engineering,” CIRP follows: Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology,  There were no correlations existed between the vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 172-178, 2009. Front side views of all car design towards the [5] N.K. Mamaghani, and M. Tajoddini, “Design with demography. Emotional Approach by Implementing Kansei  The significant correlation existed were found Engineering Case Study: Design of Kettle,” KEER, between car producer preferences towards Rear side Paris International Conference on Kansei views of City car and MPV respectively. Whiles, Engineering and Emotion Research, 2010. Rear side view of Sedan is towards brand aspect. [6] D.J. Kim, D.L. Ferrin, and H.R. Rao, “A Trust-  The significant correlation found towards Side view Based Consumer Decision-Making Model in for age against Sedan, occupation against City car, Electronic Commerce: The Role of Trust, while gender towards MPV. Perceived Risk, and their Antecedents,” Decision Support Systems, vol. 44, No.2, pp. 544-564, 2008. Table 2 The correlation between demography versus car [7] M. Nagamachi, “Kansei Engineering and Its type-views. Method,” Management System, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. CITY Car SEDAN Car MPV Car 97-105, 1992. Description Front Side Rear Front Side Rear Front Side Rear [8] S. Ishihara, K. Ishihara, and M. Nagamachi, Gender -.534(**) “Analysis of Individual Differences in Kansei Age -.337(*) Evaluation Data Based on Cluster Analysis,” Occupation .367(*) Kansei Engineering International, vol.1, pp. 49- Education 58, 1999. Annual Income [9] A. Harada, “On the Definition of Kansei. In Current Car Own. Modeling the Evaluation Structure,” Kansei 1998 Car Producer -.338(*) -.370(*) Conference, 1998, pp. 22. Brand Aspect -.342(*) [10] A.Yoshikawa, “Subjective Information Processing: Perception of Its foundation and Applications,” Biomedical Good Car. Fuzzy and Human Sciences: The Official Journal ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2 -tailed) of the Biomedical Fuzzy Systems Association, vol. * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) 6, pp. 75-83, 2000. [11] J.R. Jiao, Y. Zhang, and M. Helander, “A Kansei 4. CONCLUSION Mining System for Affective Design,” Expert The most customer preferences against the car Systems with Applications, vol. 4, no. 30, pp. 658– design are 'Comfortable',' Luxury' and 'Stylish'. The 673, 2006. 'Comfortable' is as the most customer preferences towards the MPV and City car, while towards the Sedan is 'Luxury'. The most significant correlation found between car product towards customers were on 'Side' and 'Rear' view of car product design. It is interesting to be noted that gender is having a significant correlation to the side view of MPV, while occupation to the side view of City, and age to the side view of Sedan.

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 202-203, May 2017

Echo during classroom teaching and learning S.R. Mat1,*, S. Sulaiman1, J.M. Din1, S.F.S.M. Noor1, M.A. Ibrahim2.

1) Pusat Tamhidi, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2) Fakulti Pengajian Quran dan Sunnah, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Echo; language; listening

ABSTRACT – An echo is a sound that is repeated as the begun to include a listening component, an sound waves from a surface bounced back to the acknowledgement that listening ability is an important listeners. It also happens in a classroom, where pre- aspect of second language [1]. university of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM)’s Echo is a sound or series of sound caused by the students are having difficulties in listening skill’s reflection of sound waves from a surface back to the activities in preparing for their Malaysian University listeners. If the reflected sound from one syllable is still English Test (MUET). The condition of the classroom as heard when the next syllable is spoken, it may be to perceive good sound quality is the essence of difficult to understand what was said [2]. "Cat", "Cab" understanding the speech in listening task. It is an and "Cap" may all sound very familiar. In examination integral part of the total learning process, albeit a part halls, echo often disrupt students hearing hence leading that are often ignored. Hence, it is a very significant part to lack of comprehension of the exam questions. to reduce echo in having listening task of learning a Consequently, students of Tamhidi Centre of second language. On that note, this paper discusses on USIM will have difficulties in answering their listening creating a conducive environment for these pre- of the national English examination, Malaysian university students in their listening skill’s activities in University English Test (MUET). MUET is made reducing the echo effect. In addition, there are several compulsory for tertiary students to pass according to the recommendations that are proposed to combat echo in required Bands (1-6) and programmes registered under second language learning classes. universities. In its Listening Test, students are required to listen attentively to five individual recordings in order 1. INTRODUCTION to answer comprehension questions which are distributed beforehand. The test consists of three parts Being in a large room with high ceiling, bare walls where the level of comprehension and critical thinking and hard surfaced floor, one will notice a distinctive skills increase in each. Listening skills may be deemed ringing sound when speaking. The sound is called flutter as an easy task to conduct but without proper echo. When sound waves bounce back and forth environment, strategies and attention, it could between the ceilings, walls and floors, this phenomenon undoubtedly be the hardest skill in a second language occurs. Echo makes conversation difficult. acquisition process. In language studies, especially for second Tamhidi Centre is a pre-university programme language, speaking and listening skill must be offered by USIM, located in Bandar Baru Nilai, a feeder conducted in echo-free environment. Today's English for undergraduate studies in the faculty [3]. After a 2- instructor needs to be well versed in current approaches semester course in Tamhidi Centre, having full-filled all to the teaching of the oral skill. This includes sensitive requirements, students will enroll to the Faculty of observation on the set up or conditions of the Science and Technology (FST), Faculty of Medicine environment. and Health Sciences, (FPSK), Faculty of Dentistry In Tamhidi Centre of Universiti Sains Islam (FPg), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment Malaysia (USIM), English classes are carried out in a (FKAB), Faculty of Shariah and Law (FSU) and Faculty large room surrounded by hard floors and walls. Often, of Economy and Muamalat (FEM). Starting from 2016, while conducting listening exercises, students Tamhidi also feeds a new faculty, the Faculty of complained that they cannot listen well. This study is a Engineering and Built Environment (FKAB). preliminary approach in terms of a conceptual plan to The classrooms for language teaching in the overcome this problem. Tamhidi Centre are DKS1 - DKS6. The classroom is big

(14 m × 22 m), and the walls are as high as 6 meters. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW The original capacity of this lecture hall is for 50 pupils Acquiring good listening and speaking skills in but for various administrative reasons a group of as English is the main concern of many second and foreign small as 19 students is occupying this space. Due to this language learners. Although still somewhat neglected in reason, the intensity of echo is high. Hence, students are second language acquisition research, listening now not able to listen well. It is proposed by one of the plays a more central role in language teaching. Tamhidi Centre language teacher to investigate this University entrance exam and school leaving tests have problem. A study should be done to prevent echo from ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Mat et al., 2017

interfering with the students’ audio material. Figure 1 According to Smith [5], choosing suitable material shows how echo is produced by sound reflection will help in reducing echo. To increase absorption of through the walls. sound [6], these are several things that can be done to combat echo in language classes, as below: a. Hanging wall arts, preferably pieces of textile. In the context of DKS in Tamhidi Centre, we might be able to hang curtains at the back wall consisting 4 window panels. b. Adding bookcase or tall furniture in the classroom. This includes whiteboards that can be used for teaching and learning purposes. c. Installing carpets on the floors. This will help reduce echo a lot.

4. CONCLUSION As a conclusion, it is imperative in providing suitable material in forming an appropriate environment that could reduce echo in preparing these Tamhidi Centre students in their listening MUET test. The condition of the classroom is vital as to let the students

Figure 1 Echo effect on listening in language studies. perceive better sound quality; as it is the core of understanding listening’s activity. The competency of 3. DISCUSSIONS the students in coping with the test as well as making them to manipulate the listening component content by All building materials have acoustical properties in these recommendations would hopefully assist them in that they will all absorb, reflect or transmit sound performing their listening abilities. striking them. The surface materials that reflect sound are hard, bare floors and walls. In order to conduct an REFERENCES efficient listening lessons or tests, echo need to be eliminated. The teaching environment itself has to be [1] J. Flowerdew and L. Miller. Second Language echo-free. Listening: Theory & Practice. UK: Cambridge Echo disrupts communication, but a reverb helps University Press, 2005. enhance absorption of sound. Reverberation happen [2] MC Squared System Design Group, Inc. (2016). when sound is reflected causing a large number of So Why Does Reverberation Affect Speech reflections to build up, and then decay as the sound is Intelligibility. [Online]. Available online: absorbed by the surfaces of the room. In this case, this www.mcsquared.com Directory: y-reverb.htm sound needs to be absorbed by the students in the [3] M. A. Ibrahim, M. M. Tamjid, M. N. M. Yaman, classroom. However, reverberation is frequency “11 Tahun Tamhidi Menerajui Kurikulum dependent [4]. For listening task carried out using the Berteraskan Integrasi Ilmu Naqli & Aqli: Tinjauan DVD player, the sound intensity must be at least 60 dB. Terhadap Enrolmen Pelajar,” Prosiding Table 1 lists intensity of certain type of sound involved Konvensyen Sains Islam 2015 (KONGSI’15), in the classroom. 2015, pp. 1-11. [4] V. Michael, H. Hosford-Dunn and R.J. Roesler, Table 1 Sound intensity. Audiology, The Auditory Brainstem Response, New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 2008, pp. 425- Type of Sound Strength (dB) 426. Whisper 20 [5] S.J. Smith. (2002). Which Material Will Most Efficiently Reflect Sound? Available online: Soothing music 30 cssf.usc.edu Directory: History/2002/Projects File: Conversation 40 J0239.pdf Shouting 60 [6] Apartment Therapy. (2016). How to Reduce Echo in a Room. [Online]. Available online: Listening material 80-100 www.apartmenttherapy.com Directory: how-to- reduce-echo-in-rooms File: 192737.

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 204-206, May 2017

Challenges in re-engineering the new product development on Bieichi technology A. Maliki*, B.C. Chew, N.A. Rashid

Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Re-engineering, Bieichi technology, new product development

ABSTRACT – In response to the complexity, time The re-engineering process can be define as the consuming, expensive and risky process in new product fundamental rethinking and redesign of existing process development (NPD) process, re-engineering process is in order to achieve improvement in term of performance being actively pursued by organisations. Therefore, the such as cost, speed, quality and service [6]. The implementation of re-engineering process been implementation of re-engineering process in NPD undertaken by changing the traditional way in NPD process can be implement by changing the way process where organisation redesign and improve Bieichi organisation develop new technology into the market. In technology instead of develop total brand new product. other word, the organisation just redesigns and improve However, to implement this changing, it triggers several existing product instead of develop a total brand new challenges to the organisation. Hence, the research aims product. Thus, by implement this process it will help to to identify these challenges. The research used a case increase productivity and to reduce development time in study through semi-structured interview sessions with 10 the market. respondents from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka However, the implementation of re-engineering in (UTeM), Syngas Sdn. Bhd., Ministry of Science, NPD process is usually a stressful and painful task to the Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), National Solid organisation. The re-engineering concept will change the Waste Management Department (NSWMD), Universiti old method from develop new product. As a result, it will Malaysia Pahang (UMP) and Universiti Teknologi increase the probability of failure as organisation seek. Malaysia (UTM). The finding yielded that, patent and This based on the previous literature shows that 60% - technical knowledge is the most critical challenge in 70% of re-engineering process was failed and not implementation of re-engineering in NPD process. The achieved dramatic results company seek [6-7]. challenges affected the development and commercialize So, there is a need to study on the challenges when of Bieichi technology in Malaysia. Future study should implementing the process of re-engineering in NPD examine strategy to overcome these problems in order to process. In order to show how these challenges will affect increase effectiveness in the implementation of re- the NPD process, this research will analyse in term of engineering in NPD process. development of clean technology in Malaysia. It originally from Japan which is Bieichi technology (refer 1. INTRODUCTION to Figure 1). Bieichi technology is a clean technology where this technology can convert different types of Product development is one of the important plastics such as poly propylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) activities in an organisation. Most of the organisation and polystyrene (PS) into crude oils [8]. Moreover, these tend to develop new product frequently due to the hyper crude oils can be processed again using heating process competition, technological advancement, market to produce gasoline, diesels, kerosene, and heavy oils [9]. changes and product life cycles that occur in the market

[1]. Moreover, with tremendous demand from customer regarding their problem in daily life, organisation force to develop new technology that can solve customer problem. Therefore, New Product Development (NPD) always be employ for develop new technology from an idea or opportunity into a successful market launch [2]. In reality it is not easy to develop and commercialise new product. It will take many years to design, develop and launch new products to the market [3-4]. Moreover, with high competition in marketplace nowadays, past paradigms will not work. Therefore, there is a need to reduce product development time and resources, increase speed and also maximise windows of Figure 1 Bieichi technology. opportunity for new product [5]. Hence, in response to these problem, re-engineering of existing process is being This research chose Bieichi technology instead of actively pursued by organisations. other technology because of the awareness to reduce

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Maliki et al., 2017 negative effect from plastics waste. Based on previous development. Hence, all of the respondents agreed this literature [10], the un-controlled management of plastics challenge is a critical challenge to the implementation of waste caused negative effect to human health, ecological, re-engineering in NPD process especially in redesign and environment. Hence, by developing clean technology Bieichi technology. Respondents also agreed that, especially Bieichi technology will convert plastic waste without the technical knowledge, product development into fuels. It will help to reduce the negative effect of team cannot develop the product and it will interrupt the plastic wastes in Malaysia. development process. Therefore, the organisation need to As a conclusion, by knowing what experts believe solve this problem before product development being in this study, it will increase the effectiveness in the conducted. In summary, technical knowledge is one of implement of re-engineering in NPD. The result will the critical challenge in implementation of re-engineering predict the challenges that faced by the organisation and in NPD. Hence, this challenge can slow down the at the same time will help to educate society to manage redesign and improvement of Bieichi technology in their plastics waste efficiently after use. Malaysia. Next, for patent challenge it occurred because of the 2. METHODOLOGY application of know-how in commercial application [13]. The patent holder, have a right to protect their technology Data were collected using qualitative method from infringement. Therefore, it will be an issue if other through semi-structured questionnaire interview. Semi- organisation develop same technology without get structured questionnaire interview can be defined as an authorization from patent holder. Respondents 1 – 5 informal interview, where the researcher used this agreed this challenge will be critical issue in redesign and method to explore in depth of a general area in which the improvement of Bieichi technology in Malaysia. researcher interested and start asking related questions Respondents 1- 5 stated that, if Blest Corporation register and carefully listen to the answers and able to explore Bieichi technology in Malaysia, other organisation further [11]. There are 10 respondents were chosen from cannot commercialize technology like Bieichi in the UTeM, UMP, UTM, MOSTI, NSWMD, and Syngas Sdn. market. Respondents 4 and 5 mentioned that, it will be a Bhd. Table 1 shows the list of respondents: disadvantageous to the organisation because the

organisation has invest to develop the product. However, Table 1 Background of respondents. the organisation cannot commercialize the product into Respondents Organisations Position 1 UTeM Deputy Dean the market. Based on the interview, patent challenge will (Academic) affect the implementation of re-engineering in NPD 2 UTeM Senior Lecturer process by preventing the organisation to develop and 3 UTeM Senior Lecturer redesign Bieichi technology in Malaysia. 4 UMP Senior Lecturer 5 UTM Senior Lecturer 6 NSWMD Administrative Assistant 4. CONCLUSION Secretary 7 NSWMD Administrative The implementation of re-engineering in NPD Executive process is suitable to reduce product development time 8 Syngas Sdn Bhd Sales Executive and resources, increase speed, and also maximize 9 MOSTI Executive 1 for Commercialisation windows of opportunity for new product. At the same 10 MOSTI Deputy Secretary of time, to implement re-engineering is usually stressful and Industry Division painful to the developer. Hence, this research study challenges in implementing of re-engineering in NPD 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION process. The result yielded that technical and market challenges is the most critical challenges to this process. Previous literature discussed that there have four Therefore, these challenges will affect the development critical challenges to redesign and improve existing of Bieichi technology in Malaysia. As a conclusion, technology instead of developing new technology. Patent future research should identify strategies in order to challenge, technical knowledge challenge, market overcome these challenges. challenge and resources challenge are critical challenges that organisation will face in this process [3,12-14]. However, the researcher found that patent and technical ACKNOWLEDGEMENT knowledge become critical challenges to this process. This research is fully supported by UTeM Zamalah This is because the challenges always been mentioned by Scheme. The authors fully acknowledged Universiti most of the respondents. This result is slightly different Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the approved fund from previous literature. which makes this important research viable and effective. The technical knowledge challenge occurs because of inexperience of the technology developer toward the REFERENCES technology [13]. In order to develop and redesign existing technology, it requires full and detail information [1] D. Unger, and S. Eppinger, “Improving product on how the technology being operate. However, due to development process design: a method for inexperience of the technology developer toward the managing information flows, risks, and iterations,” technology, it is difficult for the developer to develop the Journal of Engineering Design, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. same technology. Thus, the technology developer cannot 689-699, 2011. develop and modify the technology during product

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[2] M. Baker, and S. Hart, Product Strategy and [8] C. Smith, (2010). Plastic to Oil Fantastic. [Online]. Management, Edinburgh: Pearson Education Available at http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/plastic-to- Limited, 2007. oilfantastic [Accessed on 26 March 2016] [3] J.P. Peter, and J.J.H. Donnely, Marketing [9] Blest. Co. Ltd. (2016) Desk -top Waste Plastic Management: Knowledge and Skills. New York: Oiling System - Be-h. [Online]. Available at: McGraw-Hill, 2013. http://www.blest.co.jp/seihin-1englis.html. [4] T. Ryynänen, and A. Hakatie, “We must have the [Accessed on 21 March 2016] wrong consumers – a case study on new food [10] E.D. Comăniță, R.M Hlihor, C. Ghinea, and M. product development failure," British Food Journal, Gavrilescu, “Occurrence of plastic waste in the vol.116, no.4, pp. 707 – 722, 2014. environment: ecological and health risks,” [5] M.K. Malhotra, M.K., V. Grover, and M. Desilvio, Environmental Engineering and Management Reengineering the new product development Journal, vol.15, no.3, pp.675-685, 2016. process: a framework for innovation and flexibility [11] M. Saunders, P. Lewis, and Thornhill, A Research in high technology firms. Omega, vol.24, no.4, pp. Methods for Business Student, Edinburgh: Pearson 425-441. 1996. Education Limited, 2012 [6] M. Hammer, and J. Champy, Reengineering the [12] C. Daniilidis, K. Eben, and U. Lindemann, “A Corporation: Manifesto for Business Revolution, A. functional analysis approach for technology Zondervan, 2009. reengineering,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 9, 2011, [7] M.N. Habib, Understanding critical success and pp. 270-280. failure factors of business process reengineering. [13] W. Wang, Reverse engineering: Technology of International Review of Management and Business reinvention. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 2011. Research, vol. 2, no.1, p. 1, 2013. [14] K.N Otto, and K.L. Wood, Product design: techniques in reverse engineering and new product development. New York: Prentice Hall, 2001.

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 207-208, May 2017

The need for integrating communities of practice and mobile learning for digital literacy development N.H.N. Hussein¹,*, M. Sedek¹, A.A. Samad²

1) Centre for Languages and Human Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2) Language Academy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Amal, 80990 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

* Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Digital literacy; mobile learning; communities of practice; ISTE; education technology

ABSTRACT – In the modern world, digital environment and global collaborator [3]. The whole of these standards has become so empowering that computers and other are interrelated and overlap with each other in ways that digital technologies have become such a basic part of life. boost their power to transform education technology. The As such, being digitally illiterate is no longer an option; latest review of ISTE standards released in 2016 is for the it is deemed to be a necessity in education, workplace, intent of providing a framework for intensifying digital and for every internet user. To prepare themselves for the age learning among students. One of the major trends challenges in the workplace, higher education students which prompted the latest update is for the reason that need to develop their digital literateness. An integrated broadband and mobile device access has increased in concept of Communities of Practice and Mobile Learning schools; which denotes the growth of ML. ISTE has is proposed as a pedagogical model to improve students’ always been devoted to ML as educators nowadays are digital literacy mirroring the criteria of the International leveraging ML to improve student engagement, peer Standards of Technology in Education. interaction and collaboration, to collect classroom feedback, reduce computer costs, and extend the place 1. INTRODUCTION and time of learning [4]. Koole’s Framework for the Rational Analysis of Mobile Focusing on the intersections of literacy and technology Education [5], defines ML in terms of three distinct in the lives of Higher Education Institutions’ aspects: device, learner, and social, and what occurs at undergraduates, this paper aims to provide an the intersections of these aspects. It defines ML as a result understanding and appreciation on the integrated concept of mobile technologies convergence, human learning of Communities of Practice (CoP) with Mobile Learning capacities, and social interaction and it is suitable for (ML) for the purpose of developing HE students’ digital guiding the development of future mobile devices, literacy (DL). In doing so, it seeks to disclose the learning materials, and the pedagogy of mobile implications and benefits that this understanding has for education. He states that key defining features of ML are taking up DL practices in formal and informal learning that it “… provides enhanced collaboration among environments in HEIs. learners, access to information, and a deeper The problems faced by HEIs undergraduates nowadays contextualization of learning.” are concerning their transition from school to work.

