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ABRAHAM OERTEL (ABRAHAM ORTELIUS) “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Abraham Ortelius HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM ORTELIUS ABRAHAM OERTEL 1527 April 14, Sunday (Old Style): Abraham Ortelius or Oertel was born in Antwerp, in the Seventeen Provinces region ruled by the Habsburgs of Austria. He was, therefore, Flemish, but the family had originated in Augsburg, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. Following the death of his father, his uncle Jacobus van Meteren would return from religious exile in England to care for him. He would remain close to his cousin Emanuel van Meteren who would later relocate to London. NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT Abraham Ortelius “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1535 The authorities began to suspect that the family of Abraham Ortelius, secretly, was a Protestant one. In Germany, the Anabaptist city of Münster capitulated to the Hessian army. The leader John of Leiden would be tortured to death and his rotting corpse would be displayed permanently in a cage attached to the spire of St. Lambert’s Church. HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1547 After an apprenticeship as a map-engraver Abraham Ortelius entered the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke as an illuminator of maps. He would be supplementing this income by trading in books, prints, and maps, and his journeys would therefore include yearly visits to the book and print fair at Frankfurt, Germany. CARTOGRAPHY German cavalrymen were reported as carrying wheel-lock pistols, in scabbards slung from their saddles and in addition stuffed into their boots. Such pistols frequently misfired and were not accurate beyond maybe eight to ten feet, but this was enabling “light” –that is, unarmored– cavalrymen to be as dangerous as armored lancers and eventually would lead to the discarding of plate armor. Once the armor was gone such light lancers would become even more deadly because they could kill in addition with the sword. Frederick the Great would comment sagely that his German cavalrymen were so “besotted with the idea of firing off their pistols [that] I finally had to make some straw dummies and ... was able to show them that all their pistol shots missed, whereas they cut down every single figure with their swords.”1 NO-ONE’S LIFE IS EVER NOT DRIVEN PRIMARILY BY HAPPENSTANCE 1. I’m so glad these people were Christians. HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1554 At the Frankfurt book and print fair, Abraham Ortelius met Gerardus Mercator (Gerhard Kremer), another Flemish geographer. CARTOGRAPHY LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD? — NO, THAT’S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN’S STORIES. LIFE ISN’T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD. “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Abraham Ortelius HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1560 While travelling with Gerardus Mercator to Trier, Lorraine, and Poitiers, Abraham Ortelius seems to have been attracted into a career as a scientific geographer. He began to travel extensively in Europe and is specifically known to have travelled throughout the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburgs, in France (1559-1560), in Germany (1575-1576), in England/Ireland (1576), and in Italy (1578, though it’s likely he’d been there several times before). CARTOGRAPHY THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Abraham Ortelius HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1564 Abraham Ortelius published his initial map, TYPUS ORBIS TERRARUM, an 8-sheet wall map of the world. This would subsequently appear in reduced form in THEATRVM ORBIS TERRARVM (the only remaining copy is at the library of Basel University). CARTOGRAPHY THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Abraham Ortelius HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1565 Abraham Ortelius published a 2-sheet map of Egypt. CARTOGRAPHY CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENT Abraham Ortelius “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1567 Abraham Ortelius published an 8-sheet wall map of Asia. CARTOGRAPHY HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1568 Abraham Ortelius published a plan of the Brittenburg castle on the coast of the Netherlands. CARTOGRAPHY HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1570 At about this point this map “Americae sive novi orbis, nova descriptio” was created by Sebastian Münster. From this map in the Antwerp volume ORTELII THEATRUM ORBIS TERRARUM, on September 17, 1855, the eastern seaboard of the North American continent would be traced, with all its indicated placenames, by Thoreau. CARTOGRAPHY HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS May 20, Tuesday (Old Style): Gilles Coppens de Diest at Antwerp issued Abraham Ortelius’s THEATRVM ORBIS TERRARVM (THEATRE OF THE WORLD) with 53 maps, now considered as the first modern atlas. There would be 3 editions of this in Latin, besides editions in Dutch, French and German, before the end of 1572; 25 editions would be produced during the lifetime of Ortelius and several more after his demise, with the atlas continuing to be in demand until about 1612. Admittedly, most of the maps in the atlas were merely reproductions (a list of 87 sources is provided in the initial THEATRVM, growing to 183 in the 1601 Latin edition). There are obvious errors, with South America initially faulty in outline and the Grampians positioned between the Forth River and the Clyde River, but this production was far superior to anything that had preceded it. CARTOGRAPHY HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1571 Abraham Ortelius published a 6-sheet wall map of Spain (this had been co-authored with Carolus Clusius, who had traveled in Spain to collect botanical specimens and would in 1576 produce a book on the plants of the Iberian peninsula). CARTOGRAPHY A doctor in Seville named Monardes reported the latest craze among Spanish doctors — all over Spain, herbalists were growing tobacco. This optimist listed 36 maladies as potentially cured by the leaves of this plant. HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1573 According to one story, at this point William Camden was finally able to secure the degree of Bachelor of Arts from Christ Church College, Oxford. (According to another story, due to the hostility of the Roman Catholics of England he would actually never be able to secure any sort of university degree, and all that actually happened during this year was that he was allowed to renew his application for that diploma.) Abraham Ortelius’s contacts in England included William Camden, Richard Hakluyt, Thomas