934 EGYPT divided into 100 centavos. In circulation are pure nickel 1 sucre coins; there are 20, 10 and 5 centavo pieces, copper-nickel and copper-20inc. The currency consists mainly of the note& of the Centra I Bank in d~omina­ tions of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 sucres; notes of 500 and 1,000 sucres were retired from circulation in 1949. By a law of6 Dec., 1856, the metric system of weights and meaatll'6ll was made the legal standard of the republic; but the Spanish me&&ures are in general uee. The qnintal is equivalent to 101·4lb. The meridian of Quito has been adopted as the official time. Diplomatic Representatives. 1. 01' EcuADoB IN GREAT BRITAIN (3 Hans Crescent, S.W.l). Amhaa&ador.-(Vacant). Minister-CQUnsellor and Charge d'Affaire&, a.i.-Jorge Espinoza. CQUnsellor_-Trista.n de Aviles. There are consular representatives at Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool and London. 2. 01!' GBRAT BRITAIN IN EcuADOR. AmbaB&ador.-N. Mayers, C.M-G. (appointed 22 Oct., 1951). Secretary.-!. M. Hurrell. Commercial Secretary.-N. R. W. Smith. Naval Attache.-Capt. G. F. Renwick, R.N. Air Attache.-Gronp-Capt. R. B. Ward. There are consular officers at Guayaquil and Quito. Books of Reference. Anuarlo de LeillslaciOn Ecntorlana. Quito. Annual. Boletln de Hacienda. Qnito. Monthly. Conetitucl6n politica de Ia Repdblica del Ecuador, promnlgada El I de Marso de 1945 Quito, 1945. Boletln del Banco Central. Quito. Boletln General de Batadlatlca. Tri-monthly. By the Director of the Bureau. Boletln Meneual del Mlnlaterlo de Obrae Pdblicas. Monthly. Informea Mlnloterlalea. Quito. Annual. BlbUO(!lafla Naciona.l, 1766-1114.1. Qnito, 1941. Bevlsta Ecuatoriaoa de Eotedlftica. Quito ,1942. Touring Guide of Bcnador. Quito, 1942. BuitrOn (Anibal) and CoUier, Jr. (J".), The Awakening Valley; study of the Otavalo Indians. New York, 1950. Corporation of Foreilm Bondboldera. Annual Report. London. Blank.<ten (G. 1.), Ecuador: Constitutione and Caudillos. Unlv. of California Ptess, 1951• .l!'mnklin (A. B.), Ecuador: Portrait of a People.. New York, 19-lS. HIJ(Jen (V. W. von), Ecuador the Unknown. London, 19S9.-Ecuador and the GaiApagM llllando. Norman, Okla., 194.9. Holdridge (L. R.) and others, The Foreota of Western and Central Ecuador. Waoblngton, 1H7. 8udra (Gonsile&), Hlstoria del Ecuador. 2nd edition. Quito, 1931-31. EGYPT. (JAMHUBYAT MlsB.) EGYPT is an independent sovereign state. The British protectorate, declared on 18 Dec., 1914, terminated on 28 Feb., 1922, and the Sultan was proclaimed king on 15 March, 1922. On 26 Ang.,1936, an Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Alliance was signed in London (ra.tifiqations exchanged on 22 Dec., 1936) to continue for 20 S. H. Steinberg (ed.), The Statesman’s Year-Book © Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 1954 EGYPT 935 years, whereby the military occupation by British forces was terminated, the special British interest in the defence of the Suez Canal zone recognized (the Government of the U.K. were authorized to station 400 pilots with ancillary personnel and 10,000 troops in the Canal zone) and the adminis­ tration of the Sudan remains in accordance with the arrangement resulting from the Condominium Agreements of 1899. In Dec., 1945, Egypt asked for a revision of the 1936 treaty, but the negotiations finally failed owing to Egypt's assertion of the permanent unity of Egypt and the Sudan, the British Government maintaining that the Sudanese should, after they had become self-governing, have the right to choose their future status. The Egyptian Government broke off negotiations in Jan., 1947, and in July appealed to the Security Council to direct the total and imme­ diate evacuation of British troops from Egypt and the Sudan, and the termination of the present administrative regime in the Sudan. The Security Council, however, failed to make any recommendation. On 15 Oct., 1951, the Egyptian Senate and Chamber enacted laws pur­ porting to abrogate the treaty of 1936. On the same day, the Egyptian Government rejected the proposals, submitted on the 13th by Great Britain, the United States, France and Turkey, for the establishment of an Allied Middle East Command in which Egypt was invited to take part on a basis of equality and partnership with the four sponsors and other founder members, namely, Australia, New Zealand and the Union of South Africa. In the event of Egypt's acceptance the British Government had expreBSed its willingneBB to agree to the supersession of the 1936 treaty and to with­ draw such British forces as would not be included in the Allied Middle East Command. Negotiations for the revision of the 1936 treaty between the British Government and the new Egyptian Government were re-opened in April, 1953, but no agreement was reached. Subsequent informal discussions