According to surveys, graduates are lacking basic skills to get by in the workplace, thus the blame was instinctively placed on education system and schools as being inadequately meeting the demands of industry [1]. The mismatched between literacy skills needed at the workplace, and the ones offered by HEI has prompted to the spending of billions of dollars by the industry on employee training programs “so that all will be able to perform their jobs better if they are technologically literate” [2]. Due to the digital literacy gulf that exists between education and employment, there is a need for HEI to fulfil the gap with literacy skills much needed in Figure 1 Koole’s framing of mobile learning [5]. the workplace. The International Standards of Technology in Education, Thus, referring to Figure 1, the highlight of this paper is which is a renowned association focusing on educational on the Social Aspect (S), Learner Aspect (L) and technology integration has laid out the 2016 ISTE intersection of both; namely Interaction Learning (LS). Standards for Students stressing on the skills and There are three criteria of LS; interaction, situated qualities for them to be successful in a connected, digital cognition and learning communities [6]. One of the world so that they could become empowered learner, concepts of learning communities is Communities of digital citizen, knowledge constructor, innovative Practice (CoP). This concept effectively provides an designer, computational thinker, creative communicator enhanced cognitive ML environment in which distance ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Hussein et al., 2017 learners can interact with their instructors, peers, course materials, or even their physical and virtual environments. Utilising Wenger, McDermott, and Snyder’s viewpoint on the theory of CoP, it is deemed as the ideal concept to fulfill the demands for social learning opportunities [7]. Three characteristics indispensable to the framework of CoP; domain, community, and practice can be regarded as nothing less than perfect in supporting the pillars of ML (refer to Figure 2). Furthermore, CoP is in support of ISTE standards as collaboration within social interactions make ways for problem solving, negotiation, active participation, and improve learning outcomes.

Figure 3 Research proposed model.

2. CONCLUSIONS This study seeks to contribute to the body of research by initiating a new integrated model of CoP and ML as a practice by students in HEI in order to develop their DL. This integrated model could trigger to positive change as it could become a bridge between formal and informal practices, thus creating more prepared and sophisticated students equipped with innovative and dynamic tools for problem solving. In a sense, it prepares students for the realities of the social world. Figure 2 Communities of practice framework [7]. REFERENCES Digital literacy has become an essential skillset for mediating life these days. Integrating the concepts of CoP [1] P. F. Drucker, Postcapitalist Society. New York: and ML could develop HEIs students’ digital literacy HerperCollins Publishers, 1993. skills, thus would adequately prepare them for the [2] Standards for technological literacy: Content for competitive and dynamic work environment. Sharpe and the study of technology, International Technology Beetham’s framework [8] describes four stages of digital Education Association, 2000/2002. literacy development, from the lowest level soaring [3] ISTE standards for students 2016, International upwards; access to skills, to practice, and on the highest Society for Technology in Education, 2016. top is identity. Synchronizing this development process Available at: with the integrated ML-CoP framework, a proposed https://www.iste.org/standards/standards/for- combined research model which could promote students-2016. education technology to a higher level is depicted in [4] R. Allen, "Can mobile devices transform Figure 3. The model syndicates these constructs in a education?," Education Update, vol. 53, no.2, pp. hierarchical structure as to imply that the growth of one’s 2–7, 2011. digital literacy to the higher levels is impossible without [5] M.L. Koole, “A model for framing mobile the occurrence and support of the levels below; e.g. learning,” in Mobile learning: Transforming the digital skills cannot be developed without the delivery of education and training, M. Ally, Ed. prerequisite to access of technologies, and this Athabasca, AB: Athabasca University Press, 2009. development process could be enhancing further by the [6] M.G. Moore, “Three types of interaction,” The existence of suitable context and domain. The American Journal of Distance Education, vol. 3, no. combination of all the constructs from ML; social, 2, pp. 1–6, 1989. learner, and interaction learning (context), CoP; domain, [7] E. Wenger, R. McDermott, and W. M. Snyder, community and practice, and DL; identity, practice, skills Cultivating Communities of Practice. Boston, and access, when integrated with formal or informal MASS: Harvard Business School Press, 2002. learning environments would support HEI students’ [8] R. Sharpe, and H. Beetham, “Understanding digital literacy growth as it motivates learners to develop students' uses of technology for learning: towards new skills and practices in different situations. creative appropriation,” in Rethinking Learning for a Digital Age: How learners are shaping their own experiences. R. Sharpe, H. Beetham, and S. De Freitas, Eds. London and New York: Routledge, 2010, pp.85-99.

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 209-210, May 2017

Developing MOOC integrated PBL learning model in enhancing soft skills J. Zanariah*, S. Faaizah, H. Hazmilah

Innovative and Sustainable Technical Education Group, Centre of Technopreneurship Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: MOOC; PBL; teaching model

ABSTRACT – Hitherto, students must develop long a facilitator and motivator to guide students along the life learning and self-learning skills to reflect advanced learning path [3]. PBL is proven effective in various technology. Problem-based learning (PBL) approach is domains globally [4-5]. Problem-based learning (PBL) an innovative technique that engages learners for deep is an interactive instructional approach and has gained learning, and develops crucial professional skills, prominence as a way of instruction in various especially self-directed learning and problem solving. disciplines like medicine, engineering and education ICT is a tool for PBL implementation. This study among others [6-9]. The benefits of PBL include critical developed MOOC integrated PBL learning model in and creative reasoning, communicating and interacting enhancing soft skills. ADDIE design model was used as in productive collaboration as part of a team, the basis. The model is expected to induce creative and appreciating alternative viewpoints, making reasoned active participation from learners which subsequently decision, self-evaluation and self-directed-learning [10]. trigger technical competence and soft skills. Future PBL induces effective adult learning such as active study should focus on the implementation of this model learning, integrated learning, cumulative learning and in classroom. learning for understanding. Various PBL models are used by many scholars. 5 Ladders is used extensively 1. INTRODUCTION as a PBL model. The discussion revolves around the triggers used, procedure and reflection [11]. Soft skills are vital in today’s workforce. Multimedia technologies are to support PBL which Employers demand skills like critical thinking, risk- is based on real world issues and problems. MOOC is taking, adaptability and flexibility. Nowadays the an online open class for mass education based on web- technologies change rapidly which require students to service. MOOC is able to change higher education develop long life learning and self-learning skills to realms. Yet, the literature around MOOCS is still scarce reflect advanced technologies. The industry demands to measure its effectiveness [12]. In developing technical competence and soft skills which are lacking countries, MOOC is still in its infancy stage. A study among many Asian employees and job candidates. The [13] on MOOC for Mandarin in Malaysia yields that to Manpower survey [1] reported that candidates fall short sustain Mandarin MOOC is through creating usable of employer expectations in regard to a lack of content for MOOC and improving the internet flexibility, adaptability, enthusiasm and motivation. In connection. In a nutshell, with the advent of technology- addition, a survey by Cegos Group [2], primarily among rich teaching, ICT prepares the platform for planning, Generation X Singaporeans – ‘Leading & Managing in information gathering, organizing, presenting and the 2020 multi-dimensional workforce’, found that the measuring performance. three most vital skills leaders need today are the ability This study aimed to develop MOOC integrated to manage change – 79%, negotiation and conflict PBL learning model in enhancing soft skills. ADDIE resolution skills (68%), and collaboration skills (68%). design model was used as the basis. Problem-based learning (PBL) approach is an innovative technique that engage learners for deep 2. METHODOLOGY learning, and develop their crucial professional skills, especially self-directed learning and problem solving. Content Analysis and Focused Group Interview ICT is a tool for PBL implementation. The main focus is were utilized in this study. While content analysis integrating the ICT components like MOOC as a tool involves perusal of subject and web materials, Focus for PBL learning environment. group consists of Lecturers of a course. ADDIE Both MOOC and PBL are essential to elevate the instructional design model was utilized in designing the acquisition of knowledge and skills. Problem-Based teaching model. The ADDIE Instructional Design Learning (PBL), an educational strategy, is driven by a Model has 5 phases as follows. problem and students work collaboratively to explore  The Analysis Phase – analysing the needs and the problem in depth, conduct independent learning, constraints for training. Choosing learning share information in groups, apply presentation and environments and the learning objectives and writing skills as well. Lecturer acts as a facilitator to new skills to be learned and the learners’ scaffold the learning process. Lecturer plays the role of current level. (Interview with experts) ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Zanariah et al., 2017

 The Design Phase – outlining REFERENCES strategies/blueprint to be used to reach the [1] Manpower Group, (2013). Available online at: instructional goals; content, subject matter www.manpowergroup.com experts, user experience, assignments, tests, [2] Cegos Group, (2013). Available online at: graphics and media. (Interview and Content www.cegos.com.sg Analysis Method) [3] M. Savin-Baden, C.H. Major, Foundations of  The Development Phase – creating the course Problem-based Learning. Berkshire, England: which is aligned with the blueprint from the SRHE and Open University Press, 2004. Design Phase. [4] E.D. Graaff, A.Kolmos, Management of Change  The Implementation Phase – implementing the Implementation of Problem-Based and Project- course. Based Learning in Engineering, Netherlands:  The Evaluation Phase – measuring the Sense Publishers, 2007, effectiveness and efficiency of the [5] X. Du, E.D. Graaf, A. Kolmos (Eds.), Research on training. Formative and summative approaches PBL Practice in Engineering Education. are used. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 2009. [6] R.W. Jones, “Problem-Based Learning: 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Description, Advantages, Disadvantages, A model was designed based on the interview with Scenarios and Facilitation,” Anaesthesia and the experts and content analysis conducted on the Intensive Care, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 485-488, 2006. subject materials and documents. The design phase [7] [C.Y. Kwan, “What is Problem-Based Learning consisted of strategies to be adhered to in the (PBL): It is magic, myth and mindset”, National development phase later. Figure 1 shows the learning University of Singapore: Centre for Development model for the MOOC integrated PBL. of Teaching and Learning Brief, vol. 3, no. (3), pp. 1-2, 2000. [8] M. Sahin, “Effects of problem-based learning on MOOC Integrated PBL ADDIE Teaching Model Activities university students' epistemological beliefs about Learning Model physics and physics learning and conceptual Learning Outcomes (LO) Learner Analysis (LA) understanding of Newtonian mechanics,” Journal Analysis Facilitator brainstorm/discuss Student Learning Time (SLT) the LO,LA,SLT and AA of Science Education and Technology. vol. 19, Assignment Analysis (AA) no.3, pp. 266-275, 2010. Strategies & Content Designing Class strategies/ Development [9] G.S. Selcuk, M. Sahin, “Probleme dayalı ogrenme Design & Development Syllabus/MOOC content MOOC-OpenLearning preparation ve ogretmen egitimi (Problem-based learning and Video/Quizzes- MOOC PORTAL Class Implementation & teacher education),” Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Implementation & Evaluation Assessment Ladder1 -FILA Table Preliminary Preparation Ladder 2-Independent Learning Dergisi, vol. 24, pp. 12-19, 2008. (Synchronous/Asynchronous Ladder 3- Sharing Time Learning) [10] L. Nelson, L. Sadler, G. Surtees, “Bringing Ladder4-Presentation ------Ladder 5-Reflection Time problem based learning to life using virtual ------Feedback& Evaluatioon IN CLASS reality,” Nurse Education in Practice, vol. 5, no. 2, Guidance from MOOC portal pp. 103-108, 2005. PBL Implementation- Ladder 1- Ladder 5 Implementation/Feedback & [11] O. Hussain, M.S. Berhannuddin, S. Abdullah Evaluation Sulaiman, “5 Ladders of Active Learning: An Innovative Learning Steps in PBL Process,” in The Figure 1 Learning model for MOOC integrated PBL. 4th International Research Symposium on Problem-Based Learning (IRSPBL), 2013. 3. CONCLUSION [12] A.P. Kelly, Disruptor, distracter, or what?: A policymaker's guide to massive open online In conclusion, this study designs a MOOC courses (MOOCs). Boston, MA: Bellwether integrated PBL learning model in enhancing soft skills Education Partners, 2014. Available online at: utilizing the ADDIE design model. The model is http://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv65930. beneficial for tutors, policy makers and administrators [13] K.M. Cheong, K.M.S. Linda, J. Zanariah and H. of MOOC and PBL. Future study should focus on the Hanipah, “The Readiness of the Administrators implementation of this model in classroom. and Undergraduates in Using Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) in the Mandarin Subject,” The Social Sciences, vol. 11, pp. 3017-3023, 2016.

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 211-212, May 2017

Studies and design downdraft gasification for teaching and learning in UiTM Penang branch M.M. Mahadzir1,2,*, H.F. Aida1, N.I. Ismail1,2

1) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Jalan Permatang Pauh, 13500 Bukit Mertajam, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 2) Automotive Research and Testing Center, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Jalan Permatang Pauh, 13500 Bukit Mertajam, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: bBiomass; downdraft gasifier; design

ABSTRACT – The biomass downdraft gasification is is found to be around 15% to 30% in CI engine and 20% an old technology, but it still can be used as an to 40% in SI engine. The power de-rating is cause due alternative way to substitute the conventional energy to lower heating value of the producer gas-air mixture source. Currently, the interest in such technology is from biomass gasification process. increasing due to the increase of fuel prices and the Thus in this paper, a highlights of several years global warming problem. Producer gas, produced from downdraft gasifier experiment activities is carried out. biomass gasification process can be used to generate The conclusion has been determined where the method power and electricity. However, the inefficiencies in the of teaching and learning directly in the laboratory is technology make the biomass gasification needed. This learning process will be done to a group of uneconomical. Thus in this paper, a highlights of several students to a deep understanding of the process of years downdraft gasifier experiment activities is carried energy production by the downdraft gasifier. A out. The conclusion has been determined where the laboratory scale downdraft gasifier is designed to ensure method of teaching and learning directly in the the success of this learning process. In the future, it is laboratory is needed. A laboratory scale downdraft expected that the problem of de rating power loss can be gasifier is designed to ensure the success of this learning solved due to a clear understanding of the gasification process. process and will directly improve the previous producer gas quality. 1. INTRODUCTION 2. METHODOLOGY In 2016, renewable energy sources represented 18% of all global consumption of primary energy, and 2.1 Research activities 10% corresponded to biomass. The use of forest Works on biomass renewable energy has been biomass and agricultural or animal residues as a source done since 1998 by bio-energy research group in School of energy is an important part of sustainable of Mechanical Engineering, USM. The main research is development policies in developed and emerging on the combustion characteristics of the downdraft countries that will contribute to lower their energy gasifier and the performance of the IC engine. The dependency on fossil fuels and in such a way reducing engine mostly used for the research is diesel engine. It is greenhouse gasses emissions. One of the technically because diesel engine can be run with producer gas in a feasible ways to convert the biomass into fuels is the ‘dual fuel’ mode with minor modification [5]. gasification [1].

Gasification is a process of converting 2.2 Experimental set-up carbonaceous materials (through incomplete combustion at temperatures of more than 1000°C) to combustible The 5 kW single cylinder direct injection, Yanmar gases consisting of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon diesel engine on dual fuel mode of operation coupled dioxide and small amounts of methane gas. This gas with a 10 kg capacity downdraft gasifier was used. The mixture is commonly known as a ‘producer gas’ or small blocks of furniture wood were used as biomass ‘syngas’ [2-4]. fuel. The producer gas flow rate was set to 80 L/min and The biomass gasification is an old technology, but 100 L/min, and engine was set at 2000 and 2400 rpm it still can be used as an alternative way to substitute the with 20%, 40% and 60% load. The engine was coupled conventional energy source. Currently, the interest in to the dynamometer to measure the performance of the such technology is increasing due to the increase of fuel engine. prices and the global warming problem. Producer gas, The second activity was done using 50 kg capacity produced from biomass gasification process can be used downdraft gasifier and 20 kW direct injections Perkins to generate power and electricity. However, the diesel generator engine connected to an electrical load inefficiencies in the technology make the biomass bank in the dual fuel mode operation. The 50-100 mm gasification uneconomical. The power loss called de- cubes off cut furniture wood were used as biomass fuel. rating of the engines fuelled by producer gas-air mixture The various flow rate of producer gas between 40–80 ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Mahadzir et al., 2017

Nm3/hr was used, and engine was set at constant 1500 developed for the laboratory scale purpose. The overall rpm with loads of 9, 12, 15 and 18 kW. Figure 1 show height of the downdraft is 540 mm. The inner diameter overall view of the downdraft gasifier set up. of the hopper is 200 mm and the outer diameter is 210 mm. The height of the combustion zone is 50 mm and the distributor grate plate has seventeen small holes to allow ash to flow out. The downdraft is made from mild steel to detain high temperature operation around 1100oC. Have been reported [6] that the gasifier made of austenitic steel is reported to have shorter life compared to gasifiers lined with ceramic material. This is because gasifier made of steel failed at the throat and air nozzle region due to high temperature oxidation and corrosion mostly within 1500 hours of operation whereas the gasifier lined with ceramic material could withstand thermal shock. Mild steel has been chosen because its Figure 1 Downdraft gasifier. melting point at atmospheric pressure is between 1480- 1526°C. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4. SUMMARY In dual fuel mode operation of 10 kg capacity downdraft gasifier, the maximum diesel replacement A study of the downdraft gasifier technology based was recorded as 60%. From the the graphs of the on several years activities and current works on the thermal efficiency (BTE) versus the brake mean design of the lab scale downdraft have been carried out. effective pressure (BMEP) of dual fuel mode, it can be The inefficiencies on the heating value of the producer seen that the BTE for diesel fueled producer gas was 36- gas has been presented. The design of the lab-scale 41% lower than diesel alone at 2000 rpm and 2400 rpm, downdraft gasifier has been done due to lower heating respectively [5]. A similar trend also found for these two value of the producer gas from biomass fuel and the graphs. The phenomenon was due to higher mass of fuel power de-rating of Diesel engine. The downdraft which results of rich mixture, thus lead to incomplete gasifier will be fabricated in next stage of the studies combustion in the engine’s cylinder. and will be tested. The output producer gas is expected For 50 kg capacity downdraft gasifier experiment, to have a good combustible gases composition. the maximum diesel replacement was recorded as 80% Therefore, teaching and learning to understand about the at 12 kW load. The efficiency of engine was dropped in detailed operation of biomass gasification such as dual fuel mode. It was found that the engine efficiency downdraft gasifier can be done. This process will help for various loads with producer gas dropped haft to overcome the inherent problems such as de rating of compared to the diesel alone. This phenomenon was due power loses of the diesel engine in the future. to lower flame speed of the combustion for diesel fueled producer gas compared to diesel alone. REFERENCES In terms of combustion analysis, it can be seen the [1] World Energy Resources, 2016 [Online]. most possible reason why the power de-rating was Available: https://www.worldenergy.org/wp- observed is due to lower heating value of the producer content/ uploads/ 2016/10/World-Energy- gas-air mixture from biomass gasification process. Resources_Summary Report_2016.10.03.pdf The lab scale downdraft gasifier has been designed [2] M. A. Chawdhury, “Development of a Small and shown in Figure 2 in assemble exploded view. Downdraft Biomass Gasifier for Developing

Countries,” Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 3, no 1. 2011. [3] Solar Energy Research Institute, Generator Gas – The Swedish Experience from 1939-1945. Colorado: (1979), Chap. 1. [4] G. Sridhar, P.J. Paul and H.S. Mukunda. “Biomass derived producer gas as a reciprocating engine fuel-an experimental analysis,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 21, pp 61-72, 2001. [5] M.M. Mohammud and Z.A. Zainal, “Review of Producer Gas Quality from Biomass Gasification Technology in University of Science Malaysia (USM), Engineering Campus.” in Proceedings of International Journal of Arts and Sciences, vol. 1, Figure 2 Overall lab-scale downdraft gasifier design. no.8, 2009. [6] T. K. Patra and P. N. Sheth, “Biomass gasification The construction features consist of hopper, throat, models for downdraft gasifier: A state-of-the-art combustion zone, lower cone, reduction zone and review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy distributor grate plate. The downdraft gasifier was Reviews, vol. 50, pp. 583-593, 2015.

