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Proefschrift Joeri Pacolet.Pdf PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/155632 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-09-27 and may be subject to change. Stephen Kings Transcendente Schrijvers Een Post-Jungiaanse Analyse van de Puer Aeternus in Kings Fictie Joeri Frans Pacolet ©Joeri Frans Pacolet, 2015 ISBN/EAN: 978-90-9029533-6 NUR-code: 617 Foto voorzijde: ‘train track’ van Nadia Szopińska (Flickr, creative commons) Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden openbaar gemaakt of verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand of uitgezonden, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door middel van fotokopie, microfilm, opname of op welke wijze dan ook, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteur. II Stephen Kings Transcendente Schrijvers Een Post-Jungiaanse Analyse van de Puer Aeternus in Kings Fictie Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 19 februari 2016 om 16.30 uur precies door Joeri Frans Pacolet Geboren op 26 augustus 1981 te Sint-Truiden (België) III Promotor: Prof. dr. J. T. J. Bak Copromotor: Dr. E. J. van Leeuwen (Universiteit Leiden) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. O. Dekkers Prof. dr. T. D’haen (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, België) Prof. dr. P.Th.G. Liebregts (Universiteit Leiden) IV Inhoudsopgave Algemene Inleiding 1 Jungiaanse Literatuuranalyses 4 Jungs Literaire Theorie: ‘Psychological’ en ‘Visionary’ 6 ‘Grand Theory’ en ‘Personal Myth’ 8 Dawsons post-Jungiaanse Invalshoek 10 Populaire Cultuur 11 ‘Perpetual Adolescents’, Bowling for Columbine en Rage 12 Transcendente Schrijvers en Psychologische Ontwikkeling 12 Adolescentie 14 Hoofdstuk 1: Methodologie 19 Inleiding 19 Dieptepsychologie: Freud en Jung 20 Freuds Theorieën over Hysterie 21 Jung en de ‘Solar Phallus Man’ 22 Archetypen 23 Post-Jung: van Profeet naar Inspirator 26 De ‘Classical School’ 28 De ‘Developmental School’ 29 De ‘Archetypal School’ 31 ‘New Model Jungian Analyst’ 32 Geschiedenis van de Puer Aeternus 34 De Puer Aeternus van Von Franz 35 Hillmans Puer en Senex 37 Satinover: ‘Proper Narcissism’ 38 ‘Perpetual Adolescence’, Yeoman en Rowland 39 Individuatie tijdens Adolescentie 41 Oorsprong: Gnosticisme, Weimar Classicisme en Romantiek 41 Sleutelbegrippen: Compensatie en Oppositie 42 Een Prospectieve Visie op Adolescentie 46 Conceptuele Hulpmiddelen 48 Anima als verbeelding 49 Dawsons ‘Effective protagonist’ 51 Hoofdstuk 2: ‘The Body’ 55 Inleiding 55 Individuatie in ‘The Body’: King, Gordon en Gordie 58 Van Puer naar Senex 58 Van Senex naar Puer 68 Conclusie 79 Hoofdstuk 3: Carrie 83 Inleiding 83 Carrie: Individuatie tijdens Adolescentie 87 Susan Snell als Potentiële Transcendente Schrijver 87 Carrie als Noodzakelijke Antithese 96 Conclusie 108 v Hoofdstuk 4: The Shining 111 Inleiding 111 Van Danny Torrance naar Tony 114 ‘Effective Protagonist’ 114 Danny’s ‘Shining’ als Individuatie naar Adolescentie 117 Jack Torrance: van Schrijver tot Schizofreen 123 ‘Concerning the Black Holes’ 124 ‘The Monkey is Here, Paul DeLong’ 125 ‘The Little School’ 127 ‘Strange Resort, The Story of the Overlook Hotel’ 129 Jacks ‘Writer’s Block’ 131 King als Transcendente Schrijver 135 King: Danny of Jack? 135 Conclusie 137 Hoofdstuk 5: ’Salem’s Lot 141 Inleiding 141 Individuatie in ’Salem’s Lot: Ben Mears 143 ‘Effective Protagonist’ 143 Ben Mears: Transcendente Schrijver 147 Barlow 156 ‘Elusive Mr. Barlow’ 158 Van ’salem’s Lot naar Jeruzalem’s Lot 160 ‘Return of the Author’ 162 Conclusie 167 Conclusie 171 Vooruitblik 177 ‘Low Men in Yellow Coats’ 178 De Psychologische Ontwikkeling in Filosofie 183 Kings Transcendente Schrijvers en Educatie 185 Bibliografie 191 Bijlages 207 Bijlage 1: Samenvatting ‘The Body’ 207 Bijlage 2: Samenvatting Carrie 209 Bijlage 3: Samenvatting The Shining 212 Bijlage 4: Samenvatting ’Salem’s Lot 214 Summary en CV 217 vi Algemene Inleiding Voorafgaand aan de publicatie van Stephen Kings tweede roman ’Salem’s Lot (1975) voorspelde Bill Thompson, Kings voormalige uitgever bij Doublesday, dat King bekend zou worden als horrorauteur (King, 2006a). Eind jaren negentig, nadat Kings romans al niet meer uit de Amerikaanse ‘bestseller lists’ weg te denken waren (Collings, 1997)1, gaf King-kenner Beahm (1998) zijn King biografie de titel: America’s Best-Loved Boogeyman. Na meer dan vijftig ‘bestsellers’ gepubliceerd te hebben, is King zelfs onbetwist één van de bekendste horrorauteurs ter wereld (Van Leeuwen, 2014). Volgens Hoppenstand en Browne (1987) richt King zijn werk voornamelijk op ‘the foundation of the paperback mass market: women and adolescents’ (p. 5). Kings verhalen zijn ‘pageturners’ die vlot leesbaar en spannend zijn. Hoppenstand en Browne zien in Kings fictie echter meer dan alleen goedkoop vermaak. Zij stellen dat King de spreekbuis is geworden voor de Amerikaanse tiener en beschrijven King als een schrijver die in zijn verhalen de moeilijkheden tijdens het opgroeien benadrukt. (p. 8) Sterker nog, Hoppenstand en Browne beschouwen King als een ‘popular clinic psychiatrist’ die via zijn fictie adolescenten de mogelijkheid biedt om hun problemen te ervaren in een fictieve, niet bedreigende setting. (p. 8) In navolging van Hoppenstand en Browne, wil ik in mijn dissertatie benadrukken dat de mentale uitdagingen en tegenslagen die adolescenten ervaren tijdens hun psychologische ontwikkeling naar volwassenheid in detail verwoord worden in de verhalen van Kings schrijver-protagonisten. Verschillende protagonisten uit Kings fictie zijn schrijvers die terugkeren naar hun jeugd, zoals Ben Mears in ’Salem’s Lot (1975), Gordon Lachance in ‘The Body’ (uit de collectie Different Seasons van 1982), en William Denbrough in It (1986). Meer specifiek, zal ik beargumenteren dat de terugkeer van Kings schrijver-protagonisten de mogelijkheid biedt om de psychologische ontwikkeling tijdens adolescentie te bestuderen. Om deze thematiek te onderzoeken, zal ik een nieuwe theorie: de transcendente schrijver voorstellen. De naam transcendente schrijver is enerzijds afgeleid van de term ‘transcendente functie’ uit de analytische psychologie van Jung en verwijst naar het vermogen om tegenstellingen te verheffen tot een nieuwe synthese (Jung, 1976b). Anderzijds baseer ik mijn 1 Collings (1997) geeft een overzicht van Kings romans die in ‘bestseller’-lijsten verschijnen van 1974 tot 1996. Hij benadrukt bijvoorbeeld dat ‘During the 520 weeks from August 1976 through July 1986, King’s name appears at least 545 times – for an unprecendented average of 1.05 titles per week for a full ten years. A decade later, after 1030 weeks since the paperback edition of ´Salem’s Lot first hit the lists, he has had a total of 1,097 entries for a twenty-year average of 1.065 titles per week.’ (p. 46) 1 theorie op Kings volwassen schrijver-protagonisten die hun verbeelding gebruiken om terug te keren naar hun adolescentie en/of kindertijd. Mijn theorie over Kings transcendente schrijvers is een nieuwe theorie over de puer aeternus (de eeuwige jongeling). In het eerste hoofdstuk beschrijf ik onder meer de ontwikkelingsgeschiedenis van de puer aeternus in de analytische psychologie. Meer specifiek, licht ik toe hoe de puer door academische onderzoekers voornamelijk gebruikt wordt als een literair concept om negatieve personages te duiden die zich niet van hun moeder kunnen losmaken. Eeuwige jeugdigheid suggereert bij hen dus stagnatie. Op het forum van de International Association for Jungian Studies (IAJS) bijvoorbeeld wordt over de toepassingsmogelijkheden van de puer aeternus in deze zin gediscussieerd. In deze discussie geven academici, zoals Tacey en Samuels, hun visie op de puer2. Tacey (25 juni 2014) beweert bijvoorbeeld dat ‘There is no such thing as a mature puer. The puer never grows up.’ Samuels (26 juni 2014) breidt Tacey’s argument verder uit. Hij beweert namelijk dat de puer aeternus zich niet leent voor een interpretatie vanuit de psychologische ontwikkeling; ‘developmental schemas are not relevant. These things are as they are.’ In het gedeelte over archetypen, eveneens in het eerste hoofdstuk, zal ik echter betogen dat er een onderscheid gemaakt dient te worden tussen een archetype en zijn archetypische verschijningsvorm. Dit geldt ook voor de puer aeternus. Als archetype verwijst deze puer naar de mogelijkheid om over eeuwige jeugdigheid na te denken. Een archetype zelf is echter neutraal, maar kan meerdere verschijningsvormen of archetypische afbeeldingen aannemen. Het archetype van de moeder bijvoorbeeld kan enerzijds geuit worden als een positieve, voedende moeder en anderzijds kan de moeder zich manifesteren als de negatieve verslindende moeder. Zo kan ook de puer aeternus zowel een positieve als negatieve vorm aannemen. Deze vorm betreft zijn verschijning als archetypische afbeelding en deze is dus wel gegrondvest in een historische en sociale context. Hieruit volgt dat de archetypische afbeelding van de puer aeternus wel aan verandering onderhevig is. Een negatieve verschijningsvorm wijst dan mogelijk naar stagnatie en een positieve vorm kan ingezet worden om de psychologische ontwikkeling te bestuderen. 2 Tacey en Samuels zijn onderzoekers die bekend zijn vanwege hun publicaties over Jung. Tacey is bijvoorbeeld de redacteur van The Jung Reader (2012) en Samuels heeft ondermeer Jung
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