were suspended in Dec., 1953. National flag : green, with a white crescent and 3 white stars. Constitution and Government. On 13 June, 1953, General Mohammed Neguib proclaimed Egypt as a republic, with himself as President and Prime Minister. For the coup d'etat of 23 July, 1952, which led to the abdication of King Farouk and the brief reign of his infant son, Ahmed Foiiad II, see THE STATESMEN's YEAR­ BooK, 1953, p. 925 f. A provisional constitution was enacted on 10 Feb., 1953. On 18 April, 1954, the Revolutionary Council forced President Neguib to abandon the offices of Premier and Military Governor and to dismiss the 6 civilian ministers who favoured the resumption of parliamentary government. The following Cabinet was formed :- Prime Minister and Military Govemor.-Lieut.-Col. Gamal Abd el Nasser Heissin. Commander-in-Chief, Armed Forces.-Major Abdel Hakim Amer. Min­ ister of the Interior.-Lieut.-Col. Zakarya Mohy ed Din. Minister of Finance and Economy.-Abdul Hamid el-Sherif. Minister of Agriculture.-Abdel Razzaq Sidqi. Minister of Ptiblie Works.-Ahmed Abdoh el Shorbasy. Minister of Ptiblic Healtk.-Noureddine Tarraf. Minister of Juatice, Minis­ ter of Palace.-Ahmed Hussny. Minister of Education.-Moha.med Awad Mohamed. Minister of Communications.-Wing-Cdr. Gamal Salem. Minis­ ter of Foreign Affairs.-Mahmoud Fawzi. M iniseer of Municipal and Rura Affairs.-Wing-Cdr. Abd el Latif Boghdadi. Minister of Wakfs.--Sheikh Ahmed Hassan el Bakoury. Miniseer of Social Affairs.-Major Kamal El 936 EGYPT Din Hussein. MinisterofGommerceandlndustry.-Hassan Marei. Mini&­ ter of Supply.-Guindy Abdel Malek. Minister of War and Marine.­ Lieut.-Col. Hussein Shafei. Mini&ter of National Guidance and Minister for Sudan Affairs.-Major Salah Salem. Mini&ters of State.-Fathy Radwan; Wing-Cdr. Hassan Ibrahim. LocAL GoVBBNMENT. Except Alexandria, which has had a municipal council since 1890, the provincial councils were endowed in 1909 with the powers of apply­ ing bye-laws, authorizing public markets, fixing the number and pay of ghafirtJ (village watchmen), and authorizing the creation of ~zbtu (hamlets). They are the local authorities in connexion with elementary vernacular education and trade schools. They consist of 2 elected representativee from each markaz. The Mudtr is the ez officio president of the council. In 1934 a law extended the powers of the provincial councils, in particular with reference to educational, public health and agricultural matters. Elementary education, through all the villages and towns of the provinces. was made a duty exclusively of the councils. By Law No. 145, 1944, local councils were divided into municipal and rural. The number of members varies between 10 and 18 in municipal councils; in rural councils it varies between 6 and 9 according to area and population. Membership is restricted to Egyptians. Part of the members are elected, others are nominated ez officio. There are now 81 municipal councils and 128 rural councils. These local bodies have the right to impose local rates on all residents. The municipalities of Alexandria and, since 1949, Cairo are managed by municipal councils of partly elected and partly nominated members. Area and Population. The total area of Egypt proper, including the Libyan Desert, the region between the Nile and the Red Sea and the Sinai Peninsular is about 386,198 11quare miles, but the cultivated and settled area, that is, the Nile valley, delta and oases, covers only about 13,500 square miles. Canals, roads, date plantations, etc., cover 1,900 square miles; 2,850 square miles are comprised in the surface of the Nile, marshes and lakes. Egypt is divided into two districts-' Wagh-el-Bahri,' or Lower Egypt, and 'El-Said,' or Upper Egypt. The following table gives the area of the settled land surface, and the reaults of the census taken in 1937 and on 26-27 March, 1947:- 1937 Popola Admlnlstrathe Area In census 1947 census tion per divillf.ons sq.km. sq.km. Total Males Females Total (1947) Cairo 178·6 1,312,096 1,063,353 1,027,301 2,090,654 11,704 Alexandria 71·3 685,736 464,643 454,381 919,024 12,910 Oano.l 347·8 161,146 128,835 117,097 245,932 707 Suez 307·0 49,686 66,791 50,453 107,244 349 Damietta 2·2 40,S32 27,069 26,562 63,631 24,829 Total for Governorates 906•9 2,248,996 1,740,691 1,676,794 3,416,485 3,767 Behera 4,624·0 1,061,596 698,664 645,831 1,244,495 269 Gho.rblya 7,023·7 1,967,894 1,130,624 1,196,407 2,327,031 331 Daqahllya 2,628·3 1,218,502 693,478 720,427 1,413,905 638 Bh&rqlya • 4,943·2 1,120,826 666,466 679,364 1,345,829 272 Kenfiflya • 1,688·1 1,169,701 669,037 696,978 1,166,015 734 Qaly6blya 944•2 610,1117 345,495 348,413 693,908 735 Total for Lower Bgypt 21,751·5 7,138,676 4,003,763 4,186,420 8,190,183 377 EGYPT 937 1937 Popula- Administrative Area in I census 1947 census tion per divisions sq.km.