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 213-215, May 2017

Online threaded discussions for limited English proficient undergraduates: instructor intervention S.I. Devi1,2,*, B. Subatira1,2, N. Hussin1,2

1) Centre for Languages and Human Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2) Centre for Technopreneurship Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Threaded discussions; limited English proficient; intervention

ABSTRACT – The immersive computing environment instructor. It was also found that students enrolled in today has spawned various technology-enabled activities technical disciplines were more accustomed to the in language classrooms such as online threaded didactic lecture approach and were taught correct discussions. This paper aims to explore how engineering procedures but not how to discuss issues and procedures. undergraduates of Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Thus, this study aims to explore how interact in threaded discussions and investigate the undergraduates of (LEP) interact in threaded discussions instructor’s point of view on instructor intervention in the as well as to investigate the point of view of the language activity. The postings of the 15 LEP undergraduates were instructor about the involvement of the instructor in the analyzed for emerging themes. Findings indicate that discussions. they mainly asked questions. Their discussions lacked substance and were akin to ‘educationally less valuable 2. METHODOLOGY talk’ (ELVT). The instructor’s intervention as the main The study involves 15 LEP engineering content provider was critical to motivate them and to undergraduates from the Faculty of Manufacturing keep their discussion in track. Engineering. These third year undergraduates who have

a Band 1and 2 in the Malaysian University English Test 1. INTRODUCTION (MUET) were takers of the course on English for Interaction, collaboration and learning via Professional Communication. According to the MUET discussions are prominent in language teaching and band description, candidates with Band 1 and 2 are learning, particularly in higher education. Pervasive limited users with a poor and limited command of the expansion of new communication technologies has language respectively. This course which includes topics enabled instructors to supplement traditional face-to-face related to job interview, group discussions and oral discussions with activities like asynchronous discussions presentations is meant to prepare them for their future where communication is delayed by hours or day as in workplace. Facebook or threaded discussions. A website with the URL Threaded discussion which refers to online http://www.developoralcommunication.com was discussion of postings about a topic has been defined as developed specially for this group of students and they a great classroom tool which allows the learner to be were required to communicate with each other by posting engaged with the environment, collaborate with other their comments to topics posted by the instructor. This learners, resources and experts as well as reflect, supplementary out-of-class activity was conducted after formulate ideas and produce thoughtful experiences [1]. the students had been exposed to topics on group Contrary to this [2], [3] found in their studies that discussions, interview strategies and oral presentations. students who participated in threaded discussions tended The participants’ conversations in the website were to collaborate with their peers in a very ‘academic’ and analyzed qualitatively according to themes that emerged. less personal and motivating tone and thus the element of The instructor’s point-of-view on the discussions were community was missing. also recorded. [4] compared 37 studies on the use of threaded In the teaching and learning of topics on group discussions and it is interesting to note in the study that discussions, job interview and oral presentation, the although many out of the 37 studies had frequently participants were involved in threaded discussions in mentioned about instructor efforts, there were not many http://www.developoralcommunication.com website that that had focussed on instructor involvement and effort. were based on the following topics: On the contrary, a brunt of the research [5-9] had 1. The problems I face when I participate in a focussed on students’ participation. Besides, most of the group discussion and steps to be taken. past research on threaded discussions have been 2. Ways to win an interview. quantitative in nature and as mentioned by [4] there is a 3. How can I improve my oral presentation? need for research that calls for qualitative data, 4. Am I prepared for oral communication at the particularly from the point of view of the online workplace? ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Devi et al., 2017

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of the postings in the threaded Although the participants’ postings lacked valuable discussions revealed some emerging themes that include ‘substance’ related to the topic, it is important to note that ‘asking questions, commenting on others’ opinions and the threaded discussions have provided the LEP learners advising. For example, in the threaded discussion on with the motivation and autonomy to socialize and ‘How to win an interview’, they were found to be facilitate collaborative and comprehensible interaction, practically ‘asking questions only’. They never attempted thus contributing to a reduction of their shyness and to advice or comment. In the context of this study, anxiety. An evaluative case study conducted by [13] although the participants had been exposed to strategies highlights the potential benefits of asynchronous on answering job interview questions, being LEP threaded discussions in enabling student sojourners to learners, they had not attained a level where they could adjust themselves as in keeping them engaged in an advice, comment and to be critically engaged in the unfamiliar environment. In the present study, the discussions and therefore, the instructor had to intervene participants’ collaboration with their peers as well as so as to keep the conversation going as in the print screen their instructor has enabled them to advance their Zone below. of Proximal Development. Instructor intervention has also fostered greater collaboration among the participants and had kept them motivated and engaged in the discussion.

REFERENCES [1] K.M. Peters. (2000). Creative use of threaded discussion areas [Online]: http://www.webct.com/ OTL/ViewContent [2] L. Clarke, and L. Kinne, “Asynchronous discussions as threaded discussions or blogs,” Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, vol. 29, pp. 4-13, 2012. [3] M. Nystrand, L. Wu, A. Gamoran, S. Zeisler, D. Long, “Questions in time: Investigating the structure and dynamics of unfolding classroom discourse,” Discourse Processes, vol. 35, pp. 135-196, 2003. [4] P.S.M. Maurino, “Looking for critical thinking in Figure 1 Part of the threaded discussion on ‘How to win online threaded discussions,” in E-Journal of an interview’. Instructional Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, 2006. Generally, although the participants had interacted [5] S. Hussin, “Creating a bigger Z.P.D. for ESL learners by advising or providing opinions in several postings, it via online forum in Malaysia,” College Teaching was in fact minimal and most often the postings lacked Methods & Styles Journal, vol. 4, no.11, pp. 1-10, potential educational value and contribution to the 2008. knowledge of the subject matter. This finding concurs [6] Y.C. Sun, “Voice blog: An exploratory study of with [10] who assert that this type of talk becomes the language learning,” Language Learning & most troubling issue in threaded discussions. [10] have Technology, vol. 13, no.2, pp. 88-103, 2009. indeed provided strategies to achieve Educationally [7] K. Pramela, Supyan Hussin, and S. Nackeeran, Valuable Talk (EVT). To overcome this issue, [11] has “Learner diversity among ESL learners in the online introduced the A.V.I.D. approach to question design. The forum,” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, four parts of this acronym refer to A (active), V (varied), vol. 7, 2010, pp. 92-96. I (interesting) and D (open-ended). Creating discussion [8] H. Omar, M. A. Embi and M. M. Yunus, “ESL questions based on this approach has been found to learners’ interaction in an online discussion via promote discussions that are engaging for participants. Facebook,” Asian Social Science vol. 8, no.11, pp. According to the instructor’s point of view, 67, 2012. instructor intervention was necessary especially when [9] N. A. Bakar, H. Latiff, and A. Hamat, “Enhancing there was a pause or when the discussion was less ESL learners speaking skills through asynchronous satisfactory. It was also stressed that instructor online discussion forum,” Asian Social Science, vol. involvement is very crucial to motivate the discussion as 9, no.9, pp. 224, 2013. well as to provide valuable feedback. The instructor had [10] S. Uzuner, and R. Mehta, “Aiming for educationally not implemented the ‘laissez fare approach’ as ‘a guide valuable talk in online discussions,” Paper presented on the side’. Instead, the instructor had been the content at the Multimedia Educational Resource for provider at most times as the LEP learners needed more Learning and Online Teaching-MERLOT Seventh assistance. The instructor’s opinion parallels [12] who International Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, stresses on the role of the instructor as a cheer leader who 2007. would intervene and motivate the students to keep the [11] M. Pollak, “Designing and managing engaging discussion in track. discussions in online courses,” Journal of Teaching

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and Learning with Technology, vol. 6, no.1, pp. 76- [13] J. Jackson, “Asynchronous threaded discussions and 80, January. 2017. intercultural learning: Student sojourner [12] O. Dysthe, “The learning potential of a web- perspectives,” Journal of Educational Multimedia mediated discussion in a university course,” Studies and Hypermedia, vol. 25, no.3, 229-249, July. 2016. in Higher Education, vol. 27, no.3, pp. 339-352, 2002.

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 216-218, May 2017

The effectiveness of online project based collaborative learning towards total number of postings 1,3,* 2 3,4 4 S.N. Razali , M.H. Ahmad , F. Shahbodin , H.A.M. Noor5, Z. Jano

1) Computer System and Networking Department, Kolej Komuniti Selandar, Jalan Batang Melaka, 77500 Selandar, Melaka, Malaysia 2) Electrical Installation Department, Kolej Komuniti Bukit Beruang Melaka, No. 23, Jalan BBI 1, Taman Bukit Beruang Indah, 75450, Melaka, Malaysia 3) Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 4) Innovation and Sustainable Technical Education, Centre of Technopreneurship Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka Malaysia 5) Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Bandar Seri Alam, 81750 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Online project based collaborative learning; learning management system, Facebook

ABSTRACT –This study evaluates the effectiveness of education have looked into the potential of adapting Online Project Based Collaborative Learning towards SNSs in their teaching and learning process [6–8], Total Number of Postings. OPBCL was developed by various studies have focused on the integration of integrating Moodle forum with Facebook function and conventional LMS such as Moodle with SNSs. This has using project based learning approach. A quasi- left a gap in the body of knowledge on how SNSs can be experiment was conducted with two classes of integrated into LMS platform to facilitate Online polytechnic students for eight weeks which involved 54 Collaborative Learning (OCL). Therefore, with the students. Data were obtained using Online Discussion availability problem as stated, then the study to propose Transcript using OPBCL and CIDOS forum. All effective online learning environment that can facilitate collected data were analysed using SPSS 19.0 software. Collaborative Learning (CL) is significant. This study The findings indicated that students were participated proposed Online Project Based Collaborative Learning more using OPBCL platform compared to CIDOS (OPBCL) by integrating LMS forum with Facebook platform, and this was reflected in the difference in the function and using project-based learning approach. total number of postings. OPBCL has shown to be a Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of better learning platform that can promote students’ OPBCL towards total number of postings. interaction in terms of easy access and instant notification. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study has been divided into three phases which 1. INTRODUCTION are (i) Analysis; (ii) Design and Development; and (iii) A learning management system (LMS) which is Implementation and Evaluation. In the analysis phase, all also known as Course Management System (CMS) or factors and elements that affect the effectiveness of Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is a software Online Collaborative Learning (OCL) were identified application or Web-based technology that is used to plan, through document review and validated by experts [9- implement, and assess a specific learning process [1]. 10]. At the end of this phases, an OCL model was Typically, an LMS provides an instructor with a way to proposed [11]. In the design and development phase, create and deliver content, monitor student participation, OPBCL was designed and developed based on the and assess student performance. It integrates a range of proposed model [12]. OPBCL was developed by functions for teaching and learning activities. LMS integrating Moodle forum with Facebook function and makes interaction between learner-instructor and learner- using project-based learning approach. In the learner more convenient. implementation and evaluation phase, pilot study was Each institution has its own Learning Management conducted in order to ensure instruments are valid and System (LMS) to manage the learning environments. reliable. Furthermore, a quasi-experimental method will LMS provides communication and collaboration that are be conducted to obtain the data needed for this research. featured in discussion boards or forums. However, LMS A total of 54 students who were takers of the has been reported to be incapable of supporting Nutrition subject in the December 2014 session from interaction and communication [2–4]. Therefore this has Polytechnic Merlimau Melaka were involved in this led educators to utilise other applications as a study. Data were obtained using Online Discussion replacement for a built-in discussion forum in LMS such Transcript using OPBCL and CIDOS forum. Student’s Social Networking Sites (SNSs) [3], [5]. online discussion script was examined to determine the Even though many researchers in the field of total number of postings. Only messages can assess ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

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student’s soft skills will be counted as total number of than Control group perception of the CIDOS platform. posting. Furthermore, Perception of Online Collaborative It is also evident that OPBCL platform is better in Learning Questionnaire (POCLQ) was distributed to both terms of usability, stability and accessibility. The learning group to evaluate student’s perception towards the environment provided by OPBCL encourages students to platform used to complete their project. All data is participate actively in group work. Supportive learning analysed using SPSS 19.0 software. environment can encourage student participations. This finding supports the findings of research question 6 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION where the total number of postings in OPBCL platform is higher than CIDOS platform. This proves that OPBCL A data distribution test was conducted to determine can provide a better online learning environment. the subsequent analysis method [13] and it is needed despite the small sample (n<30) always pass normality test [14]. According to K-S test (n < 2000) the total Control number of postings and it showed non-normal Learning Mean Rank = 21.69 distribution. Meanwhile, the perceptions’ questionnaire Environment showed normal distribution. Field [15] recommended on U = 224.50, z = -2.41, Treatment transforming the non-normal data to achieved normality p < .05 Mean Rank = 31.20 but Wang [16] was against this recommendation with the reason that the transformation can result in a complex interpretation of the results. Therefore, Saiyidi [13] Figure 2 Comparison between Control and recommended on the use of non-parametric test for the Treatment Group on POCLQ. method of analysis. This study used the non-parametric test (Mann Whitney) as a method of analysis based 4. CONCLUSION normality test findings. This study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of OPBCL towards total number of postings. The Control difference in the total number of postings between Mean Rank = 20.05 Control and Treatment groups is caused by the Posting integration of SNSs function, meaning Facebook in U =190.00, z = -2.79, p < .05 OPBCL platform which facilitated OCL. These findings Treatment are also consistent with the studies by Hern’dez et al. [5] Mean Rank = 32.24 and Ozmen and Atici [20] who have stated that the current LMS is insufficient to support social interaction, Figure 1 Total Number of postings. resulting in low student participation when using the LMS platform. Hewit [21] believed that the way a forum Figure 1 shows that a significant difference exists is facilitated will affect the students’ active participation. among the students’ interactions based on the total Therefore, previous studies have recommended that postings [U = 190.00, z=-2.79, p<.05]. Based on this current LMS are integrated with SNSs function [22-27]. information, it has been revealed that the students of the The integration of LMS with Facebook function in Treatment group which participated using OPBCL OPBCL platform provides a better learning environment platform (Mean Rank =32.24) posted more than the in terms of usability, stability and accessibility. OPBCL Control group which merely participated using CIDOS has proven to be a better learning platform that can platform (Mean Rank = 20.05). Therefore, it can be promote students’ interaction in terms of easy access and concluded that the use of OPBCL platform increased the instant notification. students’ interactions in terms of the total number of postings in comparison to the use of CIDOS platform. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Similar findings was reported by Schroeder and Greenbowe [17] where students who participated in The authors would like to thank the Universiti Teknikal discussion using Facebook more frequently posted their Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) and Ministry of Higher comments compared to those using the LMS. Active Education (MoHE) for their support in making this participation by students in the learning process can lead project possible. This work was supported by the FRGS to CL occurred. These findings are also supported by Ada Grant [FRGS / 1 / 2016 / ICT01 / UTEM / 02/ F00326 [18] and Beer et al. [19], in which it was found that the R03] initiated by UTEM and MoHE. increase in the total number of postings increases students’ interactions in discussion progress. REFERENCES Meanwhile, Figure 2 shows that significant difference exists in the perception towards Learning Environment [1] A.P. Lopes, “Teaching With Moodle in Higher construct the Learning Environment (U = 224.50, z = - Education,” in 5th International Technology, 2.41, p < .05). It has been revealed that Treatment group Education and Development Conference which participated using OPBCL platform (Mean Rank = (INTED2011),2011 ,pp. 970–976. 31.20) had a higher mean rank than Control group which [2] H.N. Nguyen, H. Kim, Y. Jo, and K. Dieter, participated using CIDOS platform (Mean Rank = “Sharing Cognition LMS : An Alternative Teaching 21.69). Therefore, it can be concluded that Treatment and Learning Environment for Enhancing group portrayed better perception of the OPBCL platform Collaborative Performance,” Educ. Technol. Int., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1–30, 2015. 217

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[3] A.H.A. Abdallah, “E-Learning Management [14] D. Öztuna, A. H. Elhan, and E. Tüccar, System from The Perspective of The Social “Investigation of four different normality tests in Requirements,” M.S. thesis, Faculty of Graduate terms of type 1 error rate and power under different Studies, Zarqa Univ., Zarqa, Jordan, 2016. distributions,” Turkish J. Med. Sci., vol. 36, no. 3, [4] S. A. Ishan and C. Y. Tham, “Implementation of pp. 171–176, 2006. Facebook Study Groups as Supplements for [15] A. Field, Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Learning Management Systems ( LMS ) in Adult statistics. London: Sage Publications Ltd., 2013. ODL Environments,” Asian Assoc. Open Univ. [16] J. Wang, Wiley series in probability and statistics : Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2011. Structural equation modeling with Mplus : Methods [5] R. Hern’ndez, H. R. Amado-Salvatierra, C. Guetl, and applications, 3rd editio. Somerset, NJ, USA: and M. Smadi, “Facebook for CSCL, Latin- John Wiley & Sons, 2012. American Experience for Professors,” in 2012 IEEE [17] J. Schroeder and T. J. Greenbowe, “The Chemistr of 12th International Conference on Advanced Facebook : Using Social Networking to Create an Learning Technologies, 2012, pp. 327–328. Online Communit for the Organic Chemistr [6] M. Al-Zoube, “E-Learning on the Cloud,” Int. Arab Laborator,” Innov. J. Online Educ., vol. 5, no. 4, J. e-technology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 58–64, 2009. 2009. [7] J. McCarthy, “Utilising Facebook: immersing [18] W.W.M. Ada, “Computer supported collaborative Generation-Y students into first year university,” J. learning and higher order thinking skills: A case Educ. Res. Gr. Adelaide, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 39–50, study of textile studies,” Interdiscip. J. E-Learning 2009. Learn. Objects, vol. 5, pp. 145–167, 2009. [8] D.-Z. Marijana, B. L. Aleksandra, and R. M. [19] C. Beer, K. Clark, and D. Jones, “Indicators of Aleksandar, “Fostering engineering e-learning engagement,” Proc. ASCILITE 2010, pp. 75–86, courses with social network services,” in 19th IEEE 2010. Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), 2011, pp. [20] B. Özmen and B. Atıcı, “The Effects of Social 122–125. Networking Sites in Distance Learning on Learners’ [9] R.S. Nadiyah, S. Faaizah, H. Hanipah, and B. Academic Achievements,” Eur. J. Open, Distance Norasiken, “Online collaborative learning elements E-Learning, vol. 17, no. 2, Jan. 2014. to propose an online project based collaborative [21] J. Hewitt, “Toward an Understanding of How Threads Die learning model,” J. Teknol., vol. 77, no. 23, pp. 55– in Asynchronous Computer Conferences,” J. Learn. Sci., 60, 2015. vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 567–589, 2005. [10] R.S, Nadiyah, S. Faaizah, H. Hanipah, and B. [22] N. Petrovica, V. Jeremica, M. Cirovica, Z. Radojicica, and N. Milenkovica, “Facebook Versus Moodle in Practice,” Norasiken, “Factors That Affecting The Effective Am. J. Distance Educ., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 117–125, 2014. Online Collaborative Learning Environment,” [23] B. Thoms and E. Eryilmaz, “How media choice affects Pattern Anal. Intell. Secur. Internet Things, Adv. learner interactions in distance learning classes,” Comput. Intell. Syst. Comput. 355, pp. 293–302, 2014. Educ., vol. 75, pp. 112–126, 2014. [11] R.S. Nadiyah, S. Faaizah, and P. A. Gede, “A [24] M. A. Embi, “e-learning in Malaysian Higher Education : Proposed Model for Online Project Based Status, Trends and Challeges,” Department of Higher Collaborative Learning : Expert Review,” J. Netw. Education Ministry of Higher Education 2011, 2011. Innov. Comput., vol. 3, pp. 1–6, 2015. [25] D. Marijana, M. Aleksandar, B. Zorica, B. Dušan, and S. [12] R.S. Nadiyah and S. Faaizah, “The Development of Krčo, “Providing Adaptivity in Moodle LMS Courses Adaptive e-learning systems,” Educ. Technol. Soc., vol. Online Project Based Collaborative Learning Using 15, pp. 326–338, 2012. ADDIE Model,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. [26] F.-F. Chua and C.-H. Choo, “Integrating social network 195, 2015, pp. 1803–1812. services into virtual learning environment,” Proc. - 2013 [13] M.R. Saiyidi, “An Analysis of Insider IEEE 13th Int. Conf. Adv. Learn. Technol. ICALT 2013, Dysfunctional Behaviours in an Accounting 2013, pp. 264–266. Information System Environment,” Ph.D. [27] K.P. Brady, L.B. Holcomb, and B.V Smith, “The Use of dissertation, School of Business, Edith Cowan Alternative Social Networking Sites in Higher Educational Univ., Perth, 2015. Settings : A Case Study of the E-Learning Benefits of Ning in Education,” J. Interact. Online Learn., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 151–170, 2010.