Penny, the Puritan controversialist William Charke, and Humphrey Llwyd. At this point Ortelius published 16 supplementary maps under the title ADDITAMENTVM THEATRI ORBIS TERRARVM. His English contact Humphrey Llwyd contributed the map of England and Wales (four more such ADDITAMENTA would follow, with the final one appearing in 1597). CARTOGRAPHY HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1574 J. Simler re-edited Conrad Gesner’s BIBLIOTHECA UNIVERSALIS. This map was created by Abraham Ortelius: CARTOGRAPHY HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1575 Miguel de Cervantes was captured by pirates and taken to Algeria as a slave (after a series of unsuccessful escape attempts he would in 1580, at the age of 33, be ransomed by the Trinitarian friar Juan Gil). INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE Abraham Ortelius was appointed geographer to King Philip II of Spain, with Arias Montanus vouching for both his expertise and his Catholic orthodoxy. GEOGRAPHER HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1578 Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas’s LA SEPMAINE; OU, CREATION DU MONDE. Abraham Ortelius laid the basis of a critical treatment of ancient geography by his SYNONYMIA GEOGRAPHICA issued by the Plantin press at Antwerp and republished in expanded form as THESAURUS GEOGRAPHICUS in 1587 and again expanded in 1596 (it would be in this 1596 edition that he would begin to contemplate the possibility of continental drift). CARTOGRAPHY HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1579 Martin de Hoyarsabal published his VOYAGES ADVENTUREUX, the 1st “rutter” (an early form of nautical chart) for Canada’s east coast waters. Abraham Ortelius brought out his NOMENCLATOR PTOLEMAICUS and started his PARERGON (a series of maps illustrating ancient history, sacred and secular). CARTOGRAPHY HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1584 Abraham Ortelius published ITINERARIUM PER NONNUILAS GALLIAE BELGICAE PARTES at the Plantin press, as a record of a journey in Belgium and the Rhineland made in 1575. CARTOGRAPHY HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1589 The Reverend Richard Hakluyt wrote of Madoc’s supposed grand adventure in THE PRINCIPALL NAVIGATIONS, VOIAGES AND DISCOVERIES OF THE ENGLISH NATION, MADE BY SEA OR OUER LAND,.... HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS Abraham Ortelius prepared MARIS PACIFICI, the initial dedicated map of the Pacific Ocean. CARTOGRAPHY Chronological observations of America to the year of Christ 1673. The Portingal voyage under the conduct of Sir Francis Drake. Mr. Thomas Candish now finished his voyage about the world, as some will have it. From the year of World BY John Josselyn Gent. HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1592 Abraham Ortelius published this map: CARTOGRAPHY The terrestrial globe of Emery Molyneaux included the results of explorations of John Davis into Davis Bay. HDT WHAT? INDEX ABRAHAM OERTEL ABRAHAM ORTELIUS 1593 Among Abraham Ortelius’s final works was an edition of the writings of Julius Caesar (C.I. 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    Phytotaxa 63: 21–68 (2012) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2012 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) Early Land Plants Today: Index of Liverworts & Hornworts 2009–2010 LARS SÖDERSTRÖM1, ANDERS HAGBORG2, MARSHALL R. CROSBY3 & MATT VON KONRAT2 1 Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway; [email protected] 2 Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605–2496, U.S.A.;[email protected], [email protected] 3 Missouri Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166–0299 U.S.A.; [email protected] Abstract A widely accessible list of known plant species is a fundamental requirement for plant conservation and has vast applications. An index of published names of liverworts and hornworts between 2009 and 2010 is provided as part of a continued effort in working toward producing a world checklist of this group. Included in the list are also names overlooked by earlier indices. The list includes 30 higher taxa, 250 species, 52 infraspecific taxa, 31 autonyms, and two fossils for 2009 and 2010. A number of taxa not covered by the earlier indices for 2000-2008 are also included. Key words: Liverworts, hornworts, index, nomenclature Introduction Under the auspices of the Early Land Plants Today project, there has been a strong community-driven effort attempting to address the critical need to synthesize the vast nomenclatural, taxonomic and global distributional data for liverworts (Marchantiophyta) and hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) (von Konrat et al. 2010a). These endeavours are critical in providing the foundation to develop a working checklist of liverworts and hornworts worldwide; the first version is projected to be published in 2012.
  • Cannibals. Eurocentric Worldviews Appeared in Place Names, Such As New Spain Or New

    Cannibals. Eurocentric Worldviews Appeared in Place Names, Such As New Spain Or New

    The Occasional Papers Series No. 9 A Philip Lee Phillips Map Society Publication From Alterity to Allegory: Depictions of Cannibalism on Early European Maps of the New World James Walker i The Occasional Papers A Philip Lee Phillips Map Society Publication Editorial Staff: Ralph E. Ehrenberg Managing Editor Ryan Moore Chief Editor, Design and Layout Michael Klein Editor Anthony Mullan Editor David Ducey Copy Editor Geography and Map Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. Summer 2015 From Alterity to Allegory: Depictions of Cannibalism on Early European Maps of the New World James Walker Foreword The Philip Lee Phillips Map Society of the Library of Congress is a national support group that has been established to stimulate interest in the Geography and Map Division’s car- tographic and geographic holdings and to further develop its collections through financial dona- tions, gifts, and bequests. The Phillips Map Society publishes a journal dedicated to the study of maps and collections held in the Division known as The Occasional Papers. This install- ment focuses on images of cannibals on early European maps of the New World. I heard Dr. James Walker, the author, deliver a version of this paper while attending a conference at the Society for the History of Discoveries in Tampa, Florida in 2013. I was im- pressed with his discussion of a wide range of cartographic sources, including a number of im- portant holdings in the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress. He synthe- sized an array of cartographic works and thoughtfully commented on how the imagery on the borders of the early European maps of the New World presented a false impression of both the land and people that was believed to be true by many Europeans.