(Bssj) Asia Cup: a Resource-Based View Of
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Business & Social Science Journal (BSSJ) ASIA CUP: A RESOURCE-BASED VIEW OF FOOTBALL TALENT ABSTRACT Author: With the assistance of the resource-based theory (RBT) and the core competency theory (CCT), this study investigated the association Peter Omondi-Ochieng between football talent as a source of competitive advantage and qualifying for the Asia Cup. Using secondary data of Asian national University of Louisiana football teams, the dependent variable was qualifications for the Asia at Lafayette Bourgeois Hall, Cup, and the independent variables were football talent measured by the stock of amateur footballers, professional footballers, and football United States of America officials. The data was then analysed by Kendall Tau, the Mann- Whitney U test, and binary logistic regression. Kendall Tau Corresponding Email: correlations indicated that football talent was positively and [email protected] statistically associated with qualifying for the Asia Cup (officials, amateurs and professionals, respectively. The Mann-Whitney U test indicated that nations that qualified for the Asian Cup possessed a greater stock of football talent relative to non-qualifiers. Binary logistic regression (predictive correctness of 71.7%) indicated that the stock of professional footballers was the best predictor of qualifying for the Asia Cup. The study was unique in two ways. One, it made clear the positive significance of football talent as a source of competitive advantage. Two, it highlighted the distinction between professional and amateur footballers – a factor that is uncommon in similar studies. Keywords: Asia Cup, football teams, football talent, competitive advantage 51 Author: Peter Omondi-Ochieng BSSJ, Volume 4: Issue 1, 2019 Business & Social Science Journal (BSSJ) 1. INTRODUCTION The Asian Football Confederation (AFC) for the FIFA World Cup and Summer was formed in 1954 and runs the AFC Olympic tournaments. The AFC has Asian Cup (herein Asian Cup) with 46 evolved in six phases, starting with four men’s national football teams. The national teams that grew to sixteen in 2015 tournament is regularly used for qualifying (Table 1). Table 1: Growth of Asia Cup, 1956-2015 Phases Tournaments Number of Teams I 1956, 1960,1964 4 II 1968 5 1972,1976 6 III 1980, 1984, 1988 10 1992 8 IV 1996, 2000 12 V 2004, 2007, 2011, 2015 16 The AFC also runs other national football competently, can be a source of competitive tournaments, such as the AFC Women’s advantage in qualifying for the 2015 Asia Cup, Asian Solidarity Cup, AFC Futsal Cup. With the assistance of the resource- Championship, AFC Beach Football based theory (RBT), this article attempts to Championship, AFC Champions League, investigate the association between football AFC Cup, and AFC President’s Cup, talent as a source of competitive advantage amongst others. when it comes to qualifying for the Asia Cup. In this study (and in line with the Regarding national football team RBT), we argue that the stock of football performances at the Asia Cup, Bhutan and talent, along with their related roles, is a the Philippines are yet to qualify for the source of competitive advantage (CA). tournament, while Iran, South Korea and, Understanding CA as the root of superior China have dominated the tournament for performance in organizations is a major some time now (Table 2). With a focus on area of research in strategic management football talent, this study will attempt to (Barney, 1991; Barney, 2003; Barney & answer why some Asian national football Clark, 2007; Peteraf, 1993; Penrose & teams are more capable of qualifying for Penrose, 2009; Newbert, 2007; Barney, the Asia Cup, while others are not. In this Ketchen & Wright, 2011; Nothnagel, study, football talent is defined as the stock 2008). In this study, CA is operationalised of amateur footballers, professional as the stock of football talent in Asian footballers, and football officials (including national football teams to qualify for Asia an aggregate of football administrators, Cup relative to their competitors. Simply coaches, technical staff, medical staff, etc.), stated, CA derived from football staff is the and that may act as a source of competitive collection of competencies that make a advantage when it comes to qualifying for national football team better or more the Asia Cup. successful than its competitors or opponents, especially if it is utilised This article attempts to analyse whether effectively and efficiently. football talent, especially if all are serving 52 Author: Peter Omondi-Ochieng BSSJ, Volume 4: Issue 1, 2019 Business & Social Science Journal (BSSJ) Table 2: National team qualifications at Asia Cup, 1954-2017 Men’s National Teams Number of Qualifications