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 219-221, May 2017

Modelling sustainable performance of SME through green management implementation in the new economic transition A.B. Kamarudin1,*, A.S. Aslan2

1) Faculty of Technology Management & Technopreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2) Faculty of Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81300, Johor, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Sustainable; resources; strategy

ABSTRACT – Green management has been synonym be appropriate to look for other performance indicators with large companies but maybe not for small medium (besides financial) to measure the business growth. enterprises (SME). Because SME existence must be Different benchmarks to enhance SME’s innovation and relevance with the future growth of the green economic, creativity might be used to quantify their effectiveness as it challenged them to transform into green companies to suggested by Seeberg & Monauni [6]. Apart from that, it achieve green products compliance. Hence, the paper was obvious that each industry is now facing its own attempted to discuss the major influences on the SME to unique challenge due to the change and variety of green realize a sustainable performance. In order to diverge consumer expectations. Thus, D’Souza et al. [7] asserted from conventional products, it was crucial to identify the that the change of business process might lead to increase new attributes for their existing business conduct. market shares in green products. New tool to market new Organizational resources should be fully-utilized to focus products like using the social media would be able to on manufacturing processes that abide by the green create attention, interest, desire and action from the principles. The built-in of sustainability concept around stakeholders, mentioned Hassan et al. [8]. In a study the business ecosystem has also become important and conducted in Malaysia, the small medium-sized inevitable. Ultimately, the research outcome companies still hold a rhetoric that they were unlikely to demonstrated that significant improvement of SME cause an environmental impact as argued by Yacob et al. activities were necessary to preserve the Mother Nature [9]. Such thinking was certainly not welcome. SME must and our future generations’ survival. As a result, the new be prepared to adopt relevance strategies given that their economic transition reflected the SME readiness to adopt business establishment is the largest in the country. At new strategies that accomplish competitiveness. different rate of success, green strategy would be Overcoming the current economic setback must be in- expected to create a huge business opportunity that line with the performance of a sustainable business. assured their future sustainable performance.

1. INTRODUCTION 2. METHODOLOGY The propagation of green policies by governments, The survey instrument for this research used a five- international agencies or their joined forces on a range of point Likert scale. The questionnaire was reviewed by 2 green initiatives has helped re-launched global economic business representatives and 2 academicians where growth with business ecosystem remained as a top modifications were done based on their feedbacks. A priority, stressed Bina [1]. When Malaysia endorsed its pilot run was sent out to 30 members of SME to confirm National Green Technology Policy (NGTP) on the 24th the suitability of all 38 questions being asked in term of July 2009, small medium enterprises (SME) were clear understanding and estimated time taken to complete somewhat relief but anxious to learn how the green answering the questions. economic agenda could benefit their business. According According to Loehlin [10], it would be more to Barath [2], this is important since failure of the world’s advisable to collect a sample size of at least between 100- financial system revamp has furthered the economic 200 respondents for an acceptable quantitative statistical downturn that severely affecting many business and analysis. Accordingly, 281 usable responses were individuals. Green management emerged at the right time obtained for this exploratory study. Reliability of data mainly to help enterprises to focus their attention on how was well measured above a threshold value of 0.7. And to “go-green”. It tries to put the environmental issues as after considering the item discrimination for correlation a major responsibility of every business. Enterprise’s > 0.3, Cronbach’s Alpha attained were 0.88 and 0.76 responses have triggered the governments to analyse respectively for green management factor (GM) and what should be provided in order to make SME business green performance factor (GP). moved toward sustainable development as emphasized To determine the model fit, data analysis was by Schaper [3],[4]. In term of their operations, the study performed using the structural equation model (SEM). by Chin et al. [5] has identified environmental SEM allows testing of the hypothesized model from the collaboration as a main relational capability for the priori and correlational of the latent constructs. formulation and execution of new strategies. It could also

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION b) f2: sf2 (objectives), sf4 (competitive) and km5 (problem solving). 3.1 The measurement model c) f3: en1 (natural resources), en3 (recycle) and so1 Figure 1 shows the path analysis result between GM (safety). and GP as performed by the SPSS-AMOS. The d) f4: ec1 (sales), ec2 (ROI), ec3 (R&D), en6 schedule hypothesis asserted that GM was measured by waste) and so3 (awareness). Competitive Resources (f1) and Process Realization (f2) constructs. Likewise, Environmental Control (f3) and 3.2 Goodness of fit statistics Social-Economic Success (f4) have formed the The following Table 2 summarized the path analysis constructs for GP. Based on the outputs, all the four factor of relationship between the GM and the GP. loadings were found greater than 0.5 which were statistically significance at p < 0.5 as exhibited in Table Table 2: Goodness of fit – Measurement model 1. Goodness of Result Value Significance Fit Indices Absolute: X2 89.114 p > 0.05 Yes GFI 0.954 > 0.90 Yes RMSEA 0.034 < 0.30 Yes Relative: CFI 0.977 > 0.95 Yes NFI 0.913 > 0.90 Yes Parsimonious: PNFI 0.970 > 0.50 Yes PCFI 0.730 > 0.50 Yes

All the goodness of fit indices exhibited in the table have been successfully achieved. The measure of absolute fit indices indicated that the correlation or covariance of the hypothesized model fits the correlation or covariance of the actual observed data. On the other hand, the relative fit indices measured well on the independent model and ascertain no relationship within the data as the model became saturated. Finally, the parsimonious fit indices suggested that even if the path becomes larger, it was still likely that the model would be accepted.

4. CONCLUSION The main purpose of green management is to enhance companies’ compliance toward the green principles. The result shows a significant influence by the four factors as determined above in order to transform SME into green companies. However, the performance of a green company could be further enhanced if the Figure 1: The structural equation model showing the internal resources have better awareness and more relationship between GM and GP. prepared with the right skills and capabilities. As the study focused on the implementation of the Table 1: Factor loadings of GM and GP constructs green process in manufacturing, one factor that might be Regression Significance important but intentionally not included was the financial Construct Weight (>0.4) aspect. In addition, with regard to the limited resources GM  GP 0.99 Yes owned by the SMEs in Malaysia, samples from different GM  f1 0.85 Yes industries could be useful to make comparison of the best GM  f2 0.80 Yes outcome of such research in the future. GP  f3 0.72 Yes GP  f4 0.91 Yes 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This article is a partial requirement of the Principal All the 14 items tested have produced significance Author post-graduate study. The Principal Author would factor loadings ranged from 0.42 to 0.88. These variables like to thank the Faculty of Management, Universiti comprised of: Teknologi Malaysia (UTM); in particular, Dr. Aslan a) f1: sf3 (responsiveness), ru1 (exploitation), ru2 Amat Senin, for the assistance given throughout his (economic values) and ru4 (harmless). studies at the university. He also feels very grateful to the

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Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MoHE) and the [6] B. Seeberg, M. Monauni. “Qualitative Growth and Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for Sustainability in Organizations - An Overview”, in granting him with his study scholarship and providing Enabling Manufacturing Competitiveness and other supports in producing the research extended Economic Sustainability, pp. 439-444, 2012. abstract. [7] C. D'Souza, M. Taghian, P. Lamb, R. Peretiatkos. “Green products and corporate strategy: an REFERENCES empirical investigation”, Society and Business Review, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 144-157, 2006. [1] O. Bina. “Green Economy: Fix Our 'Ends' Not Just [8] S. Hassan, S. Z. A. Nadzim, N. Shiratuddin. Our 'Means’,” Energy Bulletin, 2011. “Strategic use of social media for small business [2] R. Barath. “The New Recession,” Energy Bulletin, based on the AIDA model”, Procedia-Social and 2011. Behavioral Sciences, vol. 172, pp. 262-269, 2015. [3] M. Schaper. Making Ecopreneurs: Developing [9] P. Yacob, N.S.B. Aziz, M.F.M. Makmur, A.W.M. Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Chapter 1, 2nd ed., Zin. “The policies and green practices of Malaysian Farnham: Gower-Ashgate Publisher, 2010. SMEs”, Global Business and Economics Research [4] M. Schaper. “The essence of ecopreneurship”, Journal, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 52-74, 2013. Greener Management International, pp. 26-30, [10] J.C. Loehlin. Latent variable models: An 2002. introduction to factor, path and structural analysis, [5] T. A. Chin, H. H. Tat, Z. Sulaiman. “Green Supply 2nd ed., Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Chain Management, Environmental Collaboration Associates, 1992. and Sustainability Performance,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 26, pp. 695-699, 2015.

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 222-224, May 2017

Prediction of students’ performance in elective subject using data mining techniques S. Sulaiman1, A.S. Shibghatullah2,*, N.A. Rahman1

1) Department of Information & Communication Technology, Politeknik Ungku Omar, Jalan Raja Musa Mahadi, 31400, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia 2) Faculty of Information & Communication Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Data mining; decision tree; K-Means

ABSTRACT– Polytechnics’ students must take the higher education for the improvement and revision of elective subjects to complete their study. The result assessment methodologies, restructuring the curriculum, obtained in the final examination will affect their future. and trimming down the mismatch between the two It becomes essential to predict whether the students will modes of assessments. pass or fail in the final examination. In this paper, data Previous reseacher had also used the assosiation rules mining is used to predict the students’ performance in algorithm techniques to identify students’ failures elective subject. It involves the final year students data pattern [2]. The educator can use the pattern from the who take FP531 as elective subject. Decision tree and analyze result in making the decision to enhance the K-Means are applied as a method for data mining learning process. It also helps to build the curriculum techniques. The research findings showed that students structure in order to improve students’ academic whose result weak in both SPM Mathematics and performance and trim down failure rate. In the student- BA102 are predicted as fail in FP531. centered educational system, Knowledge Discovery in database (KDD) is very useful[3]. It concerns with 1. INTRODUCTION developing new methods to discover knowledge from educational database in order to analyze student’s trends In polytechnics, to complete the diploma level, each and behaviors towards education student has to take the elective subjects. The elective subjects offered depending on the structure of the 2. METHODOLOGY programs. An elective subject is an optional subject that the student has to take in order to complete their study. 2.1 Research methodology Normally, the elective subject is not a core subject. All This section elaborates the process of predicting the students can choose it. While required subject which students’ performance. During of data gathering, the sometimes called core subjects are deemed essential for literature survey (LS) was used to obtain information an academic degree, elective subjects tend to be more about students’ profiles and current approaches in specialized. Elective subject usually has fewer students predicting the students’ performance using data mining. than the required courses. Some students choose the For this study, student profile was taken from IPUO incorrect subject and in consequence received systems. As a range of research, ICT students profile unsatisfactory result in final examination or not finish from year 2011 to 2013 was taken and it’s involved final their study. year students . The selected semesters are June 2011, Therefore, by realizing the important of choosing the December 2011, June 2012, December 2012, June 2013 correct elective subject, this research will highlight that and December 2013. Each session would take the the elective subject is important as the core subjects in students from final year that had fifty plus number of having a good result. Based on the observation, students who took FP531. Evidently, not all of the students who choose the correct subject are getting a students would complete their study till the end of good result. In choosing the elective subjects, the semester. With that facts, the researcher had to make students should select the subject that suitable with them sure the number of student must be same. From the final and their interests. The students who take a right subject result spreadsheet only FP531 marks will be selected to based on their interest and knowledge normally easy to be processed. During the phase of Preprocessing understand the lecture compare to the students who are Dataall of the collected data would be copied into Ms. not interested. Based on the findings, a further research Excel file. As part of data preparation and preprocessing to find the best solution to solve this problem is of the data set and to get better input data for data addressed. mining technique, its needs to do some preprocessing According to previous researcher, they used the data for the collected data before it can load into the data mining techniques in supervised and unsupervised mining software. assessment data of student performance [1]. They used the association rules algorithm in enhancing the quality and experiences of students’ performance in higher of ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

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2.2 Population of the research 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this paper, the focus area was department of The experiments are conducted using RapidMiner Information Communication Technology (ICT). The software. To validate the result, it split into two sets of sample consisted of 592 final year students. This study data which the larger data set for training and smaller was focusing on FP531course as elective subject data set for testing. The accuracy for both data sets is because in this course it had final examination. not a big difference. For the training data set, the mean accuracy is 76.19% whereas for testing is 77.5%. 2.3 Research tools Regarding to the experiment result, there is a small number of students whose result did not predict For preprocessing phase, the selected student data was correctly. The miss accurate values are also measured. cleaned and transformed before mining process using There are four items which are missed accurate value; 2 RapidMiner Software. increased grade, 1 increased grade, 2 decreased grade

and 1 decreased grade. The prediction final result is 2.4 Analyze data based on the two factors which are BA102 final result For this study, Decision tree method was chosen to and SPM Mathematics result. The research findings predict the student performance based on the selected show that the two factors influence the prediction result. elective subject. BA102 final result and Math SPM Students whose result are very good in BA102 and SPM final result are the two factors that were considered in Mathematics will score excellent in the final result for this study. The second technique was clustering. FP531 whereas who is weak result in both will fail in Clustering is unsupervised learning method. It is a great the final. Otherwise, students whose result did not good first step to use when looking at a large data set [4]. K- enough can choose another elective subject. Therefore, Means algorithm is chosen for this technique which is the students who want to select FP531 as their elective the simplest clustering method. Four cluster; cluster_0, subject must be good enough in BA102 and SPM cluster_1, cluster_2 and cluster_3. Each cluster has the Mathematics in order to score in the final for FP531. number of items. Table 1 presents the strong rules that had been generated Table 2 Combination all of experiments result. from the mining process which gained all of valuable results. All of the rules could be classified to predict the students’ final result of elective subject (FP531) . This prediction was based on their SPM Math and BA102 result. For example , the student who had very good in SPM Math and BA102 result was predicted as excellent in her elective subject (FP531) final result. For those who weak in SPM Math and BA102 result, they were predicted as fail in final result for elective subject (FP531).

Table 1 Prediction rule Model. Table 3 Summarizing result for training data and testing data.

4. SUMMARY The proposed model on data mining technique is proved can mine the students’ record. Therefore, the FP531 final result can be predicted. Both of data mining 2.5 Implementation techniques used in this study are helpful on mining the The experiment used two methods. The two students’ data. By referring to the experiments, it shows methods were classification and clustering. In that the highest accuracy is 77.55% for semester June classification, the decision tree algorithm would be used 2013. Semester December 2013 has the lowest where as in clustering; K-means algorithm would be accuracy which is 59.38%. It is not a good result. From applied. the observation, for December 2013, it involves 128 students. Many students are from community college and polytechnic certificate students. Therefore, their SPM result and BA102 final result did not good enough.

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But may be their effort in the class and before the final [2] A.A. Aziz, N.U.R.H. Ismail, and F. Ahmad, exam helped them to achieve better result during the “Mining Students Academic Performance,” J. exam. The inaccurate prediction results due to some Theor. Appl. Inf. Technol., vol. 53, no. 3, 2013. factors as the students’ effort, their awareness, and the [3] R.B. Bhise, S.S. Thorat, and A.K. Supekar, “‘ others. Importance of Data Mining in Higher Education System ,’” IOSR J. Humanit. Soc. Sci., vol. 6, no. REFERENCES 6, pp. 18–21, 2013. [4] T. Jeevalatha, “Performance Analysis of [1] F. Ahmad, N.H. Ismail, and A.A. Aziz, “The Undergraduate Students Placement Selection using Prediction of Students Academic Performance Decision Tree Algorithms,” Int. J. Comput. Appl. Using Classification Data Mining Techniques,” (0975-8887, vol. 108, no. 15, pp. 27–31, 2014. Appl. Math. Sci., vol. 9, no. 129, pp. 6415–6426, 2015.

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 225-226, May 2017

Wearable technology in education: Towards hands-free learning S.F.A. Fesol*, S. Salam

Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Wearable technology; google glass; hands-free devices

ABSTRACT – The introduction of wearable the lecturers’ perception on the use of WT in supporting technology brings new intervention in the learning teaching and learning process specifically for technical community especially in supporting teaching and courses. learning process. With the proven advantages offers by wearable technology, the learning scenarios are now more effective, efficient and engaging. This paper analyzes the lecturers’ perception towards the used of wearable technology in supporting teaching and learning process specifically for technical courses.

1. INTRODUCTION

The influence of technology revolution continues to expend especially in the education fields. Starting Figure 1 Google Glass hardware breakdown. from the introduction of Arpanet in the early 1969s, up to the current wide dissemination of smart phones in the early 2007s aiming for supporting teaching and learning process. The latest significant discussion in mobile or handheld education is the used of wearable technology in education. Example of wearable technologies such as bracelets, clothing, watches, and glasses, where most of the application are in the fields of medical centers, libraries and universities. One of the most popular wearable technologies (after this will be address as WT) are smart glasses. Smart glasses are wearable computing devices in the form of computerized eyeglasses that function to add information into reality or actually helps people to see better [1]. Smart glasses collect information from internal or external sensors, retrieve data from other Figure 2 Model for applying WT in education. instruments or computers and support wireless technologies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and GPS [2]. Figure 2. METHODOLOGY 1 illustrate an example of smart glass, which is Google This study implemented qualitative based method. Glass hardware breakdown which being used for this Several semi-structured interview sessions were study. conducted to elicit the lecturers’ feedback on their Researchers believed that smart glasses have perception on the use of WT in supporting teaching and enormous potential implication and benefits for learning process. During the interview sessions, the augmentation of teaching and learning environments. questions were asked including: the use of WT to Some of the potential benefits offers by smart glasses improve students' understanding, to improve learning are: (a) able to engage, stimulate, and motivate students effectiveness, to increase students’ engagement with the to explore class materials from different angles; (b) able subject, and their comfortableness to use WT for to teach subjects where students could not feasibly gain teaching and learning. real-world first-hand experience; (c) enhance In particular, at the early stage of the interview, we collaboration between students and instructors; (d) explained the main objective of the study and foster student creativity and imagination; help students introduced roughly what is WT and example of it. In take control of their learning at their own pace and on addition, we also demonstrate few functionalities of their own path; and (e) able to create an authentic Google Glass and giving them an opportunity to try and learning environment suitable to various learning styles experience the use Google Glass. By doing this will [3]. Figure 1 illustrate a general overview of model for allow the lecturers to have a clearer picture on how the applying WT in education [4]. Google Glass can be use in supporting teaching and Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Fesol and Salam, 2017 learning process. The duration for each interview Recording WT able to make the lectures and session is around 30 to 45 minutes. The respondents’ ability hands-on activities be handy for feedback was collected by note taking and few recording. Recording of important interview sessions by voice recording. The collected information allows the students to data were analyzed using theme-based content analysis, understand the gist of the learning. as per suggested by [5] in analyzing qualitative based All respondents do unanimously method. agree on this (n=17). “I can record videos not only for 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION lecture purpose, but also can be use out in the industrial fields.” (Lecturer There is a total of 17 lecturers from different D, FKEKK) faculties in UTeM participate in this study with 10 of “Its hands-free ability allows lecturer them are female and remaining 7 are male lecturers. to use both hand while conducting Figure 2 outlined the respondents’ distribution by practical demonstration and on the faculties. same time its allow hands-free

documentation.” (Lecturer J, FTK) “It is hard to find good theoretical- 12% based explanation in the internet. FTK (7) 12% Smart glass able to help me 41% FTMK (4) personalize my explanation FKE (2) 12 % FKM (2) especially on theoretical-based topic FKEKK (2) by record and share the videos, and 24% the students able to play the videos several times at anytime and anywhere.” (Lecturer N, FKM). Figure 2 Respondents’ distribution by faculties. 4. CONCLUSION Findings from the participants’ feedback can be Summary from data analysis reflected that WT categorized into 4 major themes: a) engagement tool, b) able to support engagement, promote effectiveness and promote effectiveness and efficiency, c) first-person efficiency, foster first-person view, and offers recording view, and d) recording ability. Table 1 summarized the ability. This reflect that the use of WT especially in data findings. learning technical subject is feasible and effective.

Table 1 Respondents’ summary feedback on WT. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT WT theme Participant feedback Engagement Several respondents (n=6) felt that The authors would like to take this opportunity to tool WT impact the quality of learning highly appreciate the cooperation given by the lecturers through increase students’ and the opportunity given by UTeM CRIM and UTeM engagement especially in learning Zamalah for funding this research. technical subject. “Technical students learn fast REFERENCES through visualization. Google glass [1] M. Elgan, "“Why 2014 is the 'year of smart will help them to engage more with glasses'?," 2013. [Online]. Available: the learning.” (Lecturer A, FTMK). http://www.computerworld.com/article/2487076/m Promote Some respondents (n=9) identified obile-wireless/why-2014-is-the--year-of-smart- effectiveness that the use of WT can promote glasses-.html. and effective and efficient in learning [2] D. Sapargaliyev, "Wearable Technology in efficiency technical subject. Education: From Handheld to Hands-Free “The used of wearable technology for Learning," Technology in Education. Transforming purely practical-based courses is Educational Practices with Technology, pp. 55-60, very suitable because it has very 2015. clear result that the students must [3] S.Y.G. &. J.E. Yuen, "Augmented reality: An achieve for particular exercise; and overview and five directions for AR in education," using the tool it can help to increase Journal of Educational Technology Development students understanding on particular and Exchange, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 119-140, 2011. exercise.” (Lecturer C, FKE). [4] A. Labus, M. Milutinovic, Ð. Stepanic, M. First-person WT afford the ability to offer a first- Stevanovic and S. & Milinovic, "Wearable view person point of view (n=11). computing in e-education," Ruo. Revija za “Students can watch lab exercises Univerzalno Odlicnost, vol. 4, no. 1, 2015. videos from the lecturer’s point-of [5] [5] V. Braun and V. Clarke, "Using thematic view. This can help the students to analysis in psychology," Qualitative research in “do things right” at the first time.” psychology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 77-101, 2006. (Lecturer F, FTK). 226

Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 227-229, May 2017

Gender and faculty relation to VAK learning style preferences among technical students A. Mislina1,3,*, H. Hazmilah2,3

1) Faculty of Technology Management and Technoprenuership, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2) Pusat Bahasa dan Pembangunan Insan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 3) Centre for Technoprenuership Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: VAK learning style; technical students

ABSTRACT – The ability to understand student information, lecturers are able to be flexible and learning styles can increase the effectiveness of two calibrate their teaching methods with students so that ways communication in transferring knowledge rapport and connections with different types of students between students and lecturers. It also will develop are better and improved [7]. When information conveys students to be effective problem solver, and aiding them to someone who are using the same representation, the to increase their focus on an attentive learner. Students conversation flows easily but it can be awkward when utilize all of their senses to process information, communicate to someone with a different one [8]. A however they seem to have preferences to optimize lecturer could have students with different learning learning ability and produce their best outcome. The style, thus it is important to understand and match the purpose of this study is to identify technical students’ representation of the students they are communicating preferred learning styles and to examine the relation with to achieve most effective lecture [9]. between students’ learning styles with gender and The objectives of this paper are to identify learning style faculty. A sample of 278 technical students from one among technical students from one of the technical university in Melaka was selected in this study. A university in Malaysia, thus to examine the relation of stratified random sampling was used to select the students learning style with gender and faculty. sample of this study and the VAK questionnaire was used as research instrument. The data were analyzed 2. METHODOLOGY using descriptive and chi square test. The findings A total of 278 technical university students across reveal that kinesthetic learning style was the most faculties were involved in the study. The samples were dominant learning style among university technical selected by stratified random sampling technique. The students. Gender does significance related to students’ respondents were to answer the survey questionnaire learning style, meanwhile faculty does not significance developed by [10]. It is composed of two parts; related to students’ learning style. demographic background and the VAK learning style

questionnaire which contains 30 multiple choice 1. INTRODUCTION questions. The data were analyze using descriptive Learning style is defined as the conditions under which statistics and chi square test. learners perceive, process, store and recall what they are attempting to learn most efficiently and effectively [1]. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION One of the learning style characteristics that shape a From the total of 278 sample, 45.7 % were male students’ learning style is based on the sensory modality students and 54.3% were female students. Majority of [2]. The three sensory modalities are defined as visual the respondents were Malays students (91.4%), (V), aural (A), and kinesthetic (K) or also known as followed by Chinese (7.5%), and Indian (1.1%). VAK. The proportion of entrance to the university were Students with a visual (V) learn by seeing or observing almost the same, i.e. 39.2% entrance were upon as best preference, while students with auditory (A) completed their matriculation course, 37.1% entrance preference listening to or recording lectures, discussing were based on their diploma qualification and 23.7% materials or talking through material with themselves or were enter the university based on their Sijil Tinggi others. Kinesthetic (K) style learners perform best by Pelajaran Malaysia (STPM) result. At present the using physical experiences such as performing an respondents were studying in diploma level (29.9%) and activity, moving, doing and manipulations of objects [3- degree level (70.1%). 5]. Table 1 shows a descriptive frequency and percentage of Understanding students’ learning style allows lecturers students’ learning styles. Overall, majority of technical to understand why students receive and process students who involved in the study are kinesthetic information the way that they do [6]. Through the learners, which contribute to 44.6% out of total ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Mislina and Hazmilah, 2017

respondents, followed by Visual (34.2%) and Auditory from information technology faculty, 14 were auditory, (21.2%). 32 were kinesthetic and 20 were visual learners. However, the finding based on Table 4 indicate that Table 1 Students learning styles preferences there is no significance relation between students’ Learning Style Frequency Percentage learning styles and faculty; χ²(4) = 1.217, p > .05.

21.2 Auditory 59 Table 4 Chi square test of students learning style Kinesthetic 124 44.6 preferences and faculty Asymp. Sig. 34.2 Value df Visual 95 (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 1.217(a) 4 .875 Further analysis using chi square test were performed to Likelihood Ratio 1.228 4 .873 examine the relation between students learning style N of Valid Cases 278 with gender and faculty. Table 2 shows observed and a 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected frequency of students learning styles based on expected count is 14.01. gender, and Table 3 shows a chi square test output on relation between students learning style and gender. 4. CONCLUSIONS

Table 2 Cross tabulation table of students learning style In conclusion, students in the technical university preferences and gender have different types of learning style. Kinesthetic LEARNING STYLE learning style was found to be more prevalent than Total visual and auditory learners. The students’ learning A K V types did not relate significantly to which faculty they Count 32 54 65 151 attached to. However, the students’ learning style did Female Expected 32.0 67.4 51.6 151.0 relate significantly to students’ gender. Higher Count Gender percentage of male students in the technical university Count 27 70 30 127 are kinesthetic learners. Meanwhile greater number of Male Expected 27.0 56.6 43.4 127.0 female students are visual learners. Based on this Count finding, lecturers are suggesting to be creativity, apply Count 59 124 95 278 and adapt teaching methods and technics to match Total Expected 59.0 124.0 95.0 278.0 Count varies students’ learning style. The suggestions will allow the knowledge and information to be transfer Table 3 Chi square test of students learning style effectively to the students. In addition, teaching and preferences and gender learning through technology also need to be examined Asymp. Sig. carefully, so that the information deliver match to Value df (2-sided) different type of students’ learning style. Pearson Chi-Square 13.411(a) 2 .001 Likelihood Ratio 13.624 2 .001 REFERENCES N of Valid Cases 278 [1] M. Ramayah, L. Sivanandan, N. Nasrijal, T. a 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum Letchumanan, and L. Leong, “Preferred learning expected count is 26.95. style:gender influence on preferred learning style among business students,” Journal of US-China Based on Table 2, the finding shows that 32 out of 151 Public Administration, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 65-78, female students were auditory learner, 54 students were 2009. kinesthetic and 65 students were visual. Meanwhile, out [2] Neil Shah, NLP Your Map To Happiness, of 127 male students, 27 were auditory, 70 students Confidence and Success. Icon Books Ltd, UK. were kinesthetic and 30 students were visual learners. 2016. Visual learners are greater among female students and [3] P.G. Abbas, and M.A. Seyedeh, “The effect of kinesthetic learners are greater among male students. visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles on The finding based on Table 3 indicate there is a language teaching,” Journal of Studies in significance relation between students’ learning styles Education, vol. 2, no. 1, 2012. and gender; χ²(2) = 13.411, p ≤ .05. The finding also [4] M.J. Losier, Law of Connection. Wellness Central, supported by several studies conducted at various New York. 2009. setting [11-13]. [5] S.V. Rajshree, “Learning style and academic Table 4 shows a chi square test output on relation achievement of secondary students,” Voice of between students learning style and faculty. Research, vol. 1 no. 4, 2013. The descriptive analysis shows that out of 100 students [6] J. Bartkowiak, The Neuro Linguistic from engineering background faculty, 23 students were Programming Workbook. Hodder Education, UK. auditory learner, 41 students were kinesthetic and 2012. remaining 36 students were visual. Meanwhile, out of [7] A. Terri, “Teaching mode efficiency and learning 112 participants from business faculty, 22 students were preferences of first year nursing students,” Nurse auditory, 51 students were kinesthetic and 39 students Education Today, vol. 29, pp. 24-32, 2009. were visual learners. Out of 66 students participated

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[8] A. Federico, “Learning styles and students [11] A. Erica, L. Heidi, and E. Stephen, “Gender attitudes toward various aspects of network based differences in learning style preferences among instruction,” Computers in Human Behaviors, vol. undergraduate physiology students,” Advances 14, no. 4, pp. 359-379, 2000. Physiology Education, vol.33, pp. 153-157, 2007. [9] A. Yavuz, S.C. Cigdem, “Adaptive educational [12] A. Raddon, “Distance learners jugging home, work hypermedia accommodating learning styles: A and study,” Challenges and negotiations for content analysis of publication from 2000 to women in higher education, pp. 159-181, 2007. 2011,” Computers & Education, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. [13] E. Wehrwein, H. Lujan, and S. DiCarlo, “Gender 835-842, 2011 differences in learning style preferences among [10] C. Victoria and C. Alan, “VAK learning styles self- undergraduate physiological students,” Advances assesment questionnaire,” 2017. [Online] in Physiological Education, vol. 31, pp. 153-175, Available: www.businessballs.com. [Accessed: 2007. 10-Mac-2017]

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 230-232, May 2017

Developing a framework of visual spatial relationship games for autistic learners H.D.M. Noor1, F. Shahbodin2, S.N. Razali3, R. Kassim1, H. Hasan2, H. Musa2

1) Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Jalan Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Bandar Seri Alam, 81750 Masai, Johor, Malaysia 2) Innovative and Sustainable Technical Education Group, Centre of Technopreneurship Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia. 3) System Support and Networking Department, Kolej Komuniti Selandar, Jalan Batang Melaka, 77500 Selandar, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Autism; serious games technique; visual spatial relationship

ABSTRACT –The objective of this paper is to report propose a new development framework. the developmental framework of visual spatial This paper has been divided into four parts. The relationship for autistic learners. The serious games first section deals with introduction, section two technique has been uses as a tool for special education describes the related works of serious games for autism teachers to diagnose visual spatial relationship problems and section three presents the proposed development in autistic students. This development framework will framework model. Finally, section four concludes the be use as reference for developing a diagnostic tool that paper and suggests future work for research. could assist and help teachers to diagnose their autism students without the teachers needing to have some 2. RELATED WORKS experience and knowledge of diagnosing visual spatial Therapy and education [5], which include learning relationship. This framework will be a high-tech and training are the two main purposes for autism solution to diagnosing visual spatial relationship serious games development as tabulated in Table 1 and problems designed for autistic children. Table 2 below. Autism serious games for therapy have

been done with the main purpose therapy for social 1. INTRODUCTION skill, communication skill, sensory integration, visual According to Wan [1] autism is undetected from motor coordination, concentration and social behaviors. birth and supported by Kanner [2] that the only when Teaching and learning process by using serious games the child is around 18 months of age a brain disorder for education will help special educators and students could be detected. Autism means a condition that causes with learning difficulty. children to concentrate on their own world. Autism interferes with mental development of children Table 1 Serious games for therapy of autistic children. incorporating speech, emotions, communication, No. Purposes/ Objectives Ref Year thinking, social interaction, behavior, impairment and 1. Interaction skills measurement [6] 2013 also unusual behavior. 2. Teaching social conversation skills [7] 2014 Although there are several regular factors shown in most people with autism, Autism Spectrum Disorder 3. Exploring motion-based touchless games [8] 2013 (ASD) is a distributive developmental disorder within 4. Collaboration in hybrid therapy [9] 2013 individuals in numerous degrees of impairment [3]. For example, although these autistic people look well, his Table 2 Serious games for education of autistic children. gross motor control is lacking, by and large, he loves to No. Purpose/ Objective Ref Year interact with technology and video games and become 1. Social cognition training [10] 2016 attached to a particular interest like dinosaurs, trains, or outer space. 2. Educational game [11] 2016 In relation to that, intensive research and study has 3. Kinect in education [12] 2013 been done on serious game based for learner with 4. Teaching reading skills [13] 2016 autism in the field of computing. Visual perception problem is very common in autistic learners. They 3. FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT experienced learning difficulty particularly in recognizing, remembering, organizing and interpreting The developmental framework was developed as objects especially visual images. As a result, they are depicts in Figure 1. This diagram shows the overall easily confused in situations that involve using written developmental framework model that served as a guide or pictorial symbols for learning [4]. to engage all the referred diagnosis method. This was In this paper, the aims are described as (a) to adapted to the development of the prototype design and review current serious games for autism and (b) to research question solutions based on the visual spatial

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relationship game development phase. was collected from subject matter experts and content The game developed known as VSR-Game which experts. By and large, the evaluation process is required stand for Visual Spatial Relationship Game. In terms of to find out how well a system works. The development methodology, the prototype VSR-Game implementation phase marks the completion of the was developed based on the well-known multimedia product’s development. In this study, ADDIE model is development model namely ADDIE model. ADDIE an important element of the design process. In each stands for Analysis, Design, Development, phase, decisions are made for ensuring the effectiveness Implementation, and Evaluation. ADDIE consists of of the VSR-Game experience and the result of five-phase systematic model used to guide through the diagnosing Visual Spatial Relationship for autistic process of creating multimedia products for a variety of learners. settings. Each phase of the ADDIE model is an Serious game is relevant to help several problems important element of the design process. In each phase, such as autism. Serious games are a specific purpose decisions are made for ensuring the effectiveness of the games which could be uses as a tools to detect autistic game experience. Special education expert from level. Insomuch that, digital games can be assessed Malaysia Ministry of Education been referred for the regularly by integrating other forms of conventional game content development. assessment with modern procedures. Additionally, this situation offers the opportunities to create assessment that is more intricate and complete. Future study should focus on the visual perception diagnosis assessment by using serious game technique to identify visual spatial relationship problems among autism children.

REFERENCES [1] W. Nasyruddin, W. Abdullah, Hisham & Ahmad, Aku Bersyukur Anakku Autisme. Telaga Biru; 2013. [2] Kanner L., “Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact”. Nerv Child, vol 2, pp. 217-50, 1943. [3] C. Sicile-Kira, Autism Spectrum Disorders: the complete guide to understanding autism, The Berkley Publishing Group, New York, USA, 2004. [4] Kurtz, L. A., Visual perception problems in children with AD/HD, autism, and other learning disabilities: a guide for parents and professionals, Jessica, Kingsley Publishers, 2006. [5] H. Adly, M. Noor, C. Pee, and N. Fadiah, “Developing a Hybrid Visual Perception Game Figure 1 Developmental framework. using the ADDIE Approach for Autism,” Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1–4, 2013. 4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK [6] N. Bartolome and A. Zorrilla, “Autism Spectrum In this paper, a related work of current serious Disorder children interaction skills measurement games for autism; a development framework model to using computer games,” in Proceeding of the 18th diagnose visual spatial relationship problem for autism International Conference on Computer Games: AI, children were discussed. Animation, Mobile, Interactive Multimedia, The prototype VSR-Game was developed based on Educational and Serious Games, 2013, pp. 207– the ADDIE model which consist of Analysis, Design, 211. Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. In the [7] M. Zancanaro, L. Giusti, N. Bauminger-Zviely, S. analysis phase, the visual perception diagnostic test Eden, E. Gal, and P. L. Weiss, “NoProblem! A requirements for children with autism were analyzed. In Collaborative Interface for Teaching Conversation addition, the problems that directly influenced the Skills to Children with High Functioning Autism motives of the research were identified. The second Spectrum Disorder,” in Playful User Interfaces, phase is the design phase that involved identifying 2014, pp. 209–224. software requirements specification for the VSR- [8] L. Bartoli, C. Corradi, and F. Garzotto, “Exploring Games. The third phase is the development phase motion-based touchless games for autistic focused on building the outcome of the design phase children’s learning,” in Proceedings of the 12th which integrated artwork, visual perception test and International Conference on Interaction Design game design. The fourth phase is implementation phase. and Children, 2013, pp. 102-111. The media integration is ensured the efficiency of the [9] S. Marwecki, R. Rädle, and H. Reiterer, game application. During implementation, numerous “Encouraging collaboration in hybrid therapy activities were included to come out with the expected games for autistic children,” in Proceedings of output. All the modules and elements were incorporated Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in to produce the final ready-to-use product. The last phase Computing Systems, 2013, p. 469. is evaluation. During the evaluation process, feedback

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[10] U.-S. Chung, D. H. Han, Y. J. Shin, and P. F. [12] Evgenia Boutsika, “Kinect in Education: A Renshaw, “A prosocial online game for social Proposal for Children with Autism,” in Procedia cognition training in adolescents with high- Computer Science, 2014, vol. 27, pp. 123–129. functioning autism: an fMRI study.,” [13] S. Thümmler, S. Hun, A. Santos, P. Pierron, F. L. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., vol. 12, pp. 651–60, Askenazy, and S. Serret, “A serious game for 2016. teaching reading skills to minimally verbal [11] B. Bossavit and S. Parsons, “Designing an children with autism spectrum disorder,” J. Am. educational game for and with teenagers with high Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, vol. 55, no. 10, functioning autism,” in Proceedings of the 14th pp. 104–105, 2016. Participatory Design Conference on Full papers - PDC ’16, 2016, pp. 11–20.

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Investigating graduate global employability competency framework towards sustainable human capital development H. Hazmilah1,*, M. Haslinda1, S. Faaizah1, A. Mislina1, Y. Aizan2

1) Centre of Technoprenuership Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2) College of Arts and Sciences, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Employability; competency; framework

ABSTRACT – Lack of experience and global exposure 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION are among the demand of global employers. The The Table 1, Cronbach alpha value of this instrument objective of this study was to investigate graduate was .965. High alpha value indicates a high consistency global employability competency framework towards between items in the set, and vice versa. Cronbach‟s sustainable human capital development. This study alpha for section 1 part a (personal skills) was .914 as utilized a quantitative approach through questionnaires shown in Table 2. This demonstrates an excellent adopted from Engineering Accreditation Council (EAC) reliability. and Career Adopt Ability Scale (CAAS) scale consist of

23 item. Findings are expected to add value to the Table 1 Reliability and validity. development of employability framework. Cronbach's Alpha N of Items 1. INTRODUCTION .965 33

Developing human capital for future workplace are very Table 2 Reliability value Cronbach’s alpha. challenging especially when the necessity of employees Cronbach’ N of to possess abilities, motivation and be given opportunity Component to perform are given priority [1]. Local employers s Alpha Items demand soft skills competency among prospective Section 1a (Personal Skills) .914 7 graduate [2]. The global employability competency Section 1b (Knowledge) .834 3 needs are extended to global context such as global Section 2a (Concern) .871 5 knowledge, global collaboration and team work in Section 2b (Control) .863 6 diversity cultural team, adaptability and flexibility [3]. Without the competency needed, this will lower the Section 2c (Curiosity) .885 6 organizational performance and associations. Thus, Section 2d (Confidence) .886 6 there is a need to develop employability competency framework towards sustainable human capital. Table 2 demonstrate Cronbach‟s alpha for section 1; The objective of this study was to investigate graduate part b (Knowledge) was .834. This part shows good global employability competency framework towards level of reliability. Thus, section 1 employability has sustainable human capital development. shown a very high consistency between items. Hence, greater the relative number of positive relationships, and 2. METHODOLOGY stronger inter correlations among the items. Cronbach‟s alpha for section 2 part a (Concern) This study utilized a quantitative method. A survey was .871. Cronbach‟s alpha for section 2; part b was conducted among 292 the final year engineering (Control) was .863, Cronbach‟s Alpha for section 2; students identified through stratified random sampling part c (Curiosity) was .885 and Cronbach‟s alpha for method from local technical university. section 2 section d (Confidence) was .886 as a whole. The questionnaires were adopted from Engineering The data reduction analysis result shows the KMO Accreditation Council (EAC) [4] consist of 10 item adequacy of the correlation matrix is .951. From Table scale of engineering employability skill and CAAS [5]. 3, Bartlett‟s test of sphericity tests the adequacy of the The instrument was divided into 2 sections; Section 1 correlation matrix and yielded a value of 6729.171 and consisted of employability skills and section 2; an associated level of significance smaller than 0.001. consisted of 4 subscales of CAAS which were concern, This procedure determines whether the data deviates control, curiosity and confidence. Overall, 33 items significantly from a random matrix. Thus, the were validated. Respondents responded to Likert items correlation matrix has significant correlation amongst at in the questions with scale range from 1 (not important) least some of the variables. to 5 (very important). Results were analyzed through descriptive statistical analysis.