Afghanistan, Bhutan, Brunei, Guam, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Macau, Maldives, 0 Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste Myanmar, Singapore, Vietnam, Cambodia, Lebanon, Turkmenistan, South Yemen, 1 Palestine, Bangladesh Chinese Taipei, Vietnam 2 Australia, Jordan, Oman, India, Malaysia, Hong Kong 3 North Korea, Indonesia 4 Syria, Bahrain 5 Uzbekistan, Thailand 6 Japan, Iraq 8 Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar 9 Kuwait 10 China 11 Iran, South Korea 13 In accordance with the RBT, other sources attaining and sustaining competitive of CA are financial capacity, organisational advantage, especially if they are valuable, capacity, technological capacity, scarce, and hard to imitate (Barney & infrastructural capacity, and marketing Clark, 2007; Coopoo & Fortuin, 2012; capacity, amongst others. When such core Crook et al., 2011). Moreover, football capacities are effectively and efficiently talent can be a source of competitive utilized, they become the foundation and advantage, especially if the footballers are leverage for attaining and gaining competent, skillful, and high achieving competitive advantage and eventually (Omondi-Ochieng, 2015; Omondi- superior performance in commercial firms Ochieng, 2018c; Smart & Wolfe, 2000; (Barney & Clark, 2007; Rouse & Cunningham & Sagas, 2004). Through Daellenbach, 1999; Lubit, 2001; Vorhies & football clubs, teams, and specialized Morgan, 2005; Fahy, 2002; Prahalad & academies, managers can, therefore, strive Hamel, 2003) and sports organisations to nurture and develop large stocks of (Amis, Pant, & Slack, 1997; Omondi- competent football talent to gain a Ochieng, 2018c; Won & Chelladurai, 2016; competitive advantage over opponents. In Smart & Wolfe, 2000; Kern & Sussmuth, sum, this research examines the importance 2005). In this study, CA is viewed as the of football talent in boosting competitive ability of an Asian men’s national football advantage in qualifying for the Asia Cup. team to outperform its competitors based on The rest of the article is organized into a its unique capacity to utilize football talent. conceptual framework, theoretical The concepts of utilizing human resources framework, literature review, hypothesis as a source of CA have previously been development, methods, results, discussions, utilized by: (Won & Chelladurai, 2016; conclusions, and managerial implications. Lado & Wilson, 1994; Omondi-Ochieng, 2015; Omondi-Ochieng, 2018c; Smart & 2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Wolfe, 2000; Berri et al., 2009; Cunningham & Sagas, 2004). Of all the Football talent refers to the stock of amateur resources that may be associated with CA, footballers, professional footballers, and human resources have been deemed as the football officials (including an aggregate of most important and critical resource in football administrators, coaches, technical 53 Author: Peter Omondi-Ochieng BSSJ, Volume 4: Issue 1, 2019 Business & Social Science Journal (BSSJ) staff, medical staff, etc.) – all serving to properly and skillfully trained, mentored, enhance the ability to qualify for the Asia and motivated by their officials through Cup. This study was conceptualized based junior clubs, teams, and academics, can on the following assumptions. First, generate superior performances. Past qualification for the Asia Cup is a gradual studies that correlated amateur footballers process that begins with amassing and football team performances include: experienced and dedicated football officials (Hoffmann et al., 2002; Omondi-Ochieng, who can nurture and develop amateur 2015; Omondi-Ochieng, 2018c; Sierer et footballers from developmental to al., 2008). Lastly, we support the argument professional leagues. Previous studies have that having a large stock of professional attested to the role of football officials in footballers playing in the domestic or boosting on-field performances: (Babwah foreign professional football leagues can & Rogers, 2008; Berman, Down, & Hill, make it easier for football officials to select 2002; Coopoo & Fortuin, 2012; and form a competent national team that Cunningham & Sagas, 2004; Dawson, can produce superior performances at Dobson, & Gerrard, 2000; Kern & international football tournaments Sussmuth, 2005; Killowe & Mkandawire, (Berlinschi, Schokkaert & Swinnen, 2013; 2005; Surujlal, J. (2013). Second, we argue Omondi-Ochieng, 2018e; Dawson & that qualifying for the Asia Cup may be Dobson, 2002; Smart & Wolfe, 2000; associated with the accumulation of a large Omondi-Ochieng, 2015; Omondi-Ochieng, stock of amateur footballers, who, when 2018c). Football Competetive Superior Performances Talent Advantage at the Asia Cup Figure 1: Linking football talent as a competitive advantage at the Asia Cup 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS continuous improvements over a long period