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Table 3 KMO and Bartlett’s test. trained and fruitless and become obstacle for Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling prospective graduates to be employable. 0.951 adequacy Bartlett's Test of sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 6729.171 4. CONCLUSION df 528 The result has indicated high score in personal skill Sig. .000 in section 1 and confidence in section 2. The finding was conforming the Pool & Sewell’s CareerEDGE Table 4 Total variance explained. model [7]. It demonstrates the critical elements when Factor Eigenvalue % Variance % Cumulative developing employability model both personal and 1 15.829 47.968 47.968 confidence elements must be included as the framework 2 1.876 5.684 53.651 component. The finding also certain that the prospective 3 1.559 4.725 58.377 graduate required sustainable skills in their learning for career sustainability. 4 1.070 3.243 61.620 5 1.034 3.134 64.754 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The research team wishes to thank the Ministry of The result of factor analysis output in Table 4 shows the Higher Education (MOHE) for funding the study under Total Variance Explained using the criterion of retaining Research Acculturation Collaborative Effort Grant only factors with eigenvalues of 1, five factors were Scheme (RACE)RACE/F3/SS1/PBPI/F00254 and retained for rotation. These five factors accounted for University Technical Malaysia Melaka for supporting 47. 968%, 5.684%, 4.725%, 3.243% and 3.134% of the the study. Total Variance, respectively and for a total of 64.754%.

According to Field [6], “reasonable comprehensiveness” REFERENCES is maintained when extracted factors explained at least

60% of variance. The factors are reflected on the [1] I. Rajiani, H. Musa and B. Hardjono, “Ability, important for success in the workplace; factor 1- Motivation and Opportunity as Determinants of personal skills, factor 2-concern, factor 3- control, factor Green Human Resources Management 4-curiosity and factor 5-confidence. Innovation,” Res. J. Bus. Manag., vol. 10, no. 1,

pp. 51–57, 2016. Table 5 Descriptive statistic. [2] H. Hazmilah, J. Zanariah, A. Norida, S. Nooraini, N Mean Std. Dev. H. Hanipah, “Analyzing employability Employability 292 4.5068 0.55083 competency: impact of quadruple helix model to (personal skills) prospective graduates”, PEOPLE: International Employability 292 4.3813 0.62711 Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, 665-684, (knowledge) 2016. CAAS (concern) 292 4.3829 0.59353 [3] “Great Expectations: Top Manufacturing and CAAS (control) 292 4.3076 0.60607 Engineering Talent 2030, Creating the Pipeline”, CAAS (curiosity) 292 4.3990 0.58358 CIHE 2011. CAAS (confidence) 292 4.5091 0.52805 [4] Engineering Technology Accreditation Manual 2015. At link The descriptive statistics in Table 5, demonstrate that http://www.eac.org.my/web/document/ETACManu the highest score in employability section was personal al2015.pdf skills followed by knowledge whereas the high scores in [5] M. Coetzee, N. Ferreira and I.L. Potgieter, Section 2 were confidence, curiosity, concern and lastly Assessing employability capacities and career is control, respectively. The result also indicates clearly adaptability in a sample of human resource that personal skills and confidence both have similar professionals, 2010. score. Matching the personal skills at entry level for [6] A. Field, “Discovering Statistics Using SPSS: employment will also boost the prospective graduates‟ Introducing Statistical Method”, 3rd ed.. Thousand confidence and self-esteem in the workplace [7]. The Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2009. low scores were “keeping upbeat”, “making decision by [7] L. Dacre Pool and P. Sewell, “The key to myself”, “taking responsibilities”, “sticking up for my employability: developing a practical model of beliefs”, “counting on myself and doing what is right”. graduate employability”, Journal of Education and Hence, the prospective graduates have problems and Training, vol. 49 no. 4, pp. 277-289, 2007. issues in taking self-responsibility. The main point for [8] E.F. Redish and K. A. Smith, “Looking Beyond persistence in the workplace is resolute by the features Content: Skill Development for Engineers”, of an engineering student captivating responsibilities to Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 97, pp. fulfil the industry’s needs over the involvement in 295-307, 2008. career-enhancing activities. Lacking of self- responsibility from the prospective graduates in the skill development activity, the process only generates reconstruction of skills [8]. Thus, this demonstrate incompetent quality graduates who is lack of skills, ill-

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 235-236, May 2017

Using computer-assisted intervention to improve mathematical learning of students with autism G. Pramudya1,2,*, S.N.A.B. Ruslan1

1) Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2) Centre of Technopreneurship and Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Concept of addition; autism; computer-assisted intervention

ABSTRACT – There has been numerous research done 2. METHODOLOGY on the effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Intervention 2.1 Participants (CAI) in helping students with autism for learning various knowledge and skills. However, most of them The participants of the research were three male are in the areas of literacy and only a small number of students diagnosed with autism from one of the primary them are in numeracy. This research aimed to examine schools in Ayer Keroh, Melaka. The participants were the CAI in helping students with autism to study the expected to have certain prerequisite skills such as (a) concept of addition in maths. Three male students know how to use a computer and mouse, (b) the ability diagnosed with autism and have the prerequisite skills to follow instructions orally or written, (c) the ability to participated in this research. A pre-post-test design was focus on the activity for at least 10 minutes, (d) the implemented in the research. The discoveries of this ability to recognize numbers between 1 and 10. research are promising in which all three participants demonstrated a positive outcome at the end of the 2.2 Setting research. The research was held in an individualized education classroom. During the experimental session, 1. INTRODUCTION there was no other person in the classroom other than According to BERNAMA’s report as cited in an the researcher and the student. article published by Time Money [1], it is estimated that A laptop was used to present the intervention one out of every 600 children in Malaysia is born with modules which were developed and presented using autism. To ensure that individuals with special needs CAI during the experimental session. A prompt and can live independently, it is vital for them to learn basic assistance were given to the participants if they skills for independent living, including social skills, answered it wrongly. communication skills, self-management skills, job skills, daily management and functional academic skills. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Additionally, a special curriculum has been designed and used specifically for students with autism due to the Figure 1 shows that there was an improvement in limited ability to learn skills and not able to focus on the performance of participants throughout the experiment. Nevertheless, there were some sessions activities that take a long time, although there are also students with autism that have a tendency toward certain where the participants’ performance showed slightly skills. decreased, although these performances still within the predetermined performances. The findings of this Besides using conventional ways to teach students with autism, numerous researches on the use of CAI to research are encouraging in which all three participants teach them had been done over 35 years [2]. CAI has showed a positive result at the end of the experiment. been used on the children with autism to enhance their social skills [3], communication skill [4] and academic 3.1 Participant 1 skills [5-6]. In the past, CAI usually utilized as an During the pre-test, Participant 1 showed that he assistive tool [2] or temporary instructional aid to treat already has the basic concept of addition with a score of children with autism [7]. However, most researches 60%. Throughout the experiment, Participant 1 seen concentrated on the literacy skills [2,5-6] compared to playful and need help to stay focused at the beginning of math skills, which focus on different practices and the experiment. However, at the third session, approaches without the use of CAI. Hence, the goal of Participant 1 began to focus and show an increase in this research was to examine the CAI in helping average scores throughout the session. During the students with autism to study the concept of addition in experiment, Participant 1 reached target performances maths. after six sessions and the average scores increased to 85%. Participant 1 is said mastered the concept of basic addition skills with guidance and assistance from the ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Pramudya and Ruslan, 2017

teacher. During the post-test, the scores for Participant 1 the students with autism are visual learners [9], the increase 30%, from 60% to 90% which propose that the methods used in the CAI such as animations, images CAI was efficient for him. and sounds can attract their attention and make them engaged throughout the learning session. Hence, their 100 interest and attention towards the CAI lesson can help to reduce their behaviour problems. 80

60 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 40 20 The authors would like to acknowledge the Centre 0 of Technopreneurship & Development (C-TED) and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Innovative & Sustainable Technical Education (ISTE)

Average Marks (%) Marks Average for their support in the research. Sessions

REFERENCES Participant 1 Participant 2 [1] I. Lee, "Cost of autism: Raising an autistic child in Participant 3 Malaysia," in Education, iMoney Malaysia, 2016.

[Online]. Available: Figure 1 Line plot of Participants’ performance during https://www.imoney.my/articles/cost-of-autism- experimental session. raising-an-autistic-child-in-malaysia. Accessed:

Jul. 17, 2016. 3.2 Participant 2 [2] V. Knight, B. McKissick, and A. Saunders, “A During the pre-test, Participant 2 showed that he review of technology-based interventions to teach already has the basic concept of addition with a score of academic skills to students with autism spectrum 50%. However, Participant 2 had missed two sessions disorder,” J. Autism Dev. Disord., vol. 43, no. 11, but it does not affect his performance on the following pp. 2628–2648, 2013. session. These were because throughout the experiment, [3] J. P. Hourcade, S. R. Williams, E. a. Miller, K. E. Participant 2 showed a great ability to recall the Huebner, and L. J. Liang, “Evaluation of tablet examples and instructions of the previous session in apps to encourage social interaction in children which help him during the exercise. Participant 2 can be with autism spectrum disorders,” Proc. SIGCHI said mastered the concept of basic addition skills. Conf. Hum. Factors Comput. Syst. - CHI ’13, p. During the post-test, Participant 2 has gained 85%, an 3197, 2013. increase of 35% compared to the pre-test scores. This [4] S. Ramdoss, R. Lang, A. Mulloy, J. Franco, M. proposes that the CAI was efficient for Participant 2. O’Reilly, R. Didden, and G. Lancioni, “Use of Computer-Based Interventions to Teach 3.3 Participant 3 Communication Skills to Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review,” J. During the pre-test, Participant 3 showed that he Behav. Educ., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 55–76, 2011. has the minimum basic concept of addition with a score [5] R. Vilaseca, C. Basil, and S. Reyes, “Exploring the of 30%. Throughout the experiment, Participant 3 Effects of Computer Software for Teaching showed a great ability to recall the examples and Reading and Writing Skills in Young Children,” instructions of the previous session which help him Wyno J. Educ. Res. Essays, vol. 1, pp. 18–31, during the exercise. During the experiment, Participant 2013. 3 reached target performances after three sessions. At [6] S. Ramdoss, A. Mulloy, R. Lang, M. O’Reilly, J. the end of the experiment, Participant 3 average scores Sigafoos, G. Lancioni, R. Didden, and F. El Zein, decreased due to the non-pictorial questions (addition “Use of computer-based interventions to improve sentence) in which the Participant 3 seems confused and literacy skills in students with autism spectrum unable to solve the questions. Participant 3 can be said disorders: A systematic review,” Res. Autism mastered the concept of addition skills with minimal Spectr. Disord., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1306–1318, 2011. guidance from the teacher. During the post-test, [7] T. R. Goldsmith and L. A. Leblanc, “Use of Participant 3 has gained 65%, an increase of 35% Technology in Interventions for Children with compared to the pre-test scores. This proposes that the Autism,” vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 166–178, 2004. CAI was efficient for Participant 3. [8] E. I. Konstantinidis, A. Luneski, C. A. Frantzidis, P. Costas, and P. D. Bamidis, “A proposed 4. CONCLUSIONS framework of an interactive semi-virtual In conclusion, the CAI can play an important role environment for enhanced education of children in autism education process and may improve the with autism spectrum disorders,” in 22nd IEEE students’ with autism academic skills as it can represent International Symposium on, Albuquerque, NM, a controlled environment and makes them feel a certain 2009, pp. 1–6. level of control over the environment [8]. The use of [9] Z. S. Aliee, N. Jomhari, R. Rezaei, and N. Alias, CAI in the long term as learning tools can help to “Facilitating Autistic Children’s Split Attention in increase the student’s interest towards academic and Designing Computer Teaching Instructions,” Life improving their academic performance. Since most of Sci. J. 2013, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 88–96, 2013.

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 237-238, May 2017

Critical success factors for successful software development project R.H.R. Sehar*, T.W. Teng

Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Critical success factor; software development project; IT project management

ABSTRACT – Every successful project is supported by Critical Success Factors (CSF). The purpose of this study is to identify the CSF of successful software development project. The CSFs that used in this study were development team's technical skill, leadership of project managers, effective team communication, top management support, and user involvement. The target sample in this study was the project team members in Malaysia, Selangor area only. As the result, it showed development team’s technical skills, leadership of project managers, and top management support were significant positive effect with the successful software development project. Figure 1 Theoretical framework. 1. INTRODUCTION 2. METHODOLOGY Information technology tools are widely used in the most of the organizations in the global according to The study was conducted through survey by using their field requirements. It is unusual to find an structured questionnaire. It consisted of 36 questions organization without information technology tools to with sub questions, organized in two main sections: execute their daily activities or complete their works as demographic and CSFs of Successful Software in previous study [1]. A prefect project should be Development Project. In general, 5-Level Likert Scale completed in planned duration, but not every project can was used for most of the questions. Data obtained from be completed within the planned timeline. Incomplete a the survey was analyzed using simple statistical step of software development can lead to the software analysis, which are descriptive analysis and multiple development failed as in study [2]. According to [3], regression analysis. The Statistical Package for the CSFs are the factors that can support a project become Social Sciences SPSS software was used for this successful. This research is to identify the CSF in purpose. Successful Software Development Project. When a project is produced to specification, within 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION estimated cost, and on schedule with minimum or The target respondents had been selected in mutually agreed on the requirement is considered as a software development companies which are located at successful project [4]. CSF can define as the vital state of Malaysia, Selangor area only. The return factors that can lead a project become successful as questionnaires were only 102 respondents which previous study [5]. There are not only with a single occupied 34% from the total distributed questionnaire. factors to support the project become successful, Table 1 displayed is the result of multiple regression consequently the project managers have to deliberate on analysis. the blend of these CSFs and raise the possibility of If the significant value is greater than 0.05, the project success. [6] independent variable is no significantly to the dependent Based on the research of [7], there are several variable, so the hypothesis is rejected. Whereas, if the factors to affect an IT project success, but it is important significant value is less than or equal to 0.05, the to determine the most critical factors. Most of the independent variable is significantly to the dependent factors intangible factors, there are the factors built out variable, so the hypothesis is acceptable. There are only from the human influences. It implied that, the three CSF that were significant positive effect with relationship between people is very important in the successful software development project in this software development project, other than the tangible research. Table 2 showed the summary of acceptance of equipment such as computer and machinery. the hypothesis. From the analysed previous research, there are many CSFs that can affect the results of software development project, but in this study only included focus on 5 CSFs as shown in Figure 1. ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Sehar and Teng, 2017

Table 1 Multiple regression analysis. the CSFs of the successful software development Unstandardized Standardized project with the project leader and handle well on the Coefficients Coefficients Model t Sig. Std. CSFs. B Beta Error Next, this research found that the project team (Constant) 0.063 2.347 0.027 0.979 members do not consider effective team communication Development Team's and user involvement as the CSFs in successful software 0.213 0.105 0.164 2.028 0.045 Technical development project. Whereas, the literature review Skill Leadership of indicates that the communication is very important in Project 0.265 0.081 0.317 3.286 0.001 successful software development project. Even in some Managers Top of the previous research showed that user involvement Management 0.215 0.094 0.244 2.288 0.024 is the top CSFs in a successful software development Support project. These two CSFs were not applicable in this Effective Team research that might cause by different culture of the -0.002 0.128 -0.002 -0.015 0.988 Communicati background for respondents. Most of the previous on User researches were collect data from western and middle 0.146 0.079 0.184 1.842 0.069 Involvement east country, hence the working culture are different. Since the CSFs for the project in different culture Table 2 Hypothesis. might need different of CSFs, the project leader should Hypothesis Accepted Rejected focus and handle on the CSFs that can give a great impact and lead to successful project. Be a successful Hypothesis 1 leader must have a great capability to handle and There is significant positive manage the team well; therefore, they must achieve the effect between Development expected results. Team's Technical Skills and  From the analysed previous research, those are Successful Software more CSFs that can affect the results of software Development Project. development project. Therefore, the future research Hypothesis 2 might extent the numbers of independent variables, There is significant positive hence can test the other CSFs that not included in this effect between Leadership of research whether applicable for Malaysia Software Project Managers and  Development Project. Successful Software

Development Project. REFERENCES Hypothesis 3 There is significant positive [1] R. Sweis, “An Investigation of Failure in effect between Top Information Systems Projects: The Case of Management Support and  Jordan,” J. Manag. Res., vol. 7, no. 1, p. 173, Successful Software 2015. Development Project. [2] T. Chow and D.-B. Cao, “A survey study of critical Hypothesis 4 success factors in agile software projects,” J. Syst. There is significant positive Softw., vol. 81, no. 6, pp. 961–971, 2008. effect between Effective Team  [3] C. Procte and M. Businge, “Involve Users or Communication and Successful Fail:,” Int. J. Inf. Technol. Proj. Manag., vol. 4, no. Software Development Project. 4, pp. 51–65, 2013. Hypothesis 5 [4] O. Stawnicza, “Cross-Cultural Challenges in There is significant positive Globally Distributed IT Projects 1 Significance of effect between User  the Topic 2 State of Research,” pp. 1–7, 2013. Involvement and Successful [5] V. R. Montequin, S. Cousillas, F. Ortega, and J. Software Development Project. Villanueva, “Analysis of the Success Factors and Failure Causes in Information & Communication 4. CONCLUSION Technology (ICT) Projects in Spain,” Procedia Technol., vol. 16, pp. 992–999, 2014. The identified CSFs in this study can be the useful [6] G. P. Sudhakar, “A model of critical success information for the project leader and team members to factors for software projects,” J. Enterp. Inf. apply on the project hence can improve the rate of Manag., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 537–558, 2012. successful of the software development project. The [7] M. A. Imtiaz, A. S. Al-Mudhary, M. T. current study only identified three CSFs which are Mirhashemi, and R. Ibrahim, “Critical success development team's technical skill, leadership of project factors in information technology projects,” Int. J. managers and top management support. The leader of Soc. Hum. Sci. Eng., vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1913–1917, the project should observe on each of the CSF and 2013. manage well each of the CSF while conduct the project. Besides, the project team members should understand

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 239-240, May 2017

Reengineering of supply chain management in manufacturing industries J. Mattew*, N.A. Othman, H. Musa, S. Fam

Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Supply chain management; competitive advantage and manufacturing industries; supply chain awareness; SCM drivers

ABSTRACT – Reengineering supply chain 2. METHODOLOGY management (SCM) will ensure manufacturing A multiple regressions analysis was conducted industries to gain competitive advantage. However, very using SPSS version 21. As a way to collect data, little attention has been paid for reengineering SCM in researchers used online web-based questionnaire as the manufacturing industries. The objective parameter of primary mechanism for the collection of data using this study is to explore the awareness of SCM online survey. The online survey was conducted via reengineering and determine the relationship between Google drive. In order to generate measurement items, SCM reengineering and competitive advantage in descriptive research can utilize certain techniques manufacturing industries. The relationship between including literature search, empirical study, and insight reengineering SCM and competitive advantage was stimulation. For this study, the questionnaire was tested. The findings of this study both contribute in the outlined after an extensive review of the literature, academic and pragmatic realms. focusing on generating several details that reveal the

core theoretical constructs. 1. INTRODUCTION

Supply chain management (SCM) defined as a 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION number of independent manufacturing companies The results of correlation analysis indicated that involved in the manufacture of the product and put it in SCM drivers significantly correlated with all variables the hands of end users in the supply chain [1]. Present and all correlations were positively correlated. Table 1 organizations need SCM to compete with other firms. shows the correlation result for SCM drivers and Through effective and efficient SCM, companies can competitive advantage. achieve competitive advantage [2]. Companies in various sectors focus on SCM because of tough Table 1 Correlation analysis. competitions in the market place [2-3]. Thus, SCM emerged as an important tool for competitive advantage Variable Correlation in the market, as it enables the development of relations Inventory 0.406 between the market for customer service excellence at a Outsourcing 0.417 low cost [4]. Transportation 0.498 Hammer [5] introduced the concept of reengineering as a way to "break away from the rules Information technology 0.163 are outdated and basic assumptions underlying Facility 0.398 operations". Reengineering has been adopted by many Pricing 0.475 companies in order to improve their competitive position and increase their ability to provide customer Multiple regressions were used to predict the value satisfaction. [6] discussed the potential improvement in of a variable based on the value of two or more other the supply chain of reengineering channel restructure variables, as shown in Table 2. Multiple regression the supply chain so that reengineering can be described analysis was utilized to ascertain the typical value of the as best option. changes in competitive advantage and drivers of SCM Many manufacturing companies compete with in manufacturing industries. each other to achieve customer satisfaction in an The relationship between inventory and unsteady competitive market [7]. The understanding and competitive advantage in manufacturing industries was practice of SCM have become a necessary prerequisite (ß =0.26, t = 2.55); between outsourcing and for maintain competitiveness and improving competitive advantage was (ß =0.04, t = 0.58);between profitability in global realms. Apart from that, this transportation and competitive advantage was (ß =0.26, study, the researcher may contribute an idea to the t = 2.42); between information technology and management of the manufacturing industries on how to competitive advantage was (ß =-0.24, t = -2.74); deal with their SCM by using SCM drivers. between facility and competitive advantage was (ß =0.01, t = 0.09);between pricing and competitive ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Mattew et. al., 2017 advantage was (ß =-0.30, t = 3.29) and finally between advantage. The relationship between SCM drivers and SCM awareness and competitive advantage was (ß competitive advantage is tested and the inventory, =0.26, t = 3.14). transportation, information technology, and pricing are strongly related to the competitive advantage in Table 2 Multiple regression. manufacturing industries. This study adds to the Variable ß t literature on SCM. The results have essential Inventory 0.26 2.55 implications on SCM in manufacturing industries in acknowledging essential drivers which encompass Outsourcing 0.04 0.58 inventory, outsourcing, transportation, information Transportation 0.26 2.42 technology, facility, pricing and SCM awareness in Information -0.24 -2.74 achieving competitive advantage. Facilitytechnology 0.01 0.09 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Pricing -0.30 3.29 SCM awareness 0.26 3.14 The authors would like to thank Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia for the support and funding Hypothesis testing (Table 3) is an assertion or a throughout this study. conjecture about a population parameter, such as mean or variance of the normal population. The relationship REFERENCES between inventory and competitive advantage in manufacturing industries was significant (sig .012), [1] J.J.T. Mentzer, W. Dewitt, J.J.S. Keebler, S. Min, outsourcing and competitive advantage was not N.W. Nix, C.D. Smith, and Z.G. Zacharia, significant (sig .557), transportation and competitive “Defining supply chain management,” J. Bus. advantage was significant (sig .017), information Logist., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 1–25, 2001. technology and competitive advantage was significant [2] E. Hassini, “Building competitive enterprises (sig .007), facility and competitive advantage was not through supply chain management,” J. Enterp. Inf. significant (sig .993), pricing and competitive advantage Manag., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 341–344, 2008. was significant (sig .001), finally the relationship [3] M. Christopher, “The Agile Supply Chain,” Ind. between SCM awareness and competitive advantage Mark. Manag., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 37–44, 2000. was significant (sig .002). [4] A.C. Fernandes, P. Sampaio, M. Sameiro and H.Q. Truong, “Supply chain management and quality Table 3 Hypothesis testing. management integration: A conceptual model proposal.,” Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag., vol. 34, Variable Significant no. 1, p. pp.53-67, 2017. Inventory 0.012 [5] M. Hammer, “Reengineering work: don’t Outsourcing 0.557 automate, obliterate,” Harv. Bus. Rev., vol. 68, no. Transportation 0.017 4, p. pp.104-112, 1990. [6] T.H. Clark and J.H. Hammond., “‘Reengineering Information technology 0.007 channel reordering processes to improve total Facility 0.993 supply-chain performance’,” Prod. Oper. Manag., Pricing 0.001 vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 248–265, 1997. SCM awareness 0.002 [7] A. Chavosh, A.B. Halimi, M.A. Edrisi, S.B. Hosseini and P.S. Esferjani, “A model for supply 4. CONCLUSION chain performance of electronics industry in Malaysia,” in In Proceedings of International In conclusion, the study strives to explore the Conference on Social Science and Humanity, 2011, awareness of SCM among manufacturers, determine pp. 387–391. SCM utilization based on SCM drivers and determine the relationship between SCM drivers and competitive

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 241-243, May 2017

Learning style preferences of engineering undergraduates M.P. Lee1,2,*

1) Centre for Languages and Human Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2) Centre of Technopreneurship Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Learning styles, engineering undergraduates

ABSTRACT – This study focused on the learning style the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FKE), Faculty of preferences of engineering undergraduates at a technical Electronics and Computer Engineering (FKEKK) and university. It aimed to examine whether their learning Faculty of Engineering Technology (FTK). Felder and style preferences were influenced by their field of study, Solomon’s Index of Learning Styles which was gender and ethnic backgrounds. Data was collected designed with engineering students in mind was from 107 engineering undergraduates using Felder and distributed to them for the purpose of identifying their Solomon’s Index of Learning Styles. The findings preferred learning styles. The validity and reliability of suggested that their learning styles preferences did not this instrument have been discussed [4]. seem to be influenced by their field of study, gender or In Felder’s learning styles model, learners are ethnic backgrounds. The undergraduates also seem to categorised into eight categories (active, reflective, have a marked preference for the visual learning style sensing, intuitive, visual, verbal, sequential and global) while having balanced preferences for the active- [5] which are further categorised into four learning reflective, sensing-intuitive and sequential-global styles dimensions (active-reflective, sensing-intuitive, learning style dimensions. visual-verbal and sequential-global). Active learners are said to prefer learning by doing and working with others 1. INTRODUCTION in contrast to reflective learners who prefer to work alone. Sensing learners have preference for facts while Educators have their own preferred way of intuitive learners have preference for theories. Visual delivering their lessons. Similarly, their students will learners learn more from the things they see while have their own preferred way of learning. Educators verbal learners learn more from written and spoken should address the fact that their students are unique words. Sequential learners have preference for learning particularly in their learning styles preferences. Such something step by step contrary to global learners who diversity means there is bound to be matches and have preference for learning in a holistic way. mismatches between the teaching styles of the educators and the learning styles of their students. There are 2.2 Data analysis educators who believe that teaching styles should match learning styles [1-2] in order for effective learning to Manual calculation was done based on the take place. On the other hand, mismatches between calculation provided by Felder before the data was teaching styles and learning styles are said to benefit analysed using SPSS. The students’ learning style learners by stretching their learning experiences [3] as preferences were categorised according to their field of they are required to use their non-preferred learning study, gender and ethnic background. Felder’s model styles. This study supports the notion that there should categorises learners according to the four learning styles be variety in learning activities for all learning styles to dimensions. This study considers the fact that students be addressed as a means for enriching students’ learning may have balanced preferences for each learning style experiences. Therefore, this study aimed to profile the dimension. For example, students are categorized as learning styles preference of engineering undergraduates having active, balanced and reflective preferences for at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. It also sought the active-reflective learning style dimension. to determine whether the undergraduates’ learning style preferences were influenced by their field of study, 3. RESULTS gender and ethnic backgrounds. As indicated in Table 1, the students were inclined

towards balanced preferences for the active-reflective, 2. METHODOLOGY sensing-intuitive and sequential-global learning styles 2.1 Data collection dimensions. They had a marked preference for the visual learning style. A total of 107 engineering undergraduates from three faculties took part in this study. They were from

______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Lee, 2017

Table 1 General learning styles preferences of UTeM students (% Count) Act. Bal. Ref. Sns. Bal. Int. Vis. Bal. Vrb. Seq. Bal. Glo. 23 65 12 25 61 14 69 27 4 14 76 10 Act. = Active, Ref. = Reflective, Sns. = Sensing, Int. = Intuitive, Vis. = Visual, Vrb. = verbal, Seq. = Sequential, Glo. = Global, Bal. = Balanced

The data in Table 2, 3 and 4 show that the students preference for the verbal learning style. The Indian had almost similar balanced preferences for the active- respondents were not included in the analysis (ethnic reflective, sensing-intuitive and sequential-global backgrounds) due to their small number. It is interesting learning styles dimensions regardless of their field of to note that the Chinese respondents are almost equal in study, gender and ethnic backgrounds. They had a their preferences for the visual-verbal learning style marked preference for the visual learning style. dimension by having marked preferences for both the Interestingly, none of the FKEKK students had active style and balanced styles.

Table 2 Learning styles preferences of UTeM students: According to field of study (% Count) Fac Act Bal Ref Sns Bal Int Vis Bal Vrb Seq Bal Glo FKE 19 68 13 32 58 10 61 32 7 16 81 3 (N=36) FKEKK 31 58 11 22 64 14 69 31 0 11 75 14 (N=40) FTK 20 68 12 23 60 17 75 20 5 15 73 12 (N=31) Fac = Faculty, Act. = Active, Ref. = Reflective, Sns. = Sensing, Int. = Intuitive, Vis. = Visual, Vrb. = verbal, Seq. = Sequential, Glo. = Global, Bal. = Balanced

Table 3 Learning styles preferences of UTeM students: According to gender (% Count) Gender Act Bal Ref Sns Bal Int Vis Bal Vrb Seq Bal Glo Male 24 62 14 23 60 17 70 27 3 12 76 12 (N=66) Female 22 68 10 29 61 10 68 27 5 17 76 7 (N=41) Act. = Active, Ref. = Reflective, Sns. = Sensing, Int. = Intuitive, Vis. = Visual, Vrb. = verbal, Seq. = Sequential, Glo. = Global, Bal. = Balanced

Table 4 Learning styles of UTeM students: According to ethnic background (% Count) EB Act Bal Ref Sns Bal Int Vis Bal Vrb Seq Bal Glo B 27 61 12 27 56 17 72 26 2 17 74 9 (N=85) C 12 71 17 18 76 6 47 41 12 6 88 6 (N=17) EB = Ethnic Background, B = Bumiputera, C. = Chinese, Act. = Active, Ref. = Reflective, Sns. = Sensing, Int. = Intuitive, Vis. = Visual, Vrb. = verbal, Seq. = Sequential, Glo. = Global, Bal. = Balanced

4. DISCUSSION 5. CONCLUSION The engineering undergraduates generally have To surmise, data analysis has revealed that the balanced learning style preferences for the active- students’ learning style preferences did not seem to be reflective, sensing-intuitive and sequential-global influenced by their field of study, gender or ethnic learning styles dimensions. In contrast, they seemed to backgrounds. The students also have a marked have a marked preference for the visual learning style. preference for the visual learning style while having Similar to a previous study by Zywno and Stewart [6], balanced preferences for the other learning styles data analysis also revealed that the students’ learning dimensions. This study supports the notion that there style preferences did not seem to be influenced by their should be variety in the learning activities in the field of study, gender and ethnic backgrounds. engineering classroom as a means of enriching the The findings of the study point towards the students’ learning experiences. possibility of using a balanced teaching approach [7] that includes a variety of teaching and learning ACKNOWLEDGEMENT activities. Such an approach is believed to be able to The author would like to thank Universiti Teknikal improve student learning [8] by maintaining students’ Malaysia Melaka for supporting this research. interests and widening student learning experiences as they use their less preferred learning styles [9-11].

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REFERENCES [1] K.S. Mak, “Learning styles useful in improving Proceedings of International Conference on students’ learning.,” WAHANA Akad., vol. 1, no. 1, Engineering Education, 2007. pp. 58-67, 2002. [7] M.P. Lee, S.M. Thang and R.M.K. Nambiar., [2] L. Bostrom and L.M. Lassen, ‘Unravelling “Match or mismatch: teaching styles and learning learning, learning style, learning strategies and styles in an ESP classroom,” Soc. Sci., vol. 11, no. meta-cognition.,” Educ. Training, vol. 48, no. 2-3, 12, pp. 2977-2982, 2016. pp. 178-189, 2006. [8] M.N. Sing, L. Sudak and P. Egberts, “Mapping [3] M. Zhou, “Learning styles and teaching styles in conventional teaching methods and learning styles college English teaching,” Int. Educ. Stud., vol. 4, in engineering dynamics,” in American Society of no. 1, pp. 73-77, 2011. Engineering Education Annual Meeting, 2016. [4] T.A. Litzinger, S.H. Lee, J.C. Wise and R.M. [9] P.R. Durben and D.M. Byrd, Methods for effective Felder, “A psychometric study of the Index of teaching: meeting the needs of all students. United Learning Styles,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 96, no. 4, pp. States of America: Pearson Education, 2010. 309-319, 2007. [10] B. Joyce, M. Weil and E. Calhoun, Models of [5] R.M. Felder and L.K. Silverman, Learning and teaching. United States of America: Pearson teaching styles in foreign and second language Education Inc., 2011. education. Engineering Education vol. 78, no. 7, [11] C.K. Lee and M.S. Sidhu, “Engineering pp. 674-681, 1988. students learning preferences in UNITEN: [6] M.S. Zywno and M.F. Stewart, “Gender program comparative study and patterns of learning styles, differences in learning styles of students in “Educ. Technol. Soc., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 266-281, technology-focused vs. humanities programs.,” in 2015.

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The intellectual property challenges for commercialising research products in the Malaysian universities N. Ismail1,*, K. Mohamed2

1) Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2) School of Law, College of Law, Government and International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Intellectual property rights; commercialization; research products

ABSTRACT – Commercialisation of research products universities need to provide 25% of their own operating in Malaysian universities has now become an important budgets by 2015 [7] thus urge them to act fast in agenda to generate income. While many attempts have commercialising their research products. been put forward by key-players to promote Thus, IP becomes one of the sources of income for commercialisation activities, the success rate to date is the universities and the country. It was reported that still less promising. This study examines the challenges patent applications alone among public research in respect to intellectual property rights (IPRs) and institutions has increased 5-fold from 2005 until 2012 commercialisation policy encountered by academic [8]. While the number of IP application is increasing, researchers in commercialising their research products. commercialisation remains limited [9]. It was identified Five academic researchers who have successfully that one of the challenges faced by universities concern commercialized their research products were selected to on IP related issues in term of its identification, creation, be interviewed. This study identified the challenges protection and exploitation, which will be discussed in related to IPRs in commercialising research products in the next section below. the university. 2. METHODOLOGY 1. INTRODUCTION This study employed a qualitative research using Commercialisation refers to the process of semi-structured interview. Adopting a purposive bringing innovation into an improved product that has a sampling, five academic researchers were selected potential value to enter into a market. Various platforms based on their technical and scientific background, are provided by the relevant key-players in supporting extensive experience in commercialisation activity, commercialisation activities in the university. The represented their universities and received recognition efforts are partly considered to recognise university’s nationally and internationally. For the purpose of contribution in research activity and encouraging them anonymity, the five academic researchers are identified to be as “entrepreneurial university” [1-2]. In Malaysia, as male interviewees referred as TO, SH, RS, BH and commercialisation of research products is quite new and CH. thus the success rate to date is quite limited [3]. Commercialisation activity is closely related to 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION intellectual property rights (IPRs). Intellectual property The study identified several IP challenges in (IP) exploitation increasingly plays an important role in commercializing research products in the university. the global economy [4]. IP related-aspects including the Lack of understanding on the concept of IPRs and issue of confidentiality of technology, the strength of IP commercialisation become the prominent aspects protection and the exclusivity conferred to the rights hindering the process. Despite a well-established policy owner found to be among the significant determinants offered by almost all universities in Malaysia, most for a successful licensing and commercialising of researchers remain unaware of this aspect and of their university technologies [5]. rights conferred in the policy. For example, interviewee Recognising the importance of IP in BH claimed that “when I was a researcher and prior to commercialisation, besides the Malaysian National IP commercialisation, I did not know much about IP Policy introduced in 2007, the Ministry of Science, policy, or whatever policy”. Thus, the responsibility in Technology and Innovation has introduced the IP disseminating the knowledge should equally be shared Commercialisation Policy (IPCP) with the aim to both by the research management centre (RMC) and the manage and regulate the ownership and management of researchers. IPRs carried out by ministries, government agencies and Difficulty in understanding the legal jargons in research institutions. The IPCP has paved the way for a such policies among researchers who are mostly from more aggressive commercialisation activity in the technology and engineering background is also universities as they have full disposition over their discouraged participation in commercialization activity. intellectual assets [6]. In fact, Malaysian’s public Interviewee BH for example admitted that “to be ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Ismail and Mohamed, 2017

honest, basically to me or not only to me, I would say 4. CONCLUSIONS […] it is so difficult to understand because policy was This study focuses on challenges related to IPRs always written by lawyers. The language was not encountered by researchers in commercialization straightforward”. Thus, the assistance from legal experts activity. While appropriate policy has been is important in enhancing the basic knowledge and implemented, several challenges remain. The study concept of IP among academic researchers. found the majority of academics were unprepared in This includes the knowledge in identifying the equipping themselves with IP knowledge and it related appropriate IPRs to be commercialised. For example, issues. This led to other notable issues such as difficulty besides patenting, other IPRs that potentially significant in understanding the application process and to be exploited also include confidential information, procedures, identifying suitable IPRs for copyright, trademarks or industrial design. Academic commercialisation and the division of their rights with researchers may opt for different routes of IP protection, the employer. The study suggests the dissemination of thus encouraging them to be actively participating in IPRs knowledge and awareness towards academics and commercialization activity. However, it is worth to note RMC’s personnel is crucial in encouraging active that IPRs protection should not be regarded as the participation towards commercialization activity in the ultimate achievement towards commercialisation university. because both concepts are different although related.

Interviewee SR claimed that “IP is just an IP. But to sell REFERENCES is totally different thing. I think only people that have been commercialised their products can understand [1] N. Ramli, Z.A. Zainol, H.M. Abdul Aziz, and that”. J.Hassim “The concept of research university: The Complex and expensive procedures of IPRs implementation in the context of Malaysian application are also hampering the commercialisation university system,” Asian Social Sci, vol. 9, no. 5, activity. In patent application for example, the university pp, 307-317, 2013. not only has to bear both application fees and cost for [2] P. D’Este and M. Perkmann, “Why do academics the experts to prepare patent’s claims but also has to engage with industry? The entrepreneurial deal with researchers who did not understand the university and individual motivations,” Technol. procedures involved. Interviewee CH shared his view Transf, 36, pp.316-339, 2011 that “not all [researchers] put an effort to understand the [3] A.M. Rasli Commercialisation of UTM research flow of IP application until it is granted”. For newly findings: problems and challenges, Johor Bahru, established university, the RMC itself may not UTM, 2005. sufficiently be equipped with information on this aspect. [4] T. Aplin and J. Davis, Intellectual property law: Interviewee SH shared his experience that, “at that time, Text, cases and materials, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford RMC did not have any experience in commercialisation, University Press; 2013. so it was a hard work because we need to do everything [5] A.D. Rahal and L.C. Rabelo, “Assessment from the scratch”. Thus, RMC’s personnel should be framework for the evaluation and priotization of trained to be well-versed with IP related documents, university inventions for licensing and procedures and issues. commercialisation”, Eng. Manage. J., vol. 18, no. Another significant challenge concerns on the 4, pp.23-36, 2006 rights related to intellectual assets created in the course [6] I.M. Azmi, “Intellectual property policy and of employment. The misconception among the majority academic patenting in Malaysia: Challenges and of academics is that their rights have been denied when prospects,” Pertanika J. Social Sci. Hamunities, university own their creations [10]. For example, 22, pp. 1-20, 2014. interviewee SH emphasized that “we cannot simply [7] OECD, Boosting Malaysia’s national intellectual commercialise it by our own because all the research property system for innovation, Paris: OECD products under the research grant are university Publishing, 2015. properties”. Thus, academics should be explained of [8] MOSTI, Malaysia science, technology and their rights under the law. In patent cases for example, innovation indicators report 2013, available at section 20 of the Patents Act 1983 provides that all http://irep.iium.edu.my/39354/1/1Malaysian_Scien creations created in the course of employment are ce_Technology_and_Innovation_(ST)_Indicators_ belong to the university. However, it should be noted Report_2013.pdf, 2014 that employee will be equitably remunerated if the [9] K. Thiruchelvam, V.G.R. Chandran, N.B. Kwee, invention acquires an economic value much greater than W.C. Yuan and C.K. Sam, “Financing innovation: the parties could reasonably have foreseen initially. The experience of Malaysia towards effective This means, academic researchers may claim their rights policies for innovation financing in Asia project” in terms of profit sharing, royalty or other incentives or Working paper No. 105760, Report for the rewards from the university if the actual value of their International Development Research Centre, products exceeds their initial expectation. Canada, 2011. [10] R. Ghafele, Waking a sleeping giant: Commercialising university research, in G. Richards, University intellectual property: A source of finance and impact, Hampshire: Harriman House Ltd; 2012.

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Creative industry learning and development towards craft product: Critical success factors of technopreneurship H. Musa1,2,*, F.R. Azmi1, N. Mohamad2, F. Shahbodin2, S. Fam2

1) Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2) Centre of Technopreneurship Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Technopreneurship; critical success factors (CSF)

ABSTRACT – Technopreneurship is one of the critical objectives. A work by Musa et al. [8] examined the subjects in business theme that may assume imperative development of a successful business by an organisation part in making of upper hand in different enterprises and that’s implementing green practices and be able to organizations. The main purpose of this study focused compete domestically and globally. For this study, the on the relationship between Critical Success successful of CSFs are identified by its promotion, Factors/CSF (promotion, place, price, product and place, price, product, and network & collaboration as a network & collaboration) and the successful of craft factor towards the successful of craft technopreneurship. technopreneursip. A total of 50 entrepreneurs from For purpose of this study is to identify the different areas in Melaka took part in the survey. The relationship between the relationship between CSF results of the analysis indicated product as the most (promotion, place, price, product and network & significant factor for the success of craft collaboration) and success of craft entrepreneurs in technopreneursip. For the practicality of this study, Melaka. Figure 1 shows the theoretical framework of technopreneurship can be well implemented through the study. Therefore, H1, H2, H3, H3, H4 and H5 there education to ensure potential entrepreneur and the is positive relationship to success of craft sustainability of the business. technopreneurship.

1. INTRODUCTION

Technopreneurship is innovative application of Promotion H1 technical science and knowledge individually or by a group of persons, who create and manage a business, it H2 Place is not a product but a process of synthesis in engineering H3 the future of a person, an organization, a nation and the Success of Craft Price world [1]. The entrepreneurs have to fight in this intense Technopreneurship H4 competition in order to be able to gain their own market Product shares and formulating their organisation strategy for H5 better performances [2–4]. The creativity and Network & knowledge of entrepreneur enable to create anything Collaboration based on their perspectives. For sustainable of a creative (NC) industry specifically craft, the individual characteristic (technopreneur) should be developed through education Figure 1 Theoretical framework. to ensure its sustainability. Entrepreneurial education creates change in expectation, market structure, 2. METHODOLOGY availability resources and new knowledge emerges [5] The method used in sampling is convenience to the next generation. sampling, which is a type of random sampling Creative industries is mobilised and in conjunction technique. All the items of the questionnaire were with the production of individual expertise and talent measured on a 5-point Likert scale. A total of 50 based on creativity, innovation and technology towards entrepreneurs from different areas in Melaka (Jonker economic growth [6]. Creative industry is a new Walk Street, Muzium Samudera and Ayer Keroh Craft approach for Malaysian government to establish relation Entrepreneur) took part in the survey. For data to the needs of idea to develop arts composition through analyzing, this study applies correlation and Multi creativity in several sectors [7]. Craft product is a Regression Analysis (MRA). creative industry in Malaysia that has many forms in relation to the cultural. To go further, this study identify 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION a few factors contributes to the successful of craft For the correlation analysis, promotion (.682**/p = entrepreneur. This study utilised Critical Success Factor 0.00), place (.610**/p= 0.00), price (.691**/p=0.00), (CSF) that is necessary for an organization to achieve its product (0.758**/p=0.00) and NC (0.543**/p=0.00) ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Musa et al., 2017 showed a positive relationship. Product shows the could have been interviewing directly participants. highest correlation with success of craft entrepreneur. Personal interviews could elicit greater information MRA, R² =.437 implies that the independent variables regarding participants’ knowledge and attitudes. This explained 43.7% of the variability of the dependent method could have included imperative subjective variable (success of craft entrepreneurs). Table 1 information and more prominent understanding into the showed a summary of the statistical analysis. Figure 2 participants' idea and assessments. shows statistical diagram. From a customer perspective, old-fashioned product REFERENCES design, ubiquitous imitations, poor quality, [1] E.P.A.R. Entreprenheure, “Definitions of impracticality, and lack of creativity, uniqueness can all Technopreneurship and Technopreneurs,” L’heure contribute to a poor perception of crafts [9,10]. pour entreprendre!, 2014. [Online]. Available: Additionally, products advertised as environmentally https://entreprenheure.org/2014/05/04/definitions? friendly and fairly traded can also have an advantage of?technopreneurship?and?technopreneurs. [11]. Furthermore, Malaysian government is very [2] H. Musa, S.C. H. Li, Z.A. Abas, and N. Mohamad, concerned about the quality of craft products produced “Adoption Factor of Mobile Marketing: The Case [12] and most innovations in businesses are related to of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in product development [13]. Malaysia,” Int. Rev. Manag. Mark., vol. 6, no. 7S,

pp. 112–115, 2016. Table 1 Summary of analysis. [3] H. Musa, N.A. Rahim, F.R. Azmi, A.S. CSFs Correlation p value (<0.01) R² MRA Shibghatullah, and N. A. Othman, “Social Media Promotion 0.682** 0.00 .466 Marketing and Online Small and Medium Place 0.610** 0.00 .372 Enterprises Performance: Perspective of Malaysian Price 0.691** 0.00 .477 R²= .437 Small and Medium Enterprises,” Int. Rev. Manag. Product 0.758** 0.00 .574 NC 0.543** 0.00 .295 Mark., vol. 6, no. 7S, pp. 1–5, 2016. **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). [4] H. Musa, M.S.M. Taib, S.C.H. Li, J. Jabar, and F. A. Khalid, “Drop-shipping Supply Chain : The Characteristics of SMEs towards adopting it,” Soc. .466 Sci., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2856–2863, 2016. Promotion 0.682** [5] K. Smith and J.L. Petersen, “What Is Educational Entrepreneurship ?,” Educ. Entrep., pp. 1–35, .372 0.610** Place .437 2006.

.477 0.691** [6] T. Borén and C. Young, “Getting creative with the Price Success of Craft ‘creative city’? Towards new perspectives on 0.758** Technopreneurship .574 creativity in urban policy,” Int. J. Urban Reg. Res., Product vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1799–1815, 2013. .295 0.543** [7] M.A.S.A. Halim and A.C. Mat, “The contribution Network & of heritage product toward Malaysian Tourism Collaboration (NC) Industry: A case of eastern coastal of Malaysia,” Int. J. Hum. Sci., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 346–357, 2010. [8] H. Musa and M. Chinniah, “Malaysian SMEs Figure 2 Statistical diagram. Development: Future and Challenges on Going Green,” in Procedia - Social and Behavioral 4. CONCLUSION Sciences, 2016, vol. 224, pp. 254–262. The paper has proposed a framework to respond to [9] R.C. Kean, S. Niemeyer, and N. J. Miller, the nature of CSF in role of technopreneurial. All the “Competitive strategies in the craft product factors found positive relationship which is that kind of retailing industry,” J. Small Bus. Manag., vol. 34, variables as a tools to ensure successful in craft no. 1, p. 13, 1996. technopreneurship. In the education filed, all factors [10] P.O. SACICT (The Support Arts and Crafts should be taken into account in delivering knowledge to International Centre of Thailand, “A Research in the potential craft entrepreneur. The educational system the Potential of Establishing a National Craft must be fitted with the knowledge of the cultural to Council in Thailand,” 2010. adapt CSF in terms of craft technopreneurship. The [11] J. Howkins, “Thailand’s National Strategy on study also provides a most correlated factor (product) Creative Economy: Developing Thailand’s contributed to success of craft technopreneurship among Creative Economy,” NESDB, Bangkok, 2010. craft entrepreneur in Melaka. Roles of educational [12] M. I. M. Amin, “Manufacturing and marketing of become crucial tools to guide next generation who traditional crafts-Malaysian perspectives,” 2006. intention to build up craft industry according to the [13] I. Rajiani, H. Musa, and B. Hardjono, “Ability, knowledge gained on institutions. The study also has Motivation and Opportunity as Determinants of limited the size of sample; it should be expanded by Green Human Resources Management including more craft entrepreneur in the survey. A larger Innovation,” Res. J. Bus. Manag., vol. 10, no. 1, sample with more assorted qualities would have profited pp. 51–57, 2016. the study. Another conceivable change in the study

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Emotional intelligence and stress among SME entrepreneurs in Melaka: A case of entrepreneurial education H. Musa1,2,*, F.R. Azmi1, A.R. Abdullah3, M. Sedek2, N.M. Saad3

1) Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2) Centre of Technopreneurship Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 3) Centre of Robotic and Industrial Automation, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Emotional intelligence; entrepreneurial education

ABSTRACT – Emotional intelligence (EI) is an of EI are cognition and ability (CA) to express important topic in management and entrepreneurial emotions, understanding others’ emotions (UE) and education. The main purpose of this study focused on emotional decision making (ED). the relationship between Emotional Intelligence This study identified the relationship between (Cognition & Ability/CA, Understanding Emotions /UE, emotional intelligence and stress among SME and Emotional Decision Making /ED) and stress among entrepreneurs in Melaka. Figure 1 shows the research SMEs. A total of 70 entrepreneurs from different areas framework of the study. The study focused on the in Melaka took part in the survey. The results of the organizational context in terms of entrepreneurial analysis indicated CA and ED have a positive behaviour. The model is therefore estimated the relationship with stress among SMEs. For the hypothesis, H1, H2 and H3 as positively related to practicality of this study, EI can be well implemented stress. through education in demanding a sound stress management to all potential entrepreneurs.

1. INTRODUCTION Entrepreneurial education (EE) creates change in expectation, market structure, availability resources and new knowledge emerges [1] to the next generation. EE provides young graduates with enough training and support that will enable them to establish a career in SME businesses because they have to fight in this intense competition in order to be able to gain their own market shares [2,3]. Although the success of SMEs Figure 1 Research framework. business is very much depending on its overall performances [4,5], to become entrepreneur, the person 2. METHODOLOGY must also capable of demonstrating high level of self- confidence, trustworthiness, achievement and service The method used in this study was convenience orientation, teamwork and [6,7]. This behaviour sampling, which is the type of random sampling explained on the emotional intelligence (EI) toward the technique. All the items of the questionnaire were entrepreneur. EI has been hypothesised to be an measured on a 5-point Likert scale. A total of 70 extremely important factor for predicting entrepreneurs from different areas in Melaka took part in the survey. For data analyzing, this study applied entrepreneurial success [8] and it remains controversial because only a few studies that tested [9]. However, correlation and Multi Regression Analysis (MRA). stress among entrepreneurs is much higher compared with other job occupations [10]. In business, uncertain 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION or unknown matters create anxiety which in turn causes For the correlation analysis, CA (.368**/p = 0.00) stress in many people, as opposed to the more universal and ED (.324**/p= 0.00) showed a positive relationship feeling of fear caused by known or understood threats with stress but is a weak correlation. While, UE [11]. (.0.266/p=0.06) showed no relationship to stress. From Many scholars believed that entrepreneurial stress this result, H1 and H2 were accepted. and emotional intelligence are separately constructs, but MRA, R² =.402 implies that the independent variables highly interrelated. EI is a set of unknown abilities and (CA and ED) explain 40.2% of the variability of the skills that increases the individual’s ability against stress dependent variable (stress). Table 1 showed a summary [12]. Previous study by [12,13] mentioned the element of the statistical analysis. Figure 2 shows statistical ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Musa et al., 2017 diagram. The Case of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in H. Darvish and A. Nasrollahi [12] stated, CA is a Malaysia,” Int. Rev. Manag. Mark., vol. 6, no. 7S, controlling emotions to improve the growth of emotion pp. 112–115, 2016. and ration which can build a deeper and richer [4] H. Musa, N. A. Rahim, F. R. Azmi, A. S. understanding of how individual learn to see Shibghatullah, and N. A. Othman, “Social Media opportunities [14]. A. Fabio and M. Kenny stressed Marketing and Online Small and Medium [13], EI construct is also conceptually relevant and Enterprises Performance: Perspective of Malaysian consistently associated with career ED. Additionally, EI Small and Medium Enterprises,” Int. Rev. Manag. consisting of the interrelated abilities of effectively Mark., vol. 6, no. 7S, pp. 1–5, 2016. perceiving emotion in the self and others, using emotion [5] H. Musa, M. S. M. Taib, S. C. H. Li, J. Jabar, and to enhance decision making [15]. F. A. Khalid, “Drop-shipping Supply Chain : The Characteristics of SMEs towards adopting it,” Soc. Table 1 Summary of analysis. Sci., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2856–2863, 2016. Correlation value (<0.01) R² MRA [6] R. Pradhan and P. Nath, “Perception of CA 0.368** 0.00 0.460 entrepreneurial orientation and emotional intelligence: A study on India’s future techno- ED 0.368** 0.00 0.344 R²= 0.402 managers,” Glob. Bus. Rev., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 89– ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 108, 2012.

[7] I. Rajiani, H. Musa, and B. Hardjono, “Ability, Motivation and Opportunity as Determinants of Green Human Resources Management Innovation,” Res. J. Bus. Manag., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 51–57, 2016. [8] G. Ahmetoglu, F. Leutner, and T. Chamorro- Premuzic, “EQ-nomics: Understanding the relationship between individual differences in Trait Emotional Intelligence and entrepreneurship,” Pers. Individ. Dif., vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 1028–1033,

2011. Figure 2 Statistical diagram. [9] S. Côté, P.N. Lopes, P. Salovey, and C.T.H. Miners, “Emotional intelligence and leadership 4. CONCLUSION emergence in small groups,” Leadersh. Q., vol. 21, The study provides a better understanding on CA no. 3, pp. 496–508, 2010. and ED in becoming the most influencing factors [10] H. Zhao, S.E. Seibert, and G.T. Lumpkin, “The contributed to the abilities and skills that increase the Relationship of Personality to Entrepreneurial individual’s ability against stress among SMEs in Intentions and Performance: A Meta-Analytic Melaka. The roles of educational institution become Review,” J. Manage., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 381–404, crucial in providing tools to guide the next generation 2010. who has the intention to build up business in ensuring [11] M. Singh Sandhu, S. Fahmi Sidique and S. Riaz, stress factor would not go against by them. “Entrepreneurship barriers and entrepreneurial The study also has limited the size of sample; it inclination among Malaysian postgraduate should be expanded by including more SMEs in the students,” Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res., vol. 17, no. survey. A larger sample with more assorted qualities 4, pp. 428–449, 2011. would have profited the study. Another conceivable [12] H. Darvish and A.A. Nasrollahi, “Studying the change in the study could have been interviewing Relations between Emotional Intelligence and participants directly. Personal interviews could elicit Occupational Stress : A Case Study at Payame greater information regarding participants’ knowledge Noor University,” Econ. Sci. Ser. Stud., vol. 13, no. and attitudes. This method could have included 2, pp. 38–49, 2011. imperative subjective information and more prominent [13] A. Di Fabio and M.E. Kenny, “Promoting understanding into the participants' idea and emotional intelligence and career decision making assessments. among Italian high school students.,” J. Career Assess., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 21–34, 2011. REFERENCES [14] N.F. Krueger and M. Day, “Looking Forward, Looking Backward: From Entrepreneurial [1] D. Rae, “Universities and enterprise education: Cognition to Neuroentrepreneurship,” in responding to the challenges of the new era,” J. Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, New Small Bus. Enterp. Dev., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 591– York, NY: Springer New York, 2010, pp. 321–357. 606, 2010. [15] R. Yitshaki, “How Do Entrepreneurs’ Emotional [2] K. Smith and M. Beasley, “Graduate Intelligence and Transformational Leadership entrepreneurs: intentions, barriers and solutions,” Orientation Impact New Ventures’ Growth?,” J. Educ. + Train., vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 722–740, 2011. Small Bus. Entrep., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 357–374, [3] H. Musa, S. C. H. Li, Z. A. Abas, and N. 2012. Mohamad, “Adoption Factor of Mobile Marketing:

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Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2017, pp. 250-251, May 2017

The implementation of global positioning system (GPS) towards logistic service provider (LSP) H. Musa1,2,*, F.R. Azmi1, A.S. Shibghatullah3, A. Asmala3, Z.A. Abas3

1) Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2) Centre of Technopreneursip Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 3) Centre for Advanced Computing Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Engineering mManagement; logistic service provider; GPS

ABSTRACT – The application of engineering principal characteristics of LSP [14–16]. Figure 1 showed the has now become a strategic tool to ensure sustainability theoretical framework for the adoption of GPS applied in the organization. The main purpose of this study to this research. focused on the characteristics of logistics service provider (LSP) (cost efficiency/CE, customer satisfaction/CS, and security and safety/SS) that affect the adoption of GPS in Malaysia. A total of 450 questionnaires were distributed via email to a logistic service provider (LSP). The reliability test, descriptive analysis and correlation analysis has been performed, and the results of the analysis indicated CE as the most significant factor for LSP to adopt GPS.

1. INTRODUCTION Figure 1 Theoretical framework.

Engineering Management (EM) is a field that 2. METHODOLOGY contemplates on the application of engineering principles for the effective planning and efficient The method used in sampling was a convenience operations of managing manufacturing or industrial sampling, which is a type of non-random probability [1,2]. Lots of previous studies in Malaysia apply sampling technique. All the items of the questionnaire principles of technology to ensure sustainability of the were measured on a 5-point Likert scale. The organization [3,4]. The application of technology in the respondents of this study were top management of the LSP has been regarded as a strategic industry in the 21st company. A total of 450 questionnaires were distributed century. In fact, the logistics had already become via email since December 2014 but only 325 were prominent and acknowledged as a critical factor of returned. For data analyzing, this study applies competitive advantage in developed countries [5]. There descriptive analysis, reliability test, correlation and are challenges facing the logistics industry such as the Multi Regression Analysis (MRA). need to ensure that the service providers subscribe to industry practices such as “just-in-time” and to point 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION deliveries which demand accurate and timely [6]. For reliable test, Cronbach’s alpha for all variables The technology needed to support real-time were acceptable with .622 (moderate) for CE, .775 logistics requires mobile communication such as GPS (good) for CS and .888 (very good) for SS. While, [7,8]. GPS technologies are the latest technology used in descriptive analysis showed CE perceived to be the communications that may help to solve LSP companies’ highest (mean=4.47, SD=.575), CS (mean=4.34, problems and provide real-time data and information SD=.674) and SS (mean= 4.33, SD= .652). For the [9,10]. Thus, in this research, the main subject of correlation analysis, CE showed a good correlation with concern focused on the characteristics of LSP that the adoption of GPS (.554**/p <0. 01), the other affecting the adoption of GPS in Malaysia. Several variables showed a correlation with the adoption of researches have been done in the area of innovation GPS, but does not exceed the correlation between CE management [11–13] looking at factors contributed to and adoption of GPS. Multiple Regression Analysis the performances of organisation that was influenced by (MRA), a value of R=. 730 indicate a good level of the characteristics of the innovation adopted by them. prediction. R2 =.532 implies that the independent For this research, we focused only on the customer variables (CE, CS and SS) explain 53.2% of the satisfaction, cost efficiency, and safety & security. variability of the dependent variable (adoption of GPS). Those dimensions used as the indicator of Table 1 shows a summary of the analysis. ______© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

Musa et al., 2017

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